Digital Trade Review of Brazil

Report

14 September 2022

2. Mapping Brazil’s participation in digital trade

Abstract

This chapter reviews existing data to map different aspects of Brazil’s participation in digital trade. It shows that, despite considerable progress in connecting individuals to the Internet, Brazil still maintains barriers on ICT goods and services. This is affecting the ability of Brazilian firms to effectively leverage digital technologies to increase trade. In particular, Brazil lags in the use of ICT inputs in key export sectors such as agriculture, forestry and fishing and in manufacturing. However, Brazil has emerged as a strong regional supplier of digitally deliverable services. Moreover, further engagement in trade in parcels can provide new avenues for exports of Brazilian SMEs.

Key messages

Brazil has a strong potential to benefit from digital trade. Not only does trade represent nearly a third of its GDP but Brazil has tripled the share of its population with access to the internet in just 15 years.
Barriers to ICT goods and services remain which could explain why Brazil is at the lower end of ICT use in the production of exports.
Brazilian SMEs rely on trade in parcels as a means for accessing export markets.
Digitally deliverable services represent an important and growing share of Brazil’s exports, and, in this area, Brazil outperforms many regional partners.

Although traditional trade statistics record many of the trade transactions that fall under the purview of digital trade, they do not differentiate among transactions that have been digitally ordered or delivered. This means that digital trade remains largely invisible in official trade statistics (and more broadly in GDP statistics). While efforts are underway to better capture digital trade in official statistics (OECD-WTO-IMF, 2020[1]), it will be some time before robust and internationally comparable measures are developed (Box 2.1). This implies that gauging the extent of a country’s participation in digital trade has to proceed with caution and using existing indicators and statistics to shed light on particular aspects of trade in the digital era.

This chapter reviews existing data to map different features of Brazil’s evolving participation in digital trade. It first looks at general trends in digitalisation, placing Brazil in the context of the budding digital transformation. Then it identifies how Brazil has performed with respect to access to different digital enablers which include goods such as network equipment, the devices used to access the internet as well as telecommunications or computer and related services. The mapping exercise then turns to the use of ICT goods and services across different sectors, benchmarking Brazil’s performance in this area against other countries. This is followed by an analysis of the evolving environment for trade in parcels, proxied by trade sent via the post, looking at issues related to getting goods to the border, across the border and beyond. The analysis then discusses digitally deliverable services and the share of trade that they occupy. A wider look at GVC participation across sectors of varying digital intensity follows.

Unfortunately, and owing to the unavailability of comparable data, the analysis largely focuses on the trade patterns before the COVID-19 crisis. However, where available, the analysis uses more recent data.

Box 2.1. Measuring digital trade

Although digital trade remains largely invisible in official trade statistics, this does not mean that digital trade transactions are not being recorded. They are mostly captured in aggregates, but are not separately identifiable (OECD-WTO-IMF, 2020[1]). That is, traditional trade statistics for goods record many digitally enabled or ordered trade transactions, but they do not differentiate among goods transactions according to whether they have been digitally ordered or not. Similarly, in services, measurement of cross-border transactions has always been difficult, but for digital trade the challenge is compounded by the need to identify those services which are digitally ordered as well as those which are digitally delivered.

Some aspects of digital trade are less well covered in trade statistics. For instance, as the value of digitally ordered parcels often falls below de minimis thresholds, there is a concern that small parcel trade may not be fully captured in official statistics (although the impact on overall values of trade is likely to be marginal). More significant challenges exist in the area of trade in services (digitally delivered), particularly to households. Data from VAT returns from firms are being used to improve current measurement. These approaches typically lead to upward revisions, but the overall impact remains small, amounting to revisions of less than 0.4% of total imports (OECD, 2018[2]).

To address these challenges, countries are exploring new data sources, such as credit card information, and developing projects linking business register data with customs data to provide information on the size of imports and exports by e-tailers (classified as NACE 47.91). Government statistical agencies are also exploring the scope for adding new questions to existing surveys.

Other challenges relate to when, how and whose trade flows should be recorded. Digital intermediary platforms, which facilitate transactions for a fee, do so without ever taking ownership of the products involved. The identification of these platforms in business registers, their classification in terms of the actual services they provide, and the treatment of the transactions they facilitate – including which parts should actually be recorded as being cross-border, and with which partner country – can pose significant conceptual and empirical challenges.

Efforts are underway to better capture digital trade in official trade statistics, including through the ‘living’ Handbook for measuring digital trade (OECD-WTO-IMF, 2020[1]) which is in its first revision and is co-ordinated by the OECD and WTO-led inter-agency Task Force on International Trade Statistics (TFITS). This taskforce brings together representatives from international agencies (OECD, UNCTAD, WTO, IMF, EUROSTAT, UN and the World Bank Group) plus more than 25 countries, including Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, the Russian Federation, South Africa and Thailand, in addition to many OECD members. Nevertheless, it will be some time before robust and internationally comparable measures are identified, reflecting also the broader challenges in measuring digitalisation (see (OECD, 2019[3])). Until better measures for digital trade are available, analysis has to proceed carefully, using existing statistics to shed light on particular aspects of trade in the digital era.

Source: OECD (2020[4]).

2.1. Brazil has made important progress connecting people to the Internet

The potential for Brazil to benefit from digital trade, and digitalisation more broadly, will depend, in part, on the existing degree of internet penetration among consumers and producers. In this respect, while Brazil has made important progress, tripling the share of its population with access to the Internet in just 15 years, access remains below the OECD average (Figure 2.1).

At the same time, broadband penetration remains low, despite Brazil having lower than average prices for basic broadband (Figure 2.2). The growing rate of access to the Internet in Brazil is therefore largely driven by a higher adoption of mobile technologies where deployment across remote populations may also be easier (OECD, 2020[5]).

Recent OECD analysis identifies the persistence of digital divides along well-established lines. There is a widening age and income gap in terms of access to the Internet and there continues to be a rural-urban divide with penetration rates 25 percentage points lower in rural areas (OECD, 2020[5]). Tackling these digital divides will be important to ensure more inclusive access to the opportunities that digital trade offers to Brazilian firms and citizens.1

Figure 2.1. Brazil has tripled the number of people connected to the internet in 15 years

Figure 2.2. Broadband penetration is low despite low prices

2.2. ICT goods and services play a critical role in supporting digital trade transactions, but barriers on these products remain high

2.2.1. Barriers to digital trade enablers need to be reduced

Digital trade enablers are the goods and services that are needed to support digital trade transactions. These range from the goods needed to support digital infrastructure such as fibre-optic cables, insulated cables, routers and switching appratus, to the devices that people and businesses use to connect to the Internet and the services that underpin access and support (e.g. telecommunications and computer and related services).2

Trade plays a key role in the production of these products which are the result of complex and highly internationalised value chains. Indeed, on average, around 80% of the value added in domestic consumption of computer and related equipment is from abroad, making this sector one of the most internationalised globally. For IT and other information services, the foreign value added content of domestic consumption stands at about 40% (OECD, 2020[6]).

Goods that support digital trade transactions continue to face barriers in Brazil

Where goods are concerned, ICT imports make up around 9% of Brazil’s total imports in 2019, however ICT exports accounted for less than 0.04% of Brazil’s exports, underscoring that Brazil relies on trade for access to the ICT goods it needs (Figure 2.3). ICT items that are most imported by Brazil include telephone set parts (HS 851770, 15.7% of total ICT imports), processor chips (HS 854231, 12.1% of total ICT imports), and reception and transmission apparatus (HS 852990, 9.9% of total ICT imports). The main origin of ICT imports is China (47.2% of the total value of ICT imports), followed by the United States (10.9%) and Korea (9.4%).

Figure 2.3. Brazil participates to ICT trade as an importer, mostly in electronic components and communication equipment

Despite Brazil’s reliance on foreign markets for access to ICT goods, tariffs on these products remain high (Brazil is not a member of the WTO Information Technology Agreement (ITA), affecting the cost of access to digital technologies. Applied tariffs are highest on consumer electronic equipment, which includes items such as sound amplifiers and headphones. They are lower (and sometimes equal to zero) on electronic components such as semiconductors and semiconductor devices, processors and controllers, and other electrical apparatus (Figure 2.4).3 However, and in general, Brazil’s tariffs on ICT goods tend to be about 9-10 percentage points higher than world averages in all ICT product categories except electronic components (+5 percentage points relative to the world average) (Figure 2.4). This also remains the case after the COVID-19 pandemic, with MFN duties in 2021 closely resembling their pre-crisis levels. Brazil has also bound its duties at the higher level of 30-35%, potentially creating additional uncertainty related to the tariff overhang (WTO, 2015[7]).

ICT good imports in Brazil are also subject to a range of non-tariff measures (NTMs). The term NTM covers a diverse set of measures in terms of purpose, legal form and economic effect. NTMs comprise all policy measures other than tariffs and tariff rate quotes that have more or less direct impact on international trade. They can affect the price of traded products, the quantity traded or both. International trade in goods and services can be strongly affected by NTMs that originate from domestic regulations. These measures are generally imposed to address market failures, such as information asymmetries or negative externalities. They can provide a signal of quality, strengthening consumer confidence that foreign products abide by domestic regulations (see Cadot et al. (2018[8]), Henson and Jaffee (2007[9]), Maertens and Swinnen (2007[10]), Xiong and Beghin (2014[11])). But while countries may share the same objectives, they often apply different standards or methods to ensure compliance with regulatory measures. These differences can raise costs for businesses seeking to access more than one market.

