The OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2021 places a special focus on the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on SMEs and entrepreneurship (SME&E), and how governments responded through crisis and recovery policies. It brings together a new series of standardised country profiles to provide a national perspective on the state of the SME and entrepreneurship sector, as well as to benchmark their vulnerabilities and potential of resilience in the context of a post-COVID-19 recovery.
OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2021
OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook
6. Country Profiles
Abstract
Australia
Figure 6.1. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Australia
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.2. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Australia
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SMEE Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.3. Sources of SME&E resilience in Australia
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2019), cloud computing (2018): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2010): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Austria
Figure 6.4. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Austria
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.5. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Austria
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.6. Sources of SME&E resilience in Austria
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2018 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Belgium
Figure 6.7. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Belgium
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.8. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Belgium
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.9. Sources of SME&E resilience in Belgium
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2015 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Canada
Figure 6.10. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Canada
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.11. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Canada
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2019): national sources; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2018): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.12. Sources of SME&E resilience in Canada
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2019), cloud computing (2019): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Chile
Figure 6.13. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Chile
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.14. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Chile
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2019): national sources; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020 and ILOSTAT database 2020; Informal workers: OECD Economic Survey of Colombia 2020 (OECD, 2020); Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.15. Sources of SME&E resilience in Chile
Source: ICT use: OECD Economic Survey of Chile (OECD, 2020); SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Colombia
Figure 6.16. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Colombia
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.17. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Colombia
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD Financing SME & Entrepreneurship Scoreboard 2020 based on national sources; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Informal workers (2018): OECD Economic Survey of Colombia 2020 (OECD, 2020); Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.18. Sources of SME&E resilience in Colombia
Source: Broadband (2018), e-commerce (2018): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019): GEM 2019 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Costa Rica
Figure 6.19. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Costa Rica
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.20. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Costa Rica
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020 and ILO ILOSTAT database 2020; Informal workers (2018): OECD Economic Outlook Costa Rica (OECD, 2020); Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2013): OECD TEC database 2021 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.21. Sources of SME&E resilience in Costa Rica
Source: Business ICT use: OECD Latin American Economic Outlook 2020 (OECD, 2020); Liquidity support: OECD dedicated report on Costa Rica's public finances (OECD, 2020), country-specific references and definitions; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019): GEM 2014 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Czech Republic
Figure 6.22. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Czech Republic
Source: Google Community Mobility Report (mobility index, 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.23. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Czech Republic
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.24. Sources of SME&E resilience in Czech Republic
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2013 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Denmark
Figure 6.25. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Denmark
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.26. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Denmark
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.27. Sources of SME&E resilience in Denmark
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2014 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Estonia
Figure 6.28. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Estonia
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.29. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Estonia
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020 and ILO ILOSTAT database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.30. Sources of SME&E resilience in Estonia
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2017 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Finland
Figure 6.31. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Finland
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.32. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Finland
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.33. Sources of SME&E resilience in Finland
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2016 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
France
Figure 6.34. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in France
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.35. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in France
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.36. Sources of SME&E resilience in France
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2018 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Germany
Figure 6.37. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Germany
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.38. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Germany
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2017): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.39. Sources of SME&E resilience in Germany
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Greece
Figure 6.40. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Greece
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.41. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Greece
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.42. Sources of SME&E resilience in Greece
Source: Broadband (2019), social media (2019), e-commerce (2019), cloud computing (2018): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Hungary
Figure 6.43. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Hungary
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.44. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Hungary
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2017): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.45. Sources of SME&E resilience in Hungary
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2016 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Iceland
Figure 6.46. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Iceland
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.47. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Iceland
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020 and ILO ILOSTAT database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.48. Sources of SME&E resilience in Iceland
Source: Broadband (2013), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2014): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2015): OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Ireland
Figure 6.49. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Ireland
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.50. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Ireland
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.51. Sources of SME&E resilience in Ireland
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Israel
Figure 6.52. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Israel
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.53. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Israel
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2015): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): Economic Policy Reforms 2021, Going for Growth - Israel (OECD, 2021); Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.54. Sources of SME&E resilience in Israel
Source: ICT Use by Businesses: (OECD, 2020; 2021); SME profit (2011): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019): GEM 2019, OECD Economic Surveys of Israel 2018 (OECD, 2018) (see country-specific references and definitions).
Italy
Figure 6.55. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Italy
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.56. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Italy
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2017): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.57. Sources of SME&E resilience in Italy
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Japan
Figure 6.58. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Japan
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.59. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Japan
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.60. Sources of SME&E resilience in Japan
Source: Social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills Strategy for Japan (OECD, 2019) (see country-specific references and definitions).
Korea
Figure 6.61. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Korea
Source: Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Report (27 July 2020); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.62. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Korea
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 and 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.63. Sources of SME&E resilience in Korea
Source: E-commerce (2019), cloud computing (2018): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019): GEM 2019, OECD Investing in Youth: Korea (OECD, 2019) (see country-specific references and definitions).
