2021 or latest available year (OECD values in parenthesis)a
PEOPLE AND SOCIETY
Population (million)
5.16
(1374)
Population density per km2
101
(37)
Share of population by type of region:
Population compound annual growth rate, latest 5 years
1.1
(0.5)
Predominantly urban (%)
72
(49)
Income inequality (Gini coefficient)
0.49
(0.32)
Intermediate (%)
(28)
Poverty rate (% of pop. with less than 50% median income)
20
(11)
Rural (%)
28
(23)
Life expectancy
81
(81)
ECONOMY AND EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS
Total GDP (National currency, billion)
40 113
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
37
(30)
Total GDP (USD, billion, current prices and PPPs)
117
Value added shares (%)
GDP compound annual real growth rate, latest 5 years
2.5
(1.6)
Agriculture
5
(2)
GDP per capita (1 000 USD current PPPs)
23
(49)
Industry including construction
23
(24)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
35
(30)
Services
73
(74)
GENERAL GOVERNMENT
Percentage of GDP
Expenditure
43
(46)
Education expenditure
7.6
(5.3)
Revenue
42
(39)
Health expenditure
6.1
(8.8)
Gross financial debt
68
(124)
Environment protection expenditure
0.4
(0.6)
Fiscal balance
-1
-(8)
Environmental taxes: (% of GDP)
2.3
(1.4)
(% of total tax revenue)
9.8
(4.6)
LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION
Unemployment rate (% of civilian labour force)
16
(6)
Patent applications in environment-related technologies
(% of all technologies, average of latest 3 years) b
13
(11)
Tertiary educational attainment of 25-64 year-olds (%)
25
(40)
Environmental management
9
(3)
Gross expenditure on R&D, % of GDP
0.4
(2.7)
Climate change mitigation technologies
8
(10)
Climate change adaptation technologies
0
(1.3)
ENVIRONMENT
Energy intensity: TES per capita (toe/cap.)
0.98
(3.81)
Mean population exposure to air pollution (PM2.5), µg/m3
14.3
(13.9)
TES per GDP (toe/1 000 USD, 2015 PPPs)
0.05
(0.09)
Water stress (abstraction as % of available resources)
3
(7)
Renewables (% of TES)
51.5
(11.6)
Water abstraction per capita (m3/cap./year)
668
(735)
Carbon intensity (energy-related CO2):
Municipal waste per capita, (kg/capita)
313
(534)
Emissions per capita (t/cap.)
1.5
(8.3)
Material productivity (USD, 2015 PPPs/DMC, kg)
1.96
2.45
Emissions per GDP (t/1 000 USD, 2015 PPP)
0.08
(0.19)
Land area (1 000 km2)
51
GHG intensity: c
% of arable land and permanent crops
11
(11)
Emissions per capita (t/cap.)
2.9
(10.5)
% of permanent meadows and pastures
24
(23)
Emissions per GDP (t/1 000 USD, 2015 PPP)
0.16
(0.26)
% of forest area
59
(33)
% of other land (built-up and other land)
6
(32)
a. Values earlier than 2016 are not taken into consideration. OECD value: where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of the latest available data is calculated where data exist for a significant number of countries.
b. Higher-value inventions that have sought protection in at least two jurisdictions.
c. Excluding emissions/removals from land use, land-use change and forestry.
Source: Calculations based on data extracted from databases of the OECD, IEA/OECD, EUROSTAT and the World Bank.
