System-level data that are not derived from the PISA 2018 student or school questionnaire are extracted from the OECD’s annual publication Education at a Glance for those countries and economies that participate in that periodic data collection. For other countries and economies, a special system-level data collection was conducted in collaboration with PISA Governing Board members and National Project Managers.
For further information see: System-level data collection for PISA 2018: Sources, comments and technical notes.pdf at www.oecd.org/pisa/. The following tables are available on line at https://doi.org/10.1787/888934029128.