Revitalising Services Trade for Global Growth

Annex B. STRI measures considered for the sector specific reform scenario

The following presents the measures from the STRI database that were used to prepare the sector specific reform scenario.

Television and broadcasting

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (broadcast terrestrial)
	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (broadcast non terrestrial)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms
	Broadcast time is regulated by quotas
	Board of directors: at least one must be resident
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services
Other discriminatory measures	There are discriminatory subsidies or tax breaks for the production of programmes
	Subsidies and tax breaks for audiovisual work are subject to cultural tests
	Local content: limitations on cast and crew
	Discriminatory treatment of foreigners for the protection of copyrights and related rights
	Dubbing is regulated
Barriers to competition	National, state or provincial government controls at least one major TV channel
	Restrictions on advertising
	Public TV channels are subject to rules that affect the competition with private broadcasters
	Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law
Regulatory transparency	Broadcasting Licences are granted in a transparent manner
	Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew
	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Motion picture services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%)
	Limitations on downloading and streaming affecting cross-border trade
	Screen quotas are in place
	Broadcast or airtime quotas are in place for motion pictures
Restrictions to movement of people	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad
	Other restrictions to movement of people
Other discriminatory measures	Local content: limitations on cast and crew
	Discriminatory treatment of foreigners for the protection of copyrights and related rights
	Dubbing is regulated
	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding eligibility to subsidies
Barriers to competition	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector
	Arbitration structures are in place to deal with commercial disagreements between rights holders and collective rights managers
	Vertical integration is monitored and regulated
Regulatory transparency	Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew
	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications

Sound recording services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%)
	Quotas: A proportion of television or radio broadcast time is reserved to domestic music
	There is a statutory monopoly on copyrights management
Restrictions to movement of people	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad
	Other restrictions to movement of people
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes
	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding eligibility to subsidies
	Local content: subsidies for film or television program making are conditioned on local content requirements for music
Barriers to competition	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector
	Arbitration structures are in place to deal with commercial disagreements between rights holders and collective rights managers
	Vertical integration is monitored and regulated
Regulatory transparency	Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew
	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications

Telecommunications services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (fixed)
	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (mobile)
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms
	Restrictions on cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A)
Restrictions to movement of people	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad
	Other restrictions to movement of people
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign suppliers have non-discriminatory access to regulated rates and conditions for retail international mobile roaming services (fixed)
	Foreign suppliers have non-discriminatory access to regulated rates and conditions for wholesale international mobile roaming services (mobile)
	Foreign operators seeking interconnection benefit from regulated termination rates on a non-discriminatory basis (fixed)
	Foreign operators seeking interconnection benefit from regulated termination rates on a non-discriminatory basis (mobile)
Barriers to competition	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector
	The government can overrule the decision of the regulator
	Contracts for universal services obligations are assigned on a competitive basis (mobile termination)
	Number portability is required
	Time and conditions for porting are regulated
	Resale of public telecommunications services is allowed (fixed)
	Use it or lose it applies to spectrum
	Secondary spectrum trading is allowed
Regulatory transparency	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications

Air transport services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (international traffic - cargo)
	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (international traffic - passenger)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms (passenger)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms (cargo)
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests (passenger)
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests (cargo)
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests (passenger)
Restrictions on foreign entry	Screening explicitly considers economic interests (cargo)
	Lease of foreign aircrafts without crew (dry lease) is permitted subject to prior authorisation (passenger)
	Lease of foreign aircrafts without crew (dry lease) is permitted subject to prior authorisation (cargo)
	Lease of foreign aircrafts with crew (wet lease) is prohibited (passenger)
	Lease of foreign aircrafts with crew (wet lease) is prohibited (cargo)
	Lease of foreign aircrafts with crew (wet lease) is permitted subject to prior authorisation (passenger)
	Lease of foreign aircrafts with crew (wet lease) is permitted subject to prior authorisation (cargo)
	Licensing/permits are subject to quotas or economic needs tests (international traffic - cargo)
	Licensing/permits are subject to quotas or economic needs tests (international traffic - passenger)
Barriers to competition	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector (cargo)
	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector (passenger)
	Slots can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis (domestic traffic - cargo)
	Slots can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis (domestic traffic - passenger)
	Slots can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis (international traffic - cargo)
	Slots can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis (international traffic - passenger)
	Air carriers are allowed to commercially exchange slots (domestic traffic - cargo)
	Air carriers are allowed to commercially exchange slots (domestic traffic - passenger)
	Air carriers are allowed to commercially exchange slots (international traffic - cargo)
	Air carriers are allowed to commercially exchange slots (international traffic - passenger)
	Price regulation on domestic routes (passenger)
	Exemption of air carrier alliances from competition law (cargo)
	Exemption of air carrier alliances from competition law (passenger)
Regulatory transparency	Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa
	Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew
	Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew

