The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Future of Telemedicine
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Annex D. Overview tables of the literature review
Table D.1. Overview of included papers with results on user satisfaction with telemedicine
Author |
Design |
OECD Country(s) |
Primary studies (if applicable) |
Setting |
Patients/Clinicians |
Description of study |
Intervention |
Comparator |
Relevant findings and conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aiken et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
United Kingdom |
3 largest abortion providers in England |
54 142 patients who accessed an early medical abortion |
Comparison of outcomes before and after implementation of medical abortion (termination of pregnancy) without ultrasound via telemedicine |
Additional dose of misoprostol provided via telemedicine |
Additional dose of misoprostol provided via in-person clinic visit |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
|
Al-Arkee et al. 2021 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Austria, Sweden, United States |
16 |
Multiple |
Patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) |
A systematic review and meta‑analysis of RCTs on mobile apps to improve medication adherence |
App in conjunction with a package of participant support |
App alone |
|
Appleton et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
77 |
Multiple |
Staff working within the field of mental health, people receiving organised mental health care for any condition, family members or carers of people receiving mental health care |
Investigation of the adoption and impacts of tele‑mental health approaches during the COVID‑19 pandemic, and facilitators and barriers to optimal implementation |
Any form of spoken or written communication carried out between mental health professionals and service users/family members/unpaid carers |
Any mental health communication delivered face‑to-face, digitally or remotely, waitlist control, or placebo |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
Aquilanti et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Australia, France, Germany |
13 |
Multiple |
Patients and health practitioners |
Assessment of the feasibility of teledentistry in communities or in a domiciliary setting where elderly people live |
Teledentistry |
None |
|
Augestad et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Norway |
University hospital and 5 medical centres |
110 patients with a stoma |
Investigation of the QoL of patients with a stoma, followed up in a hospital outpatient setting (controls) or by teleconsultation (intervention) |
Teleconsultation (TC) |
Hospital outpatient setting |
|
|
Baltaxe et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Spain |
1 hospital clinic |
67 adult patients with chronic respiratory failure |
RCT of a home‑based non-invasive ventilation intervention supported by a mobile health app |
Face to face psychologist motivational intervention, followed up by a mobile app that allowed patients to report the number of hours of daily non-invasive ventilation use and problems with the therapy; advice was automatically delivered by the mobile app in case of a reported problem |
App use |
|
|
Banks et al. 2021 |
Series of cross-sectional surveys |
Ireland |
2 epilepsy centres |
1 180 patients receiving epilepsy care through telemedicine from 23rd Dec 2019 to 23rd Mar 2020 and 21 clinicians providing the care |
Exploration of the perceptions of chronic epilepsy management via telephone consultations from a clinician and patient perspective |
Telephone consultations |
None |
|
|
Barnett et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland the United Kingdom, United States |
19 |
Multiple – Umbrella review |
Staff working within the field of mental health, people receiving mental health care or with mental health diagnoses, family members, or carers of people receiving mental health care |
Umbrella review of systematic reviews available on the literature and evidence‑based guidance on telemental health, including both qualitative and quantitative literature |
Any form of spoken or written communication conducted between mental health professionals and patients, service users, family members, carers, or other mental health professionals using either the internet or the telephone |
None |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
Bekkelund et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Norway |
1 neurological hospital department |
402 headache patients |
Examination to determine whether video consultations are noninferior to face‑to-face consultations in treating chronic headache patients referred to a specialist in Northern Norway |
Video consultations |
Face‑to-face consultations |
|
|
Berlin et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
Canada |
1 hospital cancer centre |
3 507 cancer patients and 284 practitioners |
Examination of the outcomes of a cancer centre – wide virtual care programme in response to the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Cancer centre – wide virtual care programme (VC) |
None |
See Table D.4 for use by technology results |
|
Bertini et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Israel, Italy, Korea, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States |
28 |
Multiple |
Patients with gestational diabetes mellitus |
Evaluation of the impact of remote monitoring technologies in assisting patients with gestational diabetes mellitus to achieve glycaemic goals |
Remote monitoring technologies for patients with gestational diabetes mellitus |
None |
See Table D.4 for use by technology results |
Bisson et al. 2021 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
1 university-affiliated orthopaedic practice |
2 049 patients of all ages (children and adults) who were seen through in-person or telemedicine |
Examination of the association between patient satisfaction and mode of visit (telemedicine versus in-person) and (2) predictors of patient satisfaction in a large orthopaedic practice during the onset of the pandemic |
Telemedicine in a large orthopaedic practice |
In-person care |
|
|
Bizot et al. 2021 |
Cross-sectional study |
France, Italy |
18 hospitals and cancer centres |
1 299 breast cancer patients who had at least one teleconsultation during the first wave of the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Examination of the satisfaction of patients with breast cancer (BC) who underwent teleconsultations during this period |
Teleconsultation |
None |
|
|
Blanco Teres et al. 2022 |
Cross-sectional study |
Spain |
1 hospital coloproctology unit |
115 patients assisted consecutively in the coloproctology unit |
Analysis of patient satisfaction with the tele‑assistance given in a Colorectal Surgery Unit |
Phone‑tele assistance |
None |
|
|
Bodle et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Austria, Australia, Türkiye, United States |
13 |
Multiple |
Patients under treatment for acne vulgaris |
Evaluation of acne vulgaris in teledermatology and identification of the differences between teledermatological examinations and face‑to-face consultations |
Teledermatological examinations |
Face‑to-face examinations |
|
Bonnaud et al. 2021 |
RCT |
France |
3 public hospitals and 3 private hospitals |
54 patients with Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis |
Comparison of quality of life and disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease monitored using a telemedicine platform versus standard care |
Telemedicine platform (MaMICI) |
Standard care |
|
|
Brown et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States |
13 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Evaluation of the evidence for telegenetics and its applicability to future service development |
Videoconferencing to deliver consultations in any area of clinical genetics |
None |
|
Brown et al. 2022 |
Cross-sectional study |
Australia |
1 tertiary-level persistent pain centre |
65 patients aged 18 to 85 years with persistent pain lasting more than 12 months |
Exploration of patients’ thoughts and satisfaction with using videoconferencing during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Videoconference pain clinic appointment |
None |
|
|
Butler et al. 2022 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Canada, Netherlands, United States |
15 |
Multiple |
1438 children and young people |
Identification of the eHealth and mHealth interventions that have been proven to be effective in supporting health outcomes for children and young people (aged 1‑18 years) living with Juvenile idiopathic arthritis |
eHealth and mHealth interventions |
None |
|
Carrillo de Albornoz et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, |
11 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Evaluation of the impact of telephone or video consultations compared to those conducted face‑to-face on key patient-relevant outcomes and health care utilisation in primary care, mental health, and allied health services |
Telemedicine treatment delivered via telephone or videoconference |
The same therapy (as in intervention) delivered face‑to-face |
|
Cartwright et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Canada, Italy, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
15 |
Multiple |
1 334 patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) |
Identification and assessment of ‘active’ eHealth-based interventions to support patients and their caregivers in delivering and managing – PD |
eHealth interventions |
None |
|
Catalan-Matamoros et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Norway |
1 hospital |
49 chronic heart patients with a pacemaker |
Exploration of the communication experiences in the remote monitoring of older adults with a pacemaker |
Remote monitoring (RM) |
None |
|
|
Champion et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United States |
1 institution |
47 patients who underwent in-person and telemedicine postoperative appointments following third molar surgery |
Comparison of key aspects of patient satisfaction in patients who underwent in-person and telemedicine postoperative appointments following third molar surgery |
telemedicine postoperative appointments |
In-person postoperative appointments |
|
|
Chaudhry et al. 2021 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Canada, Finland Germany, Norway, United States |
12 |
Multiple |
Surgeons and 1 008 surgery patients |
Investigation of patient and surgeon satisfaction with the use of telemedicine as a tool for orthopaedic care delivery, differences in patient-reported outcomes between telemedicine visits and in-person visits, differences in time commitment between telemedicine and in-person visits? |
Telemedicine (any form of remote or virtual care including, but not limited to, video, telephone, or internet-based care) |
In-person assessments performed by orthopaedic surgeons |
|
Cho et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
33 |
Multiple |
7 382 patients with cancer using electronic symptom self-reporting systems (e‑SRS) |
Exploration of the acceptance and use of home‑based electronic symptom self-reporting systems (e‑SRS) by patients with cancer and identification of associated facilitators and barriers |
Electronic symptom self-reporting systems (e‑SRS) for patients with cancer |
None |
See Table D.3 for use by demographic results |
Christensen et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Spain, United States |
21 |
Multiple |
Patients’ and providers’ who used video consultations for depression treatment |
A systematic review of the existing research literature, focusing on patients’ and providers’ experiences of virtual consultations (VCs) used in the treatment of patients 60+ years with unipolar depression |
Videoconferencing by an outpatient tele‑mental health service (VC) |
Face‑to-face treatment (FTFT) |
|
Cole et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
3 wellness centre locations |
65 new adult patients enrolling into intensive outpatient programs |
Presentation of a novel survey based on an existing framework designed to assess telemedicine‑delivered medications for opioid use disorder (tMOUD) satisfaction, and present pilot data (N = 14) acquired from patients engaged in rural tMOUD care |
Telemedicine delivered medications for opioid use disorder (tMOUD) |
None |
|
|
Convery et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Australia |
Not specified |
30 adults ≤85 years of age with a four‑frequency average hearing loss between 25 and 75 dB HL and (4) ≥1 year of bilateral hearing aid experience who owned a smartphone |
Assessment of the usability of the remote communication feature of the app; and determination of whether hearing aid fitting outcomes are influenced by the mode of patient-provider communication |
ReSound Assist™ app |
None |
|
|
Conway et al. 2021 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
3 health institutions |
159 neuro‑ophthalmology patients, 157 neuro‑ophthalmologists |
Analysis of both neuro‑ophthalmology physician and patient satisfaction with virtual health visits during the time of the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Video clinical visits |
None |
|
|
Cottrell et al. 2021a |
Non-randomised clinical trial |
Australia |
1 hospital physiotherapy department |
71 patients 18 years of age or greater, resided outside of the local health service district, and presented with a non-urgent musculoskeletal spinal condition that was deemed appropriate for a pragmatic course of non-surgical management |
Investigation to determine whether clinical outcomes achieved via telerehabilitation are as good as those achieved via in-person care |
Telerehabilitation |
In-person treatment |
|
|
Cremades et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Spain |
1 tertiary care hospital |
200 adults aged between 18 and 75 years being treated in the General Surgery department, basic computer knowledge (ability to use e‑mail or a social network) and having the necessary equipment (computer with webcam) or having a partner who met these criteria |
Evaluation the feasibility of introducing telemedicine in General Surgery |
Telemedicine use in outpatient clinics |
Conventional outpatient care |
|
|
Criner et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United States |
8 research sites |
138 patients aged ≥40 years with moderate to very severe COPD and ≥10 pack-year smoking history |
Evaluation of the effects of medication reminders via the BreatheMate device on adherence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
BreatheMate device, smartphone application, and vouchers to redeem pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) for the prescribed 2 puffs of budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 μg twice daily, as well as twice‑daily electronic reminders to take budesonide/formoterol |
BreatheMate device, smartphone application, and vouchers to redeem pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) for the prescribed 2 puffs of budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 μg twice daily |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
|
Cuadrado et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
Spain |
1 tertiary hospital 43km from 1 prison |
75 prison inmate patients who received anti-HCV treatment (May 2016–November 2017) |
A cost-minimisation analysis comparing two strategies of HCV treatment in a prison: telemedicine clinical practice (TCP) and the usual clinical practice (UCP) |
Telemedicine clinical practice (TCP) |
Usual clinical practice (UCP) |
|
|
Damery et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United Kingdom |
4 outpatient liver clinics |
54 clinically stable liver transplant patients |
Evaluation of the feasibility of using real-time remote consultations for liver transplant patient between patients and secondary care physicians for routine patient follow-up at a large hospital in the United Kingdom and assessment of whether patient satisfaction differs between intervention and usual care patients |
Real-time remote consultations |
Usual care |
|
|
Danylchuk et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
42 |
Multiple |
Patients and providers of telehealth genetic counselling (THGC) |
A systematic evidence review to compare telehealth genetic counselling (THGC), including videoconferencing and telephone counselling, across specialties to in-person genetic counselling (IPGC) for a range of outcomes specific to patient and provider experiences and access to care |
Telehealth genetic counselling (THGC), including videoconferencing (VGC) and telephone counselling (TGC) |
In-person genetic counselling (IPGC) |
|
Davis et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Denmark, United Kingdom |
18 |
Multiple |
3 323 adults (≥18 years) with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in general or any form of IBD (ulcerative colitis or Chron’s disease or both) |
Systematic review evaluating the efficacy of telehealth and mHealth interventions and explore the benefits and challenges of these interventions in patients with IBD |
Telehealth and mHealth interventions |
None |
|
de Boer et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
37 |
Multiple |
Patients using videoconferencing psychotherapy (VCP) as a treatment delivery |
Systematic review examining the efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability of using videoconferencing psychotherapy (VCP) as a treatment delivery modality for couple and family therapy (CFT) |
Videoconferencing psychotherapy (VCP) |
Multiple |
|
De Marchi et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
Italy |
1 tertiary Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) centre |
19 adult patients scheduled to visit the centre |
Testing of the feasibility of telehealth and to assess patients’ satisfaction with the service received by follow-up patients with ALS during the COVID‑19 pandemic, compared to outpatient conventional visits |
Telehealth follow up patient visits |
Conventional outpatient visits |
|
|
Diaz-Miron et al. 2022 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
1 university children’s hospital |
73 surgeons, 616 surgical patients and caregivers (of patients <18 years old) |
Evaluation of surgeon and caregiver perspectives of telemedicine (TMEs) during the pandemic |
Telemedicine delivered to paediatric surgical patients |
