This chapter contains the detailed Going for Growth 2019 country notes for OECD and key non-member economies. Each country note lists the Top 5 priority challenges facing the country, reform recommendations on how to address these challenges and reports recent reform actions in the areas.
Economic Policy Reforms 2019
Going for Growth
Report
Economic Policy Reforms
Table of contents
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4. Country notes
Abstract
Annex 4.A. Metadata annex
Argentina
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
2. Total GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents from the International Energy Agency (IEA) database. This data conform to UNFCCC GHG emission calculations but are not directly comparable to data for Annex I countries due to definitional issues. The OECD average is calculated according to the same definition. GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
3. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of total employment has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Japan and the United States.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2017 for Argentina.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Australia
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. OECD=100. The variance components in mathematics, sciences and reading were estimated for all students in participating countries with data on socio-economic background and study programmes. The variance in student performance is calculated as the square of the standard deviation of PISA scores in reading, mathematics and science for the students used in the analysis.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Austria
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Situation of a single person at average earnings without children.
2. Defined as the estimated coefficient from the country-specific regression of PISA reading performance on corresponding index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS).
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Belgium
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. This composite indicator aggregates 13 insolvency indicators across 4 dimensions: treatment of failed entrepreneurs, prevention and streamlining, restructuring tools and other factors. Calculations are based on the OECD questionnaire on insolvency regimes which collected specific information about personal and corporate insolvency regimes.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Brazil
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Total GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents from the International Energy Agency (IEA) database. This data conform to UNFCCC GHG emission calculations but are not directly comparable to data for Annex I countries due to definitional issues. The OECD average is calculated according to the same definition. GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of total employment has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Japan and the United States.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2017 for Brazil.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Canada
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. The gap is unadjusted and defined as the difference between median earnings of men and women relative to median earnings of men. Data refer to full-time employees and self-employed.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Chile
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For Chile, the last available year is 2013. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2015 for Chile.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
China
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. Labour utilisation is defined as the ratio of total employment over population.
2. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
3. Total GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents from the International Energy Agency (IEA) database. This data conform to UNFCCC GHG emission calculations but are not directly comparable to data for Annex I countries due to definitional issues. The OECD average is calculated according to the same definition. GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
4. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of total employment has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Japan and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Data refer to 2016 for China.
2. Rule of law captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2017 for China.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Colombia
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Total GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents from the International Energy Agency (IEA) database. This data conform to UNFCCC GHG emission calculations but are not directly comparable to data for Annex I countries due to definitional issues. The OECD average is calculated according to the same definition. GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of total employment has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Japan and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. The trade facilitation indicator (TFI) identify areas for action and enable the potential impact of reforms to be assessed and help governments to improve their border procedures, reduce trade costs, boost trade flows and reap greater benefits from international trade. The TFI presented here is an average of information, advanced rulings and procedures.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2017 for Colombia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Costa Rica
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Total GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents from the International Energy Agency (IEA) database. This data conform to UNFCCC GHG emission calculations but are not directly comparable to data for Annex I countries due to definitional issues. The OECD average is calculated according to the same definition. GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Data refer to 2017 for Costa Rica, 2016 for Chile and Colombia and 2014 for Argentina.
2. LAC-5 refer to Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico.
3. The trade facilitation indicator (TFI) identify areas for action and enable the potential impact of reforms to be assessed and help governments to improve their border procedures, reduce trade costs, boost trade flows and reap greater benefits from international trade. The TFI presented here is an average of information, advanced rulings and procedures.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2017 for Costa Rica.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Czech Republic
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Mothers with young children refer to working-age mothers with at least one child aged 0 to 14 years. The employment gap is the difference between the employment rate of prime-age men (25-54 year-olds) and that of mothers with young children, expressed as a percentage of the employment rate of prime-age men.
2. The normal retirement age is defined as the age of eligibility to all components of the pension system in 2016, assuming labour market entry at age 20.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Denmark
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2015 for Denmark.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Estonia
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. This composite indicator aggregates 13 insolvency indicators across 4 dimensions: treatment of failed entrepreneurs, prevention and streamlining, restructuring tools and other factors. Calculations are based on the OECD questionnaire on insolvency regimes which collected specific information about personal and corporate insolvency regimes.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
European Union
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI).
2. EU refers to all 28 members of the European Union.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Finland
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. The VAT revenue ratio (VRR) is the ratio of the actual value-added tax (VAT) revenue collected and the revenue that would theoretically be raised if VAT was applied at the standard rate to all final consumption. This ratio gives an indication of the efficiency and the broadness of the tax base of the VAT regime in a country compared to a standard norm. It is calculated by the following formula: VRR = VAT revenue/ ([consumption – VAT revenue] × standard VAT rate). VAT rates used are standard rates applicable as at 1 January.
2. Couples where the first earner earns 100% of the average wage and the second earns 67% of the average wage. For Finland childcare benefits refer to childcare and other benefits.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2017 for Finland.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
France
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Situation of a single person at average earnings without children.
2. Defined as the estimated coefficient from the country-specific regression of PISA reading performance on corresponding index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS).
