Although the pandemic has had an impact on nearly everyone’s life, there have been particular concerns about the mental and physical health of the millions of young Europeans whose formative years have been marked by disruptions in their education and social activities. In several European countries such as Belgium, Estonia, France, Sweden and Norway, the share of young people reporting symptoms of depression more than doubled during the pandemic, reaching prevalence levels at least twice as high as in older age groups. Many children and young people also spent considerably less time engaging in physical activity and had worsening nutrition habits, with indications of a rise in child overweight and obesity in some countries.

The growing demand for mental health support, combined with disruptions in care delivery during the pandemic, challenged already-stretched mental health services. About 50% of young Europeans reported unmet needs for mental health care in spring 2021 and again in spring 2022. Many countries have implemented some measures to protect and care for young people’s mental health, yet the magnitude of the impact warrants further action to ensure the pandemic does not leave permanent scars on this generation.

The pandemic also disrupted the provision of primary care, cancer screening and treatment, care continuity for people with chronic conditions, and elective (non-urgent) surgery, especially during times when confinement measures were in place. During the first months of the pandemic in spring 2020, disruptions in cancer screening programmes and specialist consultations resulted in cancer patients being diagnosed at a later stage. Many countries were able to offset some of the initial reductions in cancer screening by scaling up activities in the second half of the year. However, screening rates for breast and cervical cancer still fell by 6% on average in EU countries in 2020. Delays in cancer screening can lead to many cancer patients being diagnosed at more advanced stages, making their treatment more complex and reducing their chances of survival.

Elective surgical procedures were also halted, creating a backlog of patients awaiting these interventions. In 2020, 2 million fewer elective surgical procedures (such as cataract surgery, and hip and knee replacements) were performed than in 2019 across EU countries – a decrease of one‑sixth compared to pre‑pandemic volumes. These “missing volumes” of operations have increased waiting times for patients in need of surgery, increasing patient dissatisfaction. Many EU countries have provided additional funding to address these backlogs, but the main constraint to scaling up volumes of procedures has been shortages of health workers. Incentives were provided for staff to work longer hours, but these clearly had limits and ran the risk of leading to burnout and resignation.

On a more positive note, the rapid development of teleconsultations in early 2020 helped to maintain access to care, in particular for patients with chronic conditions. Although it is encouraging that the vast majority of people who used telemedicine expressed high satisfaction, there are nevertheless concerns that some teleconsultations provide little benefit and that teleconsultations pose risks of widening health inequalities through digital exclusion for older, poorer people and those living in rural areas.

EU countries generally recognised the need to boost resources to respond to the pandemic. Despite a significant reduction in GDP, per-capita health expenditure increased by over 5% on average across EU countries in 2020, and by over 10% in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Hungary. However, several of the weaknesses and vulnerabilities identified during the pandemic remain – most notably the widespread shortage of health workers. According to recent OECD estimates, about half of all the new investments required to make health systems more resilient should be devoted to increasing both recruitment and retention of health workers through improved working conditions.

Despite much talk of health spending being an investment rather than a cost, policy approaches had not changed significantly before the pandemic. Health spending remained overwhelmingly focused on curative care, with only 3% of total health spending going toward prevention on average. In 2020, most EU countries substantially increased their spending on prevention, at least temporarily, to fund testing, tracing, surveillance and public information campaigns related to the pandemic. In 2021, large additional resources were allocated to the roll-out of COVID‑19 vaccination campaigns. The rapid deployment of vaccines was an important contributor to the management of the pandemic: vaccinations were estimated to have prevented over 250 000 deaths across the EU only in 2021, although vaccination rates among vulnerable groups remained quite low in some countries.

During the pandemic, many European countries also made substantial progress in vaccinating vulnerable groups against seasonal flu, with the proportion of people aged over 65 vaccinated increasing by over 10 percentage points in several countries. Despite some temporary challenges in 2021, most European countries were also able to maintain childhood vaccination programmes.

One of the lessons from the pandemic is that maximising people’s health and minimising their exposure to risk factors before a crisis is critical. Obesity and chronic conditions, such as diabetes and respiratory problems, were important risk factors for serious complications and death from COVID‑19. The prevention of behavioural and environmental risk factors can go a long way to improving people’s health and reducing the prevalence of chronic diseases and deaths. Despite progress in reducing smoking rates over the last decades, tobacco consumption remains the largest behavioural risk factor to health, still accounting for about 780 000 deaths per year in the EU. Alcohol consumption has also been declining over the past decade, but harmful alcohol use is still responsible for nearly 300 000 deaths per year in the EU.

Environmental factors, such as air pollution and climate change, also have serious consequences on people’s health and mortality. It is estimated that over 300 000 people in the EU died due to air pollution from fine particulate matters alone in 2019, although this number has fallen in most countries as emissions are declining and air quality is improving.

Health at a Glance: Europe 2022 is the result of ongoing close collaboration between the OECD and the European Commission to improve country-specific and EU-wide knowledge on health issues as part of the Commission’s State of Health in the EU cycle.