Figure 2.4. Brazil’s import tariffs on ICT goods are highest on consumer electronic equipment, while they are lower on electronic components

According to the TRAINS data base which uses a harmonised classification and method for identifying NTMs and which was last updated in 2020 for Brazil, an average of 10-12 non-tariff measures (NTMs) apply per product (Box 2.2), with computers and peripheral equipment most affected.4 The category of Technical barriers to trade (TBT) is most common. It includes issues such as certification, labelling, and authorisation requirements from relevant government agencies.5 However, licensing, quotas and other quantity-control measures, which include ‘non-automatic’ licenses and import controls are also present.6 A number of export-related measures, including export controls and other technical export measures are also in place7 (see Annex Table 2.A.2 for a list of all NTMs identified).8^,9

Box 2.2. Non-tariff measures

Non-tariff measures refer to all measures affecting trade flows that are not tariffs. They take many forms and fulfil a broad range of objectives, some trade-related, others not.

Two different types are usually distinguished. The first, often referred to as “technical” measures, includes primarily sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT) measures. The second type, often referred to as “non-technical” measures, includes quantitative restrictions (QRs), forced logistics or distribution channels, price measures and so forth.

Technical measures: there are as many as 34 different types of SPS measures and 24 types of TBTs.
Non-technical measures: there are five different types of BCM (border-control measures such as pre-shipment inspection) and 28 types of QRs (quantitative restrictions such as non-automatic import licensing, quotas, etc.).

Source: López González et al. (2019[12]).

The overall number of NTMs per ICT product (Figure 2.5) is, however, lower than the OECD average, especially in communication equipment, consumer electronic equipment and computer and peripheral equipment. Nevertheless, it remains higher than for some regional partners like Chile (2.77 NTMs per ICT good on average), Colombia (2.03) and Mexico (3.15).

Although the average number of NTM per good is lower than OECD averages, Brazil ranks relatively high in terms of the number of goods affected by NTMs. The frequency ratio of NTMs, that is, the number of individual HS goods affected by at least one NTM as a share of the total number of ICT goods, is high (Figure 2.6). According to the TRAINS database, all ICT goods in Brazil are subject to at least one NTM measure in every NTM category (SPS measures,10 TBT measures, Inspection and other formalities, licensing requirements and export-related measures).11 This contrast with regional partners like Colombia where less than 30% of Colombia’s ICT tariff lines face a TBT restriction and fewer than 20% of ICT tariff lines report NTM licensing requirements (Figure 2.6).

In particular, according to the TRAINS database, Brazil’s ICT goods are subject to a higher number of export measures relative to other countries (red bar in Figure 2.6), which may affect Brazil’s ability to participate in ICT value chains as an exporter. In addition, the broad application of Brazil’s NTMs, as identified from the frequency ratios calculated from the TRAINS database, suggests that there might be potential for more targeted NTMs (in terms of product scope or adopting only some types of NTMs) to promote trade in ICT goods.

Figure 2.5. Non-tariff measures may also hamper Brazil’s participation in ICT trade, particularly in computer and peripheral equipment

Figure 2.6. Brazil applies several types of NTMs on ICT goods simultaneously

Beyond ICT goods, there are a range of products that underpin digital infrastructures such as electronic apparatus, cables, and specialised telecommunication apparatus. These also tend to attract relatively high tariffs of 12% and occupy an important share in Brazil’s imports (USD 1.25 billion in 2019) (Figure 2.7). As for ICT goods, MFN duties also resembled their pre-COVID-19 levels in 2021.Trade liberalisation in these products is likely to contribute to reductions in prices of critical digital infrastructure products thereby promoting further digital connectedness in Brazil.

Figure 2.7. Tariffs are relatively high on digital infrastructure goods

Services that underpin access and use of digital solutions also remain subject to barriers

ICT services, which include telecommunication and computer services, are the backbone of digitally enabled activities. Indeed, cloud computing, remote storage, or communication and related software solutions enable the digital transformation of businesses. In Brazil, in 2019, ICT services represented over 7% of both services exports and imports with this share rising in 2020 to 8% of exports and 12% of imports (Figure 2.8). In particular, computer services exports accounted for about USD 2.07 billion while imports were worth USD 5.02 billion in 2020.The expansion of ICT services trade in 2020, in the contexts of a generalised reduction in services trade, reflects the consequences of the pandemic, with activities increasingly becoming digital. However, the growth of the sector pre-dated COVID-19, meaning that the pandemic appears to have accelerated an existing pre-crisis trend (Figure 2.8). The relatively high participation in ICT services exports also contrasts with the relatively low degree of participation in ICT goods exports and places Brazil as a more specialised exporter of ICT services.

According to firm-level data, the United States is Brazil’s main trade partner for ICT services, followed by regional partners (Chile is the destination of 18% of ICT exports) and other OECD countries12 (Figure 2.9). Brazilian firm level data also confirms that ‘information and technology services’ make up the bulk of Brazil’s ICT services exports, totalling 91% of the total value of ICT exports in 2018. However, telecommunication services appear to play a more important role on the import side, with 27% of the total value of ICT imports in ‘telecommunication, broadcasting and information services’.

However, despite the importance of computer services imports for Brazil, trade in this category of services might be restricted owing to the presence of relatively high restrictions. According to the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index, Brazil ranks 44^th out of 48 economies in terms of restrictions to trade in computer services, well above OECD averages. Moreover, Brazil has become more, rather than less, restrictive to trade in this sector since 2014 (Figure 2.10).

Figure 2.8. ICT services represent a significant and growing share of Brazil’s services trade

Figure 2.9. The United States is the main export and import partner for ICT services, followed by regional partners and OECD countries

Figure 2.10 Brazil maintains high barriers in computer services, despite the importance of this sector in overall services imports

2.2.2. Brazil has a low share of ICT inputs in the production exports

In the absence of more detailed statistics on the adoption of digital technologies, the use of ICT goods and services inputs to produce non-ICT exports can provide a useful proxy measure for the digital footprint of economic activity.13 In this respect, and on aggregate, Brazil appears to be at the lower end of use of ICT inputs to produce non-ICT exports (Figure 2.11). However, this reflects, in part, that Brazil is a natural resource exporter and that these sectors tend to rely less on ICT inputs.

Figure 2.11. Brazil is at the lower end of ICT use for non-ICT exports

Indeed, when looking at ICT use across sectors, Brazil exhibits a higher use of ICT inputs in the production of non-ICT exports than the rest of the world in mining, quarrying and food production (Figure 2.12). However, the relative use of ICT goods and services in other sectors is otherwise low, including in important export sectors such as agriculture, forestry and fishing.

Before turning to a more detailed analysis of the use of ICT in the production of exports across different sectors, it is worth noting that differences in use of ICT can arise for reasons beyond differences in the adoption of outsourced ICT technologies. For instance, they may reflect different export product compositions within broad industrial categories. That is, it might be that some form of agriculture production has the potential to be more ICT intensive than another (aggregation bias). If a country trades a particular product more intensively then this will be reflected in the ICT use shares provided. Nevertheless, within broadly similar aggregates, the analysis can provide useful guidance on comparative performance.

Figure 2.12. Relative to other countries, Brazil exhibits strong ICT use in natural resource sectors

Use of ICT inputs in agro-food exports

Agro-food products represents about a third of Brazil’s total goods and services exports, in turn representing around 5.4% of global agro-food trade. In terms of average use of ICT inputs, whether domestic or imported, the agro-food sector is at the lower end of the spectrum – on average, only about 1.1% of the value of global agro-food exports are composed of ICT inputs.14 However, Brazil has an even lower content of ICT inputs in its agro-food exports (around 1%), largely driven by a low use of ICT inputs in agriculture rather than in food sectors (Figure 2.13).15

This shortfall matters because positive changes in ICT use as a share of agro-food exports are associated with positive changes in gross exports (Figure 2.14). Brazil may therefore not be making the most out of ICT inputs to develop its agro-food exports which represent a significant share of total merchandise exports. More needs to be done to enable a greater use of ICT technologies in production and trade, especially in agriculture, forestry and fishing.

Figure 2.13. ICT use is also low in agro-food sectors

Figure 2.14. The use of ICT inputs is associated with growing exports in agro-food sectors

Use of ICT inputs in mining sectors

The two sectors of activity with the highest relative use of ICT inputs in Brazil are mining and extraction of energy producing products and mining and quarrying of non-energy producing products (Figure 2.15). The ICT content of Brazilian mining and extraction exports is the 5^thhighest in the world in a sector that represents just below 5% of Brazilian goods and services exports in 2016 and 1.16% of global goods and services trade. In turn, the ICT content of mining and quarrying of non-energy producing products is also within the top ten. This is a sector which represents 7% of Brazilian gross exports of goods and services, which, in turn, represents 7% of global trade in this sector. High ICT use is likely to reflect a more advanced exploitation of digital technologies in these sectors contributing to Brazil’s strong comparative advantage.