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Germany
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Labour taxes include personal income tax and employee plus employer social security contributions and any payroll tax less cash transfers. The main earner earns the average earnings and the secondary earner earns 67% of the average earnings of a full-time worker in a family of a married couple with two children.
2. A socio-economically disadvantaged student is a student in the bottom quarter of the distribution of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) within the country.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Greece
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. The VAT revenue ratio (VRR) is the ratio of the actual value-added tax (VAT) revenue collected and the revenue that would theoretically be raised if VAT was applied at the standard rate to all final consumption. This ratio gives an indication of the efficiency and the broadness of the tax base of the VAT regime in a country compared to a standard norm. It is calculated by the following formula: VRR = VAT revenue/ ([consumption – VAT revenue] × standard VAT rate). VAT rates used are standard rates applicable as at 1 January.
2. PIAAC level of proficiency in literacy is defined by particular score-point ranges and the level of difficulty of the tasks within these ranges. Adults scoring at proficiency level 1 or below are only able to perform basic arithmetic operations with whole numbers, whereas adults attaining the highest scores have proven to master analysis and more complex reasoning about quantities and data (level 4) or the ability to draw inferences and work with mathematical arguments and models (level 5).
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Hungary
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Labour taxes include personal income tax and employee plus employer social security contributions and any payroll tax less cash transfers. Average labour tax wedge for a single person without children earning 67% of the average wage.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2014 for Hungary.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Iceland
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. EU refers to all 28 members of the European Union.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2015 for Iceland.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
India
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. Labour utilisation is defined as the ratio of total employment over population.
2. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
3. Total GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents from the International Energy Agency (IEA) database. This data conform to UNFCCC GHG emission calculations but are not directly comparable to data for Annex I countries due to definitional issues. The OECD average is calculated according to the same definition. GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
4. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of total employment has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Japan and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Non-performing loans (NPLs) are loans which ceased to generate income for the bank.
2. For India, data refer to 2015 and include capital expenditure by health care providers.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Indonesia
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. Labour utilisation is defined as the ratio of total employment over population.
2. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality. For Indonesia, the Gini coefficient is based on consumption.
3. Total GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents from the International Energy Agency (IEA) database. This data conform to UNFCCC GHG emission calculations but are not directly comparable to data for Annex I countries due to definitional issues. The OECD average is calculated according to the same definition. GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
4. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of total employment has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Japan and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. The Corruption Perceptions Index aggregates data from different sources that provide perceptions of business people and country experts of the level of corruption in the public sector. Index scale of 0-100 where 0 corresponds to the highest level of perceived corruption and 100 to the lowest level of perceived corruption.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Ireland
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. The VAT revenue ratio (VRR) is the ratio of the actual value-added tax (VAT) revenue collected and the revenue that would theoretically be raised if VAT was applied at the standard rate to all final consumption. This ratio gives an indication of the efficiency and the broadness of the tax base of the VAT regime in a country compared to a standard norm. It is calculated by the following formula: VRR = VAT revenue/([consumption – VAT revenue] × standard VAT rate). VAT rates used are standard rates applicable as at 1 January.
2. Labour taxes include personal income tax and employee plus employer social security contributions and any payroll tax less cash transfers. Marginal labour tax wedge for a single person earning 67% of the average wage, with two children.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2015 for Ireland.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Israel
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For Israel, the last available year is 2014. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2017 for Israel.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Italy
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Labour taxes include personal income tax and employee plus employer social security contributions and any payroll tax less cash transfers. At 100% of average worker earnings for the first earner and average of the three situations regarding the wage of the second earner (0%, 33% and 67% of average earnings).
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Japan
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. The gap is unadjusted and defined as the difference between median earnings of men and women relative to median earnings of men. Data refer to full-time employees and self-employed.
2. EU refers to all 28 members of the European Union.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2015 for Japan.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Korea
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For Korea, the last available year is 2014. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. The gap is unadjusted and defined as the difference between median earnings of men and women relative to median earnings of men. Data refer to full-time employees and self-employed.
2. EU refers to all 28 members of the European Union.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2017 for Korea.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Latvia
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Labour taxes include personal income tax and employee plus employer social security contributions and any payroll tax less cash transfers. Average labour tax wedge for a single person without children earning 67% of the average wage.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Lithuania
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Labour taxes include personal income tax and employee plus employer social security contributions and any payroll tax less cash transfers. Average labour tax wedge for a single person without children earning 50% of the average wage.
2. The World Bank strength of insolvency framework index is based on four other indices: commencement of proceedings index, management of debtor’s assets index, reorganization proceedings index and creditor participation index. The index ranges from 0 to 16, with higher values indicating insolvency legislation that is better designed for rehabilitating viable firms and liquidating nonviable ones.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Luxembourg
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). In the case of Luxembourg, the population is augmented by the number of cross-border workers in order to take into account their contribution to GDP. The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Measured as the increase in the level of pension entitlement one gains by remaining in employment for an additional year. The calculation is the annual average increase in males' pension wealth when working from age 60 to 64 (old-age pension). Net pension wealth is the present value of the flow of pension benefits, taking account of the taxes and social security contributions that retirees have to pay on their pensions. It is measured and expressed as a multiple of gross annual individual earnings in the respective country.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Mexico
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For Mexico, the last available year is 2013. Instead of 2010-16, data refer to the average of years 2010 and 2013. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. LAC-5 refer to Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Peru. Graduation rate data are missing for Peru and STRI data are missing for Argentina and Peru.