Latvia
Figure 6.64. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Latvia
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.65. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Latvia
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2017): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.66. Sources of SME&E resilience in Latvia
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Lithuania
Figure 6.67. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Lithuania
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.68. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Lithuania
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2017): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.69. Sources of SME&E resilience in Lithuania
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2014 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Luxembourg
Figure 6.70. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Luxembourg
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.71. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Luxembourg
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed regions: Beine, M., et al. (2020), Economic effects of Covid-19 in Luxembourg; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.72. Sources of SME&E resilience in Luxembourg
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Mexico
Figure 6.73. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Mexico
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.74. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Mexico
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2013): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015): OECD TEC database 2021 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.75. Sources of SME&E resilience in Mexico
Source: Social media (2012), cloud computing (2012): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
The Netherlands
Figure 6.76. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in the Netherlands
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.77. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in the Netherlands
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.78. Sources of SME&E resilience in the Netherlands
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
New Zealand
Figure 6.79. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in New Zealand
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.80. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in New Zealand
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.81. Sources of SME&E resilience in New Zealand
Source: E-commerce (2018): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2015): OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Norway
Figure 6.82. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Norway
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.83. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Norway
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2017): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.84. Sources of SME&E resilience in Norway
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Poland
Figure 6.85. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Poland
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.86. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Poland
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.87. Sources of SME&E resilience in Poland
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Portugal
Figure 6.88. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Portugal
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.89. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Portugal
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2017): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2016): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.90. Sources of SME&E resilience in Portugal
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Slovak Republic
Figure 6.91. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in the Slovak Republic
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.92. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in the Slovak Republic
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020 and ILO ILOSTAT database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2017): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.93. Sources of SME&E resilience in the Slovak Republic
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Slovenia
Figure 6.94. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Slovenia
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.95. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Slovenia
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.96. Sources of SME&E resilience in Slovenia
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Spain
Figure 6.97. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Spain
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.98. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Spain
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (data on trade value refer to 2019, other indicators on GVC exposure refer to 2018): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.99. Sources of SME&E resilience in Spain
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Sweden
Figure 6.100. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Sweden
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.101. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Sweden
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2017): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.102. Sources of SME&E resilience in Sweden
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Switzerland
Figure 6.103. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Switzerland
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.104. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Switzerland
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2020): (IMF, 2021); most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2017): OECD Tourism database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.105. Sources of SME&E resilience in Switzerland
Source: Broadband (2017), social media (2017), e-commerce (2011), cloud computing (2017): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Turkey
Figure 6.106. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in Turkey
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.107. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in Turkey
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2019): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; informal activities (2017): OECD Economic Survey of Turkey (OECD, 2021); Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2014): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.108. Sources of SME&E resilience in Turkey
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2018 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
United Kingdom
Figure 6.109. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in the United Kingdom
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.110. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in the United Kingdom
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2016): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.111. Sources of SME&E resilience in the United Kingdom
Source: Broadband (2019), social media (2019), e-commerce (2019), cloud computing (2018): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
United States
Figure 6.112. COVID-19 impact on business dynamics and policy responses in the United States
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.113. Factors of SME&E structural vulnerability in the United States
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2015): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Figure 6.114. Sources of SME&E resilience in the United States
Source: Digital readiness (2020): OECD E-commerce in the time of COVID-19 (OECD, 2020); Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2019): WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Country notes
Australia
Structural business statistics refer to 2016 instead of 2018. Annual national accounts data refer to 2017 instead of 2018. Regional statistics refer to 2019 instead of 2017. Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
For structural business statistics: small enterprises are firms with 1-19 persons employed. Medium enterprises are: for Australia: 20-199; for OECD average: 20-249. Large enterprises: for Australia 200+; for OECD average: 250+.
Data on cloud computing services refer to 2018 instead of 2020. Data on e-commerce refer to 2019 instead of 2020. Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2010 instead of 2018.
Austria
Structural business statistics refer to 2016 instead of 2018. Tourism statistics refer to 2017 instead of 2019.
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018. Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Belgium
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018. Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2015 instead of 2019.
Canada
Regional statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2017. Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019. Data on trade by entreprise characteristics refer to 2016 instead of 2015.
Structural business statistics come from national sources (Govenrment of Canada, 2020) and refer to 2019. They present the distribution of private sector employees by business size.
Data on cloud computing services refer to 2019 instead of 2020. Data on e-commerce refer to 2019 instead of 2020.
Chile
Data on business dynamics come from national sources (Superintendencia de Insolvencia y Reemprendimiento, 2021).
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Structural business statistics come from Chile's Internal Revenue Service (2019) Estadísticas de Empresa and refer to 2018. The definition is the dependant workers informed by employers to the IRS. Size classes are defined by net annual turnover.
Data on self-employed come from the International Labour Organisation ILOSTAT database 2020. OECD LFS statistics on self-employed follows the ILO guidelines.
