Industrial production refers to the output of industrial establishments and covers sectors such as mining, manufacturing, electricity, gas and steam and air-conditioning.

Infrastructure investment covers spending on new transport construction and the improvement of the existing network.

Infrastructure maintenance covers spending on preservation of the existing transport network.

ICT investment is defined as the acquisition of equipment and computer software that is used in production for more than one year.

Primary energy supply is defined as energy production plus energy imports, minus energy exports, minus international bunkers, then plus or minus stock changes.

Crude oil import prices come from the IEA's Crude Oil Import Register and are influenced not only by traditional movements of supply and demand, but also by other factors such as geopolitics.