2. Index scale from 0-1 from least to most restrictive. Geometric average of all sectors.
3. Restrictions are evaluated on a 0 (open) to 1 (closed) scale.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Netherlands
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Labour taxes include personal income tax and employee plus employer social security contributions and any payroll tax less cash transfers. Marginal labour tax wedge for a single person without children at average earnings.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
New Zealand
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. The last available year is 2014 for New Zealand. Share of household gross adjusted disposable income spent on housing and maintenance of the house, as defined in the System of National Accounts. It includes actual and imputed rentals for housing, expenditure on maintenance and repair of the dwelling, on water supply, electricity, gas and other fuels, as well as the expenditure on furniture, furnishings, household equipment and goods and services for routine home maintenance.
2. OECD=100. The variance components in mathematics, sciences and reading were estimated for all students in participating countries with data on socio-economic background and study programmes. The variance in student performance is calculated as the square of the standard deviation of PISA scores in reading, mathematics and science for the students used in the analysis.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2014 for New Zealand.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Norway
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). GDP per capita (Mainland) excludes petroleum production and shipping. While total GDP overestimates the sustainable income potential, mainland GDP slightly underestimates it since returns on the financial assets the petroleum fund holds abroad are not included. The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. For Norway, data refer to non-oil tax revenue as a percentage of mainland GDP.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2017 for Norway.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Poland
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Portugal
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. The VAT revenue ratio (VRR) is the ratio of the actual value-added tax (VAT) revenue collected and the revenue that would theoretically be raised if VAT was applied at the standard rate to all final consumption. This ratio gives an indication of the efficiency and the broadness of the tax base of the VAT regime in a country compared to a standard norm. It is calculated by the following formula: VRR = VAT revenue/([consumption – VAT revenue] × standard VAT rate). VAT rates used are standard rates applicable as at 1 January.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Russian Federation
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Geometric average of all sectors.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2015 for the Russian Federation.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Slovak Republic
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Slovenia
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Labour taxes include personal income tax and employee plus employer social security contributions and any payroll tax less cash transfers. Marginal labour tax wedge for a single person without children earning 167% of the average wage.
2. The normal retirement age is defined as the age of eligibility to all components of the pension system in 2016, assuming labour market entry at age 20.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
South Africa
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Total GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents from the International Energy Agency (IEA) database. This data conform to UNFCCC GHG emission calculations but are not directly comparable to data for Annex I countries due to definitional issues. The OECD average is calculated according to the same definition. GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. The last available year is 2013 for South Africa.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2014 for South Africa.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Spain
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Sweden
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2017 for Sweden.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Switzerland
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality. Interpretation of developments in inequality is limited by the short time period of the data.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. The gap is unadjusted and defined as the difference between median earnings of men and women relative to median earnings of men. Data refer to full-time employees and self-employed.
2. EU refers to all 28 members of the European Union.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2015 for Switzerland.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
Turkey
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia. Data refer to 2015 for Turkey.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data. Data refer to 2015 for Turkey.
United Kingdom
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Policy indicators
1. Second earner taking up employment at 67% of average wage with the first earner at the average wage.
2. PIAAC level of proficiency in literacy is defined by particular score-point ranges and the level of difficulty of the tasks within these ranges. Adults scoring at proficiency level 1 or below are only able to perform basic arithmetic operations with whole numbers, whereas adults attaining the highest scores have proven to master analysis and more complex reasoning about quantities and data (level 4) or the ability to draw inferences and work with mathematical arguments and models (level 5).
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.
United States
Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators
1. The employment rate is defined with respect to the economically active population; a positive growth rate corresponds to a decline in the structural unemployment rate and vice-versa.
2. This adjustment variable is added to the decomposition to capture the impact of non-resident workers.
3. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of disposable income among households deviates from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality.
4. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including emissions or removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). GDP is expressed in USD, at constant 2010 prices and PPPs. For the share in global GHG emissions, the last available year is 2015.
5. Percentage gap with respect to the population-weighted average of the highest 18 OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita (in constant 2010 PPPs). The 2018 value of the average hours worked per person employed has been estimated for Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Mexico, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.
Beyond GDP per capita
1. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient for disposable income. Emerging economies median excludes India and Indonesia.
2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant adverse effects on health compared to other pollutants. Inhaled PM2.5 cause serious health problems (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), having most serious effects on children and elderly persons. The estimates of chronic outdoor exposure to PM2.5 (from both anthropogenic and natural sources, in µg/m3) are derived from satellite observations, chemical transport models and ground monitoring stations. Population exposure to air pollution is calculated by weighting concentrations with populations in each cell of the underlying gridded data.