Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2016. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2016. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. For OECD, Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. For Australia, the size class of companies differ from the OECD definition and include: size class 1-19 employees, size class 20-199 employees, and size class 200+ employees. Given these differences in the definition of business size, the labels may indicate different business groups for Australia and OECD. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.2. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Company registrations refer to the number of companies entering the market in a given year. Company bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year. Figures for Australia include a series break in 2019 following the introduction of the new Economic and Financial Statistics data collection and a change in outstanding business loans categorisation. The 2019 data point reflect this series break and not the actual growth in Australian SME outstanding loans.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.4. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.5. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.6. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Austria
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.7. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.8. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.9. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.10. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.11. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.12. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Belgium
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.13. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.14. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.16. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.17. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.18. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.19. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Canada
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.20. SME share of exports
Note: Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.21. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.23. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.24. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.25. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.26. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Chile
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.27. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.29. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.30. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Colombia
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.31. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.33. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.34. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.35. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Costa Rica
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.36. SME share of exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.37. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.38. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.39. SME integration in trade (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Reference year: % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.40. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Czech Republic
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.41. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.42. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.44. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.45. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.46. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.47. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Denmark
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.48. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.49. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.50. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.51. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.52. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.53. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Estonia
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.54. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.55. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.57. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.58. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.59. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Finland
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.60. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.61. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.62. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.63. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.64. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.65. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
France
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.66. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.67. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.69. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.70. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.71. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.72. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Germany
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.73. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.74. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.75. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.76. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.77. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.78. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Greece
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.79. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.80. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.82. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.83. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.84. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.85. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Hungary
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.86. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.87. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.89. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.90. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.91. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.92. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Ireland
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.93. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.94. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.96. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.97. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.98. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.99. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Iceland
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.100. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.101. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.102. SME integration in trade (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30).. Reference year: % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.103. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.104. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Israel
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.105. SME share of employment and exports
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.106. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.108. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.109. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.110. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.111. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Italy
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.112. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.113. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.115. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.116. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.117. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.118. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Japan
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.119. SME share of employment
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.120. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.122. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.123. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.124. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services (%), latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Korea
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.125. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.126. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.128. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.129. SME integration in trade (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. Reference year: % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.130. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.131. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services (%), latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Lithuania
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.132. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.133. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.135. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.136. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.137. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.138. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Luxembourg
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.139. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.140. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.141. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.142. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.143. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Latvia
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.144. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.145. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.147. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.148. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.149. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Mexico
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.150. SME share of exports
.Note: Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.151. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.153. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.154. SME integration in trade (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Reference year: % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.155. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.156. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services (%), latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Netherlands
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.157. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.158. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.160. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.161. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.162. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.163. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Norway
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.164. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.165. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.167. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.168. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.169. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.170. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
New Zealand
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.171. SME share of employment
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.172. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.174. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.175. SME integration in trade (%)
Note: SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. Reference year: % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.176. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.177. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Poland
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.178. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.179. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.181. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.182. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.183. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.184. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Portugal
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.185. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.186. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.188. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.189. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.190. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.191. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Slovak Republic
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.192. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.193. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.195. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.196. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.197. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.198. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Slovenia
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.199. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.200. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.202. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.203. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.204. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Spain
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.205. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.206. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.208. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.209. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.210. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.211. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Sweden
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.212. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.213. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.215. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.216. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.217. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.218. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Switzerland
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.219. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship
Figure 8.220. Self-employment
Note: Share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.222. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.223. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.224. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.225. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing or hiring, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
Türkiye
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.226. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. The most vulnerable industries to disruptions during COVID-19 crisis are manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transport equipment (C29_30), construction (F), wholesale/retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (G), air transport (H51), accommodation and food service activities (I), real estate activities (L), professional, scientific and technical activities (M),arts, entertainment and recreation (R), other service activities (S). In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.227. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Exit refers to firms present last year that are not present this year. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.229. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.230. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.231. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.232. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
United Kingdom
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.233. SME share of employment, exports, and turnover
Note: Employment is the total number of persons who worked in or for the concerned unit during the reference year. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Turnover is the total value of invoices corresponding to market sales of goods or services. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. In cases when data is not available, no information is presented. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.234. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.236. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.237. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.238. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.239. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, hiring or training, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services, that employed ICT specialists in the last 12 months, and that provided any form of training to develop ICT related skills to the persons employed, latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
United States
SME sector structure and performance
Figure 8.240. SME share of exports
.Note: Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Year of reference, 2020 or latest. Micro firms are firms having between 1 and 9 employees, small firms having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms 250 or more employees. Data are presented by ascending firm size class.
Source: OECD Structural Demographics and Business Statistics (SDBS) and Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) databases, 2023.
Entrepreneurship and business dynamics
Figure 8.241. Firm dynamics and self-employment
Note: The left panel shows quarter-over-quarter growth of entries and bankruptcies, by quarter. Growth is obtained by dividing the value in a quarter by the value the same quarter of the previous year. The right panel shows the share (%) of self-employment in total employment. Entry refers to the number of firms entering the market in a given year. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. Self-employment is defined as the employment of employers, workers who work for themselves, members of producers co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information. Break denotes a statistical break in the series, suggesting that data are not directly comparable with previous periods.
