This project was carried out in the OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs (ELS), under the senior leadership of Stefano Scarpetta (Director of ELS), Mark Pearson (Deputy Director of ELS), and Monika Queisser (Senior Counsellor and Head of Social Policy). Valerie Frey (Senior Economist, ELS) co‑ordinated the report. This report was written by Lyydia Alajääskö and Valerie Frey.
The authors received valuable feedback from Dorothy Adams, Willem Adema, Florentin Blanc, Jonas Fluchtmann, Maja Gustafsson, Alexander Hijzen, Raphaela Hyee, Maxime Ladaique, Maciej Lis, Valentina Patrini, Mark Pearson, Monika Queisser, Stefano Scarpetta and many Delegates in the OECD Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee. Natalie Corry, Jayne Maddock, Eva Rauser, Nadia Sanchez Pacheco, Hanna Varkki and Alastair Wood provided excellent logistical, publication and communication support.
The authors are grateful to officials in the following government ministries who generously gave their time and knowledge in a series of virtual country missions in 2022 and 2023: Australia (the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet), Denmark (the Ministry of Employment and Statistics Denmark), France (le Ministère du Travail, du Plein emploi et de l’Insertion), Lithuania (the Ministry of Social Security and Labour) and New Zealand (the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Trade; the Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment; the Public Service Commission; and the Ministry for Women).
The OECD gratefully acknowledges financial support from Germany’s Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (Bundesministerium für Famlie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend), including support and feedback from Thomas Fischer, Anja Heinze, Luisa Holzkamm, Ulrike Thiel, Martina Wichmann-Bruche and their colleagues.