None |
|
|
Dinuzzi et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
Italy |
1 university hospital |
65 patients who used telemedicine services 1 Jan to 29 Apr 2020 |
Description of the experience of the Stoma Care Center of the University Hospital Federico II, Naples, Italy, before and during the COVID‑19 lockdown |
Telehealth services for trauma |
None |
|
|
Dobrusin et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
2 community-based gastroenterology (GI) practices |
1 492 GI patients, 503 GI providers |
Exploration of the impact of the sudden increase in telehealth use during the COVID‑19 pandemic on patient and provider satisfaction within community-based gastroenterology (GI) practices |
Telehealth |
None |
|
|
Doking et al. 2021 |
Case study |
Netherlands |
Not specified |
1 colorectal cancer survivor undertaking blended cognitive‑behavioural therapy (bCBT) |
Evaluation of the COloRectal canceR distrEss reduCTion (CORRECT) intervention, a blended cognitive‑behavioural therapy (bCBT) combining face‑to-face (F2F) therapy with an interactive self-management website to reduce high distress in colorectal cancer survivors |
COloRectal canceR distrEss reduCTion (CORRECT) intervention |
None |
|
|
Eberle et al. 2021a |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Canada, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom |
11 |
Multiple |
563 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients |
Assessment of the current evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness of telemetric interventions in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), addressing maternal glycaemic control, scheduled and unscheduled visits, satisfaction, diabetes self-efficacy, compliance, maternal complications in pregnancy and childbirth, as well as foetal and neonatal outcomes |
Telemetric interventions |
None |
|
Edison et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom, United States |
18 |
Multiple |
5 813 adult patients exposed to virtual clinics using telehealth strategies |
Systematic review identifying the clinical, fiscal and environmental evidence on the use of urological telehealth and/or virtual clinic (VC) strategies, and to highlight research gaps in this rapidly evolving field |
Telehealth and/or virtual clinic (VC) strategies |
Multiple |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
Eichberg et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
52 |
Multiple |
45 801 neurosurgical patients |
Systematic literature review investigating treatment of neurosurgical patients via telemedicine, and to evaluate barriers and challenges |
Telemedicine |
None |
|
Elsner et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Italy, Germany, United States |
28 |
Multiple |
Dermatology patients receiving care during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Systematic review summarising all published studies on teledermatology during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Teledermatology |
None |
|
Erben et al.2021 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
3 neurological clinics |
6 262 vascular surgery patient encounters during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Assessment of the introduction of telemedicine as an alternative to the traditional face‑to-face encounters with vascular surgery patients in the era of the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Telemedicine encounters |
Face‑to-face encounters |
|
|
Eustache et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Denmark, Italy, Norway Spain, United States |
29 |
Multiple |
Patients undergoing surgery |
Systematic review investigating whether postoperative telemedicine interventions with a communication feature reduce emergency department visits and readmissions |
Postoperative telemedicine interventions |
None |
|
Eze et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
98 |
Multiple – Umbrella review |
Patients providers using telemedicine in Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development (OECD) countries |
Umbrella review of systematic reviews on telemedicine use in OECD countries summarizing findings on four areas of policy relevance: clinical and cost-effectiveness, patient experience, and implementation |
Telemedicine |
None |
|
Fraser et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Canada, United States |
5 |
Multiple |
603 individuals living in rural areas with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) |
Systematic review aiming to understand the types and effects of home‑based connected health technologies, used by individuals living in rural areas with cardiovascular diseases |
Home‑based connected health technologies |
None |
|
Fritsch et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Denmark, Finland, France, Korea, Norway, United Kingdom, United States |
11 |
Multiple |
People with musculoskeletal pain |
Systematic review appraising the literature on the effects of text messages (as an intervention or a component of an intervention) compared with any control on pain and function in people with musculoskeletal pain |
Text messages |
Any control |
|
Garcia-Huidobro et al. 2020 |
Case‑control study (using retrospective and concurrent control groups) |
Chile |
1 private academic health network |
3 962 patients who received, and 263 clinicians who provided, telemedicine care in March/April 2019 and March/April 2020 |
Investigation of the system-wide accelerated implementation of telemedicine, compare patient satisfaction between telemedicine and in-person visits, and report provider perceptions |
Telemedicine visits |
In-person visits |
See Table D.3 for use by demographic results |
|
Garfan et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
86 |
Multiple |
Patients and providers utilising telehealth during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Systematic review presenting insights into the important perspectives in telehealth utilisation during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Telehealth |
None |
|
Gomez-Roas et al. 2022 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
Single academic medical centre |
40 low-income postpartum individuals |
Identify additional challenges to health care interactions that emerged for low-income postpartum individuals during the pandemic |
Telemedicine |
None |
|
|
Gonzalez-Plaza et al. 2022 |
RCT |
Spain |
1 maternal – foetal department at a hospital clinic |
120 pregnant women with obesity |
Evaluation of the effectiveness of a complex digital health intervention, using a smartband and app with midwife counselling, on GWG and physical activity (PA) in women who are pregnant and have obesity and analyse its impact on maternal and perinatal outcomes |
Digital health intervention, using a smartband and app with midwife counselling |
Usual care |
|
|
Gopal et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
72 |
Multiple |
Populations with chronic neurological dysfunction |
Systematic review of existing evidence regarding the remote assessment of hand function in populations with chronic neurological dysfunction |
Remote assessment |
None |
|
Grau-Pellicer et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Spain |
1 hospital |
41 chronic stroke survivors |
Investigation of the effectiveness of a mobile‑health (mHealth) App in improving levels of physical activity (PA) in chronic stroke survivors |
Exercise programme and mHealth App |
Exercise programme no mHealth App |
|
|
Greenwood et al. 2022 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
United States |
12 |
Multiple |
931 psychotherapy patients |
Evidence synthesis to assess whether there is evidence of differences between telehealth and face‑to-face care for the management of less common mental and physical health conditions requiring psychotherapy |
Telehealth care |
Face‑to-face care |
|
Guaiana et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
United States |
14 |
Multiple |
Televideo use for major depressive disorder (MDD) treatment in adults (18 years or older) in any clinical setting, and any health care professional providing care |
Exploration of literature on the use of televideo to diagnose and treat major depressive disorder (MDD), particularly acceptability and patient satisfaction, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness |
Televideo |
None |
|
Gupta et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
53 |
Multiple |
Paediatric and adult patients with ear, nose, and throat (ENT) disorders |
A systematic review to synthesize the evidence base on outcomes from remote consultation in adult and paediatric ENT services |
Remote consultation for paediatric or adult ENT disorder |
Multiple |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
Hadeler et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Austria, Australia, Italy, United Kingdom, United States |
23 |
Multiple |
Teledermatology patients |
Analysis of which methods of teledermatology patients prefer by categorizing how recent studies have defined satisfaction, conducted surveys, and concluded patients respond to the different modalities of teledermatology |
Different modalities of teledermatology |
None |
|
Hall et al., 2022 |
Randomised effectiveness trial |
United States |
Twelve Health Centers in rural and/or underserved areas in 3 states |
1 004 patients with PTSD and/or bipolar disorder |
Given that both approaches were determined equally effective, this study identifies patient and clinician experiences and preferences regarding each approach |
Telepsychiatry collaborative care, where telepsychiatrists provided consultation to primary care teams |
Referral approach, where telepsychiatrists and telepsychologists assumed responsibility for treatment |
|
|
Hanach et al. 2021 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Australia, Canada, Singapore, United States |
10 |
Multiple |
2 366 mothers without history or existing mental disorders |
Examination of the effectiveness of telemedicine interventions – delivered exclusively during the postnatal period, on postpartum depression symptomatology in women with no history of mental disorders. |
Telemedicine interventions |
None |
|
Harkey et al. 2021a |
RCT |
United States |
1 large integrated health care system |
289 patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy or cholecystectomy |
Exploration of surgical patient perception of post-discharge video-based visits VVs compared with traditional in-person visits (IPVs) post-discharge |
Video-based post discharge visits |
In-person post discharge visits |
|
|
Hazenberg et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
61 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Assessment of the peer-reviewed literature on the psychometric properties, feasibility, effectiveness, costs, and current limitations of using telehealth and telemedicine approaches for prevention and management of diabetic foot disease |
Telemedicine and telehealth approaches |
None |
|
Helleman et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Italy, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States |
16 |
Multiple |
429 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
Overview of telehealth used in the care for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and identification of the barriers to and facilitators of its implementation |
Telehealth |
None |
|
Herrero et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United States |
Not specified |
122 patients ≥18 years old, consented to isolated arthroscopic meniscal repair or meniscectomy, and were able to properly utilise telemedicine software on a computer, tablet, or smartphone with a built-in camera |
Exploration to determine whether patient satisfaction with overall care is equivalent for telemedicine follow-up (i.e. synchronous face‑to-face video) and office‑based follow-up after arthroscopic meniscectomy and repair |
Telemedicine follow up |
Office‑based follow up |
|
|
Hopstaken et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, United States |
17 |
Multiple |
Oncology patients |
A review of the effect of a digital care platform for oncology patients on quality of care parameters such as enhancement of available information, self-efficacy, continuity of care, and patient- and health care provider – reported experiences |
Digital care platform |
None |
|
Indraratna et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Australia |
2 sites |
102 patients with acute coronary syndrome or heart failure |
Description of the implementation of a novel smartphone app within an RCT, the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on the conduct of the trial, and how the experience with TeleClinical Care‑Cardiac (TCC-Cardiac) guided and informed the development of two telemonitoring programs during the pandemic |
TeleClinical Care‑Cardiac (TCC-Cardiac) app alongside standard care |
Standard care alone |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
|
Itamura et al. 2021 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
1 medical centre |
1 284 patient responses following in-person visit, 221 patient responses following virtual visit |
Exploration to compare the patient experience of a virtual otolaryngology clinic visit to an in-person visit, especially with its significantly increased implementation during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Virtual otolaryngology clinic visit |
In-person otolaryngology clinic visit |
|
|
Jang et al. 2021a |
Retrospective cohort study |
Korea |
1 telemedicine centre |
2 324 patients with COVID‑19 |
Describes the results of the Korean Medicine (KM) telemedicine centre and the clinical possibility of using herbal medicines for COVID‑19 |
Telemedicine consultation |
None |
|
|
Jang et al. 2021b |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Australia, Denmark, Canada, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
22 |
Multiple |
2 906 patients utilising telemonitoring interventions on severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis providing current evidence regarding the effectiveness of telemonitoring for preventing COPD exacerbations, focusing on severe exacerbations requiring hospitalisation or emergency room visits |
Telemonitoring for preventing COPD exacerbations |
None |
|
Janjua et al. 2021 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Korea, Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
14 |
Multiple |
1 518 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis of the benefits and harms of digital interventions for managing COPD and applying Behaviour Change Technique (BCT) taxonomy to describe and explore intervention content |
Digital technology interventions with or without routine supported self‐management to usual care |
None |
|
Junkins et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United States |
4 HIV care outpatient clinics |
22 African American female patients living with HIV aged 19 years or older |
Testing of the feasibility and acceptability of a telemedicine‑administered cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for depression and antiretroviral therapy adherence (CBT-AD) approach using videoconferencing among African American (AA) women living with HIV in the rural South |
CBT-AD intervention |
Supportive psychotherapy |
|
|
Kamdar et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 Academic medical centre |
2 204 patients scheduled for surgery by telemedicine or evaluated in person |
Description of the implementation of a telemedicine‑based anaesthesia preoperative evaluation and report the program’s patient satisfaction, clinical case cancellation rate outcomes, and cost savings |
telemedicine‑based preoperative anaesthesia evaluation process |
In person evaluation |
83% of patients agreed or strongly agreed the technical process of joining was easy |
|
Kane et al. 2020 |
RCT |
United States |
1 single subspecialised institution |
66 postoperative patients following rotator cuff repair |
Evaluation the safety, efficacy, and socio-economic benefits of telehealth as a platform for postoperative follow-up |
Telemedicine for postoperative visits |
Office‑based visits |
|
|
Khairat et al. 2021 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
55 prison facilities |
1 584 surveys from specialty care patients and telemedicine presenters; 60 practitioners |
Evaluation of the implementation of a telemedicine programme for specialty care in North Carolina prisons during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Telemedicine |
None |
|
|
Kolcun et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Canada, Denmark, France, United States |
12 |
Multiple |
Spine surgery patients |
Systematic review examining the current utilisation of telemedicine (TM) for spine surgery |
Telemedicine ™ |
None |
|
Kraepelien et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Sweden |
None – recruited through the Parkinson’s society |
77 Parkinson’s disease patients with self-reported problems with general function |
Exploration of whether guided individually-tailored internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) provide additional value to standard medical treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) |
Individually-tailored internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) combined with standard medical treatment |
Standard medical treatment plus being on waitlist to ICBT |
|
|
Kruse et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
46 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Systematic review evaluating the facilitators and barriers to the adoption of telemedicine worldwide, including an analysis of health outcomes and patient satisfaction |
Telemedicine adoption during the first year of the COVID‑19 pandemic |
None |
Overall, 22% of the articles analysed reported strong satisfaction or satisfaction (zero reported a decline in satisfaction) |
La Valle et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, United Kingdom, United States, |
9 |
Multiple |
Children aged 0‑5 years with developmental concerns |
Assessment of study characteristics and type of diagnostic evaluation) comparison of telehealth technologies to in-person diagnostic methods; feasibility and acceptability of telehealth technologies; and methodological quality |
Telehealth methods |
None |
|
Lee et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United States |
