Communication networks are in a constant state of evolution, and the OECD monitors trends to support policymakers in preparing for the challenges ahead.  Key trends for the coming years include:

• the move towards virtualization
• the integration of cloud services into networks
• the increased use of AI systems in network
• the move towards openness, and
• a trend towards the integration of terrestrial (TN) and non-terrestrial networks (NTN)

The connectivity landscape is also evolving with emerging and existing players gaining more prominent roles, for example tower companies, cloud providers, satellite companies, and over-the-top players, impacting business models and competition dynamics.

Policies and regulations that foster competition, promote investment in fixed and mobile networks and spur innovation are key to foster connectivity. OECD regulators currently work on easing network roll-out, reducing network deployment costs, facilitating access to backhaul and backbone, and work on efficient spectrum management to implement these policies

Looking ahead, with increased convergence and a move toward more sophisticated “networks of networks” that integrate terrestrial and non-terrestrial connectivity solutions (e.g. satellites and other aerial platforms), new regulatory challenges will emerge involving regulators in different sectors.

As the digital transformation takes hold, the boundaries between traditional communication sector and broader digital markets becomes increasingly blurred, creating new challenges for communication regulators and sector stakeholders in areas such as competition, content, sustainability, consumer protection, and digital security. The key question for OECD policymakers is no longer whether regulatory structures need to change, but how.

OECD countries are following several approaches, which are not mutually exclusive. First, countries may opt to promote changes in legislation that adjust or partially expand communication regulators’ responsibilities or oversight concerning new issues arising from the digital transformation. Second, countries may navigate current regulatory frameworks to adapt them to an environment characterised by convergence and opt to increase regulatory co-operation with other agencies and government bodies. Finally, some countries are engaging in early discussions regarding a new type of regulatory body to tackle digital issues in a holistic manner, which includes questions of how this new body would interact with existing communication regulators.

Mitigating the environmental footprint of communication networks is a key concern for governments and industry alike. At the same time, connectivity has enabling effects that help other sectors reduce their environmental impacts. Leveraging broadband connectivity to achieve environmental sustainability goals presents both challenges and opportunities. Ongoing work is studying the positive and negative impacts of communication networks on the environment and exploring key policy questions to support countries in their journey towards green and digital transitions.

Communication infrastructures also need to become more resilient. Whether confronted with natural disasters, cyber threats or other disruptions, the ability of communication networks to withstand and recover from disruptions is pivotal in ensuring the continuity of societal and economic activity. Policymakers are taking a proactive role in strengthening the resilience of communication infrastructures.