Balancing School Choice and Equity

Annex B. Additional figures and robustness checks

Figure B.1. Equity in reading performance and school admissions based on residence

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Figure B.2. Reading performance and school admissions based on academic performance

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Figure B.3. Percentage of students in schools whose parents/principal reported school competition, 2012

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Table B.1. Reading performance, by school practices and social segregation

Robustness checks

	Admissions criteria (main)		Admissions criteria (student weights)		Admissions criteria (with average school socio-economic status)		Segregation (2009-2015)		Segregation (2003-2015)
Boy	-35.094	(0.259)	-29.464	(0.507)	-32.982	(0.233)	-35.121	(0.257)	-35.871	(0.210)
Immigrant	-5.214	(0.520)	-11.844	(1.426)	-4.312	(0.494)	-5.231	(0.518)	-10.147	(0.496)
Disadvantaged	-46.575	(1.132)	-45.126	(1.943)	-18.298	(1.088)	-31.740	(1.303)	-28.507	(1.109)
Advantaged	53.704	(1.370)	45.558	(2.807)	25.049	(1.224)	27.391	(1.263)	27.302	(1.089)
School admissions based on academic performance (%)	-0.252	(0.035)	-0.376	(0.069)	-0.368	(0.034)
x Disadvantaged	0.023	(0.014)	0.129	(0.027)	-0.008	(0.012)
x Advantaged	-0.050	(0.013)	-0.058	(0.032)	-0.062	(0.012)
School admissions based on residence (%)	0.204	(0.042)	0.315	(0.094)	0.163	(0.041)
x Disadvantaged	0.137	(0.016)	0.104	(0.030)	-0.029	(0.017)
x Advantaged	-0.127	(0.021)	0.038	(0.041)	0.030	(0.019)
No-diversity index							0.095	(0.165)	0.301	(0.134)
x Disadvantaged							-0.484	(0.078)	-0.621	(0.069)
x Advantaged							1.245	(0.083)	1.273	(0.071)
Private schools (%)	0.237	(0.051)	0.235	(0.061)	0.127	(0.047)	0.196	(0.051)	0.268	(0.041)
x Disadvantaged	0.136	(0.014)	0.170	(0.033)	0.063	(0.013)	0.095	(0.013)	0.069	(0.010)
x Advantaged	-0.199	(0.014)	-0.055	(0.037)	-0.177	(0.012)	-0.173	(0.012)	-0.157	(0.011)
Vocational programmes (%)	0.179	(0.079)	-0.649	(0.187)	0.128	(0.078)	0.115	(0.075)	0.014	(0.038)
x Disadvantaged	0.080	(0.020)	0.114	(0.032)	-0.040	(0.020)	0.003	(0.018)	-0.038	(0.014)
x Advantaged	0.039	(0.022)	-0.050	(0.047)	0.160	(0.019)	0.107	(0.016)	0.067	(0.013)
Grade repetition (%)	-0.013	(0.015)	-0.083	(0.030)	-0.017	(0.014)	-0.001	(0.013)	0.050	(0.010)
x Disadvantaged	-0.020	(0.010)	-0.053	(0.017)	0.006	(0.009)	-0.015	(0.010)	-0.018	(0.007)
x Advantaged	0.026	(0.009)	0.084	(0.022)	-0.069	(0.008)	0.017	(0.009)	0.007	(0.008)
Mean school ESCS					57.550	(0.418)
Intercept	405.906	(3.270)	409.321	(6.186)	460.651	(2.917)	402.838	(2.912)	401.019	(2.679)
Number of observations	1,175,972		1,175,972		1,175,972		1,175,972		1,777,706
R²	0.284		0.311		0.356		0.284		0.302
Country fixed effects	yes		yes		yes		yes		yes
Cycle fixed effects	yes		yes		yes		yes		yes

Notes: All analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level. The results above may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students.

Disadvantaged students are students in the bottom quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in their own country.

In the second column, individual student weights are used, otherwise they are normalised in such a way that the contributions of all countries are equal, regardless of the size of their population

The strength of the social gradient corresponds to the variation in student performance in one country that is explained by socio-economic status; the slope refers to the score-point difference in performance associated with one-unit increase in ESCS (the R² and coefficient, respectively, of a regression of individual performance on socio-economic status).

For the sake of readability, the strength of the social gradient and the segregation indices have been rescaled from 0 to 100.

Standard errors are indicated in parentheses.

Values that are statistically significant at the 10% level are indicated in italics and those at the 5% level are indicated in bold.

Source: OECD, PISA 2003, PISA 2009 and PISA 2015 Databases.