Female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery (FPMRS) clinics of a tertiary academic health system |
52 women undergoing surgery for pelvic organ prolapse |
Exploration of whether patient satisfaction of virtual clinical encounters is noninferior to traditional in-office clinical encounters for postoperative follow-up after reconstructive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse |
virtual (via video conference technology) clinical encounters for their 30‑day postoperative follow-up visits |
in-office clinical encounters for their 30‑day postoperative follow-up visits |
|
|
Legler et al. 2021 |
Prospective cohort study |
United States |
3 medical units in a dedicated COVID‑19 hospital |
43 patients admitted for COVID‑19 |
Evaluation of an intrahospital telemedicine programme (virtual care) for patients admitted with COVID‑19, along with its impact on exposure risk and communication |
intrahospital telemedicine programme (termed virtual care) |
None |
|
|
Leibar Tamayo et al. 2020 |
Prospective cross-sectional study |
Spain |
Urology outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital |
200 urology clinic patients |
Evaluation of urological patient satisfaction with teleconsultation during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Urological teleconsultation |
None |
Teleconsultation overall satisfaction level was 9 (IQI 8‑10), and 61.5% of respondents would consider teleconsultation as a health care option in the future |
|
Lemelin et al. 2020 |
Controlled clinical trial |
Canada |
Obstetric clinic at 1 university hospital |
161 women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) |
Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the telehomecare (THCa) initiative by assessing the direct costs, including the related reduction in medical visits, evaluate the impact of THCa on diabetes control, GDM-related complications, and patient satisfaction |
THCa system for transmission and online analysis of capillary glucose data |
Usual care in the clinic |
See Table D.5 for cost results |
|
Lester et al. 2020 |
RCT |
United States |
1 neurofibromatosis clinic in a hospital setting |
45 adolescent patients (aged 12‑17) with neurofibromatosis |
Examination of the feasibility, acceptability, preliminary effect, and durability of a mind-body videoconferencing programme for youth with neurofibromatosis (Resilient Youth with NF; RY-NF) against an experimental educational control (Health Education for NF; HE‑NF) |
Resilient Youth with NF (RY-NF) |
Health Education for NF (HE‑NF) |
Satisfaction with participation in the programme was high and similar between the intervention (RY-NF, 4.08 of 5) and the control (HE‑NF, 3.49 of 5) |
|
Livingston et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Australia |
1 private and 2 public health services or hospitals |
82 patients newly diagnosed with cancer |
Trial to determine the impact of an app-based, 4‑month intervention for newly diagnosed cancer patients |
The ACE smartphone app |
No intervention |
|
|
Marquez-Algaba et al. 2022 |
RCT |
Spain |
1 university hospital |
150 patients aged 18 years or older discharged from the hospital after admission for COVID‑19 diagnosed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) |
To adapt and validate the use of Farmalarm, a smartphone application (app) originally developed by the Stroke Unit at Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron in Barcelona, Spain |
Farmalarm app |
Usual care |
|
|
Martinez et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
Colombia |
Patients using the Telepsychiatry programme On univariate analyses, the VV cohort across 8 towns |
111 telepsychiatry patients |
Description of the experience of physicians and patients in the Telepsychiatry programme at the University of Antioquia’s Faculty of Medicine in the first 12 months after its implementation |
Telepsychiatry programme |
None |
See Table D.3 for use by demographic results |
|
Martinez et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
Large nationwide direct to consumer telemedicine platform |
Patients seeking care through a direct-to-consumer telemedicine platform |
Assessment of differences in patient satisfaction by physician race/ethnicity |
Telemedicine platform |
None |
Compared to encounters with White American physicians, those with Black American physicians (aOR 1.72; 95% CI 1.12‑2.64), South Asian physicians (aOR 1.77; 95% CI 1.23‑2.56), and East Asian physicians (aOR 2.10; 95% CI 1.38‑3.20) were more likely to result in patient dissatisfaction |
|
McKeon et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Netherlands, United States |
28 |
Multiple |
Patients using smart-device technology and telehealth programs to guide and monitor postoperative rehabilitation following total joint arthroplasty |
Systematic review of the currently available evidence on the use of smart-device technology and telehealth programs to guide and monitor postoperative rehabilitation following total joint arthroplasty and to assess their impact on outcomes following surgery |
smart-device technology and telehealth programs to guide and monitor postoperative rehabilitation |
None |
|
Minguez Clemente et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Spain |
1 university teaching hospital |
116 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation |
Trial to evaluate the effectiveness/efficiency of and satisfaction with a home telemedicine programme focusing on patients with COPD exacerbation after early hospital discharge and compare it with early discharge and follow-up with traditional home hospitalisation |
Telemedicine with monitoring with patients required to transmit data on vital constants and ECGs twice per day, with a subsequent telephone call and 2 home visits by health care staff (intermediate and at discharge) |
Daily visits |
|
|
Mohammadzadeh et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
50 |
Multiple |
Patients with cardiovascular disease treated with cardiology interventions |
Review of the effectiveness of implemented telecardiology services |
Telecardiology services |
None |
See Table D.4 for use by technology results |
Moor et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Netherlands |
4 sites |
90 newly treated patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) |
Investigation of whether a home monitoring programme improves health related quality of life (HRQOL) and medication use for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) |
Home monitoring programme on top of standard care |
Standard care |
The number of side effects was not significantly correlated with patients’ experiences with side effects (r = 0.27; P = 0.06) and only weakly correlated with satisfaction with medication (r = 0.28; P = 0.02) |
|
Morris et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
54 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Review of how digital technologies have been used to support rural oncology care |
Digital technologies to support oncology care |
None |
See Table D.4 for use by technology results. |
Murase et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Japan |
17 sleep centres |
473 patients who had used continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for >3 months and were receiving face‑to-face follow-up by physicians every 1 or 2 months |
Examination of the effects of a telemedicine intervention on adherence in long-term continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) users. |
Telemedicine intervention (TM) |
1M and 3M groups where patients were seen in-person every month or 3 months respectively |
Satisfaction with the obstructive sleep apnea care was more frequently seen in the TM- and 3M-groups than in the 1M-group (TM-group, 55.7%; 3M-group: 53.7%; and 1M-group: 11.8%; P = 0.01) |
|
Murphy et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Canada, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
32 |
Hospital and community setting |
Adult cancer patients |
Examination of the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on adult cancer patients |
COVID‑19 pandemic |
None |
|
Nelson et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Australia |
1 hospital |
70 patients receiving total hip replacement |
Exploration of whether outpatient physiotherapy care via telerehabilitation is as effective as in-person physiotherapy care after total hip replacement. |
Remotely delivered telerehabilitation directly into their homes and a technology-based home exercise programme using an iPad application |
In-person outpatient physiotherapy and a paper-based home exercise programme |
|
|
Nguyen et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
14 |
Multiple |
Patients being treated for Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) |
Systemic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on digital health technologies in patients with Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) |
Digital health technologies |
None |
|
Ning et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
32 |
Multiple |
Patients and providers using telemedicine in otolaryngology |
Evaluation of existing literature on telemedicine in otolaryngology and assess overall image quality, diagnostic concordance, and patient and provider satisfaction with telemedicine technologies |
Telemedicine |
None |
|
Oatley et al. 2020 |
Cross sectional study |
Australia |
1 tertiary referral hospital |
157 adult (over 16 years) medical oncology patients receiving active treatment |
Investigate whether a nurse practitioner (NP)–led model of care could improve cancer service integration and reduce hospital presentations |
NP-led oncology telephone helpline service, urgent assessment clinic, and a consultation service for the Day Treatment Unit (DTU) |
None |
|
|
Pang et al. 2022 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States |
17 |
Multiple |
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis comparing the impact of telemedicine with that of standard care on the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) |
Telemedicine |
Standard care |
|
Peden et al. 2020 |
Case study |
United States |
15 clinics |
470 patients who received services via telemedicine at one of the clinics |
Description of how a large academic medical system with a high case mix index and diverse racial profile scaled up a telemedicine programme within a few weeks during the COVID‑19 pandemic, providing information on lessons learnt and patient experience |
Telemedicine (synchronous live consultation) |
None |
|
|
Pers et al. 2021 |
RCT |
France |
Not specified |
89 rheumatoid arthritis patients with high to moderate disease activity starting new disease‑modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy |
Assessment of whether use of a connected monitoring interface on a smartphone reduces the number of physical visits in a six‑month period following the initiation of a DMARD therapy compared with conventional monitoring |
Connected monitoring |
Conventional monitoring |
|
|
Piro et al. 2020 |
Prospective cohort study |
Italy |
1 university hospital |
1 114 with cardiac electronic implantable devices |
Report the efficacy and patient satisfaction with the new cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) management protocol adopted during the COVID‑19‑related Italian lockdown. |
Remote monitoring at home |
Remote monitoring in the office (officeRM) |
|
|
Pogorzelska et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
51 |
Multiple |
Patients – not otherwise specified |
Patient perspective and the level of satisfaction among patients suffering from different medical conditions with telemedicine during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Telemedicine |
None |
|
Ramaswamy et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 academic medical centre |
38 609 patient satisfaction surveys collected at the institution |
Exploration of whether patient satisfaction differs between video and in-person visits |
Video visits |
In-person visits |
|
|
Rametta et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 paediatric specialty care network composed of an urban quaternary care hospital, an ambulatory centre, and an additional 8 satellite locations |
All in-person and telehealth encounters during study period |
Assessment of the rapid implementation of child neurology telehealth outpatient care with the onset of the COVID‑2019 pandemic |
Telemedicine, exclusively referring to patient encounters performed through the audio and video software |
In-person encounters |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results See Table D.3 for use by demographic results |
|
Rassouli et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Germany, Switzerland |
6 centres in Germany and Switzerland |
150 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) aged 40 or over |
Investigation of the impact of a telehealth care (TC) procedure on the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) as assessed by the slope of individual COPD assessment test (CAT) changes over the study periods |
Telehealth care |
Standard care |
|
|
Reid et al. 2021 |
Prospective cohort study |
Canada |
1 tertiary paediatric hospital |
1 036 paediatric patients (< 18 years old) seeking Virtual Paediatric emergency department (ED) services (V-PED) |
Investigation to understand the feasibility, utilisation rate, and satisfaction of the first Virtual Paediatric ED (V-PED) |
Virtual Paediatric ED (V-PED) |
None |
Overall satisfaction with V-PED was rated as excellent (9 or 10 out of 10) in 87% of respondents |
|
Sadeghi et al. 2022 |
RCT |
Belgium |
1 specialised Multiple Sclerosis (MS) centre |
60 patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and their caregiver if applicable |
Assessment of the feasibility of multiple planned synchronous teleconsultations (TCs), using an audiovisual Internet platform, in the longitudinal clinical monitoring of patients with MS |
Four TCs using an audiovisual Internet platform |
Standard care |
|
|
Schultz et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
Australia |
1 large metropolitan health service |
238 COVID‑19 patients |
Description and evaluation of the implementation of a virtual ward as a COVID‑19 hospital avoidance response strategy and identify opportunities for improvement and future applicability |
Virtual ward |
None |
|
|
Sekhon et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Korea, United States |
12 |
Multiple |
Geriatric populations affected by dementia living in rural areas |
Systematic review examining the impact of telemedicine on health outcomes in elderly individuals with dementia living in rural areas |
Telemedicine |
None |
|
Shah et al. 2021a |
Systematic review |
Italy, Finland, United States |
11 |
Multiple |
Paediatric patients and care providers who have utilised telemedicine services |
Systematic evaluation of the most recent evidence on the feasibility and accessibility of telemedicine services, patients’ and care providers’ satisfaction with these services, and treatment outcomes related to telemedicine service use among paediatric populations with different health conditions |
Telemedicine services |
None |
|
Shah et al. 2021b |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
32 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Systematic review to synthesize and analyse information regarding the feasibility, acceptability, and potential benefits of telemedicine interventions in malignant and non-malignant haematology |
Telemedicine interventions |
None |
|
Smith et al. 2021a |
Systematic review |
Multiple – umbrella review |
17 |
Multiple |
Surgeons, and patients who were undergoing or recently underwent surgery |
Evaluation of patient and provider satisfaction with and perceptions towards telehealth, and to identify the barriers and facilitators associated with its utilisation both prior to and during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Synchronous telehealth modalities (e.g. live interactive videoconference or telephone consultations) used perioperatively |
Multiple |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results See Table D.5 for cost results |
Stentzel et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Germany |
1 integrated telemedicine centre |
118 patients a medical diagnosis of any form of schizophrenia (ICD‑10 F20), schizoaffective disorders (ICD‑10 F25), or bipolar disorders (ICD‑10 F31), and age ≥ 18 years |
Examination of whether a telemedical care programme can improve QoL in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder |
Regular telephone calls and text messages as well as usual care |
Usual care |
34.2% could imagine, that the tele medical care could make contacts to doctors or psychologists less necessary or could partly replace them |
|
Stephen et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Czech Republic, Italy, Korea, New Zealand, Norway the Netherlands, United States |
14 |
Multiple |
Adults aged 18 years and over with type 1 diabetes in any context |
Review and synthesize available evidence in the literature regarding perception of adults with type 1 diabetes on the features of mHealth apps that help promote diabetes self-care, as well as facilitators and barriers to their use |
mHealth app |
None |
|
Sultan et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
Not specified |
189 paediatric spinal deformity (PSD) orthopaedic patients |
Evaluation of the feasibility and patient satisfaction associated with virtual visits (VV) utilisation in paediatric spinal deformity (PSD) patients in comparison to general paediatric orthopaedic indications |
Virtual PSD visits |
Virtual general paediatric orthopaedic visits |
|
|
Taxonera et al. 2021 |
Cross-sectional study |
Spain |
1 university hospital |
171 patients with an established diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) followed at an IBD referral unit in the Madrid region of Spain |
Assessment of the feasibility of a strategy based on the conversion of face‑to-face visits to remote telephone consultations to improve care of patients with IBD during the COVID‑19 pandemic, and to evaluate satisfaction of patients with telephone consultations |
Remote telephone consultations |
None |
|
|
Tenforde et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
4 hospital systems under a single academic department |
119 patients and physician |
