OECD Economic Surveys: Spain 2021

Abstract

This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member countries.

The economic situation and policies of Spain were reviewed by the Committee on 1 March 2021. The draft report was then revised in the light of the discussions and given final approval as the agreed report of the whole Committee on 24 March 2021.

The Secretariat’s draft report was prepared for the Committee by Müge Adalet McGowan and Yosuke Jin under the supervision of Pierre Beynet. Statistical research assistance was provided by Paula Adamczyk, and editorial assistance by Alexandra Guerrero.

The previous Survey of Spain was issued in November 2018.

Information about the latest as well as previous Surveys and more information about how Surveys are prepared is available at http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys.

Basic statistics of Spain, 2020

(Numbers in parentheses refer to the OECD average)1

LAND, PEOPLE AND ELECTORAL CYCLE
Population (million, 2019)	47.1		Population density per km² (2018)	93.7	(38.0)
Under 15 (%, 2019)	14.6	(17.9)	Life expectancy at birth (years, 2018)	83.4	(80.1)
Over 65 (%, 2019)	19.6	(17.1)	Men (2018)	80.7	(77.5)
International migrant stock (% of population, 2019)	13.1	(13.3)	Women (2018)	86.3	(82.8)
Latest 5-year average growth (%)	0.3	(0.6)	Latest general election	November	2019
ECONOMY
Gross domestic product (GDP)			Value added shares (%, 2019)
In current prices (billion USD, 2019)	1 393.5		Agriculture, forestry and fishing	2.9	(2.6)
In current prices (billion EUR, 2019)	1 244.8		Industry including construction	22.3	(26.8)
Latest 5-year average real growth (%)	2.8	(2.2)	Services	74.8	(70.5)
Per capita (000 USD PPP, 2019)	43.5	(49.4)
GENERAL GOVERNMENT Per cent of GDP
Expenditure (2019)	42.1	(40.6)	Gross financial debt (2019, OECD: 2018)	117.3	(107.5)
Revenue (2019)	39.2	(37.5)	Net financial debt (2019, OECD: 2018)	82.8	(67.7)
EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS
Exchange rate (EUR per USD, 2019)	0.89		Main exports (% of total merchandise exports, 2019)
PPP exchange rate (USA = 1, 2019)	0.61		Machinery and transport equipment	31.2
In per cent of GDP			Manufactured goods	14.3
Exports of goods and services (2019)	34.9	(54.2)	Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.	13.5
Imports of goods and services (2019)	31.9	(50.6)	Main imports (% of total merchandise imports, 2019)
Current account balance (2019)	2.1	(0.4)	Machinery and transport equipment	30.5
Net international investment position (2019)	-74.6		Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.	14.5
			Miscellaneous manufactured articles	13.5
LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION
Employment rate (aged 15 and over, %, 2019)	49.8	(57.6)	Unemployment rate, Labour Force Survey (aged 15 and over, %, 2019)	14.1	(5.4)
Men (2019)	55.6	(65.6)	Youth (aged 15-24, %, 2019)	32.6	(11.7)
Women (2019)	44.3	(50.0)	Long-term unemployed (1 year and over, %, 2019)	5.3	(1.4)
Participation rate (aged 15 and over, %, 2019)	58.6	(61.1)	Tertiary educational attainment (aged 25-64, %, 2019)	38.6	(38.0)
Average hours worked per year (2019)	1,686	(1,726)	Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP, 2018)	1.2	(2.6)
ENVIRONMENT
Total primary energy supply per capita (toe, 2019)	2.6	(3.9)	CO2 emissions from fuel combustion per capita (tonnes, 2019)	4.9	( 8.3)
Renewables (%, 2019)	14.7	(10.8)	Water abstractions per capita (1 000 m³, 2016)	0.7
Exposure to air pollution (more than 10 μg/m³ of PM 2.5, % of population, 2019)	47.1	(61.7)	Municipal waste per capita (tonnes, 2018)	0.5	(0.5)
SOCIETY
Income inequality (Gini coefficient, 2018, OECD: 2016)	0.330	(0.310)	Education outcomes (PISA score, 2018)
Relative poverty rate (%, 2018, OECD: 2016)	14.2	(11.5)	Reading (2015, OECD: 2018)	496	(487)
Median disposable household income (000 USD PPP, 2018, OECD: 2016)	23.9	(25.0)	Mathematics	481	(489)
Public and private spending (% of GDP)			Science	483	(489)
Health care (2019)	9.0	(8.8)	Share of women in parliament (%, 2019)	44.0	(30.7)
Pensions (2017)	11.4	(8.6)	Net official development assistance (% of GNI, 2017)	0.2
Education (% of GNI, 2018)	4.0	(4.5)

1. Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of latest available data is calculated where data exist for at least 29 member countries.

Source: Calculations based on data extracted from the databases of the following organisations: OECD, International Energy Agency, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and Inter-Parliamentary Union.