Data on informal workers come from the OECD Economic Survey of Colombia 2020 (OECD, 2020), based on the Inter-American Development Bank SIMs database.
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018.
Data on ICT use come from the OECD Economic Survey of Chile (OECD, 2020). They are drawn from the national ICT survey 2019 (Ministry of Economy) for Chile and refer to 2018. The total OECD is calculated based the OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses database and refer to 2019.
Colombia
Data on business dynamics come from national sources (Confederación Colombiana de Cámaras de Comercio, 2020).
Structural business statistics come from the OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2020. An OECD Scoreboard (OECD, 2020).
Data on informal workers come from the OECD Economic Survey of Colombia 2020 (OECD, 2020), based on the Inter-American Development Bank SIMs database.
Data on broadband connection refer to 2018 instead of 2020. Data on e-commerce refer to 2018 instead of 2020. Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2017 instead of 2018
Costa Rica
Data on business dynamics come from national sources (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, 2021).
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019. Data on trade by enterprise characteristics refer to 2013 instead of 2015.
National business statistics on employment come from national sources (MEIC, 2019).
Data on self-employed for Costa Rica come from the International Labour Organisation ILOSTAT database 2020. OECD LFS statistics on self-employed follows the ILO guidelines.
Data on informal workers come from the OECD Economic Survey of Colombia 2020 (OECD, 2020), based on the Inter-American Development Bank SIMs database.
Data on economic exposure come from Costa Rica's profile of the OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2020 Issue 1 (OECD, 2020).
Data on digital uptake in Costa Rica come from the OECD Latin American Economic Outlook 2020 (OECD et al., 2020).
Data on liquidity support are based on an own elaboration of national data from the National Development Bank (Banca de Desarollo, 2021)
Data on government support come from a dedicated OECD report on Costa Rica's public finances (OECD, 2020).
Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2014 instead of 2019.
Czech Republic
The Google mobility index is drawn from the OECD Economic Surveys of the Czech Republic 2020 (OECD, 2020), based on Google Community Mobility Report. The level during the baseline period was established based on the median value of the volume of visits for each day of the week during the period January 3–February 6, 2020.
Data on bankruptcies come from national sources (Czech Credit Bureau, 2020).
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2013 instead of 2019.
Denmark
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Structural business statistics come from the OECD SME&E Outlook 2019 and refer to 2016.
Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2013 instead of 2019.
Estonia
Data on self-employed for Estonia come from the International Labour Organisation ILOSTAT database 2020. OECD LFS statistics on self-employed follows the ILO guidelines.
Structural business statistics come from the OECD SME&E Outlook 2019 and refer to 2016.
Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2017 instead of 2019.
Finland
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2016 instead of 2019.
France
Annual national accounts data refer to 2017 instead of 2018. Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Germany
Annual national accounts data refer to 2017 instead of 2018. Tourism statistics refer to 2017 instead of 2019.
Greece
Annual national accounts data refer to 2017 instead of 2018.
Data on broadband connection refer to 2019 instead of 2020. Data on cloud computing services refer to 2018 instead of 2020. Data on e-commerce refer to 2019 instead of 2020.
Hungary
Tourism statistics refer to 2017 instead of 2019.
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018. Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2016 instead of 2019.
Iceland
Data on self-employed for Iceland come from the International Labour Organisation ILOSTAT database 2020. OECD LFS statistics on self-employed follows the ILO guidelines.
Data on broadband connection refer to 2013 instead of 2020. Data on cloud computing services refer to 2014 instead of 2020.
Ireland
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018.
Israel
Structural business statistics come from the OECD SME&E Outlook 2019 and refer to 2015.
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2011 instead of 2018.
Information on digital uptake come from a dedicated OECD report on blockchain in Israel (Bianchini and Kwon, 2020).
Information on skills mismatches come from the OECD Economic Surveys of Israel 2018 (OECD, 2018).
Italy
Annual national accounts data refer to 2017 instead of 2018. Tourism statistics refer to 2017 instead of 2019.
Japan
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Structural business statistics come from the OECD SMEs and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2019 and refer to 2016.
Data on digital uptake refer to medium-sized firms, unlike other country profiles where they refer to small firms. Data for Japan are for 2019 for coud computing and 2018 for e-commerce and social media (instead of 2019).
PIAAC data on problem solving skills come from the OECD Skills Strategy for Japan (OECD, 2019).
Korea
Mobility trends come from the OECD Economic Surveys of Korea 2020 (OECD, 2020), based on Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Report (27 July 2020), and refer to trends for places like restaurants, cafes, shopping centers, theme parks, museums, libraries, and movie theaters.
Data on cloud computing services refer to 2018 instead of 2020. Data on e-commerce refer to 2019 instead of 2020. Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018.
Information on skills mismatches come from a dedicated OECD report on "Investing in Youth in Korea" (OECD, 2019).
Latvia
Annual national accounts data refer to 2017 instead of 2018.
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018.