Description of a quality improvement initiative during the rapid adoptive phase of telemedicine in outpatient sports medicine practices during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Synchronous audiovisual telemedicine visits |
None |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
|
Thiele et al.2022 |
RCT |
Germany |
1 university outpatient clinic, 1 rheumatology practice |
112 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis or spondylarthritis without a change in therapy since the last presentation |
Evaluation of the satisfaction of stable patients from clinics and practices with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondylarthritis (axSpA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) with telemedical consultation |
Telemedical consultation |
None |
Patients with a high pain intensity were the least satisfied (p = 0.036) |
|
Tian et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Korea, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
29 |
Multiple |
Prison populations |
Systematic review synthesizing the evidence base to date for the impacts of, and outcomes from, telehealth delivered in prisons |
Telehealth |
None |
|
Tiozzo et al. 2021 |
Prospective cohort study |
Italy |
1 children’s hospital |
124 paediatric cancer patients |
Evaluation of the intensity and characteristics of pain, which was assessed at home by children with cancer or their parents using an app for mobile devices |
Pain assessment app |
None |
|
|
Titov et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
Australia |
MindSpot Clinic, an online clinic funded by the Australian Department of Health |
Not specified |
Identification of demographic characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients registered with MindSpot over the first 7 years of clinic operation |
MindSpot services |
None |
See Table D.3 for patient safety results |
|
Treskes et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Netherlands |
1 university medical centre |
200 patients who were admitted with either ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction or non – ST-segment acute coronary syndrome |
Investigation of whether smart technology in clinical practice can improve blood pressure (BP) regulation and to evaluate the feasibility of such an intervention |
1‑month and 6‑month follow up visits facilitated electronically (e‑visits) |
Follow-up visits at the outpatient clinic |
|
|
van den Heuvel et al. 2020a |
Cross-sectional study or survey |
Netherlands |
73 hospitals with pregnancy and childbirth care departments |
57 obstetric professionals |
Assessment of the current practice and attitudes concerning home‑based monitoring (with daily home visits by professionals) and telemonitoring (using devices and the internet for daily self-recorded measurements) in high-risk pregnancies requiring maternal and foetal monitoring in the Netherlands |
Home based monitoring and telemonitoring |
None |
6/17 (35%) telemonitoring centres are participating in an ongoing multicentre RCT comparing patient safety, satisfaction, and costs of telemonitoring with standard hospital admission |
|
van den Heuvel et al. 2020b |
Case‑controlled study |
Netherlands |
2 perinatal centres in urban areas: one university hospital and one general teaching hospital |
109 women at risk of developing preeclampsia |
Evaluation of the use of a digital health platform for telemonitoring blood pressure and symptoms combined with a minimal antenatal visit schedule |
Reduced antenatal visits enhanced with a digital platform (SAFE@HOME) for daily blood pressure and symptom monitoring |
Antenatal care without the use of home blood pressure measurements |
|
|
Vaughan et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United States |
1 non-profit clinic |
89 low-income Latino(a) adults with type 2 diabetes |
Compare HbA1c outcomes for individuals randomised to TIME, a Telehealth-supported, Integrated care with CHWs (Community Health Workers), and MEdication-access programme (intervention) versus usual care (wait-list control) |
Telehealth-supported, Integrated care with CHWs, and MEdication-access (TIME) |
Usual care (wait list control) |
|
|
Vellata et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, United Kingdom, United States |
15 |
Multiple |
421 patients with Parkinson’s disease |
Systematic review investigating whether telerehabilitation leads to improvements in global or specific motor tasks (gait and balance, hand function) and non-motor dysfunction (motor speech disorder, dysphagia). The impact of TR on quality of life and patient satisfaction, were also assessed |
Telerehabilitation |
None |
|
Vimalananda et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
63 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Systematic review of on the effect of e‑consults on access, cost, quality, and patient and clinician experience and identified the gaps in existing research on these outcomes |
e‑consults |
None |
|
Vinade Chagas et al. 2021 |
Systematic review and meta- analysis |
Canada, Colombia, United States |
10 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis evaluating whether telemedicine in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) has the potential to improve clinical and non-clinical outcomes |
Telemedicine |
None |
|
von Sengbusch et al. 2020 |
Quasi RCT |
Germany |
2 paediatric diabetes centres |
240 paediatric patients (aged 1‑16 years) with type 1 diabetes |
Testing of video consultation as a new care concept as the basis for consultation for children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who use a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system |
Monthly video consultations in addition to regular care |
Regular care for six months before starting with video consultations |
|
|
von Sengbusch et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
Germany |
2 paediatric diabetes centres |
Parents of children aged 1 – 16 years, who have had type 1 diabetes for at least 6 months |
To explore parents’ expectations of the perceived barriers to and benefits of 1 year of monthly video consultations combined with regular outpatient care of children with type 1 diabetes |
Monthly video consultations in addition to regular care |
None |
Addressing inconveniences and barriers to video consultations, such as technical problems with data or internet stability, would make this type of consultation feasible for families in rural areas with low internet speeds |
|
Widberg et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Switzerland, United States |
12 |
Multiple |
397 palliative care patients |
Description patients’ experiences of eHealth in palliative care |
eHealth |
None |
|
Wignall et al. 2020 |
Cohort study |
United Kingdom |
1 university hospital |
70 patients who received a urology follow-up telephone appointment |
Exploration of opinions on routine telephone consultations for urological follow-up and whether they could be implemented as COVID‑19 pressures change |
Telephone follow-up |
None |
|
|
Willems et al. 2021 |
Cross-sectional study |
Germany |
16 epilepsy centres |
Patients at epilepsy centres |
Analysis of satisfaction with and reliability of video‑electroencephalography-monitoring systems (VEMS) in epilepsy diagnostics |
Video‑electroencephalography-monitoring systems (VEMS) |
None |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
|
Wong et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Canada, Germany, Korea, Netherlands, Sweden Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States |
24 |
Multiple |
All patients except patients with mental health conditions |
Systematic review of RCTs to investigate how eHealth impacts the outcomes of patients’ self-medication management |
eHealth for medication management for at least six months |
None |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
Yi et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Italy, Portugal, South Korea, United States |
17 |
Multiple |
Older adults with cognitive impairment |
Systematic review to understand the state of the literature on synchronous in-home or clinic video-based telemedicine visits for older adults with Alzheimer’s Disease Related Dementias or mild cognitive impairment and characterise technological barriers and facilitators in providing care that is responsive to their needs, including sensory related |
Synchronous in-home or clinic video-based telemedicine |
None |
One study reported that 65% of patients and 91% of care partners responding to surveys preferred to see the specialist via telemedicine than in person |
Zhang et al. 2021 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, United States |
12 |
Multiple |
Patients aged 18 years and older undergoing virtual preoperative anaesthesia assessment |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis reviewing the effectiveness of virtual preoperative assessment for the evaluation of surgical patients, with a focus on surgery cancellation rates and patient experience |
Virtual preoperative assessment |
None |
|
Zimmerman et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
United States |
1 adult hospital |
240 patients who were treated virtually from May 2020 to October 2020, and a comparison group of 240 patients who were treated in the in-person partial programme a year earlier |
Comparison of satisfaction with partial hospital programme (PHP) services delivered via telehealth to in-person treatment provided to patients treated prior to the COVID‑19 outbreak |
Telehealth treatment |
In-person treatment |
|
|
Zischke et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
39 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Determination of the current clinometric value of performing physiotherapy assessments using synchronous forms of telehealth across all areas of physiotherapy practice |
Simulated or real-world physiotherapy assessments using synchronous forms of telehealth |
None |
|
Table D.2. Overview of included papers with results on the patient safety of telemedicine
Author |
Design |
OECD Country(s) |
Primary studies (if applicable) |
Setting |
Patients/Clinicians |
Description of study |
Intervention |
Comparator |
Relevant findings and conclusions |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aiken et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
United Kingdom |
3 largest abortion providers in England |
54 142 patients who accessed an early medical abortion |
Comparison of outcomes before and after implementation of medical abortion (termination of pregnancy) without ultrasound via telemedicine |
Additional dose of misoprostol provided via telemedicine |
Additional dose of misoprostol provided via in-person clinic visit |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
||
Amkreutz et al. 2020 |
Prospective cohort study |
Germany |
1 telemedicine centre in a university hospital |
103 tele‑intensive care unit (ICU) patients who received tele pharmaceutical consultation |
Implementation and evaluation of an additional telepharmaceutical expert consultation as part of tele‑ICU services |
Store‑and-forward-technology with real-time audio-videoconferencing for tele‑rounds |
None |
|
||
Appleton et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
77 |
Multiple |
Staff working within the field of mental health, people receiving organised mental health care for any condition, family members or carers of people receiving mental health care |
Investigation of the adoption and impacts of tele‑mental health approaches during the COVID‑19 pandemic, and facilitators and barriers to optimal implementation |
Any form of spoken or written communication carried out between mental health professionals and service users/family members/unpaid carers |
Any mental health communication delivered face‑to-face, digitally or remotely, waitlist control, or placebo |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.5 for cost results |
|
Barnett et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States |
19 |
Multiple – Umbrella review |
Staff working within the field of mental health, people receiving mental health care or with mental health diagnoses, family members, or carers of people receiving mental health care |
Umbrella review of systematic reviews available on the literature and evidence‑based guidance on telemental health, including both qualitative and quantitative literature |
Any form of spoken or written communication conducted between mental health professionals and patients, service users, family members, carers, or other mental health professionals using either the internet or the telephone |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.5 for cost results |
|
Bauer et al. 2022 |
RCT |
Germany, Austria |
33 tertiary centres |
400 patients exhibiting signs of cardiac autonomic dysfunction |
Prospective investigator-initiated, randomised, multicenter, open-label, diagnostic trial on early detection of subclinical but prognostically relevant arrhythmic events |
Telemedical monitoring using implantable cardiac monitors |
Conventional follow-up |
|
||
Berglund et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
Sweden |
1 university hospital |
686 patients with atypical melanocytic lesion |
Retrospective analysis of electronic health records evaluating the diagnostic accuracy and safety of short-term teledermoscopic monitoring (STTM) |
Short-term teledermoscopic monitoring (STTM) |
None |
|
||
Breteler et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
Netherlands |
Traumatology or surgical oncology wards in 1 university hospital |
31 patients scheduled for major surgery with an indication for postoperative monitoring |
Analysis of patients who developed adverse events during vital signs recordings during an observational methods comparison study of wearable sensors for vital signs monitoring |
Wearable patch sensors and a patient- worn monitor |
None |
|
||
Chagas et al. 2021 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Canada, Colombia, United States |
10 |
Multiple |
Paediatric patients admitted to a general paediatric intensive care unit (PICU), cardiac PICU, or adult ICU with beds for paediatric patients |
Evaluation of whether telemedicine in the PICU has the potential to improve clinical and non-clinical outcomes |
Telemedicine in ICU |
Multiple |
|
|
Chappell et al. 2022 |
RCT |
United Kingdom |
15 maternity hospital units |
850 individuals with chronic hypertension or gestational hypertension |
Evaluation of the effect of blood pressure self-monitoring, compared with usual care alone, on blood pressure control and other related maternal and infant outcomes, in individuals with pregnancy hypertension |
Blood pressure self-monitoring and usual care |
Usual care alone |
|
||
Collins et al., 2020 |
RCT |
United States |
15 academically affiliated emergency departments (ED) |
479 patients with signs or symptoms of acute heart failure |
Assessment of the impact of a self-care intervention on 90‑day outcomes in patients who are discharged from the emergency department (ED) |
Home visit within 7 days of discharge and twice‑monthly telephone‑based self-care coaching for 3 months |
Usual care |
|
||
Corso et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
9 RCTs |
Multiple |
Children and adults with musculoskeletal conditions |
Evaluation to determine whether nonpharmacologic interventions delivered through synchronous telehealth are as effective and safe compared with in-person interventions for the management of patients with musculoskeletal conditions |
Nonpharmacologic interventions used by health care providers through synchronous telehealth |
Clinic-based nonpharmacologic interventions delivered in person |
|
|
Cottrell et al. 2021b |
Audit study |
Australia |
1 tertiary hospital |
Patients referred to the hospital’s orthopaedic or neurosurgery department for a specialist medical consultation |
Description of the economic- and service‑related outcomes of these two methods of service delivery through retrospective audit of electronic medical records |
Remote delivery of “fly in fly out” model of care |
In-person delivery of “fly in fly out” |
See Table D.5 for cost results |
||
Cox et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
15 |
Multiple |
1 904 adults with a diagnosis of a chronic respiratory disease (according to relevant established criteria) of any disease severity, in stable state |
Evaluation to determine the effectiveness and safety of telerehabilitation for people with chronic respiratory disease |
Telerehabilitation which makes use of information and communication technologies to provide clinical rehabilitation services from a distance |
Traditional, centre-based pulmonary rehabilitation or no rehabilitation control |
|
|
Criner et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United States |
8 research sites |
138 patients aged ≥40 years with moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ≥10 pack-year smoking history |
Evaluation of the effects of medication reminders via the BreatheMate device on adherence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
BreatheMate device, smartphone application, and vouchers to redeem pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) for the prescribed 2 puffs of budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 μg twice daily, as well as twice‑daily electronic reminders to take budesonide/formoterol |
BreatheMate device, smartphone application, and vouchers to redeem pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) for the prescribed 2 puffs of budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 μg twice daily |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
||
Edison et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom, United States |
18 |
Multiple |
5 813 adult patients exposed to virtual clinics using telehealth strategies |
Systematic review identifying the clinical, fiscal, and environmental evidence on the use of urological telehealth and/or virtual clinic (VC) strategies, and to highlight research gaps in this rapidly evolving field |
Telehealth and/or virtual clinic (VC) strategies |
Multiple |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.5 for cost results |
|
Gingold et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 large academic medical centre and an affiliated community hospital |
464 patients discharged from hospitals |
Analysis to measure the effect of a mobile integrated health community paramedicine (MIH-CP) transitional care programme |