Use of ICT inputs in manufacturing exports

Manufacturing exports represented 35% of Brazil’s exports of goods and services in 2016 (key export sectors include basic metals and motor vehicles occupying 7.3% and 5.5% of gross exports of goods and services). While there is heterogeneity in the use of ICT inputs across sectors, including in motor-vehicles where Brazil is above world averages, the use of ICT inputs in Brazil’s manufacturing exports is, relative to other countries, low (Figure 2.16). This is especially the case in the production of ICT goods where Brazil does not appear to have a comparative advantage and where the use of ICT inputs as a share of exports is much lower than OECD averages.

Figure 2.16. Manufacturing and ICT goods exports also have a low share of ICT inputs

Use of ICT inputs in services exports

Services exports represent about a quarter of Brazil’s gross exports with wholesale and other business services representing half of exported services. However, the use of ICT inputs in these sectors remains low relative to other countries and well below OECD averages although use of ICT inputs in ICT exports are high (Figure 2.17).

Figure 2.17. Non-ICT services have a low ICT input use

2.3. Trade in parcels can be an important channel for SME exports

The wider use of digital platforms to order goods has contributed to a dramatic increase in the number of parcels crossing borders. By some estimates, over the last decade, the volume of cross-border parcel trade has grown over three times faster than the volume of global merchandise trade (UPU, 2020[13]). Compared to ‘traditional’ container trade, parcel trade involves a more complex network of interlinked actors and policies. This means that ensuring that parcels get to where they are needed requires policy action across a diverse set of issues, including in the context of physical distancing as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Measuring trade in parcels is difficult. Most parcels are delivered by post or via courier services and fall under de minimis thresholds. This means that they are often not captured in customs statistics. Still, estimates suggests that parcel trade is growing and that it amounts to an average of 1-3% of total trade (with cited peaks of up to 15% in countries like Azerbaijan) (OECD-WTO-IMF, 2020[1]). At the same time, while there is likely to be a strong correlation between trade in parcels and digital ordering, not all trade in parcels will be digitally ordered. That said, recent analysis shows that parcel trade might be more sensitive to digitalisation than traditional trade, that is, that progress in connecting individuals and firms to the internet might increase trade in parcels more than ‘traditional’ trade (López González and Sorescu, 2021[14])). However, owing to the paucity of data, any analysis of trade in parcels has to proceed with care, using available statistics to shed lights on different elements of this evolving environment.

2.3.1. Smaller firms are especially reliant on parcels to export

Although only capturing certain aspects of trade in parcels, insights can be gleamed from looking at trading activities by postal mode of delivery (see also López González and Sorescu (2021[14])). This, however, is an imperfect measure of trade in parcels. On the export side, most small operations are carried out via a simplified export declaration (DSE) which has a more simplified procedure for data collection and weak validation (this was discontinued on 2018). On the import side, parcels are often dealt with by postal services and due, to challenges in filling out documentation as well as lower use of automated declaration of information on cross-border transactions, are often not captured in trade statistics. These are the traditional challenges associated with capturing trade in parcels as noted in the Handbook for Measuring Digital Trade.

Data on modes of delivery, obtained from the SECEX database, while unable to capture the overall volume of trade in parcels, can help understand certain facets of this evolving environment related to changes and trends in cross-border trade, firm characteristics and main sectors of activity.

Where changes are concerned, since 2014, the number of firms exporting using postal delivery increased nearly six-fold with an even higher increase in the value of this trade (nearly nine-fold). Although only capturing part of the value of trade in parcel exports, these numbers suggest that there has been fast growth in this form to trade, likely related to growing adoption of digital technologies (Figure 2.18).

Figure 2.18. The number of Brazilian firms using post as a mode of export delivery has been growing fast

Figure 2.19. Postal delivery is most important for Brazilian SMEs

The products exported via parcels differ significantly from those exported by other means. The number of goods exported is relatively limited but has grown, from 40 in 2014 to 189 in 2017. By contrast, Brazil exported 2912 products by other means in 2014 and 2949 in 2017 (Table 2.1).

	2014	2015	2016	2017
Via both post and other	40	174	234	187
Via post	40	176	236	189
Via other means	2912	2876	2922	2949

Note: ‘Other means’ includes items sent via land, air and water transport.

Source: Author’s calculations based on SECEX.

Parcel exports in Brazil also have a higher value to weight ratio and are more concentrated. The top 10 parcel exports occupy 64% of exports via parcels while the equivalent across the different modes of exports is 48%. At the same time, parcel trade appears to occupy final products, largely in manufacturing sectors (Table 2.2), in contrast to the structure of Brazil’s exports which tend to be natural resource based (Chapter 1).

HS products code	Product description	Share of production post exports	Share of product in exports by other means
051000	Human hair, unworked, whether or not washed or scoured; waste of human hair	21.8%	0.0%
900130	Contact lenses	15.3%	0.0%
710399	Precious stones -- other	5.2%	0.0%
610463	Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, dresses, skirts, divided skirts, trousers, bib and brace overalls	5.0%	0.0%
611241	Tracksuits, ski suits and swimwear, knitted or crocheted Of synthetic fibres	3.8%	0.0%
490199	Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter, whether or not in single sheets	3.4%	0.0%
920992	Parts and accessories for the musical instruments of heading 9202	3.0%	0.0%
711719	Imitation jewellery	2.6%	0.0%
851180	Electrical ignition or starting equipment of a kind used for spark-ignition or compression-ignition internal combustion engine	2.2%	0.0%
640299	Other footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastics	1.8%	0.1%
SUM		64.0%	0.2%

Note: ‘Other means’ includes items sent via land, air and water transport.

Source: Author’s calculations based on SECEX.

2.3.2. Postal services provide foundational support to trade in parcels

Part of the regulatory environment that matters for parcel trade relates to the ability to receive goods and to get these to the border. In this respect, postal services provide foundational support to trade in parcels. Relative to other neighbouring countries, Brazil performs well in terms of coverage of postal services (Table 2.3). That is, it has one of the highest staff per office ratio and offices that are relatively well connected to electronic networks. At the same time, the share of the population receiving mail at home is above 97% with only 1.5% of the population without postal services (the lowest among those sampled).

However, parcel trade might be curtailed by existing measures that affect post and courier services. According to the OECD STRI, Brazil is the third most restrictive country (out of 44) in the courier services sector. At the same time, Brazil’s existing de minimis regime covers postal packages valued at USD 50 or less shipped for personal (non-commercial) purposes meaning that many parcels, even those of little value, have to be cleared at customs and pay border and internal taxes. This goes against the existing trend where countries have increasingly adapted and expanded their de minimis levels to cater for growing trade in parcels (See Chapter 4 for a discussion of the environment faced by parcels in Brazil).

	Brazil	Chile	Colombia	Paraguay	Uruguay	Argentina	Mexico
Staff per office	8.78	12.22	3.92	3.17	7.17	4.38	0.89
Average area covered by a permanent office (km²)	709.3	1579.6	858.9	1355.8	681.0	731.9	14878.0
Average number of inhabitants served by a permanent office	17 568.1	37 995.8	37 300.2	22 704.3	13 502.0	11 428.5	16 735.0
Share of post offices accepting financial transactions	24%	47%	12%	17%	61%	39%	8%
Share of permanent post offices connected to an electronic network	62%	47%	12%	0%	66%	19%	7%
Percentage of the population having mail delivered at home	97.3%		99.0%	60.0%	94.3%	93.0%	88.6%
Percentage of the population without postal services	1.5%		0.1%	10.0%	4.0%	3.0%	2.0%

Note: Values are for 2018, except for Paraguay (2017) and Argentina (2015) which were the latest available.

Source: Own computations based on UPU statistics.

2.4. Digitally deliverable services account for an important and growing share of Brazil’s services trade

Digitally deliverable services are those that can be delivered over digital networks (OECD-WTO-IMF, 2020[1]). They include ICT services (i.e. computer and telecommunication services) and other business services such as financial or consultancy services and audio-visual services. Digitally deliverable services play an important role in Brazil’s exports and imports (Figure 2.20), accounting for 61.7% of services exports and 51.7% of services imports in 2018. This is significantly higher than most trade partners in the region and also high by OECD standards.16

Over time, the share of digitally deliverable services imports has been relatively stable, representing around half of Brazil’s services imports, with the exception of 2020 when they experienced a notable expansion (Figure 2.21). However, digitally deliverable services exports have witnessed a sustained upward trend, growing from 47% of total services exports in 2005 to 62.9% in 2019, just before the COVID‑19 pandemic. Despite the overall decrease in the value of services trade as a result of COVID-19 in 2020, the share of digitally deliverable exports rose. This sustained growth was fuelled by exports of computer services (growing from USD 80 million in 2005 to USD 1.99 billion in 2019 and to 2.07 billion in 2020, despite COVID-19) and professional and management consulting services (from USD 500 million in 2005 to USD 4.38 billion in 2019, and USD 3.98 billion in 2020).

