Long waiting times for elective (non-emergency) surgery have been a longstanding issue in a number of OECD countries, postponing the expected benefits of treatment, meaning that patients continue living with pain and disability. The COVID‑19 pandemic has further heightened the issue, as non-urgent interventions have often been postponed during peak periods of the pandemic.
Waiting times are the result of a complex interaction between the demand and supply of health services. Demand for health services and elective surgeries is determined by the health status of the population, progress in medical technologies (including the simplification of many procedures, such as cataract surgery), patient preferences and the burden of cost-sharing for patients. However, doctors play a crucial role in the decision to operate on a patient or not. On the supply side, the availability of surgeons, anaesthetists and other staff in surgical teams, as well as the supply of the required medical equipment, affects surgical activity rates.
The data presented in this section focus on three high-volume surgical procedures: cataract surgery, hip replacement and knee replacement. In 2019, among 15 countries with comparable data, over 60% of patients remained on the waiting list for cataract surgery for more than three months in Costa Rica, Norway, Estonia and Finland (although waiting times in Norway are overestimated compared with other countries for this and the other two surgical procedures – see the “Definition and comparability” box). The proportion of patients waiting for over three months was relatively low (20% or less) in Hungary, Italy and Denmark (Figure 5.33, left panel). For hip replacement, the share of patients remaining on the waiting list for over three months ranged from 10% in Denmark, and around 30% in Sweden and Italy, to over 70% in Chile, Estonia, Costa Rica and Norway (Figure 5.34, left panel). Similar patterns are observed for knee replacements (Figure 5.35, left panel): in Chile, Estonia, Costa Rica, Portugal and Norway, over 80% of patients remained on the waiting list for over three months, whereas the share was much lower in Denmark (14%) and Italy (28%).
Governments in many countries implemented various measures before the COVID‑19 outbreak to reduce waiting times, often supported by additional funding, with mixed success. The most common policy remains the introduction of a maximum waiting time, which can be used to mobilise efforts to bring together supply and demand in a variety of ways (OECD, 2020[27]). For all three surgical procedures, between 2014 and 2019, the share of patients waiting for more than three months either did not change substantively or even increased in the majority of these 15 countries. Exceptions include large improvements in Denmark, Poland and Hungary across the three procedures, and in Finland for hip and knee replacement surgery. Since the end of the 2000s, Denmark has used maximum waiting times, together with patient choice of provider. The waiting time guarantee was reduced from two months to one month in 2007, combined with a free choice of provider. Under this scheme, if the hospital can foresee that the guarantee will not be fulfilled, the patient can choose another public or private hospital. In Hungary, specific goals were set to reduce waiting times. To achieve this, the government adopted new laws and regulations on the management of waiting lists; developed an online system to monitor the situation in real time; provided additional payments to reduce selected waiting times; and encouraged reallocation of patients to providers with shorter waiting times. In Poland, additional funding has been provided since 2018, and information on waiting times for different procedures has become more accessible to patients through a dedicated website. More Polish people have also been purchasing private health insurance to obtain quicker access to services in private hospitals (OECD, 2020[27]).
Initial data for 2020 show the adverse impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic (Figure 5.33, Figure 5.34 and Figure 5.35, right panels). For all three procedures, waiting times in 2020 increased across all seven countries with available data (New Zealand, Sweden, Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Ireland and Slovenia). In these countries, the median number of days waiting on the list increased by on average 30 days for cataract surgery, 58 days for hip replacement and 88 days for knee replacement, compared to 2019.