Multidisciplinary team involving real-time medication reconciliation with the pharmacist over videoconference and other videoconferencing/text messaging |
Not receiving multidisciplinary team care |
See Table D.5 for cost results |
||
Gonzales et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United States |
Not specified |
136 adults (≥18 years old at time of transplant) kidney recipients 6‑36 months post-transplant |
Examination of the efficacy of improving medication safety through a pharmacist-led, mobile health – based intervention |
Usual care + pharmacist-led, mobile health – based intervention |
Usual care |
|
||
Gupta et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
53 |
Multiple |
Paediatric and adult patients with ear, nose, and throat (ENT) disorders |
A systematic review to synthesize the evidence base on outcomes from remote consultation in adult and paediatric ENT services |
Remote consultation for paediatric or adult ENT disorder |
Multiple |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.5 for cost results |
|
Hadar et al. 2022 |
Cohort study |
Israel |
1 maternal – foetal medicine unit in a hospital |
100 women who were carrying a singleton foetus at 14 +0 to 39+ 6 gestational weeks |
Evaluation of whether it is feasible to use remote foetal assessment during pregnancy |
A mobile self-operated ultrasound transducer controlled through a smartphone which can record and transmit images and videos of the foetus for remote telemedicine consultation |
None |
|
||
Hardman et al. 2021 |
Prospective cohort study |
United Kingdom |
41 ear, nose, and throat (ENT) departments |
4 568 patients who were referred on the suspected HNC pathway to secondary care |
Investigation of a service evaluation of remote triage of suspected HNC referrals conducted during the initial peak of the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Remote triage over a telephone consultation |
None |
|
||
Harkey et al. 2021b |
RCT |
United States |
1 small community hospital and a large tertiary care hospital |
432 patients who underwent minimally invasive appendectomy or cholecystectomy |
Assessment of the noninferiority of post discharge virtual care visits as measured by the rate of 30‑day hospital encounters |
Video-based virtual visit |
In-person visit |
|
||
Hauffman et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Sweden |
1 university psychosocial care programme |
15 patients with cancer and concurrent symptoms of anxiety and depression |
Exploration of the participants’ perceptions of the relevance and benefits of an internet-based stepped care programme |
An internet-based interactive health communication application, including a stepped care intervention for symptoms of anxiety and depression |
None |
|
||
Hollis et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United Kingdom |
2 child and adolescent mental health services sites |
224 patients aged 9‑17 years with Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder, and severe tics |
Evaluation of the effectiveness of internet-delivered, therapist-sup‐ported, and parent-assisted Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) for treatment of tics in children and young people |
10 weeks of online, remotely delivered, therapist-supported ERP for tics |
10 weeks of online therapist-supported education about tics |
See Table D.5 for cost results |
||
Indraratna et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Australia |
2 sites |
102 patients with acute coronary syndrome or heart failure |
Description of the implementation of a novel smartphone app within an RCT, the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on the conduct of the trial, and how the experience with TeleClinical Care‑Cardiac (TCC-Cardiac) guided and informed the development of two telemonitoring programs during the pandemic |
TeleClinical Care‑Cardiac app (TCC-Cardiac) alongside standard care |
Standard care alone |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.5 for cost results |
||
Jansson et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Spain, United States |
9 |
Multiple |
Adults |
Examination of the effects of telerehabilitation on physical functioning and resource utilisation in patients following discharge from hospital |
Telerehabilitation |
Conventional in-person outpatient physical therapy |
|
|
Jansson et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Italy, Spain, United States |
6 |
Multiple |
Patients with orthopaedic conditions |
A systematic review to describe the current literature of computer- and telephone‑delivered interventions on patient outcomes and resource utilisation in patients |
Computer- and telephone‑delivered interventions |
Multiple |
|
|
Joshi et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
United States |
Not specified |
All telemedicine encounters between 26 March 2020, and 1 June 2020, that were followed by an encounter in the emergency department or admission within eight weeks |
Assessment of neurology telemedicine visits in reducing the risk of admission to emergency room/impatient service |
Home‑based telemedicine visits during COVID‑19 |
None |
|
||
Kim et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Korea |
3 sites |
60 acute ischemic stroke patients with mean SBP > 135 mm Hg during the two consecutive days, for >24 hours after onset of stroke |
Evaluation of the effects of an intensive mobile blood pressure (BP) management strategy versus usual care in acute ischemic stroke patients |
Bluetooth-equipped sphygmomanometer, with behavioural intensification, telephone contacts, breakthrough visit calls, and prescription algorithm |
Bluetooth-equipped sphygmomanometer only |
|
||
Lewis et al. 2020 |
RCT |
United Kingdom |
2 mental health hospital groups |
81 patients with schizophrenia and related disorders |
Assessment of the safety and feasibility of a personalised smartphone‑based app |
Smartphone‑based active symptom management |
Usual care |
|
||
Lopez-Liria et al. 2020 |
Non-randomised controlled trial |
Spain |
1 hospital |
55 patients implanted with a Medtronic pacemaker |
Investigation to compare the long-term effectiveness and safety of RM plus a clinic visit versus clinic visits alone |
Internet-based RM service for patients with Medtronic implantable heart devices |
Conventional monitoring |
|
||
McGillion et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Canada |
8 acute care hospitals |
905 adults to be discharged from hospital after non-elective surgery |
Investigation to determine whether virtual care with remote automated monitoring (RAM) compared with standard care increases days alive at home within 31 days of discharge after non-elective surgery |
Virtual care with remote automated monitoring (RAM) technology |
Standard care |
|
||
Metcalfe et al., 2021 |
Systematic review |
Denmark, Finland, France, Israel, Sweden, United States |
17 |
Multiple |
Adults and children |
Systematic review to describe and evaluate the current literature on remote otological assessment using videootoscopy with regards to reliability and potential applications |
Video‑otoscopy for remote otological assessment |
Multiple |
|
|
Nguyen et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
United States |
19 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Systematic review to examine how e‑visits have impacted clinical outcomes and health care quality, access, utilisation, and costs. |
Electronic visits (e‑visits) involving asynchronous communication between clinicians and patients through a secure web-based platform |
Multiple |
See Table D.5 for cost results |
|
Pabinger et al. 2021 |
Prospective cohort study |
Austria |
General surgery department at 1 university hospital |
225 outpatients at the department for general surgery |
Evaluation of whether a mobile health care communication app could be used to identify the correct (ICD‑10) diagnosis and the correct therapy |
An onsite treatment (ONSITE group) and a telemedical treatment (TELEMEDICAL group) |
Each participant served as own control |
|
||
Rametta et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 paediatric specialty care network composed of an urban quaternary care hospital, an ambulatory centre, and an additional 8 satellite locations |
All in-person and telehealth encounters during study period |
Assessment of the rapid implementation of child neurology telehealth outpatient care with the onset of the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Telemedicine, exclusively referring to patient encounters performed through the audio and video software |
In-person encounters |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.3 for use by demographic results |
||
Schopfer et al. 2020 |
Pragmatic trial |
United States |
3 veterans Administration (VA) medical centres |
237 patients with a recent ischemic heart disease (IHD) event |
Investigation to compare the effects of home‑based and facility-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with IHD |
Home‑based cardiac rehabilitation, involving telephone calls by clinical staff |
Facility-based cardiac rehabilitation |
|
||
Smith et al. 2021a |
Systematic review |
Multiple – umbrella review |
17 |
Multiple |
Surgeons, and patients who were undergoing or recently underwent surgery |
Evaluation of patient and provider satisfaction with and perceptions towards telehealth, and to identify the barriers and facilitators associated with its utilisation both prior to and during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Synchronous telehealth modalities (e.g. live interactive videoconference or telephone consultations) used perioperatively |
Multiple |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.5 for cost results |
|
Taguchi et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Japan |
1 cognitive behavioural therapy centre |
30 patients with chronic pain |
Examination of the effectiveness of an integrated cognitive behavioural therapy programme with new components (attention-shift, memory work, video feedback, and image training) delivered via videoconferencing (videoconference‑based CBT). |
Videoconference‑based CBT |
Treatment as usual (TAU) |
See Table D.5 for cost results |
||
Tang et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Canada, Germany, Sweden, United States |
21 |
Multiple |
RCT of eHealth interventions aimed at any solid organ transplant recipient |
Assessment of the totality of published evidence for the benefits and harms of eHealth interventions among solid organ transplant list |
eHealth interventions among solid organ transplant recipients |
Multiple comparators (standard of care, or no comparator) |
|
|
Tenforde et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
4 hospital systems under a single academic department |
119 patients and physicians |
Description of a quality improvement initiative during the rapid adoptive phase of telemedicine in outpatient sports medicine practices during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Synchronous audiovisual telemedicine visits |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
||
Tune et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Korea, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
7 |
Multiple |
Multiple – umbrella review |
Umbrella review to identify how quality of mHealth interventions for cancer survivors is described and measured |
mHealth interventions |
None |
|
|
Vimalananda et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
63 |
Multiple |
Multiple |
Systematic review of the recent peer-reviewed literature on the effect of e‑consults on access, cost, quality, and patient and clinician experience and identified the gaps in existing research on these outcomes |
e‑consults |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.5 for cost results |
|
Vodicka et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, United Kingdom, United States |
19 |
Multiple |
Telecardiology, especially with adults that suffer from cardiovascular diseases such as heart rhythm disorders or chest pain, excluding heart failure and or observation of activity of pacemakers or defibrillators |
Evaluation of the state of activity in telemedicine on the primary level in Slovenia and around the world and to review the existing literature about the use and experience of telecardiology at the primary health care level |
Telecardiology at primary and secondary health care levels |
None |
|
|
Willems et al. 2021 |
Cross-sectional study |
Germany |
16 epilepsy centres |
Patients at epilepsy centres |
Analysis of satisfaction with and reliability of video‑electroencephalography-monitoring systems (VEMS) in epilepsy diagnostics |
Video‑electroencephalography-monitoring systems (VEMS) |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
||
Wong et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Canada, Germany, Korea, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States |
24 |
Multiple |
All patients except patients with mental health conditions |
Systematic review of RCTs to investigate how eHealth impacts the outcomes of patients’ self-medication management. |
eHealth for medication management for at least six months |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Table D.3. Overview of included papers with results on telemedicine use by demographic
Author |
Design |
OECD Country(s) |
Primary studies (if applicable) |
Setting |
Patients/clinicians |
Description of study |
Intervention |
Comparator |
Relevant findings and conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abrashkin et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 community paramedicine programme |
Not specified |
Analysis of data from a telemedicine‑capable community paramedicine programme |
Emergency department (ED) transport with video communication |
ED transport with telephonic communication |
See Table D.4 for use by technology results |
|
Ahmed et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
Primary and specialty care practices at 2 large academic and 2 community hospitals of an integrated health system |
Patients across five medical specialties |
Assessment of novel metrics of e‑consult appropriateness and utility |
e‑consult services |
None |
|
|
Alexander et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
Stratified nationally representative audit of outpatient care |
Patients accessing primary care |
Analysis of national changes in the volume, type, and content of primary care delivered during the COVID‑19 pandemic, especially regarding office‑based vs telemedicine encounters |
Telemedicine |
Office‑based care |
|
|
Bhargava et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
United States |
Not specified |
21 070 patients |
Evaluation of patients’ adoption and success of primary care e‑visits within an integrated health care delivery system |
Primary care e‑visits |
None |
|
|
Bohm et al. 2020 |
Cohort study |
United States |
Not specified |
9 051 app users |
Analysis of the extent to which users engage with mHealth for diabetes and identification of patient characteristics that are associated with engagement |
mHealth diabetes support app |
None |
|
|
Bourdon et al. 2020 |
Prospective cohort study |
France |
1 primary and 1 secondary emergency ophthalmology clinic |
500 patients |
Description of the population and diagnoses and evaluation of the main judgment criteria, defined as the ‘ability of teleconsultation to properly indicate a physical consultation for fair diagnosis and treatment in eye emergencies’ |
Emergency ophthalmology teleconsultation |
None |
|
|
Brenk-Franz et al. 2022 |
Cross-sectional study |
Germany |
1 family medicine practice |
192 patients treated by general practitioners |
Investigation of whether attachment and patient activation are potential predictors of the interest in and the use of e‑health applications in primary care patients |
eHealth applications |
Usual care |
|
|
Cantor et al. 2021 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
8 860 outpatient treatment facilities |
n/a |
Examination of the availability of telehealth services at outpatient mental health treatment facilities in the United States at the outset of the COVID‑19 pandemic, and identification of facility-level characteristics and state‑level policies associated with the availability |
Telehealth services at outpatient mental health treatment facilities |
None |
|
|
Cho et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
33 |
Multiple |
7 382 patients with cancer using electronic symptom self-reporting systems (e‑SRS) |
Exploration of the acceptance and use of home‑based electronic symptom self-reporting systems (e‑SRS) by patients with cancer and identification of associated facilitators and barriers |
Electronic symptom self-reporting systems (e‑SRS) for patients with cancer |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Chunara et al. 2021 |
Prospective cohort study |
United States |
1 academic medical centre |
494 322 patients |
Assessment of disparities in those who accessed health care via telemedicine for COVID‑19 in a large academic health care system |
Telemedicine clinical visits |
In-person clinical visits |
|
|
Coley et al. 2022 |
RCT |
Finland, France, Netherlands |
Multiple |
1.389 dementia-free community dwellers aged ≥65 years with at least basic computer literacy and either 2 or more CVD risk factors |
Description of older adults’ engagement with an eHealth intervention, identify factors associated with engagement, and examine associations between engagement and changes in cardiovascular and dementia risk factors |
eHealth intervention (a multicomponent internet-based platform to encourage lifestyle changes, with remote support from a lifestyle coach) |
Simple static internet platform containing only basic health information and no coach support |
|
|
Creedon et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
Claims data from the IBM MarketScan Multi-State Medicaid Database |
1 335 138 unique beneficiaries aged 18‑64 |
Exploration of rural-nonrural trends in the prevalence and amount of mental and substance use disorder telemedicine received by adult Medicaid beneficiaries |
Telemedicine for mental and substance use disorder |
None |
|
|
Daniel et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
Data from Planned Parenthood Association of Utah (PPAU) |
Not specified |
Evaluation of demographic and service delivery differences between patients using telemedicine before abortion |