Figure 2.20. Digitally deliverable services and business services occupy an important share of total services exports and imports in Brazil

Figure 2.21. Digitally deliverable services occupy an important share in Brazil’s services imports and exports, USD billion

According to firm-level data, the main export destinations for Brazil’s digitally deliverable services include the United States (45.8% of total digitally deliverable exports), followed by the Netherlands (7.9%) and Chile (7.2%). The main products exported were professional, technical and business services and information technology services (Figure 2.22). Brazil mostly imports IP and business services from the United States (57.0% of total digitally delivered services imports), services including IT and financial services from the United Kingdom (9.7%), and services including financial and business services from Germany (4.7%).

Figure 2.22. The United States is the main trade partner of Brazil for services delivered over digital networks, together with OECD countries and regional partners

2.4.1. Digitally deliverable services tend to reach larger and more distant markets

Globally, firms operating in digitally deliverable service sectors tend to export to larger and more distant markets (Figure 2.23). This is likely due to the ability to deliver trade across international borders via digital transfers (Mode 1); see Box 2.3 for a description of the different modes of supply for services.

Box 2.3. The different modes of service supply

There are four modes of supply for services.

Mode 1, cross-border trade, involves the supply of a service to a customer located abroad (e.g. the provision of cloud services by an IT company in Brazil to a firm in Argentina).
Mode 2, consumption abroad, is where a service is consumed in a foreign country (e.g. a tourist purchasing accommodation services while travelling through Brazil).
Mode 3, commercial presence, occurs when a company based in one country establishes a commercial presence in another to serve the local market (e.g. a Brazilian company sets up a branch in the US to distribute its services). Lastly,
Mode 4, presence of natural persons, is when services providers cross border to supply foreign customers (e.g. a Brazilian engineer goes to Chile to provide consultancy services).

Figure 2.23. Firms in digitally deliverable sectors export to larger and more distant markets

As might be expected, digitally deliverable services are largely supplied via mode 1. In Brazil, 79% of digitally deliverable services trade are supplied cross-border contrasting with 61% for other services trade (Figure 2.24). Mode 2 still represents 20% of digitally deliverable services while it represents 37% of other services exports. Where mode 4 is concerned, this category of services supply is the smallest across both digitally deliverable and other services.

Figure 2.24. Brazilian exports by mode of supply and year

2.4.2. Exporters of digitally deliverable services include a high share of smaller firms

On average, and except for ‘information services’, ‘licences’ and ‘insurance and finance’, over 50% of exports of digitally deliverable services come from SMEs (Figure 2.25). These also represent the highest share of firms operating in digitally deliverable sectors.

Figure 2.25. Size by category of digitally delivered service, 2018

Annex 2.A. Supporting figures

Annex Figure 2.A.1. Backward participation and forward participation by sector in Brazil

A	Sanitary and Phytosanitary	B	Technical Barriers to Trade
A1	Prohibitions/restrictions of imports for SPS reasons	B1	Prohibitions/restrictions of imports for objectives set out in the TBT agreement
A11	Temporary geographic prohibitions for SPS reasons	B11	Prohibition for TBT reasons
A12	Geographical restrictions on eligibility	B14	Authorization requirement for TBT reasons
A13	Systems approach	B15	Registration requirement for importers for TBT reasons
A14	Special authorization requirement for SPS reasons	B19	Prohibitions/restrictions of imports for objectives set out in the TBT agreement, n.e.s.
A15	Registration requirements for importers	B2	Tolerance limits for residues and restricted use of substances
A19	Prohibitions/restrictions of imports for SPS reasons, not elsewhere specified (n.e.s.)	B21	Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances
A2	Tolerance limits for residues and restricted use of substances	B22	Restricted use of certain substances
A21	Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain (non-microbiological) substances	B3	Labelling, Marking and Packaging requirements
A22	Restricted use of certain substances in foods and feeds and their contact materials	B31	Labelling requirements
A3	Labelling, marking and packaging requirements	B32	Marking requirements
A31	Labelling requirements	B33	Packaging requirements
A32	Marking requirements	B4	Production or Post-Production requirements
A33	Packaging requirements	B41	TBT regulations on production processes
A4	Hygienic requirements	B42	TBT regulations on transport and storage
A41	Microbiological criteria of the Final product	B49	Production or post-production requirements, n.e.s.
A42	Hygienic practices during production	B6	Product identity requirement
A49	Hygienic requirements, n.e.s.	B7	Product quality or performance requirement
A5	Treatment for elimination of plant and animal pests and disease-causing organisms in the final product (e.g. Post-harvest treatment)	B8	Conformity assessment related to TBT
A51	Cold/heat treatment	B81	Product registration requirement
A52	Irradiation	B82	Testing requirement
A53	Fumigation	B83	Certification requirement
A59	Treatment for elimination of plant and animal pests and disease-causing organisms in the (nal product, n.e.s.	B84	Inspection requirement
A6	Other requirements on production or post-production processes	B85	Traceability information requirements
A61	Plant-growth processes	B851	Origin of materials and parts
A62	Animal-raising or -catching processes	B852	Processing history
A63	Food and feed processing	B853	Distribution and location of products after delivery
A64	Storage and transport conditions	B859	Traceability requirements, n.e.s.
A69	Other requirements on production or post-production processes, n.e.s	B89	Conformity assessment related to TBT, n.e.s.
A8	Conformity assessment related to SPS	B9	TBT Measures n.e.s.
A81	Product registration requirement
A82	Testing requirement	C	Border control measures
A83	Certification requirement	C1	Pre-shipment inspection
A84	Inspection requirement	C2	Direct consignment requirement
A85	Traceability requirements	C3	Requirement to pass through specified port of customs
A851	Origin of materials and parts	C4	Import monitoring and surveillance requirements and other automatic licensing measures
A852	Processing history	C9	Other formalities, n.e.s.
A853	Distribution and location of products after delivery	E3	Prohibitions other than for SPS and TBT reasons
A859	Traceability requirements, n.e.s.	E31	Prohibition for economic reasons
A86	Quarantine requirement	E311	Full prohibition (import ban)
A89	Conformity assessment related to SPS, n.e.s.	E312	Seasonal prohibition
A9	SPS measures n.e.s.	E313	Temporary prohibition, including suspension of issuance of licences
E	Quantity control measures	E314	Prohibition of importation in bulk
E1	Non-automatic import licensing procedures other than authorizations for SPS or TBT reasons	E315	Prohibition of products infringing patents or other intellectual property rights
E11	Licensing for economic reasons	E316	Prohibition of used, repaired or remanufactured goods
E111	Licensing procedure with no specific ex ante criteria	E319	Prohibition for economic reasons, n.e.s.
E112	Licensing for specified use	E32	Prohibition for non-economic reasons
E113	Licensing linked with local production	E321	Prohibition for religious, moral or cultural reasons
E119	Licensing for economic reasons, n.e.s.	E322	Prohibition for political reasons (embargo)
E12	Licensing for non-economic reasons	E329	Prohibition for non-economic reasons, n.e.s.
E2	Quotas	E5	Export restraint arrangement
E21	Permanent	E51	Voluntary export-restraint arrangements (VERs)
E211	Global allocation	E511	Quota agreement
E212	Country allocation	E512	Consultation agreement
E22	Seasonal quotas	E513	Administrative cooperation agreement
E221	Global allocation	E6	Tariff Rate Quotas
E222	Country allocation	E61	WTO-bound TRQs, included in WTO schedules (concessions and commitments under WTO negotiations)
E23	Temporary	E62	Other TRQs included in other trade agreements.
E231	Global allocation	E621	Global allocation
E232	Country allocation	E622	Country allocation
		E9	Quantity control measures n.e.s.

Source: UNCTAD (2012[15]).