Lithuania
Annual national accounts data refer to 2017 instead of 2018. Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2014 instead of 2019.
Luxembourg
Bankruptcies and firm entries data come national sources (Portail des statistiques du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, 2021).
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Data on sectoral exposure come from academic litterature (Beine, M et al., 2020).
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018.
Mexico
Data on business dynamics come from national sources (INEGI, 2020).
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Data on social media refer to 2012 instead of 2019. Data on cloud computing services refer to 2012 instead of 2020. Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2013 instead of 2018. Data on digital uptake during the COVID-19 crisis are drawn from (ECLAC, 2021).
The Netherlands
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018.
New Zealand
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Norway
Annual national accounts data refer to 2017 instead of 2018. Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
Portugal
Annual national accounts data refer to 2017 instead of 2018. Tourism statistics refer to 2016 instead of 2019.
Structural business statistics come from the OECD SME&E Outlook 2019 and refer to 2016.
Slovak Republic
Tourism statistics refer to 2017 instead of 2019.
Data on self-employed for the Slovak Republic come from the International Labour Organisation ILOSTAT database 2020. OECD LFS statistics on self-employed follow the ILO guidelines.
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018.
Slovenia
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018.
Spain
Data on trade value refer to 2019 instead of 2018; other indicators on GVC exposure refer to 2018.
Sweden
Annual national accounts data refer to 2017 instead of 2018.
Switzerland
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019. Structural business statistics come from the OECD SME&E Outlook 2019 and refer to 2016. Data on economic exposure come from the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2021). Data on trade come from national sources (FDF, 2020).
Data on broadband connection refer to 2017 instead of 2020. Data on social media refer to 2017 instead of 2019. Data on cloud computing services refer to 2017 instead of 2020. Data on e-commerce refer to 2011 instead of 2020.
Turkey
Structural business statistics refer to 2019 instead of 2018. Data on trade by enterprise characteristics refer to 2014 instead of 2015.
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2019 instead of 2018. Global entrepreneurship monitor's (GEM) data refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
United Kingdom
Structural business statistics come from the OECD SME&E Outlook 2019 and refer to 2015.
Data on broadband connection refer to 2019 instead of 2020. Data on cloud computing services refer to 2018 instead of 2020. Data on e-commerce refer to 2019 instead of 2020.
United States
Structural business statistics come from the OECD SME&E Outlook 2019 and refer to 2015.
Information on digital readiness is drawn from OECD (2020), “E-commerce in the time of COVID-19”, based on a survey undertaken by the US Chamber of Commerce (5 May 2020).
Country-specific sources
Australia
Australian Government (2019), Small Business Counts – Small business in the Australian economy (July 2019), https://www.asbfeo.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/ASBFEO-small-business-counts2019.pdf.
Australian Taxation Office (2020), JobKeeper Payment, https://www.ato.gov.au/general/jobkeeper-payment.
OECD (2019), “Australia”, in OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/34907e9c-en.
Parliament of Australia (2021), 2020-21 Additional estimates, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Senate_estimates/ee/2020-21_Additional_estimates.
Parliament of Australia (2020), Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus Bill 2020, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r6521
Austria
Federal Ministry (2020), KMU im Fokus 2020, https://www.bmdw.gv.at/Themen/Wirtschaftsstandort-Oesterreich/KMU/KMU-im-Fokus.html.
Oesterreich (2021), EU-Aufbauplan, https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/nachrichten/allgemein/EU-Aufbauplan.html.
Statistik Austria (2021), Statistik der Unternehmensinsolvenzen - Vorläufige Daten, http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/wirtschaft/unternehmen_arbeitsstaetten/unternehmensdemografie_ab_2015/124731.html.
Belgium
Belgian Government (2020), What are the current measures ?, https://www.info-coronavirus.be/en/faq.
Service public fédéral Economie, P.M.E., Classes moyennes et Energie (2021), Coronavirus : réduction des pertes économiques pour les entreprises, https://economie.fgov.be/fr/themes/entreprises/coronavirus/informations-pour-les/coronavirus-reduction-des.
Service public fédéral Economie, P.M.E., Classes moyennes et Energie (2021), Le coronavirus et ses conséquences, https://economie.fgov.be/fr/themes/entreprises/le-coronavirus-et-ses
Canada
Government of Canada (2020). Key Small Business Statistics, https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/061.nsf/eng/h_03126.html.
Costa Rica
Banca de Desarrollo (2021). SBD en Cifras del Sistema de Banca de Desarrollo. Reporte realizado el 27 de mayo del 2021.
Chequeo Digital - ¿Qué tan digital es su PYME? (2021), available at : https://www.pyme.go.cr/chequeodigital
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2021), https://www.ine.es.
International Labour Organization (2021), ILOSTAT, https://ilostat.ilo.org.
Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Comercio de Costa Rica (2020), Política Nacional de Empresariedad al 2030, http://reventazon.meic.go.cr/informacion/pyme/MEIC_PNE_2030.pdf
Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Comercio de Costa Rica (2019), Estudio Situacional de la PYME – Serie 2012-2017, http://reventazon.meic.go.cr/informacion/estudios/2019/pyme/INF-012-19.pdf.
OECD (2020), OECD Economic Surveys: Costa Rica 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/2e0fea6c-en.
OECD et al. (2020), “Costa Rica”, in Latin American Economic Outlook 2020: Digital Transformation for Building Back Better, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/29f1597e-en.
OECD (2018), "Costa Rica" in SMEs in Public Procurement: Practices and Strategies for Shared Benefits, OECD Public Governance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264307476-en.
OECD (2017), “Participation in global value chains”, in OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2017: The digital transformation, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2017-33-en.
Czech Republic
Czech Credit Bureau (2020), Number of bankruptcies in Czech Republic down in October, https://bbj.hu/economy/statistics/figures/number-of-bankruptcies-in-czech-republic-down-in-october.
Czech Government (2021), Measures adopted by the Czech Government against the coronavirus, https://www.vlada.cz/en/media-centrum/aktualne/measures-adopted-by-the-czech-government-against-coronavirus-180545.
Národní Plán Obnovy (2021), https://www.planobnovycr.cz.
OECD (2020), OECD Economic Surveys: Czech Republic 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/1b180a5a-en.
Denmark
Estonia
Enterprise Estonia, https://www.eas.ee/covid-19-moju-eesti-majandusele/
Estonian Government (2021), COVID-19 Crisis Webpage, https://www.kriis.ee/en.
Labour Force Statistics (2021), Self-Employment | International Labour Organization (ILOSTAT), https://ilostat.ilo.org.
OECD (2019), “Estonia”, in OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris,
Finland
Business Finland (2021), Information on the coronavirus outbreak provided by Business Finland for companies, https://www.businessfinland.fi/en/for-finnish-customers/coronavirus.
Finnvera (2021), Current news for SMEs, https://www.finnvera.fi/eng/growth/current-news-for-smes.
Tax Administration (2020), Corona situation, https://www.vero.fi/en/About-us/newsroom/corona-situation.
Tulli (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Customs activity, https://tulli.fi/en/coronavirus.
France
Gouvernement français (2021), Protéger, accompagner, développer : Au cœur des missions des DREETS, https://dreets.gouv.fr.
Ministère de l’Economie, des Finances et de la Relance (2021), Coronavirus COVID-19 : Soutien aux entreprises, https://www.economie.gouv.fr/covid19-soutien-entreprises.
Ministère de l’Economie, des Finances et de la Relance (2021), France Relance, https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/fr/france-relance.
Ministère du Travail, de l’Emploi et de l’Insertion (2021), France Relance, plan de relance de l’activité, https://travail-emploi.gouv.fr/le-ministere-en-action/relance-activite.
Germany
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (2021), SME Innovative: Resource Efficiency, https://www.fona.de/en/measures/funding-measures/sme-innovative-resource-efficiency.php.
Federal Ministry of Finance (2021), A stimulus package for everyone in Germany, https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Web/EN/Issues/Priority-Issues/stimulus-package-for-everyone/stimulus-package-for-everyone.html.
KfW Bankengruppe (2021), KfW coronavirus aid: loans for companies, https://www.kfw.de/inlandsfoerderung/Companies/KfW-Corona-Hilfe.
Greece
Hellenic Statistical Authority (2020), Business Demography: Start-Ups and Closures of Enterprises 2019-2020 (Experimental Statistics Series), https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/3608b5df-66f8-2776-bf84-85fbee199962.
Ministry of Finance (2021), Recovery & Resilience Fund - National Recovery and Resilience Plan, https://www.minfin.gr/web/guest/tameio-anakampses.
Hungary
Hungarian Central Statistical Office (2021), Number of newly registered business units by legal forms (monthly data, 2015-2021), https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_infra_3_2.
Hungarian Government (2021), Pályázati Közlemények, https://www.palyazat.gov.hu/helyreallitasi-es-ellenallokepessegi-eszkoz-rrf.
Iceland
European Investment Fund (2020), European Union backs Byggðastofnun to support small businesses in Iceland, https://www.eif.org/what_we_do/guarantees/news/2020/european-union-backs-byggoastofnun-to-support-small-businesses-in-iceland.htm?media=rss&language=en.
Government of Iceland (2021), Icelandic Government announces 1.6bn USD response package to the COVID-19 crisis, https://www.government.is/news/article/2020/03/21/Icelandic-Government-announces-1.6bn-USD-response-package-to-the-COVID-19-crisis.
OECD (2021). R&D Tax Incentives: Iceland, 2020, www.oecd.org/sti/rd-tax-statsiceland.pdf, Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, March 2021.
Ireland
Companies Registration Office (2021), Firm entries, https://www.cro.ie/en-ie.
Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment (2020), Government supports for COVID-19 impacted businesses, https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/What-We-Do/Supports-for-SMEs/COVID-19-supports/Government-supports-to-COVID-19-impacted-businesses.html.
Insolvency Service of Ireland (2021), Firm bankruptcies, https://www.isi.gov.ie.
Irish Government (2021), Public Consultation on Ireland’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan, https://www.gov.ie/en/consultation/6760e-public-consultation-on-irelands-national-recovery-and-resilience-plan.
Irish Government (2020), Government agrees next phase of Ireland’s COVID-19 response, https://www.gov.ie/en/news/72ecf5-government-agrees-next-phase-of-irelands-covid-19-response.
Irish Tax and Customs (2020), COVID-19 information and advice for taxpayers and agents, https://www.revenue.ie/en/corporate/communications/covid19/index.aspx.
Israel
Bianchini, M. et I. Kwon (2020), Blockchain for SMEs and entrepreneurs in Israel, OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers, n° 18, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/b6d380ed-en.
OECD (2018), OECD Economic Surveys: Israel 2018, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-isr-2018-en.
OECD (2021), Going Digital Toolkit - Israel, https://goingdigital.oecd.org/countries/isr.
OECD (2021), “Israel” in Economic Policy Reforms 2021: Going for Growth, https://www.oecd.org/economy/growth/Israel-country-note-going-for-growth-2021.pdf.
Italy
Governo dell'Italia (2021). Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza – Italia Domani, https://www.governo.it/sites/governo.it/files/PNRR.pdf.
Informazioni Parlamentari (2021). Obiettivo Innovazione Digitale : Il Next Gen EU per Transformare le PMI Italiane – Convegno Innovazione Digitale nelle PMI, http://www.infoparlamento.it/eventi/eventi-infoparlamento/obiettivo-innovazione-digitale-il-next-gen-eu-per-trasformare-le-pmi-italiane-convegno-innovazione-digitale-nelle-pmi.
Solidarietà Digitale (2020), Solidarietà Digitale al servizio di studenti e commercianti, https://solidarietadigitale.agid.gov.it/iniziative/#/.
Japan
Bank of Japan (2021), Monetary Policy, https://www.boj.or.jp/en/mopo/mpmsche_minu/index.htm.
Prime Minister of Japan and his Cabinet (2021), Ongoing Topics, http://japan.kantei.go.jp/ongoingtopics/index.html.
OECD (2021), “Changing skill needs in the Japanese labour market”, in Creating Responsive Adult Learning Opportunities in Japan, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/8f7fecd9-en.
OECD (2019), “Japan”, in OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/50f7a540-en.
OECD (2019), 'Japan", in OECD Skills Strategy 2019: Skills to Shape a Better Future, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264313835-en.
OECD (2018), Working Better with Age: Japan, Ageing and Employment Policies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264201996-en.
Korea
IMF (2021), Mountains after Mountains: Korea is Containing COVID-19 and Looking Ahead - IMF Country Focus, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/04/29/na042921-mountains-after-mountains-korea-is-containing-covid-19-and-looking-ahead.
Ministry of SMEs and Startups (2021), https://www.mss.go.kr/site/eng/main.do.
OECD (2020), OECD Economic Surveys: Korea 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/2dde9480-en.
OECD (2019), Investing in Youth: Korea, Investing in Youth, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/4bf4a6d2-en.
OECD (2019), “Reducing the gap between skill supply and demand in Korea”, in Investing in Youth: Korea, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/dfe47455-en.
Lithuania
Government of the Republic of Lithuania (2020), EUR 5 billion for public health and the national economy, https://lrv.lt/en/news/eur-5-billion-for-public-health-and-the-national-economy.
Lithuania Ministry of Finance (2021), Naujos Kartos Lietuva, https://finmin.lrv.lt/uploads/finmin/documents/files/Naujos%20kartos%20Lietuva_2021_05_14.pdf.
Luxembourg
Beine, M., & al. (2020), Economic effects of Covid-19 in Luxembourg, https://www.liser.lu/documents/RECOVID/RECOVid_working-note_full-1.pdf.
Guichet en ligne du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (2020), Exceptional measures regarding teleworking for cross-border workers, https://guichet.public.lu/en/actualites/2020/mars/19-teletravail-frontaliers.html.
Ministère des Finances (2021), Plan pour la Reprise et la Résilience, https://mfin.gouvernement.lu/fr/dossiers/2021/planderelance.html.
Ministère de l’Economie (2020), Coronavirus – Informations pour les entreprises, https://meco.gouvernement.lu/fr/dossiers/2020/coronoavirus-entreprises.html.
Peroni, C., & al. (2020), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Luxembourg 2019/2020, STATEC, https://statistiques.public.lu/catalogue-publications/LuxGEM/2020/PDF-GEM-2019-20.pdf.
Portail des statistiques du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (2021), Strong increase in liquidations in March. The number of bankruptcies is back to its level before the health crisis, https://statistiques.public.lu/en/news/enterprises/enterprises/2021/04/20210428/index.html?from=rss.
