OECD Green Growth Policy Review of Egypt 2024

Basic statistics of Egypt

 

2022 or latest available year (OECD values in parentheses)^a

PEOPLE AND SOCIETY
Population (million)	111			Population density per km2 c		938
Share of population by type of regionb				Population compound annual growth rate, latest 5 years		1.7		(0.5)
Predominantly urban (%)	66	(49)		Income inequality (Gini coefficient)		0.32		(0.32)
Intermediate (%)	27	(28)		Poverty gap at USD 3.65 a day (2017 PPP, %, 2019)		3.4
Rural (%)	7	(23)		Life expectancy		70		(81)
ECONOMY AND EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS
Total GDP (National currency, billion)	7 843			Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)		22		(29)
Total GDP (USD, billion, current prices and PPP)	1 675			Main exports (% of total merchandise exports)
GDP compound annual real growth rate, latest 5 years	4.9	(1.7)		Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related materials		38
GDP per capita (1 000 USD current PPP)	15	(54)		Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.		17
Value added shares (%)				Manufactured goods		15
Agriculture	11	(2)		Main imports (% of total merchandise imports)
Industry including construction	35	(23)		Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials		19
Services	54	(75)		Machinery and transport equipment		17
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)	17	(29)		Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.		17
GENERAL GOVERNMENT Percentage of GDP
Expenditure	23	(43)		Education expenditure (public and private spending, % of GNI)		4.4		(4.4)
Revenue	17	(40)		Health expenditure (public and private spending, % of GNI)		4.4		(13.9)
Gross financial debt	90	(124)		Environmental taxes: (% of GDP)		0.6		(1.4)
Fiscal balance	-7	-(8)		(% of total tax revenue)		4.3		(4.6)
LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION
Employment rate (aged > 15, %)	39.8	(56.1)		Unemployment rate (Labour force Survey, aged >15, %)		7.4		(6.2)
Men	65.2	(64.2)		Youth (aged 15-24)		17.6		(12.8)
Women	12.9	(48.5)		Tertiary educational attainment (aged > 25, %) (2017)		6.2		(28.5)
Participation rate (aged > 15, %)	43.0	(60.2)		Gross expenditure on R&D, % of GDP		1.0		(2.7)
ENVIRONMENT
Energy intensity: TES per capita (toe/cap.)	0.89	(3.75)		Passenger cars stock (vehicles/100 inhabitants)	5		(49)
TES per GDP (toe/1 000 USD, 2015 PPP)	0.07	(0.08)		Renewable water resources per capita (m3)	562		(8 251)
Renewables (% of TES)	6	(12)		Water abstraction per capita (m3)	794		(735)
Carbon intensity (energy-related CO2):				Municipal waste per capita, (kg/capita)	251		(534)
Emissions per capita (t/cap.)	1.89	(7.8)		Material productivity (USD, 2015 PPP/DMC, kg)	1.6		(2.5)
Emissions per GDP (t/1 000 USD, 2015 PPP)	0.15	(0.18)		Land area (1 000 km2)
GHG intensity: d				% of arable land and permanent crops	4		(11)
Emissions per capita (t/cap.)	2.7	(10.9)		% of permanent meadows and pastures	-		(23)
Emissions per GDP (t/1 000 USD, 2015 PPP)	0.21	(0.25)		% of forest area	0.1		(33)
Mean population exposure to air pollution (PM2.5), µg/m3	35	(14)		% of other land (built-up and other land)	96		(33)

a. Values earlier than 2017 are not taken into consideration. OECD value: where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of the latest available data is calculated where data exist for a significant number of countries.

b. Data from the internationally harmonised definition of cities: 66% of Egyptians lived in urban centres and 27% in semi-dense urban areas; according to national statistics, 42.8% of Egyptians lived in urban areas in 2020.

c. Population density in inhabited areas. The areas were calculated by the Egyptian General Authority for Urban Planning. The inhabited area represented about 12% of total land area in July 2023.

d. Excluding emissions/removals from land use, land-use change and forestry. Egypt: 2015 data.

Source: Calculations based on data extracted from databases of the OECD, IEA/OECD, EUROSTAT and the World Bank.