NTM code	Measure description	HS code	Issuing agency	Regulation title
A83	Licencia de importación no automática sin criterios predefinidos (art. 15). Licencia de importación automática (Art. 14). Requisito de autorización de importaciones (art. 41, 42). Requisito de certificación (art. 65). Requisito de etiquetado (art. 219). Contingente arancelario de asignación global (Anexo III). Restricción cuantitativa de salvaguardias (Anexo IV). Importación prohibida (art. 66). Exportación prohibida (art. 254).	0207,030243,300211(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300212(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300213(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300214(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300215(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300219(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),321511,390931(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),390939(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),401219,82,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,842410,842420,842430,842482,842489,842490,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,845611,845612,845620,845630,845690,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,8466,8467,8468,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8486,8487,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8521,8522,8523,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,853910,853921,853922,853929,853931,853932,853939,853941,853949,853990,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8701,870210,870290,870310,870321,870322,870323,870324,870331,870332,870333,870390,8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,8710,871110,871120,871130,871140,871150,871190,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,90,95	Secretaría de Comercio Exterior (SECEX)	Portaria Nº 23 de 14/07/2011 y sus modificaciones.
B14	Licencia de importación no automática sin criterios predefinidos (art. 15). Licencia de importación automática (Art. 14). Requisito de autorización de importaciones (art. 41, 42). Requisito de certificación (art. 65). Requisito de etiquetado (art. 219). Contingente arancelario de asignación global (Anexo III). Restricción cuantitativa de salvaguardias (Anexo IV). Importación prohibida (art. 66). Exportación prohibida (art. 254).	0207,030243,300211(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300212(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300213(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300214(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300215(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300219(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),321511,390931(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),390939(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),401219,82,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,842410,842420,842430,842482,842489,842490,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,845611,845612,845620,845630,845690,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,8466,8467,8468,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8486,8487,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8521,8522,8523,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,853910,853921,853922,853929,853931,853932,853939,853941,853949,853990,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8701,870210,870290,870310,870321,870322,870323,870324,870331,870332,870333,870390,8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,8710,871110,871120,871130,871140,871150,871190,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,90,95	Secretaría de Comercio Exterior (SECEX)	Portaria Nº 23 de 14/07/2011 y sus modificaciones.
B14	Licencia Previa de Importación emitida por el Comando del Ejército. La autorización es concedida por medio de Certificado Internacional de Importación. La importación solamente se autorizará para los órganos de seguridad pública y para coleccionadores, tiradores y cazadores en las condiciones establecidas en normas específicas (art. 51). La Ley Nº 10826/03 en su art. 3º establece que es obligatorio el registro de armas de fuego de uso restringido en el Comando del Ejército.	400251,590390,591140,6113,621133(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),621143(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),630190(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),650610(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),7007(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),760320(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),810430(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),810490(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),820559(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),841210(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),846229(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),851440(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),852610(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870321(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870322(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870323(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870324(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870331(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870332(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870333(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870390(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870710(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870821(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),8710,900410,900510,900580,9013,9301,9302,9303,9304,9305,9306		Decreto Nº 5123 de 1/VII/04.
B31	Requisitos de Evaluación de la Conformidad. Requisitos de etiquetado.	841919,841990,850720,853710,854140,900190,900290,903289		Portaria Nº 004 de 4/I/11. INMETRO.
B31	Licencia de importación no automática sin criterios predefinidos (art. 15). Licencia de importación automática (Art. 14). Requisito de autorización de importaciones (art. 41, 42). Requisito de certificación (art. 65). Requisito de etiquetado (art. 219). Contingente arancelario de asignación global (Anexo III). Restricción cuantitativa de salvaguardias (Anexo IV). Importación prohibida (art. 66). Exportación prohibida (art. 254).	0207,030243,300211(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300212(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300213(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300214(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300215(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300219(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),321511,390931(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),390939(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),401219,82,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,842410,842420,842430,842482,842489,842490,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,845611,845612,845620,845630,845690,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,8466,8467,8468,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8486,8487,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8521,8522,8523,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,853910,853921,853922,853929,853931,853932,853939,853941,853949,853990,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8701,870210,870290,870310,870321,870322,870323,870324,870331,870332,870333,870390,8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,8710,871110,871120,871130,871140,871150,871190,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,90,95	Secretaría de Comercio Exterior (SECEX)	Portaria Nº 23 de 14/07/2011 y sus modificaciones.
B7	Requisitos de seguridad y protección exigidas por la Oficina Internacional del Trabajo (art. 1º). La declaración será proporcionada si el cargador vendedor o fabricante del equipo presenta a los órganos consulares certificado de la autoridad local competente en materia de seguridad del trabajo. Solo se autorizará el despacho de las mercancías si en la factura de embarque consta la declaración consular del cumplimiento de este requisito (art. 2). Ver disposiciones de la Ley 5280/67 al final del texto.	Exclusivamente los que por su peligrosidad inhere: 840110,840120,840130,840211,840212,840219,840220,840310,840410,840420,840510,840610,840681,840682,840721,840729,840790,840810,840890,841011,841012,841013,841111,841112,841121,841122,841181,841182,841221,841229,841231,841239,841311,841319,841340,841350,841360,841370,841381,841382,841410,841420,841430,841440,841610,841620,841630,841710,841861,841931,841932,841939,841940,841950,841960,841981,841989,842010,842111,842119,842121,842122,842123,842131,842219,842220,842330,842382,842389,842430,842482,842489,8425,8426,8427,8428,842911,842919,842920,842930,842940,842951,842959,8430,843210,843221,843229,843231,843239,843241,843242,843280,843311,843319,843320,843330,843340,843351,843352,843353,843359,843410,843420,843510,843610,843621,843629,843680,843710,843780,843810,843820,843830,843840,843850,843860,843880,843910,843920,843930,844110,844120,844130,844140,844180,844311,844312,844313,844314,844315,844316,844317,844319,844331,844339,844391,844399,8444,8445,8446,8447,844811,844819,845020,845110,845130,845140,845150,845180,845221,845310,845320,845390,845410,845430,845510,845521,845522,845611,845612,845620,845630,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,846410,846490,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,846711,846719,846721,846722,846729,846781,846789,846810,846820,846880,847410,847420,847431,847432,847439,847480,847510,847521,847529,847710,847720,847730,847740,847751,847759,847810,847910,847920,847930,847940,847950,847960,847981,847982,848340,850131,850132,850133,850134,850140,850151,850152,850161,850162,850163,850164,8502,850421,850422,850423,850432,850433,850434,851440,854330,8604,870510		Decreto Nº 62465 de 26/03/1968. Reglamento de la Ley 5280/67.
B81	Licencia Previa de Importación emitida por el Comando del Ejército. La autorización es concedida por medio de Certificado Internacional de Importación. La importación solamente se autorizará para los órganos de seguridad pública y para coleccionadores, tiradores y cazadores en las condiciones establecidas en normas específicas (art. 51). La Ley Nº 10826/03 en su art. 3º establece que es obligatorio el registro de armas de fuego de uso restringido en el Comando del Ejército.	400251,590390,591140,6113,621133(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),621143(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),630190(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),650610(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),7007(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),760320(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),810430(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),810490(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),820559(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),841210(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),846229(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),851440(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),852610(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870321(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870322(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870323(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870324(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870331(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870332(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870333(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870390(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870710(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),870821(Unicamente los productos indicados en la norma.),8710,900410,900510,900580,9013,9301,9302,9303,9304,9305,9306		Decreto Nº 5123 de 1/VII/04.
B81	Registro del producto en la Secretaría Especial de Informática (art. 12). Ver excepciones en el artículo 14.	852352,852359,852380		Decreto Nº 96036 de 12/05/1988. Reglamento de la Ley Nº 7646, de 18/12/1987, implementado por Decreto Nº 1207 de 01/08/1994.
B83	Requisitos de seguridad y protección exigidas por la Oficina Internacional del Trabajo (art. 1º). La declaración será proporcionada si el cargador vendedor o fabricante del equipo presenta a los órganos consulares certificado de la autoridad local competente en materia de seguridad del trabajo. Solo se autorizará el despacho de las mercancías si en la factura de embarque consta la declaración consular del cumplimiento de este requisito (art. 2º). Ver disposiciones de la Ley 5280/67 al final del texto.	Exclusivamente los que por su peligrosidad inhere: 840110,840120,840130,840211,840212,840219,840220,840310,840410,840420,840510,840610,840681,840682,840721,840729,840790,840810,840890,841011,841012,841013,841111,841112,841121,841122,841181,841182,841221,841229,841231,841239,841311,841319,841340,841350,841360,841370,841381,841382,841410,841420,841430,841440,841610,841620,841630,841710,841861,841931,841932,841939,841940,841950,841960,841981,841989,842010,842111,842119,842121,842122,842123,842131,842219,842220,842330,842382,842389,842430,842482,842489,8425,8426,8427,8428,842911,842919,842920,842930,842940,842951,842959,8430,843210,843221,843229,843231,843239,843241,843242,843280,843311,843319,843320,843330,843340,843351,843352,843353,843359,843410,843420,843510,843610,843621,843629,843680,843710,843780,843810,843820,843830,843840,843850,843860,843880,843910,843920,843930,844110,844120,844130,844140,844180,844311,844312,844313,844314,844315,844316,844317,844319,844331,844339,844391,844399,8444,8445,8446,8447,844811,844819,845020,845110,845130,845140,845150,845180,845221,845310,845320,845390,845410,845430,845510,845521,845522,845611,845612,845620,845630,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,846410,846490,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,846711,846719,846721,846722,846729,846781,846789,846810,846820,846880,847410,847420,847431,847432,847439,847480,847510,847521,847529,847710,847720,847730,847740,847751,847759,847810,847910,847920,847930,847940,847950,847960,847981,847982,848340,850131,850132,850133,850134,850140,850151,850152,850161,850162,850163,850164,8502,850421,850422,850423,850432,850433,850434,851440,854330,8604,870510		Decreto Nº 62465 de 26/03/1968. Reglamento de la Ley 5280/67.