Maritime transport services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Restrictions to own and/or register vessels under national flags
	Foreign-flagged ships are partially excluded from cabotage
	Foreign-flagged ships are fully excluded from cabotage, without any exception
	Cargo reservations or preferences
	Bilateral/plurilateral cargo sharing agreements
	Restrictions on the chartering of vessels
Restrictions on foreign entry	Statutory monopoly on port services
Restrictions to movement of people	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies
	Discriminatory port tariffs and other port-related fees
Barriers to competition	Obligation to use a local maritime port agent
	Obligations to use local towage services
	Shipping agreements are fully exempt from national competition laws
	Shipping agreements are partially exempt from national competition laws upon approval
	Certain types of shipping agreements are partially exempt from national competition laws
	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector
	Port concessions are granted with exclusive rights to operate the port infrastructure
	Bundling and/or tying of port related services
Regulatory transparency	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences
	Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew
	Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew
	Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa

Rail freight transport services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Access rights for rail transport
	Memo: Market share under monopoly in the sector (value between 0 and 1, e.g. for 50% enter 0.5)
	Services are reserved for statutory monopoly or granted on an exclusive basis
Restrictions to movement of people	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies
	Interoperability/interlinking is required
Barriers to competition	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector
	Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law
	The government can overrule the decision of the regulator
	Prices for rail services are regulated
	Transfer or trading of infrastructure capacity is prohibited
Regulatory transparency	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Road freight transport services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Managers must be resident
	Licensing/permits are subject to quotas for domestic traffic
	Licensing/permits are subject to an economic needs test
Restrictions to movement of people	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies
	There is a formal requirement that regulators consider comparable international standards and rules before setting new domestic standards
Barriers to competition	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector
	Exemption of road freight carrier’s agreements from competition law
	Freight carriers are required to file tariffs
	Prices or fees are regulated
Regulatory transparency	Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa
	Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew
	Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Logistics cargo-handling services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Service provision is reserved for statutory monopoly or granted on an exclusive basis
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign freight forwarders are treated less favourably regarding financial responsibility
	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies
	National standards on transport packages deviate from international standards
	Foreign firms are eligible for Authorised Economic Operators Schemes
Barriers to competition	Firms have redress when business practices restrict competition in a given market
	Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law
	Prices or fees are regulated
	Separation of accounts is required
	Cross-subsidisation is prohibited
	Contracts for service provision are awarded through competitive bidding
	Other restrictions in barriers to competition
Regulatory transparency	Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa
	Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew
Regulatory transparency	Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew
	An advance ruling system is available
	Pre-arrival processing is possible
	A de minimis regime is in place: Import duties (USD)
	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Individual licensing/registration requirements are imposed on warehousing, freight forwarding and customs brokerage services
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Logistics storage and warehouse services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Licences are subject to quotas or economic needs test (storage customs)
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign freight forwarders are treated less favourably regarding financial responsibility
	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies
	National standards on transport packages deviate from international standards
	Foreign firms are eligible for Authorised Economic Operators Schemes
Barriers to competition	Firms have redress when business practices restrict competition in a given market
	Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law
	Prices or fees are regulated
	Contracts for service provision are awarded through competitive bidding
	Other restrictions in barriers to competition
Regulatory transparency	Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa
	Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew
	Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew
	An advance ruling system is available
	Pre-arrival processing is possible
	A de minimis regime is in place: Import duties (USD)
	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Individual licensing/registration requirements are imposed on warehousing, freight forwarding and customs brokerage services