Startup Luxembourg (2020), Support measures for startups, https://www.startupluxembourg.com/support-measures-startups.
Mexico
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) (2021), “Datos y hechos sobre la transformación digital”, Documentos de proyectos (LC/TS.2021/20), Santiago, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), available at : https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/46766-datos-hechos-la-transformacion-digital-informe-principales-indicadores-adopcion
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI) (2020), COMUNICADO DE PRENSA NÚM. 617/2 2 DE DICIEMBRE DE 2020, available at : https://inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2020/OtrTemEcon/ECOVID-IE_DEMOGNEG.pdf
OECD et al. (2020), "Mexico" in Latin American Economic Outlook 2020: Digital Transformation for Building Back Better, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/e6e864fb-en.
New Zealand
New Zealand Insolvency and Trustee Service (2021), Monthly Bankruptcy Figures, https://www.insolvency.govt.nz/support/about/statistics/insolvency-procedure-statistics/monthly-bankruptcy-figures.
New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment (2021), COVID-19: Information for businesses, https://www.business.govt.nz/covid-19.
New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2021), Trade Recovery Strategy, https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/trade-recovery-strategy/trade-recovery-strategy-overview/#:~:text=The%20Trade%20Recovery%20Strategy%20helps%20put%20New%20Zealand,strong%20tradeable%20sector%20can%20help%20drive%20our%20recovery.
New Zealand Treasury (2020), COVID-19 Economic Package updated, https://www.treasury.govt.nz/news-and-events/news/covid-19-economic-package-updated.
Reserve Bank of New Zealand (2020). Financial system sound, and Reserve Bank providing additional support, https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/news/2020/03/financial-system-sound-and-reserve-bank-providing-additional-supportData on e-commerce refer to 2018 instead of 2020.
Poland
Government of Poland (2021), KPO wysłany do Komisji Europejskiej, https://www.gov.pl/web/planodbudowy/kpo-wyslany-do-komisji-europejskiej.
Government of Poland (2021), GovTech Poland, Polityka rozwoju AI w Polsce przyjęta przez Radę Ministrów – co dalej?, https://www.gov.pl/web/govtech/polityka-rozwoju-ai-w-polsce-przyjeta-przez-rade-ministrow--co-dalej
Government of Poland (2021), Ministry of Development, Labor and Technology, Konsultacje publiczne projektu Strategii produktywności 2030, https://www.gov.pl/web/rozwoj-praca-technologia/konsultacje-publiczne-projektu-strategii-produktywnosci-2031
Government of Poland (2021), Ministry of Development, Labor and Technology, Polityka Nowej Szansy, https://www.gov.pl/web/rozwoj-praca-technologia/polityka-nowej-szansy).
Government of Poland (2021), Ministry of Development, Labor and Technology, Polityka Przemysłowa Polski, https://www.gov.pl/web/rozwoj-praca-technologia/polityka-przemyslowa-polski
Industrial Development Agency Poland (2021), Polityka Nowej Szansy, https://www.arp.pl/uslugi-finansowe/polityka-nowej-szansy
Portugal
Government of Portugal (2021), Portugal 2030, https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc21/governo/programa/portugal-2030.aspx.
Government of Portugal (2021), Recuperar Portugal, Construindo o futuro – Plano de Recuperação e Resiliência, https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22/comunicacao/documento?i=recuperar-portugal-construindo-o-futuro-plano-de-recuperacao-e-resiliencia.
Portal Diplomático do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (2021), Approval of the 2030 Economic Internationalisation Programme, https://www.portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/en/communication-and-media/press-releases/approval-of-the-2030-economic-internationalisation-programme.
Portugal Digital (2021), Action Plan for Portugal Digital Transition, https://portugaldigital.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Presentation-Action-Plan-For-Digital-Transtion.pdf.
Slovak Republic
Slovak Republic Ministry of Finance (2021), Plan Obnovy, https://www.planobnovy.sk.
Slovenia
EU Skali (2021), Načrta za okrevanje in odpornost (NOO), https://www.eu-skladi.si/sl/po-2020/nacrt-za-okrevanje-in-krepitev-odpornosti.