B83	Certificación Obligatoria en el ámbito del Sistema Brasileño de Evaluación de la Conformidad - SBAC (art. 3º). La fiscalización del cumplimiento de esta norma es competencia del INMETRO (art. 10). La Portaria Nº 108/05 aprobó la Certificación Obligatoria en el ámbito de la Resolución GMC Nº 23/04.	9503,9504,960330,960810,960820,960910(Exclusivamente para niños),960990(Exclusivamente para niños),9610(Exclusivamente para niños),9611(Exclusivamente para niños)		Portaria Nº 321 de 29/X/09. INMETRO. Modificada por la Portaria Nº 152/2010. Modificada por Portaria Nº 117/11.
B83	Reglamento de Evaluación de la Conformidad. Certificación obligatoria en el marco del Sistema Brasileño de Evaluación de la Conformidad - SBAC concedida por organismo acreditado (arts. 3º, 4º). Se exceptúan los equipos instalados en unidades marítimas fabricadas en el exterior e importadas, destinadas a producción de petróleo o al transporte de productos inflamables, para trabajo "off shore" (art. 5º).	761699(Exclusivamente para instalaciones eléctricas en a...),841311(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),841319(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),841360(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),841370(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),841381(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),841382(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),841410(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),842511(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),842531(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),842539,842611(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),842612(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),842619(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),842620(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),842630(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),842641(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),842649(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),842699(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),850110(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850120(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850131(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850132(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850133(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850134(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850140(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850151(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850152(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850161(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850162(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850163(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850164(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),8502(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),8503,850410(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850421(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850422(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850423(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850431(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850432(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850433(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850434(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850450(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850520(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850710(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850720(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850730(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850740(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850750(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850760(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),850780(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),851440(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853110(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853120(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853180(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853210(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853510(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853521(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853529(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853540(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853590(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853610(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853620(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853630(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853641(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853649(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853650(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853661(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853669(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853710(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853720,853810(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),853910(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),854442,854449(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),854460(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),8546(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),8547(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),8601(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),860210,860310(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),902620(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),902680(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),902810(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),902820(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),902830(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),902910(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),902920(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),903031(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),903032,903033,903210(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),903220(Exclusivamente eléctricos para operación en atmós...),910521(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),910591(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...),940540(Exclusivamente para operación en atmósferas explo...)		Portaria Nº 179 de 18/V/10. INMETRO.
B83	Requisito de certificación.	9503,9504		Portaria Nº108 de 13/06/2005. INMETRO.
B83	Licencia de importación no automática sin criterios predefinidos (art. 15). Licencia de importación automática (Art. 14). Requisito de autorización de importaciones (art. 41, 42). Requisito de certificación (art. 65). Requisito de etiquetado (art. 219). Contingente arancelario de asignación global (Anexo III). Restricción cuantitativa de salvaguardias (Anexo IV). Importación prohibida (art. 66). Exportación prohibida (art. 254).	0207,030243,300211(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300212(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300213(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300214(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300215(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300219(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),321511,390931(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),390939(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),401219,82,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,842410,842420,842430,842482,842489,842490,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,845611,845612,845620,845630,845690,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,8466,8467,8468,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8486,8487,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8521,8522,8523,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,853910,853921,853922,853929,853931,853932,853939,853941,853949,853990,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8701,870210,870290,870310,870321,870322,870323,870324,870331,870332,870333,870390,8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,8710,871110,871120,871130,871140,871150,871190,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,90,95	Secretaría de Comercio Exterior (SECEX)	Portaria Nº23 de 14/07/2011 y sus modificaciones.
B9	Requisitos de seguridad y protección exigidas por la Oficina Internacional del Trabajo (art. 1º). La declaración será proporcionada si el cargador vendedor o fabricante del equipo presenta a los órganos consulares certificado de la autoridad local competente en materia de seguridad del trabajo. Solo se autorizará el despacho de las mercancías si en la factura de embarque consta la declaración consular del cumplimiento de este requisito (art. 2º). Ver disposiciones de la Ley 5280/67 al final del texto.	Exclusivamente los que por su peligrosidad inhere: 840110,840120,840130,840211,840212,840219,840220,840310,840410,840420,840510,840610,840681,840682,840721,840729,840790,840810,840890,841011,841012,841013,841111,841112,841121,841122,841181,841182,841221,841229,841231,841239,841311,841319,841340,841350,841360,841370,841381,841382,841410,841420,841430,841440,841610,841620,841630,841710,841861,841931,841932,841939,841940,841950,841960,841981,841989,842010,842111,842119,842121,842122,842123,842131,842219,842220,842330,842382,842389,842430,842482,842489,8425,8426,8427,8428,842911,842919,842920,842930,842940,842951,842959,8430,843210,843221,843229,843231,843239,843241,843242,843280,843311,843319,843320,843330,843340,843351,843352,843353,843359,843410,843420,843510,843610,843621,843629,843680,843710,843780,843810,843820,843830,843840,843850,843860,843880,843910,843920,843930,844110,844120,844130,844140,844180,844311,844312,844313,844314,844315,844316,844317,844319,844331,844339,844391,844399,8444,8445,8446,8447,844811,844819,845020,845110,845130,845140,845150,845180,845221,845310,845320,845390,845410,845430,845510,845521,845522,845611,845612,845620,845630,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,846410,846490,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,846711,846719,846721,846722,846729,846781,846789,846810,846820,846880,847410,847420,847431,847432,847439,847480,847510,847521,847529,847710,847720,847730,847740,847751,847759,847810,847910,847920,847930,847940,847950,847960,847981,847982,848340,850131,850132,850133,850134,850140,850151,850152,850161,850162,850163,850164,8502,850421,850422,850423,850432,850433,850434,851440,854330,8604,870510		Decreto Nº 62465 de 26/03/1968. Reglamento de la Ley 5280/67.
B9	Requisitos de Evaluación de la Conformidad. Requisitos de etiquetado.	841919,841990,850720,853710,854140,900190,900290,903289		Portaria Nº004 de 4/I/11. INMETRO.
C4	Licencia de importación no automática sin criterios predefinidos (art. 15). Licencia de importación automática (Art. 14). Requisito de autorización de importaciones (art. 41, 42). Requisito de certificación (art. 65). Requisito de etiquetado (art. 219). Contingente arancelario de asignación global (Anexo III). Restricción cuantitativa de salvaguardias (Anexo IV). Importación prohibida (art. 66). Exportación prohibida (art. 254).	0207,030243,300211(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300212(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300213(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300214(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300215(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300219(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),321511,390931(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),390939(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),401219,82,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,842410,842420,842430,842482,842489,842490,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,845611,845612,845620,845630,845690,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,8466,8467,8468,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8486,8487,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8521,8522,8523,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,853910,853921,853922,853929,853931,853932,853939,853941,853949,853990,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8701,870210,870290,870310,870321,870322,870323,870324,870331,870332,870333,870390,8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,8710,871110,871120,871130,871140,871150,871190,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,90,95	Secretaría de Comercio Exterior (SECEX)	Portaria Nº23 de 14/07/2011 y sus modificaciones.
D12	Establece derechos antidumping.	851821,851822		Circular Nº 63 de 14/09/2006. Modificada por la Resolución Nº 25/2007, Nº 101/2013 y Circular Nº 42/2016. CAMEX.
E111	Licencia no automática de importación emitida por la Secretaría de Comercio Exterior (SECEX). Se permite la importación de estos bienes siempre que cumplan acumulativamente con los requisitos establecidos especificamente en esta norma y no se produzcan en el país. Para la realización del análisis de producción nacional la SECEX publicará periodicamente por medio de Consulta Pública, las solicitudes de importación (art. 22). Se exceptúan de estos requisitos las importaciones al amparo de acuerdos internacionales; productos del sector aeronáutico; sectores naútica y naval; productos de los sectores de informática y comunicaciones con las condiciones establecidas (art. 25).	850110(Usados),850120(Usados),850131(Usados),850132(Usados),850133(Usados),850134(Usados),850140(Usados),850151(Usados),850152(Usados),850161(Usados),850162(Usados),850163(Usados),850164(Usados),8502(Usados),8503(Usados),8504(Usados),8505(Usados),8506(Usados),8507(Usados),8508(Usados),8509(Usados),8510(Usados),8511(Usados),8512(Usados),8513(Usados),8514(Usados),8515(Usados),8516(Usados),8517(Usados),8518(Usados),8519(Usados),8521(Usados),8522(Usados),8523(Usados),8525(Usados),8526(Usados),8527(Usados),8528(Usados),8529(Usados),8530(Usados),8531(Usados),8532(Usados),8533(Usados),8534(Usados),8535(Usados),8536(Usados),8537(Usados),8538(Usados),853910(Usados),853921(Usados),853922(Usados),853929(Usados),853931(Usados),853932(Usados),853939(Usados),853941(Usados),853949(Usados),853990(Usados),8540(Usados),8541(Usados),8542(Usados),8543(Usados),8544(Usados),8545(Usados),8546(Usados),8547(Usados),8548(Usados),86(Usados),8701(Usados),8702(Usados),870310(Usados),870321(Usados),870322(Usados),870323(Usados),870324(Usados),870331(Usados),870332(Usados),870333(Usados),870390(Usados),8704(Usados),8705(Usados),8706(Usados),8707(Usados),8708(Usados),8709(Usados),8710(Usados),871110(Usados),871120(Usados),871130(Usados),871140(Usados),871150(Usados),871190(Usados),8712(Usados),8713(Usados),8714(Usados),8715(Usados),8716(Usados)		Portaria Nº 08 de 13/05/1991 y sus modificaciones. DECEX
