Agency for Science, Technology and Research
Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference
Attracting Outstanding Young Researchers from Abroad (Luxembourg)
Australian College of Kuwait
Spanish Agency of Research
National Research Agency, France
American University of the Middle East
Compound annual growth rate
Centre for Science and Technology Studies
Dasman Diabetes Institute
Drilling and Intervention
Austrian industrial Research Promotion Agency
Financial intermediation services indirectly measured
Full-time equivalent
Luxembourg National Research Fund
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Gulf Cooperation Council
Gross domestic product
General Electric
Global Innovation Company for Software Development & Training
General Secretariat of the Supreme Council for Planning and Development
Higher education institutions
Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
International Atomic Energy Agency
Industrial Bank of Kuwait
Institute of Banking Studies
Information and communication technologies
International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement
Innovation and Enterprise Directorate
Innovation Fund Denmark
International Monetary Fund
Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
Intellectual property
Five IP offices, including the European Patent Office, Japan Patent Office, Korean Intellectual Property office, the National Intellectual Property Administration of the People's Republic of China and the United States Patent and Trademark Office
Jaber Al Ahmed Centre for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine
Japan Patent Office
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation, Kuwait Oil Company, Kuwait National Petroleum Company, Petrochemicals Industry Company and Kuwait Oil Tanker Company
Kuwait Authority for Partnership Projects
Kuwait Central Statistical Bureau
Korea Development Institute
Kuwait Development and Investment Promotion Agency
Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science
Kuwait Investment Authority
Kuwait International Petroleum Research Centre
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Kuwait Life Sciences Company
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Kuwait National Petroleum Company
Kuwait Oil Company
Kuwait Oil Tanker Company
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
Key Performance Indicators
Kuwait Public Policy Centre
Kuwait Research Review Panel
Kuwait Small Projects Development Company
Kuwait Science, Technology and Innovation Council
Kuwait University
Kuwaiti Dinar
London School of Economics
Manufacturing Advisory Service
Middle East and North Africa
Malaysia’s national Applied Research and Development Centre
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Medium-Range Development Plan
Morgan Stanley Capital Incorporated
Multi-Stage Flash Distillation
Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises
Malaysian Ringgit
National Advisory Services Company
National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts, United Kingdom
National Institutes of Health
National Plan for Science, Technology, and Innovation (Saudi Arabia)
National Science Foundation
National Technology Enterprises Company
Offices of contract research
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
WIPO Patent Cooperation Treaty
Petróleos de Venezuela Sociedad Anonima
Attracting Leading Reasearchers from Abroad to Luxembourg
Positron Emission Tomography
Petrochemicals Industry Company
Public research institutes
Private Universities Council
First quartile (top 25%)
Quality Management System
Revealed comparative advantage
Research Directorate
Research and Development
Reverse Osmosis
Research and Technology
Sabah Al-Ahmed Centre for Giftedness and Creativity
Saudi Riyal
Small Business Innovation Research
Supreme Council for Planning and Development
Sustainable Development Goals
Applied Research, Technology and Innovation, Norway
Standard International Trade Classification
Finnish Innovation Fund
Small and medium-sized enterprises
State-owned enterprises
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
Special Projects and Initiatives
The Finnish Innovation Fund
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Strategic Thrust
Science, technology and innovation
Technology extension services
Total factor productivity
Times Higher Education
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
OECD Working Party for Innovation and Technology policies
WTO Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
The Scientific Centre of Kuwait
Technology transfer offices
United Arab Emirates
UK Research and Innovation
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
United States Dollar
United States Patent and Trademark Office
Sweden’s innovation agency
WIPO Copyright Treaty
World Intellectual Property Organization
World Integrated Trade Solutions
WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
Water Research Centre
World Trade Organization
Zain Great Ideas
German Central Innovation Programme for SMEs