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Logistics freight-forwarding services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Licences are subject to quotas or economic needs test freight forwarding)
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign freight forwarders are treated less favourably regarding financial responsibility
	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies
	National standards on transport packages deviate from international standards
	Foreign firms are eligible for Authorised Economic Operators Schemes
Barriers to competition	Firms have redress when business practices restrict competition in a given market
	Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law
	Prices or fees are regulated
	Contracts for service provision are awarded through competitive bidding
	Other restrictions in barriers to competition
Regulatory transparency	Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa
	Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew
	Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew
	An advance ruling system is available
	Pre-arrival processing is possible
	A de minimis regime is in place: Import duties (USD)
	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Individual licensing/registration requirements are imposed on warehousing, freight forwarding and customs brokerage services
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Logistics customs brokerage services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms
	Board of directors: at least one must be resident
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services
	Local presence is required for cross-border supply
Restrictions to movement of people	Residency is required to practice
	Nationality or citizenship required for Licence to practice
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign freight forwarders are treated less favourably regarding financial responsibility
	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies
	National standards on transport packages deviate from international standards
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign firms are eligible for Authorised Economic Operators Schemes
Barriers to competition	Firms have redress when business practices restrict competition in a given market
	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector
	Geographical restrictions
	Contracts for service provision are awarded through competitive bidding
	Other restrictions in barriers to competition
Regulatory transparency	Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa
	Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew
	Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew
	An advance ruling system is available
	Pre-arrival processing is possible
	A de minimis regime is in place: Import duties (USD)
	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Individual licensing/registration requirements are imposed on warehousing, freight forwarding and customs brokerage services
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Distribution services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services
	Restrictions against foreign distributors to practice direct selling including e-commerce
	Licences for the distribution of certain products are subject to quotas or economic needs tests
	Licences for the distribution of certain products are subject to quotas or economic needs tests
	Licences for department stores or large-store formats are subject to quotas or economic needs tests
	Restrictions on franchising
	Memo: Market share under monopoly in the sector (value between 0 and 1, e.g. for 50% enter 0.5)
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies
	Online tax registration and declaration is available to non-resident foreign providers
	The pre-packaging of products is subject to mandatory nominal quantities
	Labelling provisions go beyond information requirements
Barriers to competition	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector
	Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law
Barriers to competition	Regulation imposes an upper limit on shop opening hours
	Prices or fees are regulated
	Freedom of choice of law applicable to a contract
	Seasonal sales periods are regulated
	Other restrictions in barriers to competition
Regulatory transparency	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences
	A de minimis regime is in place: Import duties (USD)

Courier services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Board of directors: at least one must be resident
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services
	Memo: Market share under monopoly in the sector (value between 0 and 1, e.g. for 50% enter 0.5)
	Memo: Monopoly on letters (kg)
	Licences/authorisations are subject to an economic needs test
	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad
	Memo: there is a designated postal operator to provide universal postal services
Barriers to competition	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector
	Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law
	The government can overrule the decision of the regulator
	The legal separation of the regulator and services operators is required
	The designated postal operator obtains preferential tax or subsidy treatment
	The designated postal operators obtains preferential treatment during customs clearance procedures
	The designated postal operator obtains exemptions from transport bans
	Prices for postal services are regulated
	Accounting separation is required
	An appropriate cost allocation system is in place
	Accounting information is made public
	Access to the postal network is granted on a non-discriminatory basis
	Quality/performance standards requirements for courier services outside universal services
Regulatory transparency	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
Regulatory transparency	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences
	A de minimis regime is in place: Import duties (USD)