E111	Licencia de importación no automática sin criterios predefinidos (art. 15). Licencia de importación automática (Art. 14). Requisito de autorización de importaciones (art. 41, 42). Requisito de certificación (art. 65). Requisito de etiquetado (art. 219). Contingente arancelario de asignación global (Anexo III). Restricción cuantitativa de salvaguardias (Anexo IV). Importación prohibida (art. 66). Exportación prohibida (art. 254).	0207,030243,300211(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300212(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300213(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300214(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300215(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300219(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),321511,390931(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),390939(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),401219,82,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,842410,842420,842430,842482,842489,842490,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,845611,845612,845620,845630,845690,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,8466,8467,8468,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8486,8487,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8521,8522,8523,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,853910,853921,853922,853929,853931,853932,853939,853941,853949,853990,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8701,870210,870290,870310,870321,870322,870323,870324,870331,870332,870333,870390,8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,8710,871110,871120,871130,871140,871150,871190,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,90,95	Secretaría de Comercio Exterior (SECEX)	Portaria Nº 23 de 14/07/2011 y sus modificaciones.
E325	Prohibicion de importacion (art. 1 y 2).	8413,8414,8415,8418,8419,8421,8422,8423,842410,842420,842430,842482,842489,842490,8425,8445,8450,8451,8452,8470,8471,8472,8479,8508,8509,8510,8513,8516,8519,8521,8527,8528,8531,8542,9405		Portaria Nº 10 de 25/1/2010. Modificada por Portaria Nº 562 de 23/12/2014. INMETRO.
E325	Licencia de importación no automática sin criterios predefinidos (art. 15). Licencia de importación automática (Art. 14). Requisito de autorización de importaciones (art. 41, 42). Requisito de certificación (art. 65). Requisito de etiquetado (art. 219). Contingente arancelario de asignación global (Anexo III). Restricción cuantitativa de salvaguardias (Anexo IV). Importación prohibida (art. 66). Exportación prohibida (art. 254).	0207,030243,300211(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300212(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300213(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300214(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300215(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300219(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),321511,390931(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),390939(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),401219,82,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,842410,842420,842430,842482,842489,842490,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,845611,845612,845620,845630,845690,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,8466,8467,8468,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8486,8487,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8521,8522,8523,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,853910,853921,853922,853929,853931,853932,853939,853941,853949,853990,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8701,870210,870290,870310,870321,870322,870323,870324,870331,870332,870333,870390,8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,8710,871110,871120,871130,871140,871150,871190,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,90,95	Secretaría de Comercio Exterior (SECEX)	Portaria Nº 23 de 14/07/2011 y sus modificaciones.
E611	Licencia de importación no automática sin criterios predefinidos (art. 15). Licencia de importación automática (art. 14). Requisito de autorización de importaciones (art. 41, 42). Requisito de certificación (art. 65). Requisito de etiquetado (art. 219). Contingente arancelario de asignación global (Anexo III). Restricción cuantitativa de salvaguardias (Anexo IV). Importación prohibida (art. 66). Exportación prohibida (art. 254).	0207,030243,300211(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300212(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300213(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300214(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300215(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300219(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),321511,390931(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),390939(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),401219,82,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,842410,842420,842430,842482,842489,842490,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,845611,845612,845620,845630,845690,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,8466,8467,8468,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8486,8487,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8521,8522,8523,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,853910,853921,853922,853929,853931,853932,853939,853941,853949,853990,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8701,870210,870290,870310,870321,870322,870323,870324,870331,870332,870333,870390,8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,8710,871110,871120,871130,871140,871150,871190,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,90,95	Secretaría de Comercio Exterior (SECEX)	Portaria Nº 23 de 14/07/2011 y sus modificaciones.
P19	Programa de Financiación de las Exportaciones (PROEX). que tiene como objetivo ofrecer acceso al crédito en condiciones preferenciales a las empresas exportadoras de bienes y servicios. El Programa es administrado por el Banco do Brasil.	0102,0201,0202,0203,0204,0205,0206,0207,0208,0209,021011,021019,021020,021091,021092,021093,021099,0301,030211,030213,030214,030219,030221,030222,030223,030224,030229,030231,030232,030233,030234,030235,030236,030239,030241,030242,030243,030244,030245,030246,030247,030251,030252,030253,030254,030255,030256,030259,030271,030272,030273,030274,030279,030281,030282,030283,030284,030285,030289,030291,030292,030299,030311,030312,030313,030314,030319,030323,030324,030325,030326,030329,030331,030332,030333,030334,030339,030341,030342,030343,030344,030345,030346,030349,030351,030353,030354,030355,030356,030357,030363,030364,030365,030366,030367,030368,030369,030381,030382,030383,030384,030389,030391,030392,030399,030431,030432,030433,030439,030441,030442,030443,030444,030445,030446,030449,030451,030452,030453,030454,030455,030459,030461,030462,030463,030469,030471,030472,030473,030474,030475,030479,030481,030482,030483,030484,030485,030486,030487,030488,030489,030491,030492,030493,030494,030495,030499,0305,030611,030612,030614,030615,030616,030617,030619,030631,030632,030633,030634,030635,030636,030639,030711,030719,030721,030729,030731,030739,030742,030743,030749,030751,030752,030759,030760,030771,030779,030781,030782,030783,030784,030787,030788,030791,030799,030811,030819,030821,030829,030830,030890,04,0504,051110,06,07,08,090121,090122,090190,0902,0903,0904,0905,0906,0907,0908,0909,0910,10,11,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,121120,121130,121140,121190,1212,1213,1214,1301,130211,130212,130213,130219,130220,130231,130232,130239,15,1601,1602,1603,160411,160412,160413,160414,160415,160416,160417,160419,160420,160431,160432,1605,1704,180620,180631,180632,180690,19,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,200710,200791,2008,2009,21,2201,220210,2203,2204,2205,2206,2208,2209,23,240120,240210,240311,240319,270220,2710,2711,2713,28,2901,2902,290311,290312,290313,290314,290315,290319,290321,290322,290323,290329,290331,290339,290371,290372,290373,290374,290375,290376,290377,290378,290379,290381,290382,290383,290389,290391,290392,290399,290410,290420,290491,290499,2905,2906,2907,2908,2909,291010,291020,291030,291040,291090,2911,2912,2913,291411,291412,291413,291419,291422,291423,291429,291431,291439,291440,291450,291461,291469,291471,291479,2915,2916,2917,291811,291812,291813,291814,291815,291816,291818,291819,291821,291822,291823,291829,291830,291891,291899,2919,292011,292019,292021,292022,292023,292024,292029,292090,292111,292119,292121,292122,292129,292130,292141,292142,292143,292144,292145,292146,292149,292151,292159,2922,292310,292320,292390,292411,292412,292419,292421,292423,292424,292429,2925,292610,292620,292630,292690,2927,2928,2929,293020,293030,293040,293080,293090,2931,293211,293212,293213,293219,293220,293291,293292,293293,293294,293295,293299,293311,293319,293321,293329,293331,293332,293333,293339,293341,293349,293352,293353,293354,293355,293359,293361,293369,293371,293372,293379,293391,293399,2934,293590,2936,2937,2938,293911,293919,293920,293930,293941,293942,293943,293944,293949,293951,293959,293961,293962,293963,293969,293971,293979,2940,2941,2942,3002,300310,300320,300331,300339,300341,300342,300343,300349,300390,300410,300420,300431,300432,300439,300441,300442,300443,300449,300450,300490,3005,3006,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,3801,3802,3804,3805,3806,3807,380852,380859,380891,380892,380893,380894,380899,3809,3810,3811,3812,3813,3814,3815,3816,3817,3818,3819,3820,3821,3822,3823,382410,382430,382440,382450,382460,382471,382472,382473,382474,382475,382476,382477,382478,382479,382481,382482,382483,382491,382499,3825,3826,390110,390120,390130,390190,3902,3903,3904,3905,3906,3907,3908,3909,3910,3911,3912,3913,3914,3915,3916,3917,3918,3919,3920,3921,3922,3923,3924,3925,3926,4001,4002,4005,4006,4007,4008,4009,4010,4011,4012,4013,4014,4015,4016,4017,41,42,4302,4303,440111,440112,440121,440122,440131,440139,4402,4403,4404,4405,4406,440711,440712,440719,440721,440722,440725,440726,440727,440728,440791,440792,440793,440794,440795,440796,440797,440799,4408,440910,440921,440929,4410,4411,4412,4413,4414,4415,4416,4417,4418,441911,441912,4420,442110,4503,450490,46,47,4802,4803,4804,4805,4806,4807,4808,4809,4810,4811,4812,4813,4814,4816,4817,4818,4819,4820,4821,4822,4823,49,50,51,52,53,5401,540211,540219,540220,540231,540232,540233,540234,540239,540244,540245,540246,540247,540248,540249,540251,540252,540259,540261,540262,540269,5403,5404,5405,5406,5407,5408,5501,5502,5503,5504,5505,550610,550620,550630,550690,5507,5508,5509,551011,551012,5511,5512,5513,5514,5515,5516,56,5701,5702,5703,570410,570490,5705,58,59,60,61,62,6301,6302,6303,630411,630419,630491,630492,630493,630499,6305,6306,6307,6308,6309,6310,64,65,66,6702,6704,68,6901,6902,6903,6904,6905,6906,690721,690722,690723,6909,6910,6911,6912,6913,6914,7002,7003,7004,7005,7006,7007,7008,7009,7010,7011,7013,7014,7015,7016,7017,7018,7019,7020,710391,710399,710490,7113,7114,7115,7116,7117,7118,72,73,7402,7403,7404,7405,7406,7407,7408,7409,7410,7411,7412,7413,7415,7418,7419,7505,7506,7507,7508,7602,7603,7604,7605,7606,7607,7608,7609,7610,7611,7612,7613,7614,7615,7616,7804,7806,7904,7905,7907,8003,8007,810196,810199,810295,810296,810299,810390,810490,810590,810790,810890,810990,811090,811219,811229,811259,811299,8113,82,83,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,842410,842420,842430,842482,842489,842490,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,845611,845612,845620,845630,845690,8457,8458,845910,845921,845929,845931,845939,845951,845959,845961,845969,845970,846012,846019,846029,846031,846039,846040,846090,8461,8462,8463,8464,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,8466,8467,8468,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8486,8487,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8521,8522,8523,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,853910,853921,853922,853929,853931,853932,853939,853941,853949,853990,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,86,8701,870210,870290,870310,870321,870322,870323,870324,870331,870332,870333,870390,870410,870421,870422,870423,870431,870432,8705,8706,8707,8709,8710,871110,871120,871130,871140,871150,871190,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,88,8901,8902,8903,8904,8905,8906,8907,90,91,97		Ley N° 10184 de 12/02/2001. Reglamentado por la Resolución N° 27 de 06/05/2008 y N° 126 de 26/12/2013
P31	Licencia de importación no automática sin criterios predefinidos (art. 15). Licencia de importación automática (art. 14). Requisito de autorización de importaciones (art. 41, 42). Requisito de certificación (art. 65). Requisito de etiquetado (art. 219). Contingente arancelario de asignación global (Anexo III). Restricción cuantitativa de salvaguardias (Anexo IV). Importación prohibida (art. 66). Exportación prohibida (art. 254).	0207,030243,300211(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300212(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300213(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300214(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300215(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),300219(Exclusivamente peptídeo antitumoral.),321511,390931(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),390939(Exclusivamente polimericos en estado líquido.),401219,82,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,842410,842420,842430,842482,842489,842490,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,845611,845612,845620,845630,845690,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,846510,846591,846592,846593,846594,846595,846596,846599,8466,8467,8468,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8486,8487,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8521,8522,8523,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,853910,853921,853922,853929,853931,853932,853939,853941,853949,853990,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8701,870210,870290,870310,870321,870322,870323,870324,870331,870332,870333,870390,8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,8710,871110,871120,871130,871140,871150,871190,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,90,95	Secretaría de Comercio Exterior (SECEX)	Portaria Nº23 de 14/07/2011 y sus modificaciones.

