This manual was produced by the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities (CFE) led by Lamia Kamal-Chaoui, Director, as part of the Programme of Work of the Local Employment and Economic Development Programme. It was produced with the financial support of the European Union.
The manual was prepared by Amal Chevreau, James Hermanson and Julie Rijpens, Policy Analysts, with guidance from Antonella Noya, Head of the Social Economy and Innovation Unit and under the supervision of Karen Maguire, Head of the Local Employment, Skills and Social Innovation Division (CFE). Nadim Ahmad, Deputy Director of the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities (CFE) provided comments and suggestions. Additional research and legal analysis was provided by the Thomson Reuters Foundation. The authors thank OECD colleagues Daniel Bayram, Viktoria Chernetska, Jozef Cossey, Sweekrity Goyal and Marine Hasson for their inputs and help in collecting background information.
Authors further thank all respondents to the survey and participants to the expert meetings, interviews and webinars for their inputs in the discussion. The document benefitted from valuable comments provided from Céline Kauffmann, Head of Entrepreneurship SME and Tourism Division (CFE), Marie Boscher, European Commission (DG GROW), Julien De Beys, European Commission (DG EMPL) as well as the Advisory Board, namely Giulia Galera (Euricse), David Hiez (University of Luxembourg), Peter Holbrook (Social Enterprise UK), Roberto Randazzo (Legance - Avvocati Associati) and Suzanne Wisse-Huiskes (European Social Enterprise Network).
Authors are also grateful to Erica Weathers for designing the infographics and cover design, and to Pilar Philip and Kristin Sazama for preparing the manual for publication.
This document was approved and declassified for publication by the Local Employment and Economic Development Programme Directing Committee on 5 April 2022.