Commercial banking services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms
	Managers must be resident
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Commercial presence is required: deposit-taking
	Commercial presence is required: Payment services
	Commercial presence is required: Lending
	Some financial products are reserved for statutory monopolies
	Quotas or economic needs tests are applied in the allocation of licences
	Criteria to obtain a licence are more stringent for foreign companies
	Restrictions on the branch network
	Restrictions on internet banking
Other discriminatory measures	Restrictions on extending loans or taking deposits in foreign currency
	Restrictions on lending to non-residents for domestically licensed banks
	Restrictions on raising capital domestically for foreign banks
	Deviation from international standards: Risk weighting (BCBS)
	Deviation from international standards: Accounting rules (IFRS)
Barriers to competition	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector
	Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law
	Contractual interest rates on loans are regulated
	Default interest rates on loans are regulated
	Interest rates on deposits are regulated
	The supervisor has full authority over licensing and the enforcement of prudential measures
Regulatory transparency	The government can overrule the decisions of the supervisor
	Applicants must be informed of the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Insurance services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (life)
	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (non-life)
	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (reinsurance)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms (life)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms (non-life)
	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms (reinsurance)
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Managers must be resident (non-life)
	Managers must be resident (life)
	Managers must be resident (reinsurance)
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services (life)
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services (non-life)
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services (MAT)
	Local availability test for cross-border trade (non-life)
	Some insurance activities are reserved for statutory monopolies
	Mutual insurance is prohibited
	Quotas or economic needs tests are applied in the allocation of licences (non-life)
	Quotas or economic needs tests are applied in the allocation of licences (life)
	Quotas or economic needs tests are applied in the allocation of licences (reinsurance)
	Criteria to obtain a licence are more stringent for foreign companies (life)
	Criteria to obtain a licence are more stringent for foreign companies (non-life)
	Criteria to obtain a licence are more stringent for foreign companies (reinsurance)
Restrictions to movement of people	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad (broking and agency services)
Other discriminatory measures	Deviation from international standards: Risk weighting (BCBS)
	Deviation from international standards: Accounting rules (IFRS)
	Discriminatory financial requirements on foreign reinsurance suppliers
Barriers to competition	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector (life)
	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector (non-life)
	The government has discretionary control over funding of the supervisory agency
	Compulsory cessions to specified reinsurers all
	Limit on the share of risks that can be ceded to reinsurers all
	Restrictions on asset holdings all
	Premiums or fees are regulated all
	Approval by the regulatory authority required for new products or services all
	The supervisor has full authority over licensing and the enforcement of prudential measures all
	The government has discretionary control over funding of the supervisory agency all
Regulatory transparency	The government can overrule the decisions of the supervisor
	Applicants must be informed of the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Legal services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (domestic law)
	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (international law)
	Equity restrictions applying to not licensed individuals or firms (100, <50, >50, 0) (domestic law)
	Equity restrictions applying to not licensed individuals or firms (100, <50, >50, 0) (international law)
	Legal form: corporation is prohibited (domestic law)
	Legal form: partnership is prohibited (domestic law)
	Commercial association is prohibited between locally and not locally licensed lawyers
	Commercial association is prohibited between lawyers and other professionals
	Prohibitions on hiring locally-licensed lawyers
	Board of directors: at least one must be a licensed professional (domestic law)
	Board of directors: majority must be licensed professionals (domestic law)
	Board of directors: majority must be residents (domestic law)
	Managers must be national
	Managers must be resident
	Manager must be a licensed professional (domestic law)
	Manager must be a licensed professional (international law)
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services
	Localisation requirements for professional liability insurance
Restrictions to movement of people	Nationality or citizenship required for licence to practice (domestic law)
	Nationality or citizenship required for licence to practice (international law)
	Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice (domestic law)
	Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice (international law)
	Domicile required for licence to practice (domestic law)
	Domicile required for licence to practice (international law)
	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad
	Foreign professionals are required to take a local examination
	Foreign providers have to completely re-do the university degree, practice and exam in the domestic country
	A temporary licensing system is in place
Barriers to competition	Restrictions on advertising
Barriers to competition	Fee-setting: recommended minimum and/or maximum fees
	Fee-setting: mandatory minimum and/or maximum fees