Telemedicine for informed consent visit prior to abortion |
In-person visit for informed consent visit prior to abortion |
|
|
El-Nahal et al. 2022 |
Cohort study |
United States |
1 academic HIV centre |
5 773 patients |
Exploration of the impact of telemedicine on access to care for people with HIV (PWH) by comparing the proportion of PWH engaged in care prior to and during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Telemedicine visits |
In-person visits |
|
|
Eruchalu et al. 2022 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 academic medical centre |
4 908 patients |
Investigation of racial/ethnic and socio-economic disparities in telemedicine compared with in-person surgical consultation during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Telemedicine visits |
In-person visits |
|
|
Garcia-Huidobro et al. 2020 |
Case‑control study (using retrospective and concurrent control groups) |
Chile |
1 private academic health network |
3 962 patients who received, and 263 clinicians who provided, telemedicine care in March/April 2019 and March/April 2020 |
Investigation of the system-wide accelerated implementation of telemedicine, compare patient satisfaction between telemedicine and in-person visits, and report provider perceptions |
Telemedicine visits |
In-person visits |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
|
Haynes et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study and cross-sectional study |
United States |
1 academic medical centre |
1 292 patients |
Identification of patient-level factors associated with adoption of telemedicine for subspecialty diabetes care during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Video telemedicine visits |
In-person or telephone visits |
|
|
Hsueh et al. 2021 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
1 regional, multi-centre medical group |
642 370 patients |
Exploration of video use compared with telephone, for patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) self-scheduling a primary care visit during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Video telemedicine visits |
Telephone telemedicine visits |
|
|
Jain et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
Users of a direct-to-consumer (DTC) telemedicine service |
n/a |
Exploration of the use of a direct-to-consumer (DTC) telemedicine service |
DTC telemedicine service |
None |
Of all DTC telemedicine visits, 14.4% (95% CI, 14.0%‑14.8%) were for patients living in a primary care health professional shortage area |
|
Jiang et al. 2021 |
Case study |
United States |
1 paediatric otolaryngology clinic |
3 478 patients |
Assessment of equal access to telemedicine for specialty care and identification of potential barriers that may negatively impact telemedicine utilisation |
Paediatric otolaryngology service telemedicine visits |
Paediatric otolaryngology service in-person visits |
|
|
Lattimore et al. 2021 |
Prospective cohort study |
United States |
1 academic tertiary care centre |
14 792 patients |
Examination of demographic and socio-economic differences in surgical patient telemedicine usage during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Telemedicine visits during the pandemic |
In-person visits pre‑pandemic and during the pandemic |
|
|
Martinez et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
Colombia |
Patients using the Telepsychiatry programme across 8 towns |
111 telepsychiatry patients |
Description of the experience of physicians and patients in the Telepsychiatry programme at the University of Antioquia’s Faculty of Medicine in the first 12 months after its implementation |
Telepsychiatry programme |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
|
Moss et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
3 neuro‑ophthalmology outpatient practices |
1 167 patients |
Evaluation of the impact of COVID‑19 on outpatient neuro‑ophthalmic care by comparing clinical visits in 3 practices |
Neuro‑ophthalmic care delivery during the early COVID‑19 pandemic |
None |
See Table D.4 for use by technology results |
|
Nguyen et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
Australia |
Rural and remote communities in Western Australia |
Not specified |
Exploration of observational trends related to the availability of on-call telehealth services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander |
On-call telemedicine services with a specialist ophthalmologist |
Online booking with in-person teleophthalmology consultation |
|
|
Omboni et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cross-sectional study |
Italy |
Telehealth platform used at scale to manage chronic disease patients in the Italian community |
13 613 patients |
Outlining of the experience of a telehealth platform used at scale to manage chronic disease patients in the Italian community during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Remote monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, body temperature, body weight, waist circumference, blood glucose, and lipids at home through a dedicated smartphone app |
None |
|
|
Rametta et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 paediatric specialty care network composed of an urban quaternary care hospital, an ambulatory centre, and an additional 8 satellite locations offering child neurology care |
All in-person and telehealth encounters during study period |
Assessment of the rapid implementation of child neurology telehealth outpatient care with the onset of the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Telemedicine, exclusively referring to patient encounters performed through the audio and video software |
In-person encounters |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
|
Rastogi et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
Large, national, direct-to-consumer telemedicine system |
20 600 patients |
Description of urinary tract infection (UTI) management in a large nationwide direct to consume (DTC) telemedicine platform |
direct to consume (DTC) telemedicine service |
None |
|
|
Rodriguez et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 tertiary care centre |
Not specified |
Examination of the patient characteristics associated with completion of in-person (IPV) and telemedicine visits in a high-volume gastroenterology (GI) clinic |
Videoconferencing visits (VV) and telephone visits (TV) |
In person visits (IPV) |
|
|
Rowe et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
Australia |
1 tertiary hospital |
1 515 patients |
Identification of characteristics contributing to choosing telephone (TP) versus video consultation (VC) and assess patient outcomes between telehealth modalities |
Video consultations (VC) |
Telephone consultations (TP) |
See Table D.4 for use by technology results |
|
Sammour et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 institute |
3 570 patients with heart failure |
Identification of telehealth visits for patients with primary or secondary diagnosis of heart failure or cardiomyopathy |
Telehealth interventions for heart failure or cardiomyopathy patients |
None |
See Table D.4 for use by technology results |
|
Sen et al. 2022 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 largest private insurance provider |
Patients enrolled in Alabama’s s Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), ALL Kids |
Examination of disparities in telehealth utilisation in a population of publicly insured children |
Telehealth |
In person care |
|
|
Smith et al. 2021b |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 academic centre |
18 278 adult patients |
Assessment of quality aspects of rapid expansion of a virtual urgent care (VUC) telehealth system and the effects of a secondary telephonic screening initiative during the COVID‑19 pandemic. |
Virtual urgent care (VUC) visits |
None |
|
|
Stephen et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Greece, Italy, Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, United States |
14 |
Multiple |
Diabetes patients |
review of literature on changes in patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) in the same population while using mHealth apps for diabetes self-care |
mHealth apps |
None |
|
Titov et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
Australia |
MindSpot Clinic, an online clinic funded by the Australian Department of Health |
Not specified |
Identification of demographic characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients registered with MindSpot over the first 7 years of clinic operation |
MindSpot Services |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
|
Xiong et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
2 academic medical centres |
11 056 patients |
Evaluation of changes in patients’ use of telemedicine for elective orthopaedic care based on race or ethnicity, primary language, and insurance status |
Telemedicine use of orthopaedic services among new patients in 2020 |
In-person use of orthopaedic services in 2019 |
|
|
Yuan et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
United States |
1 multi-site health system |
Not specified |
Exploration of whether remote visits for heart failure care were associated with different patient usage, clinician practice patterns, and outcomes |
Remote care visits for heart failure care |
In-person heart failure care |
See Table D.4 for use by technology results |
|
Zachrison et al. 2022 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
National emergency department (ED) Inventory data |
n/a |
Examination of data to determine an association between emergency department (ED) payer mix and receipt of telehealth services |
Telemedicine services |
No telemedicine services |
|
Table D.4. Overview of included papers with results on telemedicine use by type of technology
Author |
Design |
OECD Country(s) |
Primary studies (if applicable) |
Setting |
Patients/clinicians |
Description of study |
Intervention |
Comparator |
Relevant findings and conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agastiya 2022 |
Systematic review |
Korea, Netherlands |
6 |
Multiple |
Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) |
Investigation of the impact of telehealth on self-management among patients with type 2 diabetes |
Telehealth |
None |
|
Abrashkin et al. 2018 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 community paramedicine programme |
Not specified |
Analysis of data from a telemedicine‑capable community paramedicine programme |
Emergency department (ED) transport with video communication |
ED transport with telephonic communication |
See Table D.3 for use by demographic results |
|
Behmanesh et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
77 |
Multiple |
Multiple |
Systematic identification and classification of tele‑orthopaedic applications and services |
Tele‑orthopaedic applications and services |
None |
|
Ben-Assuli 2022 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
22 |
Multiple |
Diabetes patients |
Survey of the recent literature on the implementation of telehealth for diabetes management that incorporates cost-effectiveness analyses |
Telehealth |
None |
|
Berlin et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
Canada |
1 hospital cancer centre |
3 507 cancer patients and 284 practitioners |
Examination of the outcomes of a cancer centre – wide virtual care programme in response to the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Cancer centre – wide virtual care programme |
None |
See Table D.1for user satisfaction results |
|
Bertini et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Israel, Italy, Korea, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States |
28 |
Multiple |
Patients with gestational diabetes mellitus |
Evaluation of the impact of remote monitoring technologies in assisting patients with gestational diabetes mellitus to achieve glycaemic goals |
Remote monitoring technologies for patients with gestational diabetes mellitus |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Cher et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
United States |
1 university medical centre |
n/a |
A longitudinal study to describe the COVID‑19 telephone triage hotline used by a large academic medical centre in the midwestern the United States |
A telephone hotline to triage inbound patient calls related to COVID‑19 |
None |
|
|
Haimi et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Türkiye, United States, |
11 |
Multiple |
Multiple |
Exploration of the availability, application, and implementation of telehealth services during the COVID‑19 era, designed for the aged population (age 65 and more) |
Telehealth services for the aged population |
None |
|
Jacomet et al. 2020 |
Case‑controlled study |
France |
46 co‑ordinated care clinics |
288 patients |
Evaluation of use and perceived benefits and barriers to health/wellness applications (apps) and smart devices among people living with HIV (PLHIV) and their physicians |
Health/wellness applications (apps) and smart devices |
None |
|
|
Khoo et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, Korea, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
31 |
Multiple |
1 977 patients |
Identification and evaluation of scientific literature on mobile health (mHealth) interventions to promote physical activity (PA) or reduce sedentary behaviour (SB) in cancer survivors |
mHealth interventions for physical activity promotion in cancer survivors |
None |
|
Kirakalaprathapan 2022 |
Systematic review |
Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, United States |
12 |
Multiple |
Multimorbid, older adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD) |
Assessment of the comparative efficacy of integrated telehealth versus other strategies of chronic disease management in older, multimorbid adults with heart failure in primary care and community settings |
Telehealth |
Other strategies |
|
Mohammadzadeh et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
50 |
Multiple |
Patients with cardiovascular disease treated with cardiology interventions |
Review of the effectiveness of implemented telecardiology services |
Telecardiology services |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.5 for cost results |
Morris et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
54 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Review of how digital technologies have been used to support rural oncology care |
Digital technologies to support oncology care |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.5 for cost results |
Moss et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
3 neuro‑ophthalmology outpatient practices |
1 167 patients |
Evaluation of the impact of COVID‑19 on outpatient neuro‑ophthalmic care by comparing clinical visits in 3 practices |
Neuro‑ophthalmic care delivery during the early COVID‑19 pandemic |
None |
See Table D.3 for use by demographic results |
|
Ning et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
32 |
Multiple |
Multiple |
Evaluation of existing literature on telemedicine in otolaryngology and assess overall image quality, diagnostic concordance, and patient and provider satisfaction with telemedicine technologies |
Telemedicine |
None |
|
Philippe 2022 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
304 |
Multiple |
Patients with mental health conditions |
Systematic meta-review of the literature to assess the state of digital health interventions for the treatment of mental health conditions |
Digital health interventions |
None |
|
Rowe et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
Australia |
1 tertiary hospital |
1 515 patients |
Identification of characteristics contributing to choosing telephone (TP) versus video consultation (VC) and assess patient outcomes between telehealth modalities |
Video consultations (VC) |
Telephone consolations (TP) |
See Table D.3 for use by demographic results |
|
Sammour et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 institute |
3 570 patients with heart failure |
Identification of telehealth visits for patients with primary or secondary diagnosis of heart failure or cardiomyopathy |
Telehealth interventions for heart failure or cardiomyopathy patients |
None |
See Table D.3 for use by demographic results |
|
Snoswell et al. 2021 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Australia, Canada, Denmark, Korea, Netherlands, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States |
17 |
Multiple |
2 015 patients |
Examination of the change in quality of life for patients with asthma who use interactive telehealth interventions |
Telehealth interventions used by asthma patients |
None |
|
Turk et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
United States |
7 |
Multiple |
1 347 986 patient visits for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) |
Systematic review exploring antibiotic prescribing patterns for ARTIs among adults in virtual urgent care settings |
Virtual visits |
None |
|
Yuan et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
United States |
1 multi-site health system |
Not specified |
Exploration of whether remote visits for heart failure care were associated with different patient usage, clinician practice patterns, and outcomes |
Remote care visits for heart failure care |
In-person heart failure care |
See Table D.3 for use by demographic results |
|
Zachrison et al. 2021 |
Cross-sectional study |
United States |
1 multi-site health system |
1 530 772 patients |
Evaluation of the association between the growth of virtual care and health care utilisation in an integrated delivery network |
Virtual ambulatory care visits |
In-person at home and in-person on site ambulatory care visits |
|
Table D.5. Overview of included papers with results on the cost of telemedicine
Author |
Design |
OECD Country(s) |
Primary studies (if applicable) |
Setting |
Patients/Clinicians |
Description of study |
Intervention |
Comparator |
Relevant findings and conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolom et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United Kingdom |
1 cancer centre |
508 consenting patients and 55 health professionals |
Evaluation of the impact of eRAPID on symptom control, health care use, patient self-efficacy, and quality of life (QOL) in a patient population treated predominantly with curative intent |
Mobile health app |
Usual care |
|
|
Amici et al. 2021 |
Cohort study |
Italy |
