OECD Economic Surveys: Indonesia 2021

Abstract

This Survey was prepared in the Economics Department by Andrea Goldstein and Patrice Ollivaud under the supervision of Vincent Koen. Alexander Hijzen and Sébastien Martin, from the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs (ELS), contributed to the second chapter. Cecilia Tam, from the Environment Directorate (ENV), provided the box on clean energy financing. Yvan Guillemette also contributed to the report; research assistance was provided by Natia Mosiashvili, and editorial support by Sisse Nielsen and Michelle Ortiz. The previous Survey of Indonesia was issued in October 2018. The Survey was discussed at a meeting of the Economic and Development Review Committee on 25 January 2021 with participation of representatives of the Indonesian government and of Italy and New Zealand as lead speakers.

The Survey is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD.

Information about the latest as well as previous Surveys and more details about how Surveys are prepared is available at www.oecd.org/eco/surveys.

Basic statistics of Indonesia, 2019

(Numbers in parentheses refer to the OECD average)*

LAND, PEOPLE AND ELECTORAL CYCLE
Population (million)	270.2		Population density per km² (2018)	147.8	(38.0)
Under 15 (%)	26.2	(17.9)	Life expectancy at birth (years, 2018)	71.5	(80.1)
Over 65 (%)	6.1	(17.1)	Men (2018)	69.4	(77.5)
International migrant stock (% of population, 2015)	0.1	(9.7)	Women (2018)	73.7	(82.8)
Latest 5-year average growth (%)	1.2	(0.6)	Latest general election	April 2019
ECONOMY
Gross domestic product (GDP)			Value added shares (%)
In current prices (billion USD)	1 118.9		Agriculture, forestry and fishing	13.3	(2.6)
In current prices (trillion IDR)	1 583.5		Industry including construction	40.6	(26.8)
Latest 5-year average real growth (%)	5.0	(2.2)	Services	46.1	(70.5)
Per capita (000 USD PPP)	12.3	(48.9)
GENERAL GOVERNMENT Per cent of GDP
Expenditure (2018, OECD: 2019)	18.2	(40.6)	Gross financial debt (2018)	33.7	(107.5)
Revenue (2018, OECD: 2019)	16.6	(37.5)	Net financial debt (2018, OECD: 2017)	6.6	(67.9)
EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS
Exchange rate (IDR per USD)	14 149.9		Main exports (% of total merchandise exports)
PPP exchange rate (USA = 1)	4 743.3		Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials	20.2
In per cent of GDP			Manufactured goods	15.8
Exports of goods and services	18.4	(54.2)	Machinery and transport equipment	13.3
Imports of goods and services	19.0	(50.6)	Main imports (% of total merchandise imports)
Current account balance	-2.7	(0.4)	Machinery and transport equipment	32.5
Net international investment position	-30.3		Manufactured goods	17.5
			Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.	14.0
LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION
Employment rate (aged 15 and over, %)	65.7	(57.6)	Unemployment rate (aged 15 and over, %)	6.0	(5.4)
Men	79.3	(65.6)	Youth (aged 15-24, %)	13.5	(11.7)
Women	52.2	(50.0)	Long-term unemployed (1 year and over, %)	0.6	(1.4)
Participation rate (aged 15 and over, %)	67.5	(61.1)	Tertiary educational attainment (aged 25-64, %, 2017, OECD: 2019)	11.9	(38.0)
Mean weekly hours worked	38.2	(37.4)	Gross dom. spending on R&D (% of GDP, 2018)	0.2	(2.6)
ENVIRONMENT
Total primary energy supply per capita (toe, 2017, OECD: 2018)	0.9	(4.0)	CO2 emissions from fuel combustion per capita (tonnes, 2017, OECD: 2018)	1.9	(8.6)
Renewables (%, 2017, OECD: 2018)	33.2	(10.5)	Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (1 000 m³, 2014)	7.9
Exposure to air pollution (more than 10 μg/m³ of PM 2.5, % of population, 2017)	94.8	(58.7)
SOCIETY
Income inequality (Gini coefficient, 2018, OECD: 2017)	0.378	(0.332)	Education outcomes (PISA score, 2018)
Poverty gap at USD 3.20 a day (2011 PPP, %, 2018)	5.1		Reading	371	(487)
Public and private spending (% of GDP)			Mathematics	379	(489)
Health care (2016, OECD: 2018)	3.1	(8.8)	Science	396	(489)
Education (% of GNI, 2018)	3.3	(4.5)	Share of women in parliament (%)	17.4	(30.7)

Note: The year is indicated in parenthesis if it deviates from the year in the main title of this table.

* Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of latest available data is calculated where data exist for at least 80% of member countries.

Source: Calculations based on data extracted from databases of the following organisations: OECD, International Energy Agency, International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank.