ITF Transport Outlook 2019

Reader’s Guide

 

Potentially disruptive developments			Sector
	Shared mobility	Urban passenger, Non-urban passenger
	Teleworking	Urban passenger
	Ultra-high-speed rail	Non-urban passenger
	Long-haul low-cost air carriers	Non-urban passenger
	Energy innovations in aviation	Non-urban passenger
	E-commerce	Freight
	High-capacity vehicles	Freight
	3D-printing	Freight
	Energy transition in long-distance road freight	Freight
	Changing international trade routes	Freight
	Autonomous vehicles	Urban passenger, Freight
Mitigation measures			Sector
	Public transit integration and expansion	Urban passenger
	Mobility as a service (MaaS)	Urban passenger
	Parking pricing	Urban passenger
	Car access restrictions	Urban passenger
	Land-use policies to increase urban density	Urban passenger
	Improved freight logistics	Freight
	Lower coal and oil consumption	Freight
	Efficiency improvements and electric vehicles	Urban passenger, Non-urban passenger, Freight
	Carbon pricing	Non-urban passenger, Freight
	Logistics efficiency	Freight
	International coal and oil consumption	Freight

 

3D printing	An additive printing technology that creates 3D products through the successive addition of very thin layers of material.
Active transport modes	Travel undertaken by foot, bicycle, other human-powered mode.
Air connectivity	The density, extensiveness, and directness of destinations in a transport network.
Autonomous vehicle	A vehicle operated by a driving system that either assists or replaces humans in the driving task. Automation can be of different degrees according to the portion of the operations the driving system can conduct without human intervention.
Biofuel	Fuels that are directly or indirectly produced from organic material, i.e. biomass, such as plant materials or animal waste. In this publication, biofuel refers to liquid biofuels, such as ethanol or biodiesel.
Bulk ship (bulkers)	Ships transporting goods in unpackaged bulk, such as grains, coal, ore or cement.
Bus rapid transit (BRT)	Buses running in lanes separated from the general traffic, with high standards of quality of service, in particular regarding frequency and reliability.
Car	A road motor vehicle, other than a moped or a motorcycle, primarily designed to carry one or more persons. This includes SUVs and is equivalent in the text to passenger light duty vehicles (PLDVs).
City	Used as a generic term to designate all urban agglomerations. The boundaries of a city in the Outlook tend to go beyond administrative boundaries (see Urban agglomeration).
Congestion	The relative travel time loss at the peak traffic hour on the road network due to slower travel speeds.
Container ship	A ship fitted throughout with fixed or portable cell guides for the exclusive carriage of containers.
Current ambition scenario:	A scenario developed by the ITF that reflects the continued implementation of existing mitigation policies, as well as announced mitigation commitments. The scenario includes potentially disruptive developments in the transport sector at current (i.e. non-disruptive) levels and technological assumptions that are broadly in line with the IEA’s New Policies Scenario.
Dockless	See free-floating.
Domestic inter-urban transport	All passenger and freight transport activity within a country, excluding transport that takes place in cities.
Drones	Remotely- or autonomously-piloted airborne vehicles capable of transporting freight or passengers.
E-commerce	The sale or purchase of goods or services, conducted over computer networks by methods specifically designed for the purpose of receiving or placing orders.
Electric road system (ERS)	A road stretch equipped with infrastructure that enables vehicles to receive electricity while moving via overhead catenary, ground conductive or inductive technologies.
EV30@30 Scenario	A scenario used in the IEA’s Global EV Outlook (2018) that assumes the rapid electrification of global vehicle fleets such that electric vehicles comprise 30 percent of new car sales by 2030.
Free-floating	A free-floating, or dockless, shared vehicle system that has no set stops or infrastructure. These services rely on a combination of GPS and cellular connectivity to track rented vehicles, charging time-based usage fees, and locking the device when it is left at the end of its trip.
Free-flow speed	The average speed a vehicle can travel according to road type, assuming no congestion or other constraints (traffic lights, weather conditions etc.).
Freight transport demand	A measure of the volume of freight travel, measured in tonne-kilometres.
High ambition scenario:	A scenario developed by the ITF that reflects the full deployment of known mitigation measures at levels that are more ambitious than current levels, along with announced mitigation commitments. The scenario includes potentially disruptive developments in the transport sector at current (i.e. non-disruptive) levels and technological assumptions that are broadly in line with the IEA’s EV30@30 Scenario.
High capacity vehicle (HCV)	vehicles that exceed the general weight and dimension limitations set by national regulations and are usually operated within limited geographical areas or on specific routes under special provisions.
Hydrogen fuel cell technology	Converts hydrogen stored in fuel cell batteries to electricity to power vehicle movement.
Hyper-loop	Trains that use magnetic levitation technology and travel inside reduced-pressure tubes, capable of reaching speeds of up to 1200km/h.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)	Gas consisting mainly of methane, which is converted to liquid form by reducing its temperature to 160°C under atmospheric pressure.
Local pollutants:	Elements of ambient air pollution, including emissions of mono-nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphate (SO4) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5).
Low-cost carrier	Airline which offers lower fares in exchange for lower comfort. Cost-cutting practices include streamlined aircraft fleets, limited destinations, capacity maximisation, and charging additional fees for extra services.
Maglev	Trains that use magnetic levitation technology and capable of reaching speeds of up to 500 km/h.
Mass transit	Bus rapid transit (BRT) or urban rail (metro included).
Mega-ship	Very large container ship with a capacity larger than 13 000 TEU.
Mobility as a service (MaaS)	Digital platforms that enable demand-responsive route optimisation across modes, including dockless micro-mobility modes.
Mode split/modal share	Percentage of total passenger-kilometres accounted for by a single mode of transport; percentage of total freight tonne-kilometres accounted for by a single mode.
Mode	Refers to the method of transport service: e.g. road, rail, waterway, air or private car, powered two-wheelers, bus, metro, or urban rail.
Motorcycle	Powered two-wheeled vehicles, motorcycles and scooters, equivalent in this text to two-wheelers.
New Policies Scenario	The New Policies Scenario serves as the IEA baseline scenario. It takes account of broad policy commitments and plans that have been announced by countries, including national pledges to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and plans to phase out fossil-energy subsidies, even if the measures to implement these commitments have yet to be determined.
On-demand transport	Transport services that do not follow a fixed route or schedule and can be requested (typically via digital platforms) to undertake bespoke trips either immediately or at a pre-determined time.
Passenger transport demand	A measure of the volume of passenger travel, measured in passenger-kilometres.
Passenger-kilometre (p-km)	Unit of measurement for passenger transport activity representing the transport of one passenger over a distance of one kilometre.
Private transport modes	Private motorised vehicles or taxis.
Public transport modes	Bus, metro, tram, and rail.
Revenue passenger-kilometre	A measure of passenger traffic expressed as the number of paying passengers multiplied by the number of kilometres flown.
Shared transport modes	Includes motorised and non-motorised modes (e.g. shared conventional or electric bikes and cars), traditionally shared vehicle systems (where travellers share the same vehicle at different points in time, e.g. free-floating or non-free-floating shared cars or bikes) and optimised shared mobility (where travellers share the same vehicle, e.g. a shared taxi or minibus with a driver (Shared taxi and taxi-bus, respectively, in the ITF’s shared mobility work), at the same time for at least part of their trip).
Shared mobility service	An optimised shared-vehicle fleet system (e.g. shared taxis or minibuses with a driver) that provides on-demand transport and is typically enabled by an app-based digital platforms; travellers share the same vehicle at the same time for at least part of their trip.
Surface freight transport modes	Freight transport modes including road, rail, inland waterways (excluding sea and air).
Synthetic fuel	Created through chemical processes that combine carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce products such as gasoline and jet fuel.
Tankers	Ships transporting liquid cargo, especially oil and oil products.
Teleworking	Carrying out work at a location that is remote from the employer’s office while staying connected to the office via network technologies.
Twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU)	A statistical unit based on a standard (ISO) 20 ft (6.10 m) container that describes the capacity of container ships or terminals. One 20-foot ISO container equals one TEU.
Three-wheeler	Powered three-wheeled vehicles, such as auto-rickshaws in India.
Tonne-kilometre (t-km)	Unit of measurement of goods transport which represents the transport of one tonne of goods over a distance of one kilometre.
Transit-oriented development	A dense development with access to public transport in walking distance and characterised by a mix of residential, employment, commercial and other uses.
Two-wheelers	Powered two-wheeled vehicles, motorcycles and scooters; equivalent in this text to motorcycles.
Urban agglomeration	The city and surrounding areas of contiguous built-up land.
Vehicle-kilometre (v-km)	A unit of measurement for freight and passenger transport demand that represents the movement of a single vehicle over a distance of one kilometre.