Countries in the Mekong River Basin (MRB) have recorded impressive economic growth, leveraging the development opportunities provided by the Mekong River. Owing to its unique morphological features, the river serves as a lifeline to millions of MRB residents, providing irrigation supply, hydropower, fishery products, and opportunities in navigation, tourism and sediment extraction. However, the MRB is one of the river basins in the world most vulnerable to climate change and failure to adapt behaviour to changing weather patterns could hamper or reverse growth in the region.

Adaptation to climate change for riparian communities in transboundary river basins calls for increased co-operation in terms of regional security and economic development. The level of co-operation is highly influenced by national socio-economic priorities and major uses of transboundary rivers. Future transboundary co-operation in the MRB has a strong foundation on which to build.

The private sector is increasingly engaged in financing infrastructure in Asia, primarily through partnerships with the public sector and via privatisation. Notwithstanding, the public sector continues to fund most infrastructure in the region. Alternative finance mechanisms are emerging, however, that harness digital technologies (e.g. Fintech, blockchain tokens) to fund infrastructure. Such platforms, including crowdfunding and tokenisation, can help transcend the limits of traditional banks, providing a lower entry cost for retail investors and sending a reassuring signal to larger institutional investors.

Despite some success stories, the use of crowdfunding and tokenisation to finance public infrastructure is still limited in the region. It is primarily for last-mile needs and is largely donation-based. Nevertheless, progress in using alternative financing schemes to develop real estate or water projects could set the stage for broader usage of these platforms in general public infrastructure financing. Continued growth of Fintech will depend on adequacy of risk assessment, especially for large transactions like infrastructure projects. The availability and depth of secondary markets for transactions is another important factor in broadening the use of alternative platforms.

While the public sector supplies most of the water, private investors could help expand the water network in many parts of countries in the Mekong region. Public-private partnerships have been advocated for many years, but the low returns discourage private sector involvement. Water supply and other infrastructure investments rely on user charges as their main source of revenue. Unless user charges are high enough to cover the costs of construction and operation, the private sector is reluctant to invest in infrastructure.

Infrastructure investment can create huge spillover effects for the economy which will increase regional output and thus increase revenues for the government in terms of various taxes. Past experience has shown, however, that all these incremental tax revenues mainly benefitted governments rather than being returned to water supply companies that relied solely on user charges as source of returns. Water supply thus relied on public money, which restricted its expansion. By partly returning spillover tax revenues to investors, the rate of return from the water supply would increase. This would encourage private investors to invest in water supply.

Countries in the Mekong region are particularly prone to natural disasters such as floods, storms, drought, earthquakes, landslides and epidemics. Climate change, rapid and unplanned urbanisation, as well as environmental degradation, are among factors that increase countries’ vulnerability to natural hazards. The COVID-19 outbreak has also demonstrated the need to build resilience in the face of a pandemic. Since these external shocks can lead to significant socio-economic consequences, improving resilience against natural disasters is primordial.

Efforts in this regard can take two complementary approaches. Promoting multi-purpose and nature-based solutions can improve hard infrastructure, while institutional collaboration and community engagement can strengthen soft infrastructure. Joint planning between countries is needed since the impact of water-related hazards is often transboundary. The importance of effective early warning systems also cannot be neglected. Advancements in technology create new possibilities to invent low-cost digital tools for early warning systems. Among digital tools, mobile phone use has gained importance in the region. However, efforts would be needed in reaching remote vulnerable areas.

As countries may face future natural disasters and epidemics, the important role played by proper hygiene in slowing the spread of COVID-19 provides a critical lesson. Countries need to accelerate the development of resilient and sustainable water infrastructure and increase its access. Indeed, this should be a priority in order to ensure that reliable and safe water remains widespread and accessible even during challenging times.

Water and wastewater regulators are usually part of a broad regulatory framework at national or sub-national level. The examination of policies and legislation in the five MRB countries reveals that Viet Nam is more advanced in water regulation compared to its regional peers. In general, all five countries seem to lack services for monitoring performance and managing audits on utilities.

In general, several issues may need to be addressed: tariffs that are too low to cover operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, lack of data and limited human resource capacity. This suggests there is scope for improving regulation of the water and wastewater services (WWS) sector in the Mekong countries. Complex challenges such as governance and financial sustainability issues prevail across the MRB countries with respect to accessing water infrastructure. Universal access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene provides both health and economic benefits.