OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2024 (Volume 1)

Reader’s guide

2D	Two-dimensional
3D	Three-dimensional
3GPP	3rd Generation Partnership Project
5G	Fifth generation of wireless cellular technology
6G	Sixth generation of wireless cellular technology
ADHD	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
APA	American Psychological Association
ACI	Artificial capable intelligence
A2G	Air-to-ground
AGI	Artificial general intelligence
AI	Artificial intelligence
AIGO	Working Party on AI Governance (OECD)
AIM	AI Incidents Monitor (OECD)
AR	Augmented reality
API	Application programming interface
ATM	Air traffic management
BERT	Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers
BRL	Brazilian real
CEN-CENELEC	Comité européen de normalisation en électronique et en électrotechnique
COVID-19	Coronavirus disease 2019
CPU	Central processing unit
DICE	Dangerous, impossible, counterproductive or expensive
DISR	Department of Industry, Science and Resources (Australia)
DSIT	Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (United Kingdom)
DSUT	Digital supply-use table
EASA	European Union Aviation Safety Agency
ETSI	European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EU AI	European Union Regulation on Artificial Intelligence
EUR	Euro
EuroHPC	European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking
eVTOLs	Electric vertical take-off and landing
FCC	Federal Communications Commission (United States)
FOV	Field of view
GDP	Gross domestic product
GenAI	Generative artificial intelligence
GEO	Geostationary orbit
GHz	Gigahertz
GPAI	Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence
GPU	Graphics processing unit
GPT	Generative pretrained transformer
GPT	General-purpose technology
GSMA	Global System for Mobile Communications
HAPS	High-altitude platform stations
HBSC	Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children: WHO Collaborative Cross-National Study
HIBS	High-altitude IMT base stations
HTS	High-throughput satellites
ICT	Information and communication technology
ID	Identification
IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF	Internet Engineering Task Force
IMF	International Monetary Fund
IMAX	Image Maximum
IMT	International Mobile Telecommunications
INRIA	Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique (France)
IoT	Internet of Things
IMDA	Infocomm Media Development Authority (Singapore)
IMT	International Mobile Telecommunications
ISIC	International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities
ISO	International Organization for Standardization
Istat	Italian Statistical Institute
IT	Information technology
ITU	International Telecommunication Union
KDDI	Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co. Ltd. (Japan)
KPI	Key performance indicator
LEO	Low Earth orbit
LLaMA	Large Language Model Meta Artificial Intelligence
LMIC	Labour Market Information Council
LOWESS	Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing
MEO	Medium Earth orbit
MIC	Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Japan)
MinTIC	Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (Ministry of Information and Communications Technologies, Colombia)
M2M	Machine to machine
ML	Machine learning
NAIRR	National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource (United States)
NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States)
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGSO	Non-geostationary orbit
NSA	Non-standalone
NSF	Natural Science Foundation
NSTC	National Science and Technology Council (United States)
NTN	Non-terrestrial network
OFCOM	Office of Communications (United Kingdom)
ONE AI	AI Network of Experts (OECD)
ONS	Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)
OSTP	Office of Science and Technology Policy (United States)
PET	Privacy-enhancing technology
PISA	Programme for International Student Assessment (OECD)
PIU	Problematic Internet use
pp	Percentage point
PSMU	Problematic social media use
PTSD	Post-traumatic stress disorder
R&D	Research and development
ReLU	Rectified linear unit function
RMSE	Root mean squared error
SA	Standalone
SDG	Sustainable Development Goal (United Nations)
SE	Standard error
SIM	Subscriber identity module
SESAR	Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research
SMEs	Small and medium-sized enterprises
SNA	System of National Accounts
SUT	Supply-use table
STAN	Structural Analysis Statistics
SVI	Search Volume Index
TEE	Trusted execution environments
TN	Wireless Terrestrial Network
TRUBA	Turkish National e-Science e-Infrastructure
TUBITAK	Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye)
UNESCO	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UN DESA	United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UTM	Unmanned aircraft system traffic management
USD	United States dollar
US DOT	United States Department of Transportation
VALK	Gross value-added volumes
VC	Venture capital
VR	Virtual reality
WHO	World Health Organization
WRC	World Radiocommunication Conference
WLAN	Wireless Local Area Network
XR	Extended reality

Country groupings

Euro Area	Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia and Spain.
EU	Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.
G7	Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.
G20	Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, the People’s Republic of China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Korea, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, the African Union and the European Union.
OECD	Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Abbreviations

For most of the charts, this publication uses ISO codes for countries or economies.

ALB	Albania	IDN	Indonesia
ARG	Argentina	IND	India
ARM	Armenia	IRL	Ireland
AUS	Australia	ISL	Iceland
AUT	Austria	ISR	Israel
AZE	Azerbaijan	ITA	Italy
BEL	Belgium	JPN	Japan
BEL-FR	Belgium (French speaking)	KAZ	Kazakhstan
BEL-NL	Belgium (Flemish speaking)	KOR	Korea
BGR	Bulgaria	LTU	Lithuania
BRA	Brazil	LUX	Luxembourg
CAN	Canada	LVA	Latvia
CHE	Switzerland	MDA	Moldova
CHL	Chile	MEX	Mexico
COL	Colombia	MKD	North Macedonia
CRI	Costa Rica	MLT	Malta
CZE	Czech Republic	NLD	Netherlands
DEU	Germany	NOR	Norway
DNK	Denmark	NZL	New Zealand
EGY	Egypt	PHL	Philippines
ESP	Spain	POL	Poland
EST	Estonia	PRT	Portugal
FIN	Finland	ROU	Romania
FRA	France	SAU	Saudi Arabia
GBR	United Kingdom	SRB	Serbia
GBR-ENG	England	SVK	Slovak Republic
GBR-SCT	Scotland	SVN	Slovenia
GBR-WLS	Wales	SWE	Sweden
GEO	Georgia	TUR	Türkiye
GRC	Greece	UKR	Ukraine
HRV	Croatia	USA	United States
HUN	Hungary	ZAF	South Africa