21 automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) patients aged 69 ± 13 years |
Exploration of the impact of Remote patient monitoring (RPM) compared to traditional technology, in clinical, organisational, social, and economic terms in a single centre |
Remote patient monitoring (RPM) |
Usual care |
|
||
Andrees et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Canada, Norway, New Zealand, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
23 |
Multiple |
Dermatology patients |
Overview of effectiveness, costs, feasibility, and accuracy of live interactive (LI) applications compared to standard care is missing. The present systematic review provides this overview on LI teledermatology. |
Live interactive teledermatology |
None |
|
Appleton et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
77 |
Multiple |
Staff working within the field of mental health, people receiving organised mental health care for any condition, family members or carers of people receiving mental health care |
Investigation of the adoption and impacts of tele‑mental health approaches during the COVID‑19 pandemic, and facilitators and barriers to optimal implementation |
Any form of spoken or written communication carried out between mental health professionals and service users/family members/unpaid carers |
Any mental health communication delivered face‑to-face, digitally or remotely, waitlist control, or placebo |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
Aquilanti et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Australia, France, Germany |
13 |
Multiple |
Patients and health practitioners |
Assessment of the feasibility of teledentistry in communities or in a domiciliary setting where elderly people live |
Teledentistry |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Auener et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States |
29 |
Multiple |
Patients with chronic heart failure |
This systematic review aims to study the effect of telemonitoring programs on health care utilisation and costs in patients with chronic heart failure |
Telemonitoring programs |
None |
|
Avidor et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Canada, United States |
7 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Review of the most recent published literature on economic evaluations of telemedicine in diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening and summarise the evidence on the cost-effectiveness of this technology |
Telemedicine for DR |
None |
|
Barnett et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States |
19 |
Multiple – Umbrella review |
Staff working within the field of mental health, people receiving mental health care or with mental health diagnoses, family members, or carers of people receiving mental health care |
Umbrella review of systematic reviews available on the literature and evidence‑based guidance on telemental health, including both qualitative and quantitative literature |
Any form of spoken or written communication conducted between mental health professionals and patients, service users, family members, carers, or other mental health professionals using either the internet or the telephone |
None |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
Basit et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
17 |
Multiple |
Persons with depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia |
Assessment of the evidence for telemedicine interventions for pharmacologic adherence in persons with depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia |
Telemedicine |
Usual care |
|
Bautista-Mesa et al. 2020 |
Clinical trial |
Spain |
1 hospital |
83 patients with pacemakers were initially selected. After five years of follow-up, a total of 55 patients completed the study |
A cost-utility analysis comparing remote monitoring (RM) versus conventional monitoring (CM) in hospital of older patients with pacemakers, 5 years after implant |
Remote monitoring (RM) |
Conventional monitoring (CM) |
|
|
Ben-Assuli 2022 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
22 |
Multiple |
Diabetes patients |
Survey of the recent literature on the implementation of telehealth for diabetes management that incorporates cost-effectiveness analyses |
Telehealth |
None |
|
Ben-Zeev et al. 2021 |
Cost analysis nested in an RCT |
United states |
3 pychiatric centres |
163 participants |
Comparison of the costs of implementing a smartphone‑delivered mobile health (mHealth) intervention (called FOCUS) with the costs of implementing a clinic-based group intervention (Wellness Recovery Action Planning [WRAP]) for serious mental illness |
mHealth intervention (FOCUS) / Wellness Recovery Action Planning (WRAP) |
Usual care |
|
|
Brown et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States |
13 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Evaluation of the evidence for telegenetics and its applicability to future service development |
Videoconferencing to deliver consultations in any area of clinical genetics |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Cabrera et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, United States |
9 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Evaluation of published literature for cost related to the implementation of telemedicine across otolaryngology, and to determine cost minimisation (CM) when compared to in-person visits |
Telehealth |
None |
|
Cartwright et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Canada, Italy, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
15 |
Multiple |
1 334 patients on peritoneal dialysis |
Identification and assessment of ‘active’ eHealth-based interventions to support patients and their caregivers in delivering and managing -peritoneal dialysis (PD) |
eHealth interventions |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Chen et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
112 |
Multiple |
3 825 children and adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) |
Systematic review to verify the efficacy and validity of Extended Reality (XR) and Telehealth interventions for children and adolescents with ASD |
Extended Reality (XR) and Telehealth interventions |
None |
|
Chua et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Belgium, Italy, Korea, Norway, United Kingdom, United States |
11 |
Multiple |
Patients with chronic diseases |
Systematic review to describe the willingness to pay (WTP) for telemedicine interventions and to identify the factors influencing WTP among patients with chronic diseases in high-income settings |
Telemedicine interventions |
None |
|
Colomina et al. 2021 |
Implementation trial |
Spain |
1 university hospital |
59 patients undergoing primary total hip or knee arthroplasty |
Assessment of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of implementing a mobile health (mHealth)-enabled integrated care (IC) model for complex chronic patients undergoing primary total hip or knee arthroplasty |
Mobile health enabled integrated care model |
Usual care |
|
|
Cottrell et al. 2021b |
Audit study |
Australia |
1 tertiary hospital |
Patients referred to the hospital’s orthopaedic or neurosurgery department for a specialist medical consultation |
Description of the economic- and service‑related outcomes of these two methods of service delivery through retrospective audit of electronic medical records |
Remote delivery of “fly in fly out” model of care (FIFO) |
In-person delivery of “fly in fly out” (FIFO) |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
|
Cuadrado et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
Spain |
1 tertiary hospital 43km from 1 prison |
75 prison inmate patients who received anti-HCV treatment (May 2016–November 2017) |
A cost-minimisation analysis comparing two strategies of HCV treatment in a prison: telemedicine clinical practice (TCP) and the usual clinical practice (UCP) |
Telemedicine clinical practice (TCP) |
Usual clinical practice (UCP) |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
|
de Jong et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Netherlands |
2 academic and 2 non-academic hospitals |
909 patients with IBD |
Economic evaluation of telemedicine interventions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comparing the cost-utility of telemedicine vs standard care |
Telemedicine (myIBDcoach) |
Usual care |
|
|
Dear et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Australia |
Not specified |
490 chronic pain patients |
Examination of the cost-effectiveness of an internet delivered PMP for a mixed group chronic pain patients provided with different levels of clinician support |
Internet-delivered pain management programs |
Usual care |
|
|
Dineen-Griffin et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Australia |
30 community pharmacies |
894 patients |
Assessment of the cost utility of minor ailment service (MAS) compared with usual pharmacist care (UC) |
Video consultation minor ailment service (MAS) |
Usual care (UC) |
|
|
Duiverman |
RCT |
Netherlands |
1 university medical centre |
67 stable hypercapnic Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients |
Investigation to explore whether home initiation of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) with the use of telemedicine in stable hypercapnic COPD is non-inferior to in-hospital NIV initiation |
Home initiation of non-invasive ventilation via telemedicine |
Hospital non-invasive ventilation |
|
|
Eberle et al. 2021b |
Systematic meta-revies |
Germany, Greece, Italy, Israel, Netherlands, Spain, United States |
17 |
Multiple |
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients |
Review to summarise the current evidence available on the effectiveness of telemetric approaches in type 1 diabetes management |
Telemedicine for type 1 diabetes management |
None |
|
Eberle et al. 2021c |
Systematic review |
Australia, Greece Israel, United Kingdom, United States |
31 |
Multiple |
Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) |
Examination of whether telemedical interventions effectively improve diabetes control using studies that pooled patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and whether the benefits are greater in patients diagnosed with T2DM than in those diagnosed with T1DM |
Telemedical interventions |
None |
|
Edison et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom, United States |
18 |
Multiple |
5 813 adult patients exposed to virtual clinics using telehealth strategies |
Systematic review identifying the clinical, fiscal, and environmental evidence on the use of urological telehealth and/or virtual clinic (VC) strategies, and to highlight research gaps in this rapidly evolving field |
Telehealth and/or virtual clinic (VC) strategies |
Multiple |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
Eze et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
98 |
Multiple – umbrella review |
Patients providers using telemedicine in Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development (OECD) countries |
Umbrella review of systematic reviews on telemedicine use in OECD countries summarising findings on four areas of policy relevance: clinical and cost-effectiveness, patient experience, and implementation |
Telemedicine |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Farabi et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Belgium, Netherlands, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States |
20 |
Multiple |
Patients with cardiovascular disease |
Systematic review of economic evaluation studies that compared telemedicine with usual care for cardiovascular patients |
Telemedicine |
None |
|
Flemming et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
United States |
17 |
Multiple |
Care home residing adults |
Assessment of the cost-effectiveness of alternative programs within home care |
Enhanced home care interventions |
None |
|
Fraser et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Canada, United States |
5 |
Multiple |
603 individuals living in rural areas with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) |
Systematic review aiming to understand the types and effects of home‑based connected health technologies, used by individuals living in rural areas with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) |
Home‑based connected health technologies |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Gingold et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 large academic medical centre and an affiliated community hospital |
464 patients discharged from hospitals |
Analysis to measure the effect of a mobile integrated health community paramedicine (MIH-CP) transitional care programme |
Multidisciplinary team involving real-time medication reconciliation with the pharmacist over videoconference and other videoconferencing/text messaging |
No multidisciplinary team care |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
|
Guaiana et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
United States |
14 |
Multiple |
Televideo use for major depressive disorder (MDD) treatment in adults (18 years or older) in any clinical setting, and any health care professional providing care |
Exploration of literature on the use of televideo to diagnose and treat MDD, particularly acceptability and patient satisfaction, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness |
Televideo |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Gupta et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
53 |
Multiple |
Pediatric and adult patients with ear, nose and throat (ENT) disorders |
A systematic review to synthesize the evidence base on outcomes from remote consultation in adult and pediatric ENT services |
Remote consultation for pediatric or adult ENT disorder |
Multiple |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
Hazenberg et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
61 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Assessment of the peer-reviewed literature on the psychometric properties, feasibility, effectiveness, costs, and current limitations of using telehealth and telemedicine approaches for prevention and management of diabetic foot disease |
Telemedicine and telehealth approaches |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Hollis et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United Kingdom |
2 child and adolescent mental health services sites |
224 patients aged 9‑17 years with Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder, and severe tics |
Evaluation of the effectiveness of internet-delivered, therapist-sup‐ported, and parent-assisted Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) for treatment of tics in children and young people |
10 weeks of online, remotely delivered, therapist-supported ERP for tics |
10 weeks of online therapist-supported education about tics |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
|
Indraratna et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Australia |
2 sites |
102 patients with acute coronary syndrome or heart failure |
Description of the implementation of a novel smartphone app within an RCT, the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on the conduct of the trial, and how the experience with TeleClinical Care‑Cardiac (TCC-Cardiac) guided and informed the development of two telemonitoring programs during the pandemic |
TeleClinical Care‑Cardiac app (TCC-Cardiac) alongside standard care |
Standard care alone |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
|
Jang et al. 2021b |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Australia, Denmark, Canada, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
22 |
Multiple |
2 906 patients utilising telemonitoring interventions on severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis providing current evidence regarding the effectiveness of telemonitoring for preventing COPD exacerbations, focusing on severe exacerbations requiring hospitalisation or emergency room (ER) visits |
Telemonitoring for preventing COPD exacerbations |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Joseph et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United states |
6 urban skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) |
4 606 patients were evaluated in both the SNF-based intervention and emergency departments (ED)-based comparison groups |
Investigation of skilled nursing facility (SNF)-based telemedicine services provided by emergency physicians (EP). The study compared this on-site emergency care option to traditional ED-based care, evaluating hospital admission rates following care by an EP |
Skilled nursing facility telehealth |
Traditional emergency department-based care |
|
|
Kamdar et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United States |
1 Academic medical centre |
2 204 patients scheduled for surgery by telemedicine or evaluated in person |
Description of the implementation of a telemedicine‑based anaesthesia preoperative evaluation and report the program’s patient satisfaction, clinical case cancellation rate outcomes, and cost savings |
telemedicine‑based preoperative anaesthesia evaluation process |
In person evaluation |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
|
Kolcun et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Canada, Denmark, France, United States |
12 |
Multiple |
Spine surgery patients |
Systematic review examining the current utilisation of telemedicine (TM) for spine surgery |
Telemedicine |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Lee et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United states |
1 large integrated health system |
Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) patients |
Evaluation of the use of teledermatology for preoperative consultation for MMS |
Telemedicine |
Usual care |
|
|
Lemelin et al. 2020 |
Controlled clinical trial |
Canada |
Obstetric clinic at 1 university hospital |
161 women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) |
Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the telehomecare (THCa) initiative by assessing the direct costs, including the related reduction in medical visits, evaluate the impact of THCa on diabetes control, GDM-related complications, and patient satisfaction |
THCa system for transmission and online analysis of capillary glucose data |
Usual care in the clinic |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