Spain
España Puede, available at : https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/actividades/Paginas/2020/espana-puede.aspx
Estrategia Espana Nación Emprendedora, available at : https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/actividades/Documents/2021/110221-Estrategia_Espana_Nacion_Emprendedora.pdf
Foreign Trade Data by characteristics of the company, available at: https://www.agenciatributaria.es/AEAT.internet/Inicio/La_Agencia_Tributaria/Memorias_y_estadisticas_tributarias/Estadisticas/_Comercio_exterior_/Datos_estadisticos/Descarga_de_Datos_Estadisticos/Datos_de_Comercio_Exterior_por_caracteristicas_de_la_empresa/Datos_de_Comercio_Exterior_por_caracteristicas_de_la_empresa.shtml
Guía de empresas, available at : https://portal.mineco.gob.es/es-es/ministerio/covid19/Paginas/Medidas_para_empresas.aspx
Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital (2021), Medidas adoptadas COVID-19. Medidas para autónomos, available at : https://portal.mineco.gob.es/es-es/ministerio/covid19/Paginas/Medidas_para_autonomos.aspx
Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital (2021), Medidas adoptadas COVID-19. Medidas para empresas, available at : https://portal.mineco.gob.es/es-es/ministerio/covid19/Paginas/Medidas_para_empresas.aspx
Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital (2021), Plan de recuperación, transformación y resiliencia, https://portal.mineco.gob.es/es-es/ministerio/areas-prioritarias/Paginas/PlanRecuperacion.aspx.
Plan de Acción para la Internacionalización de la Economía Española 2021-2022, available at : https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/resumenes/Documents/2021/110521-Plan-de-Accion-para-la-Internacionalizacion-de-la-Economia-Espanola-2021-2022.pdf
Plan de Digitalización de PYMES 2021-2025, available at https://portal.mineco.gob.es/RecursosArticulo/mineco/ministerio/ficheros/210127_plan_digitalizacion_pymes.pdf
Plan Nacional de Competencias Digitales, available at : https://portal.mineco.gob.es/RecursosArticulo/mineco/ministerio/ficheros/210127_plan_nacional_de_competencias_digitales.pdf
Programa Acelera PYME (2021), available at : https://www.acelerapyme.gob.es/programa-acelera-pyme
Real Decreto-ley 8/2020, de 17 de marzo, de medidas urgentes extraordinarias para hacer frente al impacto económico y social del COVID-19, available at : https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2020/BOE-A-2020-3824-consolidado.pdf
Real Decreto-ley 25/2020, de 3 de julio, de medidas urgentes para apoyar la reactivación económica y el empleo, available at : https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2020/BOE-A-2020-7311-consolidado.pdf
Real Decreto-ley 5/2021, de 12 de marzo, de medidas extraordinarias de apoyo a la solvencia empresarial en respuesta a la pandemia de la COVID-19, available at : https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2021/BOE-A-2021-3946-consolidado.pdf.
Sweden
Government Offices of Sweden (2021), EU Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), https://www.government.se/articles/2020/12/eu-recovery-and-resilience-facility-rrf.
Government Offices of Sweden (2020), The Government’s work in response to the virus responsible for COVID-19, https://www.government.se/government-policy/the-governments-work-in-response-to-the-virus-responsible-for-covid-1.
Sveriges Riksbank (2020), Riksbank lends up to SEK 500 billion to safeguard credit supply, https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/press-and-published/notices-and-press-releases/press-releases/2020/riksbank-lends-up-to-sek-500-billion-to--safeguard-credit-supply
Switzerland
Federal Department of Finance FDF (2020), Swiss foreign trade 2019 - Annual Report, https://www.ezv.admin.ch/ezv/fr/home/themes/statistique-du-commerce-exterieur-suisse/publications/rapports-annuels.html.
IMF (2021), Switzerland: Staff Concluding Statement of the 2021 Article IV Mission (April 7, 2021), https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/04/06/mcs040621-switzerland-staff-concluding-statement-of-the-2021-article-iv-mission.
Institute for Young Enterprises (2020), National Analysis of Swiss Incorporations in 2020, https://www.ifj.ch/National-Analysis-of-Swiss-Incorporations-in-2020.
State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO (2021), SME Policy, https://www.seco.admin.ch/seco/en/home/Standortfoerderung/KMU-Politik.html
Swiss Federal Statistical Office (2020), Bankruptcy Statistics 2020, https://www.bfs.admin.ch/news/en/2021-0412.
Turkey
Medina, L. and F. Schneider (2018), “Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years?”, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3124402.
OECD (2021). Economic Surveys - Turkey. Executive Summary, January 2021, https://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/TURKEY-2021-OECD-economic-survey-overview.pdf
OECD (2018), OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey 2018, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-tur-2018-en
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (2021), Tübitak SME R&D Start-Up Support Programme, https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/en/funds/industry/national-support-programmes/content-1507-tubitak-sme-rd-start-up-support-programmehttps://www.insolvency.govt.nz/support/about/statistics/insolvency-procedure-statistics/monthly-bankruptcy-figures.
Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization of Turkey (2021), SME Finance Supports, https://en.kosgeb.gov.tr/site/tr/genel/destekler/6311/sme-finance-supportshttps://www.insolvency.govt.nz/support/about/statistics/insolvency-procedure-statistics/monthly-bankruptcy-figures.
United States
US Small Business Administration (2021), American Rescue Plan Act Elevates Small Business Support in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic, March 12, 2021 | Release Number 21-19 – available at: https://www.sba.gov/article/2021/mar/11/american-rescue-plan-act-elevates-small-business-support-response-covid-19-pandemic
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