Note: Data extracted in January 2022

Source: TRAINS NTM database.

References

[8] Cadot, O., J. Gourdon and F. Tongeren (2018), Estimating Ad Valorem Equivalents of Non-Tariff Measures: Combining Price-Based and Quantity-Based Approaches, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 215, OECD Publishing, Paris,, https://doi.org/10.1787/f3cd5bdc-en.

[12] López González, J. et al. (2019), “Participation and benefits of SMEs in GVCs in Southeast Asia”, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 231, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/3f5f2618-en.

[14] López González, J. and S. Sorescu (2021), “Trade in the time of parcels”, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 249, OECD Publishing, Paris,, https://doi.org/10.1787/0faac348-en.

[10] Maertens, M. and J. Swinnen (2007), “Standards as Barriers and Catalysts for Trade and Poverty Reduction”, Journal of International Agriculture Trade Development, Vol. 4, pp. 47-61.

[5] OECD (2020), Going Digital in Brazil, https://doi.org/10.1787/e9bf7f8a-en.

[6] OECD (2020), Leveraging digital trade to fight the consequences of COVID-19, https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/leveraging-digital-trade-to-fight-the-consequences-of-covid-19-f712f404/.

[4] OECD (2020), Opportunities and challenges for trade in the digital era.

[3] OECD (2019), Measuring the Digital Transformation: A Roadmap for the Future, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264311992-en.

[2] OECD (2018), How to deal with globalisation in the framework of national accounts, http://www.oecd.org/iaos2018/programme/IAOS-OECD2018_Schreyer-vandeVen-Ahmad.pdf.

[1] OECD-WTO-IMF (2020), Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade, https://www.oecd.org/sdd/its/Handbook-on-Measuring-Digital-Trade-Version-1.pdf.

[9] Swinnen, J. (ed.) (2007), The Costs and Benefits from Compliance with Food Safety Standards for Exports by Developing Countries: The Case of Fish and Fishery Products, Oxford, UK: CABI, pp. 26-41.

[15] UNCTAD (2012), International classification of non-tariff measures, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditctab20122_en.pdf.

[13] UPU (2020), Postal Statistics.

[7] WTO (2015), “Trade Policy Uncertainty as Barrier to Trade”, WTO Working Papers, No. 2015/05, World Trade Organization, Geneva, https://dx.doi.org/10.30875/6c9ef04c-en.

[11] Xiong, B. and J. Beghin (2014), “Disentangling Demand-enhancing and Trade-cost Effects of Maximum Residue Regulations”, Economic Inquiry, Vol. 52, pp. 1190-1203.

Notes

← 1. Efforts are already underway to tackle issues arising from digital divides. Policies supporting greater access in rural areas as well as free-of-charge programmes and tax incentives (Programa Nacional de Banda Larga) are underway (OECD, 2020[5]).

← 2. Indeed, in recognition to the role of ICT devices, the Federal Government established, in 2005, the Lei do Bem (11,196/2005) seeking to incentivise purchases of digital enablers by providing tax exemptions for retail sales as well as for smartphones. This law was later discontinued.

← 3. According to the WTO Integrated Database (IDB), 37% of the total specific tariff lines containing Electronic components received duty-free treatment (i.e. zero tariffs) in 2021, with tariffs imposed on the remaining 63% of HS lines explaining the overall tariff level in this category.

← 4. The TRAINS database is coordinated by UNCTAD: “Based on the MAST classification, UNCTAD has been collecting data on NTMs since 2012. Today, with the collaboration with partner agencies including ITC, WTO, and World Bank among others, UNCTAD features comprehensive and comparable trade Regulations and NTM data for 109 countries (covering more than 65000 measures).” See https://trainsonline.unctad.org/about

← 5. According to the TRAINS NTM database, TBT measures covering ICT goods are related to, for instance, ‘Portaria Nº004 de 4/I/11’, ‘Decreto Nº62465 de 26/03/1968. Reglamento de la Ley 5280/67.’ And ‘Decreto Nº96036 de 12/05/1988. Reglamento de la Ley Nº7646, de 18/12/1987, implementado por Decreto Nº1207 de 01/08/1994’. Brazilian authorities have informed that: Ordinance (Portaria) Nº004 of 4/I/11 seems to refer to Ordinance (Portaria) No.4 of 1/4/2011 issued by the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO), which regulates photovoltaic energy equipment and systems, and that Decree Nº96036 of 05/12/1988; Law Nº7646, of 12/18/1987; Decree Nº1207 of 08/01/1994 have been revoked. They have also informed that Decree Nº62465 of 03/26/1968 was revoked by Decree s/nº of 04.25.1991, DOU 04.26.1991. They have also informed that Law 5280/67 is in force, but that the above decree which regulates it was revoked.

← 6. According to the TRAINS NTM database, these measures are related to ‘Portaria Nº23 de 14/07/2011’ and Portaria Nº10 de 25/1/2010. Modificada por Portaria Nº562 de 23/12/2014. Brazilian authorities have informed that Ordinance Nº10 of 01/25/2010 and Ordinance 562 of 12/23/2014 seem to refer to ordinances issued by the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO) which regulate the safety of electrical appliances for household and similar purposes, in line with IEC 60335.

← 7. According to the TRAINS NTM database, export-related measures are related to ‘Ley Nº10184 de 12/02/2001. Reglamentado por la Resolución Nº27 de 06/05/2008 y Nº126 de 26/12/2013.’ and ‘Portaria Nº23 de 14/07/2011 y sus modificaciones’.

← 8. For further information on Brazil’s NTMs or their product scope, refer to https://trainsonline.unctad.org/home. See a list of the different types of non-tariff measures in Annex Table 2.A.1.

← 9. It should however be noted that legislative changes (e.g. repeal of measures) occurring between the last update of the dataset (2020) and the time of writing are not captured by this analysis.

← 10. The SPS measure, classified as A83 in the international classification of Non-Tariff Measures, is related to ‘Portaria Nº23 de 14/07/2011.’

← 11. It should, however, be noted that Brazil does not have price control measures (F) or Measures affecting competition (H) on ICT goods, which are not included in Figure 2.6 because information on these NTM types is not available for all comparator countries.

← 12. Figure 2.9 uses data from the SISCOSERV firm-level database, based on the NBS services classification. This means that ICT service sectors are identified in the NBS nomenclature and that they are not directly comparable to statistics from the Balance of Payments (i.e. Figure 2.8).

← 13. Noting that input-output tables generally capture the use of ICT goods and services from external sources (outside of the firm/factory) rather than the extent to which ICT inputs are being used within the firm or factory.

← 14. Calculations are based on OECD TiVA data for 2016.

← 15. These figures are, in part, driven by the types of products produced across different countries and are therefore subject to some aggregation bias. Some sectors could be more digitisable than others within broad identified categories.

← 16. It should, however, be noted that this is a high estimate as there are some sectors within the broad category of business services that may not be considered as digitally deliverable (see note to Figure 2.20).

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