Source: OECD Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship database (TIE). OECD Labour Force Statistics (LFS) database.
Note: Year-over-year growth (%) of SME outstanding loans. SME outstanding loans refer to the amount (in constant 2007 prices) of outstanding loans (stocks) granted by bank and financial institutions to SMEs at the end of period. SMEs are identified along national definition(s) or, if necessary, in cases when loan amounts are less than EUR 1 million or an equivalent threshold that is deemed appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Values for the OECD denote the median value using all data available for the year.
Source: OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
Women in trade and gender export gap
Figure 8.243. Share (%) of firms trading globally by gender of leadership
Note: Firms that indicate they engage in trade, as a share of total women-led businesses, men-led businesses or businesses led equally by women and men (%). The share of firms is obtained from the question: Is your business engaged in international trade? Firms labelled that engage in trade are those that report "Yes, as an exporter and importer" or "Yes, as an exporter". The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only answers from owners and managers of the business are included. Women-led firms are firms where more than 50% of managers and/or owners are women, and men-led firms are firms with more than 50% of managers and owners are men. Businesses equally led by women and men refer to equal number of men and women managing and/or owning the company. Data are ranked by ascending order of shares in women-led businesses.
Source: Calculations based on the OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey, Data for Good, (March 2022).
Global production networks and value chains
Figure 8.244. SME integration in trade and embeddedness of foreign affiliates’ activities (%)
Note: SMEs imports and exports as a percentage (%) of total country imports and exports of goods and services respectively, measured in trade value. SMEs include firms with 1-249 persons employed. Exports consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents. Imports consist of purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of goods and services by residents from non- residents. The diversification of trade networks is measured by the share of all businesses exporting/importing to/from 20 or more countries. SME integration in long GVCs is calculated as the share of SMEs in all imports and exports of the top 10 longest value chains based on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). These are manufacturing of: textiles (13), wearing appeal (14), leather and related products (15), rubber and plastics products (22), basic metals (24), computers, electronics, and optical equipment (26), electrical equipment (27), other machinery and equipment (28), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29), and other transport equipment (30). Foreign affiliates’ (FA) output used locally refers to the percentage of the output of foreign affiliates that is used by domestic firms for intermediary consumption, total economy. FA sourcing locally refers to the percentage of FA’s sourcing that comes from domestic firms, total economy. Reference year: % FA activities: 2016; % trade value in long GVCs and % trade value: 2020, or latest available. OECD denotes the unweighted mean values for countries with available information.
Source: OECD TEC database and Analytical AMNE database.
Knowledge and innovation networks
Figure 8.245. SME integration to networks or use of network technologies, benchmarking indices (OECD = 100)
Note: Indicators are presented in the form of benchmarking indices and reported on a common scale from 0 to 200 (0 being the lowest OECD value, 100 the median value, and 200 the highest). Innovation networks include: firms co-operating on innovation activities with universities or other higher education institutions; firms co-operating on innovation activities with enterprises engaged in international collaboration; firms cooperating on innovation activities with private business enterprises outside the enterprise group. Adoption of platform and network technologies include: Businesses sharing supply chain management (SCM) information, businesses using social media, businesses using customer relationship management software (CRM) and businesses purchasing cloud computing services. Sharing information electronically on SCM refers to exchanging information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development or distribution of goods or services. Cloud computing services include: e-mail, office software, finance or accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, hosting of databases, storage of files, and computing power to run own software. Data covers firms with 10-249 employees. Firms belonging to professional groups or networks are obtained from the question: “Which of these kinds of professional groups, if any, are you a part of ?” based on business responses to the 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey. The sample included in the analysis are firms in OECD countries that have between 1-249 employees. Only the responses from owners and managers of the business are used in the analysis.
Source: Innovation networks: 2021 OECD survey of national Innovation Statistics and Eurostat Community Innovation Survey (OECD, 2021; Eurostat, 2022); Adoption of platform and network technologies: OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses; Professional groups: 2022 OECD-World Bank-Meta Future of Business Survey.
Upskilling, reskilling and finding talent: the role of SME ecosystems
Figure 8.246. Share of firms accessing digital skills (%) by outsourcing, by firm size class
Note: Share (%) of businesses that purchased cloud computing services (%), latest year available. Small firms are defined as having between 10-49 employees, medium-sized between 50 and 249 and large firms as 250 or more.
Source: OECD database on ICT Access and Usage by Businesses.
References
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[13] OECD (2023), “ICT Access and Use by Businesses”, OECD Telecommunications and Internet Statistics (database), https://doi.org/10.1787/9d2cb97b-en (accessed on 10 March 2023).
[5] OECD (2023), “Timely indicators of entrepreneurship”, Structural and Demographic Business Statistics (database), https://doi.org/10.1787/b1bfd8c5-en (accessed on 10 March 2023).
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