This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member countries. The economic situation and policies of Italy were reviewed by the Committee on 6 July 2021. The draft report was then revised in the light of the discussions and given final approval as the agreed report of the whole Committee on 22 July 2021. The Secretariat’s draft report was prepared for the Committee by Catherine Macleod (Senior Economist) and Tim Bulman (Senior Economist), with contributions from Ruggero Doino, under the supervision of Isabelle Joumard (Head of Division). Statistical research assistance was provided by Béatrice Guérard and editorial assistance by Heloise Wickramanayake and Gemma Martinez. The previous Survey of Italy was issued in April 2019. Information about the latest as well as previous Surveys and more information about how Surveys are prepared is available at www.oecd.org/eco/surveys
OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 2021
Abstract
Basic statistics of Italy, 2019
(Numbers in parentheses refer to the OECD average)
|
LAND, PEOPLE AND ELECTORAL CYCLE |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Population (million) |
60.3 |
|
Population density per km² (2018) |
202.9 |
(38.1) |
|
Under 15 (%) |
13.2 |
(17.9) |
Life expectancy at birth (years, 2018) |
83.3 |
(80.1) |
|
Over 65 (%) |
23.0 |
(17.1) |
Men (2018) |
81.2 |
(77.5) |
|
International migrant stock (% of population) |
10.4 |
(13.2) |
Women (2018) |
85.6 |
(82.8) |
|
Latest 5-year average growth (%) |
-0.2 |
(0.6) |
Latest general election |
March-2018 |
|
|
ECONOMY |
|||||
|
Gross domestic product (GDP) |
|
Value added shares (%) |
|
||
|
In current prices (billion USD) |
2 004.7 |
|
Agriculture, forestry and fishing |
2.1 |
(2.7) |
|
In current prices (billion EUR) |
1 790.7 |
|
Industry including construction |
23.9 |
(26.6) |
|
Latest 5-year average real growth (%) |
1.0 |
(2.2) |
Services |
74.0 |
(70.8) |
|
Per capita (000 USD PPP) |
44.4 |
(47.6) |
|
||
|
GENERAL GOVERNMENT Per cent of GDP |
|||||
|
Expenditure |
48.6 |
(40.6) |
Gross financial debt (OECD: 2018) |
156.1 |
(107.6) |
|
Revenue |
47.1 |
(37.5) |
Net financial debt (OECD: 2018) |
126.7 |
(67.9) |
|
EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS |
|||||
|
Exchange rate (EUR per USD) |
0.89 |
|
Main exports (% of total merchandise exports) |
|
|
|
PPP exchange rate (USA = 1) |
0.67 |
|
Machinery and transport equipment |
33.4 |
|
|
In per cent of GDP |
|
Miscellaneous manufactured articles |
19.1 |
|
|
|
Exports of goods and services |
31.8 |
(53.6) |
Manufactured goods |
16.8 |
|
|
Imports of goods and services |
28.4 |
(50.1) |
Main imports (% of total merchandise imports) |
|
|
|
Current account balance |
3.3 |
(0.3) |
Machinery and transport equipment |
28.1 |
|
|
Net international investment position |
-1.7 |
|
Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. |
16.5 |
|
|
|
Manufactured goods |
14.9 |
|
||
|
LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION |
|||||
|
Employment rate (aged 15 and over, %) |
44.9 |
(57.5) |
Unemployment rate, Labour Force Survey (aged 15 and over, %) |
10.0 |
(5.4) |
|
Men |
53.8 |
(65.6) |
Youth (aged 15-24, %) |
29.2 |
(11.8) |
|
Women |
36.7 |
(49.9) |
Long-term unemployed (1 year and over, %) |
5.6 |
(1.4) |
|
Participation rate (aged 15 and over, %) |
49.9 |
(61.1) |
Tertiary educational attainment (aged 25-64, %) |
19.6 |
(38.0) |
|
Average hours worked per year |
1,718 |
(1,726) |
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP, 2018) |
1.4 |
(2.6) |
|
ENVIRONMENT |
|||||
|
Total primary energy supply per capita (toe) |
2.4 |
(3.9) |
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion per capita (tonnes) |
5.0 |
( 8.3) |
|
Renewables (%) |
18.2 |
(10.8) |
Water abstractions per capita (1 000 m³, 1998) |
0.7 |
|
|
Exposure to air pollution (more than 10 μg/m³ of PM 2.5, % of population) |
91.4 |
(61.7) |
Municipal waste per capita (tonnes) |
0.5 |
(0.5) |
|
SOCIETY |
|||||
|
Income inequality (Gini coefficient, 2017, OECD: 2016) |
0.334 |
(0.315) |
Education outcomes (PISA score, 2018) |
|
|
|
Relative poverty rate (%, 2017, OECD: 2016) |
13.9 |
(11.7) |
Reading |
476 |
(487) |
|
Median disposable household income (000 USD PPP, 2017, OECD: 2016) |
24.2 |
(22.8) |
Mathematics |
487 |
(489) |
|
Public and private spending (% of GDP) |
|
Science |
468 |
(489) |
|
|
Health care |
8.7 |
(8.8) |
Share of women in parliament (%) |
35.7 |
(30.7) |
|
Pensions (2017) |
16.4 |
(8.6) |
Net official development assistance (% of GNI, 2017) |
0.3 |
(0.4) |
|
Education (% of GNI, 2018) |
3.7 |
(4.5) |
|
|
|
Note: The year is indicated in parenthesis if it deviates from the year in the main title of this table.
1. Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of latest available data is calculated where data exist for at least 80% of member countries.
Source: Calculations based on data extracted from databases of the following organisations: OECD, International Energy Agency, International Labour Organisation, International Monetary Fund, United Nations, World Bank.