|
Longacre et al. 2020 |
RCT |
United states |
3 academic medical centres |
516 patients |
Determination of the cost-effectiveness of a Collaborative Care Model (CCM)-based, centralised telecare approach to delivering rehabilitation services to late‑stage cancer patients experiencing functional limitations |
Tele‑rehabilitation (arm B) and tele‑rehabilitation plus pharmacological pain management (arm C) |
Usual care (arm A) |
|
|
Lopez-Liria et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
France, Netherlands, Spain, United States |
8 |
Multiple |
16 539 patients |
Comparison of the cost-effectiveness of two follow-up methods (face‑to-face and telemedicine) used in dermatology in the last ten years |
Telemedicine in dermatology |
Face‑to-face care |
|
Lopez-Villegas et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Norway |
Not specified |
50 patients |
Economic assessment to determine whether or not telemonitoring of users with pacemakers offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional follow-up in outpatient clinics |
Telemonitoring |
Conventional monitoring |
|
|
Lopez-Villegas et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
11 |
Multiple |
3372 enrolled patients with pacemakers |
Systematic review to explore the differences in the medium-and long-term effectiveness of telemonitoring ™ and conventional monitoring (CM) in relation to costs and health outcomes |
Telemonitoring (TM) |
Conventional monitoring (CM) |
|
|
Lovell et al. 2020 |
Cross-sectional study |
United states |
1 national university hospital |
1531 virtual visit claims |
Review of a virtual care programme using insurance claims data for virtual, urgent, primary, and emergency care delivered between 1 April 2016 – 31 March 2017 |
Virtual telemedicine |
Usual care |
|
|
Minguez Clemente et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Spain |
1 university teaching hospital |
116 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation |
Trial to evaluate the effectiveness/efficiency of and satisfaction with a home telemedicine programme focusing on patients with COPD exacerbation after early hospital discharge and compare it with early discharge and follow-up with traditional home hospitalisation |
Telemedicine with monitoring with patients required to transmit data twice per day, with a subsequent telephone call and 2 home visits by health care staff |
Daily visits |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
|
McKeon et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, United States |
28 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Systematic review of the currently available evidence on the use of smart-device technology and telehealth programs to guide and monitor postoperative rehabilitation following total joint arthroplasty and to assess their impact on outcomes following surgery |
Virtual physical therapy |
None |
|
McManus et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United Kingdom |
76 general practices |
622 people with treated but poorly controlled hypertension (>140/90 mm Hg) and access to the internet. |
Testing of a digital intervention (HOME BP) for hypertension management in primary care by combining self-monitoring of blood pressure with guided self-management |
HOME BP Digital intervention |
Usual care |
|
|
Mohammadzadeh et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
50 |
Multiple |
Patients with cardiovascular disease treated with cardiology interventions |
Review of the effectiveness of implemented telecardiology services |
Telecardiology services |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.4 for use by technology results |
Morris et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
54 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Review of how digital technologies have been used to support rural oncology care |
Digital technologies to support oncology care |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.4 for use by technology results |
Mosquera et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United States |
1 university health centre |
422 medically complex children |
Assessment of whether telemedicine can further improve outcomes and reduce costs of comprehensive care (CC) for medically complex children |
Telemedicine with comprehensive care |
Comprehensive care (CC alone) |
|
|
Mourad et al. 2022 |
RCT |
Sweden |
Cardiac clinics in 4 hospitals |
144 participants |
Evaluation of cost-effectiveness of psychological interventions, such as internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) programs, in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) |
internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) |
Online discussion forum (ODF) |
|
|
Murphy et al. 2021 |
Prospective cohort study |
Ireland |
1 large paediatric hospital |
1002 patients |
Description of a virtual developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) clinic and provide an overview of DDH referral reasons, treatment outcomes, and adverse events associated with it |
Virtual developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) clinic |
Face‑to-face |
|
|
Murphy et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Ireland, United Kingdom |
18 |
Multiple |
Fracture patients |
Review to determine if virtual fracture clinics can provide an acceptable alternative in these challenging times |
Virtual clinic |
None |
|
Mustonen et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Finland |
Not specified |
1 535 patients (≥45 years) |
Evaluation of the long-term effect of telephone health coaching on health care and long-term care (LTC) costs in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and coronary artery disease (CAD) patients |
Telephone health coaching |
Usual care |
|
|
Nelson et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Australia |
1 hospital |
70 patients receiving total hip replacement |
Exploration of whether outpatient physiotherapy care via telerehabilitation is as effective as in-person physiotherapy care after total hip replacement |
Remotely delivered telerehabilitation directly into their homes and a technology-based home exercise programme using an iPad application |
In-person outpatient physiotherapy and a paper-based home exercise programme |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
|
Nguyen et al. 2022 |
Systematic review |
Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
14 |
Multiple |
Patients being treated for Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) |
Systemic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on digital health technologies in patients with Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) |
Digital health technologies |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Nguyen et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
United States |
19 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Systematic review to examine how e‑visits have impacted clinical outcomes and health care quality, access, utilisation, and costs |
Electronic visits (e‑visits) involving asynchronous communication between clinicians and patients through a secure web-based platform |
Multiple |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
Nordh et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Sweden |
Child and adolescent mental health services |
103 young people |
Assessment of the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of therapist-guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) for SAD in youths vs an active comparator, internet-delivered supportive therapy (ISUPPORT) |
Internet delivered support therapy |
Usual care |
|
|
Petersen et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway, Spain |
14 |
Multiple |
Orthopaedic patients |
Systematic review to explore scientific evidence for the use of telemedicine in the orthopaedic field |
Telemedical applications in orthopaedics |
None |
|
Rasmussen et al. 2020 |
Cohort study |
Denmark |
1 children’s hospital |
374 preterm infants and their parents who met the inclusion criteria |
Assessment of the costs of neonatal homecare (NTH) compared to regular neonatal hospital care, from the health service perspective |
Telehealth service (My Hospital app) |
Usual care |
|
|
Raso et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Italy |
1 institution |
22 traumatic brain injury patients |
Exploration of the effectiveness of a new telemonitoring system, for monitoring Vegetative State (VS) and Minimally Conscious State (MCS) patients |
Telemonitoring |
Usual care |
|
|
Rinaldi et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
United Kingdom, others not specified |
23 |
Multiple |
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients |
Systematic review to summarise and evaluate the quality of the published evidence on cost and cost-effectiveness of mHealth interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) |
mHealth Interventions |
None |
|
Romjin et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Netherlands |
Outpatient departments of 4 specialised mental health care centres |
Patients with panic disorder, social phobia or generalised anxiety disorder in routine specialised mental health care |
Examination of the acceptability, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of blended CBT (bCBT) versus Face‑to-face (ftfCBT) in outpatient specialised care to patients with panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder |
Blended CBT (bCBT) |
Face‑to-face CTB (ftfCBT) |
|
|
Sellars et al. 2020 |
Prospective cohort study |
United Kingdom |
1 hospital |
50 patients attending a video consultation (VC) clinic appointment as a new colorectal referral between March 2019 to February 2020 |
Assessment of outcomes, including the economic and environmental impact, of a video consultation (VC) clinic for new colorectal referrals |
Video consultations (VC) |
Face‑to-face care |
|
|
Sequeira et al. 2020 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Israel, Latvia, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States |
17 |
Multiple |
Patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) |
Assessment of the economic burden, and to develop an integrated economic model evaluating the efficiency of the remote monitoring (RM) strategy vs. current standard of care (SC) in the context of French health care |
Remote monitoring (RM) |
Standard of care (SC) |
|
Serhal et al. 2020 |
Cost-minimisation analysis |
Canada |
1 province |
Residents who received psychiatric services through telepsychiatry, the outreach psychiatry programme (OPP), and/or the primary care provider (PRP) between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2016 |
Determination of the cost difference between three programme models: (1) telepsychiatry; (2) psychiatrists traveling to underserved areas; and (3) reimbursing patients for travel to a psychiatrist |
Telepsychiatry |
Psychiatrists travelling to patients and reimbursing patients to travel to psychiatrists |
|
|
Smith et al. 2021a |
Systematic review |
Multiple – umbrella review |
17 |
Multiple |
Surgeons, and patients who were undergoing or recently underwent surgery |
Evaluation of patient and provider satisfaction with and perceptions towards telehealth, and to identify the barriers and facilitators associated with its utilisation both prior to and during the COVID‑19 pandemic |
Synchronous telehealth modalities (e.g. live interactive videoconference or telephone consultations) used perioperatively |
Multiple |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
Stanimirovic et al. 2020 |
Cohort study |
Canada |
Toronto tele‑retina screening programme |
566 patients accessing tele‑retina services |
Assessment of the cost-effectiveness of the pilot Toronto tele‑retina screening programme in comparison with existing standard of care (SOC) diabetic retinopathy screening for patients with diabetes mellitus and in a simulated Pan-Ontarian cohort |
Tele‑retina screening |
Existing standard of care (SOC) |
|
|
Tabaei et al. 2020 |
RCT |
United States |
City borough |
816 cases of health care utilisation for Bronx A1C participants using an administrative data set containing all hospital discharges for New York State |
Assessment of the impact of telephonic diabetes self-management intervention (Bronx A1C) in reducing health care utilisation and costs over 4 years |
Telephonic diabetes intervention (Tele/Pr) |
Print-only (PrO) |
|
|
Taber et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United States |
1 university hospital |
136 adult (≥18 years) kidney transplant recipients Adult (≥18 years) kidney recipients 6 months to 3 years posttransplant |
Economic analysis of a 12‑month, parallel arm, randomised controlled trial in adult kidney recipients 6 to 36 months posttransplant |
Usual care + clinical pharmacist-led medication therapy monitoring and management, via a smartphone‑enabled mHealth app, integrated with risk-based televisits |
Usual care |
|
|
Taguchi et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Japan |
1 cognitive behavioural therapy centre |
30 patients with chronic pain |
Examination of the effectiveness of an integrated cognitive behavioural therapy programme with new components (attention-shift, memory work, video feedback, and image training) delivered via videoconferencing (videoconference‑based CBT). |
Videoconference‑based CBT |
Treatment as usual (TAU) |
See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
|
Theiler et al. 2021 |
RCT |
United states |
1 tertiary academic centre |
300 expectant mothers between 18 and 36 years old, < 13 weeks gestation, who had their pregnancy documented as low risk by an obstetrician and had the ability to provide informed consent |
Investigation of whether the use of OB Nest, a telemedicine‑enhanced programme with a reduced frequency of in-person prenatal visits, would decrease the cost of prenatal care delivery |
Telemedicine prenatal service (OB Nest) |
Usual care |
|
|
Tian et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Australia, Korea, Spain, United Kingdom, United States |
29 |
Multiple |
Prison populations |
Systematic review synthesizing the evidence base to date for the impacts of, and outcomes from, telehealth delivered in prisons |
Telehealth |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Treskes et al. 2022 |
RCT |
Netherlands |
1 university medical centre |
200 patients |
Description of a cost-utility analysis of an eHealth intervention compared to regular follow-up in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) |
eHealth intervention (The Box) |
Usual care |
|
|
Tully et al. 2021 |
RCT |
Ireland |
1 weight management service |
109 adolescent participants with clinical obesity |
Assessment of the direct costs of delivering the mHealth intervention to participants in the trial relative to usual care participants to inform future designs of mHealth trials to assess effectiveness and cost-effectiveness within this population as well as contribute to the evidence base for the economic viability of integrating mHealth into paediatric weight management services |
mHealth app |
Face‑to-face care |
|
|
Ullah et al. 2020 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Multiple |
33 |
Multiple |
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients |
To determine cost-effectiveness and the diagnostic accuracy of teleophthalmology (TO) in the detection of macular-edema (ME) and various grades of diabetic retinopathy (DR) |
Teleophthalmology |
None |
|
van den Biggelaar et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Netherlands |
1 centre for home mechanical ventilation (HMV) |
96 patients with a of diagnosis neuromuscular disease (NMD) or thoracic cage disorder |
Investigation of whether home mechanical ventilation (HMV) initiation at home, using a telemonitoring approach is noninferior to in-hospital initiation |
Home mechanical ventilation with telemonitoring |
Usual care |
|
|
Vimalananda et al. 2020 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
63 |
Multiple |
Multiple |
Systematic review of the recent peer-reviewed literature on the effect of e‑consults on access, cost, quality, and patient and clinician experience and identified the gaps in existing research on these outcomes |
e‑consults |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results See Table D.2 for patient safety results |
Wallut et al. 2020 |
Retrospective cohort study |
France |
13 local hospitals (spokes) and two stroke units (hubs). |
742 adult patients hospitalised for ischemic stroke, confirmed by imaging or a neurologist |
Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of a French Telestroke network |
Telestroke |
Usual care |
|
|
Watanabe et al. 2020 |
RCT |
Japan |
85 academic and non-academic hospitals |
1274 pacemaker patients |
Exploration of the safety and resource consumption of exclusive remote follow-up (RFU) in pacemaker patients for 2 years |
Remote monitoring for cardiac implantable electronic devices (RFU) |
Conventional follow-up (CFU) |
|
|
Winward et al. 2021 |
Retrospective cohort study |
United Kingdom |
358 practices and 49 primary care networks |
Patients registered to a 24/7, digital-first model of NHS primary care (Babylon GP at Hand) and patients registered to all other practices in Northwest London Collaboration of Clinical Commissioning Groups |
Evaluation of the impact of highly accessible, digital-first primary care on acute hospital spending |
Digital-first primary care |
Usual care |
|
|
Zhang et al. 2021 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis |
Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, United States |
12 |
Multiple |
Patients aged 18 years and older undergoing virtual preoperative anaesthesia assessment |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis reviewing the effectiveness of virtual preoperative assessment for the evaluation of surgical patients, with a focus on surgery cancellation rates and patient experience |
Virtual preoperative assessment |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |
Zischke et al. 2021 |
Systematic review |
Multiple |
39 |
Multiple |
Not specified |
Determination of the current clinometric value of performing physiotherapy assessments using synchronous forms of telehealth across all areas of physiotherapy practice |
Simulated or real-world physiotherapy assessments using synchronous forms of telehealth |
None |
See Table D.1 for user satisfaction results |