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Table B.2. Variation in the main variables

	Standard deviation		Range
	Total	Within country	Total	Within country
No-diversity index	4.0	1.2	22.0	2.4
Academic segregation	9.0	3.0	42.2	5.7
School admissions based on academic performance (%)	26.4	7.3	95.6	14.0
School admissions based on residence (%)	21.9	5.0	88.2	9.5
Vocational programmes (%)	19.6	1.9	75.6	3.5
Grade repetition (%)	29.7	25.1	99.5	44.2
Private schools (%)	23.1	2.5	97.3	4.7

Notes: All analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level. The results above may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students.

The standard deviation and range (maximum value - minimum value) are calculated in the total sample (Total) or separately within each country (Within).

Source: OECD, PISA 2009, PISA 2012 and PISA 2015 Databases.

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Table B.3 [1/2]. Modal grade by country/economy

OECD	Modal ISCED level	Students in the modal ISCED level in the sample	Students in a modal ISCED school in the sample
		%	%
Australia	2	86.0	99.4
Austria	3	97.9	98.5
Belgium	3	90.7	97.1
Canada	3	88.4	98.4
Chile	3	94.2	96.2
Czech Republic	2	54.4	100.0
	3	45.6
Denmark	2	99.3	99.3
Estonia	2	98.7	99.5
Finland	2	99.8	99.8
France	3	75.9	79.6
Germany	2	96.2	98.5
Greece	3	95.3	95.4
Hungary	3	89.8	90.2
Iceland	2	100.0	100.0
Ireland	2	62.4	100.0
	3	37.6
Israel	3	89.1	97.4
Italy	3	98.9	98.9
Japan	3	100.0	100.0
Korea	3	90.9	90.9
Latvia	2	96.3	99.0
Luxembourg	2	56.5	100.0
	3	43.5
Mexico	2	39.0	100.0
	3	61.0
Netherlands	2	70.5	100.0
New Zealand	3	93.8	100.0
Norway	2	99.9	99.9
Poland	2	99.4	99.4
Portugal	2	34.7	100.0
	3	65.3
Slovak Republic	2	47.4	100.0
	3	52.6
Slovenia	3	94.9	94.9
Spain	2	99.9	100.0
Sweden	2	98.1	98.1
Switzerland	2	77.0	84.5
Turkey	3	96.8	96.8
United Kingdom	3	99.8	100.0
United States	3	89.8	99.5

Source: OECD, PISA 2015 Database.

* Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia: Coverage is too small to ensure comparability in 2015.

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Table B.3 [2/2]. Modal grade by country/economy

Partners	Modal ISCED level	Students in the modal ISCED level in the sample	Students in a modal ISCED school in the sample
		%	%
Albania	2	37.0	100.0
	3	63.0
Algeria	2	76.9	76.9
Brazil	3	77.7	86.4
B-S-J-G (China)	2	63.0	100.0
	3	37.0
Bulgaria	3	96.9	97.8
CABA (Argentina)	2	92.5	96.6
Colombia	2	40.3	100.0
	3	59.7
Costa Rica	2	53.2	100.0
	3	46.8
Croatia	3	99.8	99.8
Dominican Republic	3	79.1	80.3
Georgia	3	77.5	99.3
Hong Kong (China)	3	67.3	99.9
Indonesia	2	52.2	100.0
	3	47.8
Jordan	2	100.0	100.0
Kosovo	3	74.4	74.5
Lebanon	3	71.4	77.9
Lithuania	2	100.0	100.0
Macao (China)	2	44.9	100.0
	3	55.1
Malta	3	99.7	99.8
Moldova	2	92.4	96.0
Montenegro	3	97.4	97.4
North Macedonia	3	99.8	99.8
Peru	3	74.7	97.2
Qatar	3	79.3	88.0
Romania	2	100.0	100.0
Russia	2	86.5	95.5
Singapore	3	97.9	100.0
Chinese Taipei	2	35.4	100.0
	3	64.6
Thailand	3	75.4	92.2
Trinidad and Tobago	2	41.3	100.0
	3	58.7
Tunisia	2	34.5	100.0
	3	65.5
United Arab Emirates	3	86.5	96.0
Uruguay	2	37.9	100.0
	3	62.1
Viet Nam	3	90.9	91.4
Argentina*	2	38.7	100.0
	3	61.3
Kazakhstan*	2	63.3	100.0
	3	36.7
Malaysia*	3	96.8	100.0

Source: OECD, PISA 2015 Database.

* Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia: Coverage is too small to ensure comparability in 2015.

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