Regulatory transparency	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Accounting and auditing services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (auditing)
	Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (accounting)
	Equity restrictions applying to not licensed individuals or firms (100, <50, >50, 0) (auditing)
	Equity restrictions applying to not licensed individuals or firms (100, <50, >50, 0) (accounting)
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Board of directors: at least one must be a licensed professional (auditing)
	Board of directors: majority must be licensed professionals (auditing)
	Manager must be a licensed professional (accounting)
	Manager must be a licensed professional (auditing)
	Legal form: corporation is prohibited (auditing)
	Commercial association is prohibited between accountants or auditors and other professionals
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services (auditing)
	Localisation requirements for professional liability insurance
Restrictions to movement of people	Nationality or citizenship required for licence to practice (auditing)
	Nationality or citizenship required for licence to practice (accounting)
	Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice (auditing)
	Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice (accounting)
	Domicile required for licence to practice (accounting)
	Domicile required for licence to practice (auditing)
	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad (auditing)
	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad (accounting)
	Foreign professionals are required to take a local examination (auditing)
	Foreign professionals are required to take a local examination (accounting)
	Foreign providers have to completely re-do their university degree, practice and exam in the domestic country (auditing)
	Foreign providers have to completely re-do their university degree, practice and exam in the domestic country (accounting)
	A temporary licensing system is in place (auditing)
	A temporary licensing system is in place (accounting)
Other discriminatory measures	Laws, regulations or relevant standard-setter impose standards that deviate from international standards on auditing
Barriers to competition	Restrictions on advertising (auditing)
	Fee-setting: recommended minimum and/or maximum fees (auditing)
	Fee-setting: mandatory minimum and/or maximum fees (auditing)
	Other restrictions in barriers to competition
Regulatory transparency	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Construction services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Acquisition and use of land and real estate by foreigners is restricted
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services
	Local presence is required for cross-border supply
	Discriminatory qualification requirements for building permits to undertake construction work
Restrictions to movement of people	Nationality or citizenship required for construction engineers (engineering)
	Residency is required to practice (engineering)
	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications in engineering gained abroad (engineering)
	At least one engineer must be licensed for the issuance of construction permits (engineering)
	Foreign construction engineers are required to take a local examination (engineering)
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies
	Public procurement: Explicit preferences for local suppliers
	Public procurement: Procurement regulation explicitly prohibits discrimination of foreign suppliers
	Public procurement: Contract award on the basis of non-objective/discriminatory criteria
	Public procurement: Discriminatory qualification processes and procedures
	Access to the procurement market is conditional on reciprocity
Barriers to competition	National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector
	Minimum capital requirements
	Prices or fees are regulated
	Other restrictions in barriers to competition
Regulatory transparency	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Architecture services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Equity restrictions applying to not licensed individuals or firms (100, <50, >50, 0)
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Manager must be a licensed professional
	Legal form: other restrictions
	Board of directors: majority must be licensed professionals
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services
Restrictions to movement of people	Nationality or citizenship required for licence to practice
	Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice
	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad
	A temporary licensing system is in place
	Foreign professionals are required to take a local examination
	Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies
Barriers to competition	Fee-setting: recommended minimum and/or maximum fees
	Fee-setting: mandatory minimum and/or maximum fees
Regulatory transparency	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences

Engineering services

 

Policy area	Measure
Restrictions on foreign entry	Equity restrictions applying to not licensed individuals or firms (100, <50, >50, 0)
	Legal form: other restrictions
	Board of directors: majority must be licensed professionals
	Manager must be a licensed professional
	Screening explicitly considers economic interests
	Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests
	Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services
Restrictions to movement of people	Nationality or citizenship required for licence to practice
	Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice
	Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad
	Foreign professionals are required to take a local examination
	A temporary licensing system is in place
Other discriminatory measures	Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies
Barriers to competition	Fee-setting: recommended minimum and/or maximum fees
	Fee-setting: mandatory minimum and/or maximum fees
Regulatory transparency	Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences
Regulatory transparency	There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications
	Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences