The following presents the measures from the STRI database that were used to prepare the sector specific reform scenario.
Revitalising Services Trade for Global Growth
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Annex B. STRI measures considered for the sector specific reform scenario
Television and broadcasting
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (broadcast terrestrial) |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (broadcast non terrestrial) |
|
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms |
|
Broadcast time is regulated by quotas |
|
Board of directors: at least one must be resident |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
There are discriminatory subsidies or tax breaks for the production of programmes |
Subsidies and tax breaks for audiovisual work are subject to cultural tests |
|
Local content: limitations on cast and crew |
|
Discriminatory treatment of foreigners for the protection of copyrights and related rights |
|
Dubbing is regulated |
|
Barriers to competition |
National, state or provincial government controls at least one major TV channel |
Restrictions on advertising |
|
Public TV channels are subject to rules that affect the competition with private broadcasters |
|
Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Broadcasting Licences are granted in a transparent manner |
Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew |
|
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
|
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Motion picture services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) |
Limitations on downloading and streaming affecting cross-border trade |
|
Screen quotas are in place |
|
Broadcast or airtime quotas are in place for motion pictures |
|
Restrictions to movement of people |
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad |
Other restrictions to movement of people |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Local content: limitations on cast and crew |
Discriminatory treatment of foreigners for the protection of copyrights and related rights |
|
Dubbing is regulated |
|
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding eligibility to subsidies |
|
Barriers to competition |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector |
Arbitration structures are in place to deal with commercial disagreements between rights holders and collective rights managers |
|
Vertical integration is monitored and regulated |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew |
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
|
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
Sound recording services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) |
Quotas: A proportion of television or radio broadcast time is reserved to domestic music |
|
There is a statutory monopoly on copyrights management |
|
Restrictions to movement of people |
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad |
Other restrictions to movement of people |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding eligibility to subsidies |
|
Local content: subsidies for film or television program making are conditioned on local content requirements for music |
|
Barriers to competition |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector |
Arbitration structures are in place to deal with commercial disagreements between rights holders and collective rights managers |
|
Vertical integration is monitored and regulated |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew |
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
|
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
Telecommunications services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (fixed) |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (mobile) |
|
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services |
|
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms |
|
Restrictions on cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) |
|
Restrictions to movement of people |
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad |
Other restrictions to movement of people |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign suppliers have non-discriminatory access to regulated rates and conditions for retail international mobile roaming services (fixed) |
Foreign suppliers have non-discriminatory access to regulated rates and conditions for wholesale international mobile roaming services (mobile) |
|
Foreign operators seeking interconnection benefit from regulated termination rates on a non-discriminatory basis (fixed) |
|
Foreign operators seeking interconnection benefit from regulated termination rates on a non-discriminatory basis (mobile) |
|
Barriers to competition |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector |
The government can overrule the decision of the regulator |
|
Contracts for universal services obligations are assigned on a competitive basis (mobile termination) |
|
Number portability is required |
|
Time and conditions for porting are regulated |
|
Resale of public telecommunications services is allowed (fixed) |
|
Use it or lose it applies to spectrum |
|
Secondary spectrum trading is allowed |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
Air transport services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (international traffic - cargo) |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (international traffic - passenger) |
|
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms (passenger) |
|
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms (cargo) |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests (passenger) |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests (cargo) |
|
Screening explicitly considers economic interests (passenger) |
|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Screening explicitly considers economic interests (cargo) |
Lease of foreign aircrafts without crew (dry lease) is permitted subject to prior authorisation (passenger) |
|
Lease of foreign aircrafts without crew (dry lease) is permitted subject to prior authorisation (cargo) |
|
Lease of foreign aircrafts with crew (wet lease) is prohibited (passenger) |
|
Lease of foreign aircrafts with crew (wet lease) is prohibited (cargo) |
|
Lease of foreign aircrafts with crew (wet lease) is permitted subject to prior authorisation (passenger) |
|
Lease of foreign aircrafts with crew (wet lease) is permitted subject to prior authorisation (cargo) |
|
Licensing/permits are subject to quotas or economic needs tests (international traffic - cargo) |
|
Licensing/permits are subject to quotas or economic needs tests (international traffic - passenger) |
|
Barriers to competition |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector (cargo) |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector (passenger) |
|
Slots can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis (domestic traffic - cargo) |
|
Slots can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis (domestic traffic - passenger) |
|
Slots can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis (international traffic - cargo) |
|
Slots can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis (international traffic - passenger) |
|
Air carriers are allowed to commercially exchange slots (domestic traffic - cargo) |
|
Air carriers are allowed to commercially exchange slots (domestic traffic - passenger) |
|
Air carriers are allowed to commercially exchange slots (international traffic - cargo) |
|
Air carriers are allowed to commercially exchange slots (international traffic - passenger) |
|
Price regulation on domestic routes (passenger) |
|
Exemption of air carrier alliances from competition law (cargo) |
|
Exemption of air carrier alliances from competition law (passenger) |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa |
Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew |
|
Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew |
Maritime transport services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) |
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Restrictions to own and/or register vessels under national flags |
|
Foreign-flagged ships are partially excluded from cabotage |
|
Foreign-flagged ships are fully excluded from cabotage, without any exception |
|
Cargo reservations or preferences |
|
Bilateral/plurilateral cargo sharing agreements |
|
Restrictions on the chartering of vessels |
|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Statutory monopoly on port services |
Restrictions to movement of people |
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad |
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies |
Discriminatory port tariffs and other port-related fees |
|
Barriers to competition |
Obligation to use a local maritime port agent |
Obligations to use local towage services |
|
Shipping agreements are fully exempt from national competition laws |
|
Shipping agreements are partially exempt from national competition laws upon approval |
|
Certain types of shipping agreements are partially exempt from national competition laws |
|
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector |
|
Port concessions are granted with exclusive rights to operate the port infrastructure |
|
Bundling and/or tying of port related services |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
|
Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew |
|
Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew |
|
Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa |
Rail freight transport services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) |
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms |
|
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Access rights for rail transport |
|
Memo: Market share under monopoly in the sector (value between 0 and 1, e.g. for 50% enter 0.5) |
|
Services are reserved for statutory monopoly or granted on an exclusive basis |
|
Restrictions to movement of people |
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad |
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies |
Interoperability/interlinking is required |
|
Barriers to competition |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector |
Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law |
|
The government can overrule the decision of the regulator |
|
Prices for rail services are regulated |
|
Transfer or trading of infrastructure capacity is prohibited |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Road freight transport services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) |
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms |
|
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Managers must be resident |
|
Licensing/permits are subject to quotas for domestic traffic |
|
Licensing/permits are subject to an economic needs test |
|
Restrictions to movement of people |
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad |
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies |
There is a formal requirement that regulators consider comparable international standards and rules before setting new domestic standards |
|
Barriers to competition |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector |
Exemption of road freight carrier’s agreements from competition law |
|
Freight carriers are required to file tariffs |
|
Prices or fees are regulated |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa |
Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew |
|
Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew |
|
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Logistics cargo-handling services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Service provision is reserved for statutory monopoly or granted on an exclusive basis |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign freight forwarders are treated less favourably regarding financial responsibility |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies |
|
National standards on transport packages deviate from international standards |
|
Foreign firms are eligible for Authorised Economic Operators Schemes |
|
Barriers to competition |
Firms have redress when business practices restrict competition in a given market |
Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law |
|
Prices or fees are regulated |
|
Separation of accounts is required |
|
Cross-subsidisation is prohibited |
|
Contracts for service provision are awarded through competitive bidding |
|
Other restrictions in barriers to competition |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa |
Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew |
An advance ruling system is available |
|
Pre-arrival processing is possible |
|
A de minimis regime is in place: Import duties (USD) |
|
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
|
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Individual licensing/registration requirements are imposed on warehousing, freight forwarding and customs brokerage services |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Logistics storage and warehouse services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Licences are subject to quotas or economic needs test (storage customs) |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign freight forwarders are treated less favourably regarding financial responsibility |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies |
|
National standards on transport packages deviate from international standards |
|
Foreign firms are eligible for Authorised Economic Operators Schemes |
|
Barriers to competition |
Firms have redress when business practices restrict competition in a given market |
Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law |
|
Prices or fees are regulated |
|
Contracts for service provision are awarded through competitive bidding |
|
Other restrictions in barriers to competition |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa |
Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew |
|
Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew |
|
An advance ruling system is available |
|
Pre-arrival processing is possible |
|
A de minimis regime is in place: Import duties (USD) |
|
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
|
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Individual licensing/registration requirements are imposed on warehousing, freight forwarding and customs brokerage services |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Logistics freight-forwarding services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Licences are subject to quotas or economic needs test freight forwarding) |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign freight forwarders are treated less favourably regarding financial responsibility |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies |
|
National standards on transport packages deviate from international standards |
|
Foreign firms are eligible for Authorised Economic Operators Schemes |
|
Barriers to competition |
Firms have redress when business practices restrict competition in a given market |
Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law |
|
Prices or fees are regulated |
|
Contracts for service provision are awarded through competitive bidding |
|
Other restrictions in barriers to competition |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa |
Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew |
|
Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew |
|
An advance ruling system is available |
|
Pre-arrival processing is possible |
|
A de minimis regime is in place: Import duties (USD) |
|
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
|
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Individual licensing/registration requirements are imposed on warehousing, freight forwarding and customs brokerage services |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Logistics customs brokerage services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) |
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms |
|
Board of directors: at least one must be resident |
|
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services |
|
Local presence is required for cross-border supply |
|
Restrictions to movement of people |
Residency is required to practice |
Nationality or citizenship required for Licence to practice |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign freight forwarders are treated less favourably regarding financial responsibility |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies |
|
National standards on transport packages deviate from international standards |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign firms are eligible for Authorised Economic Operators Schemes |
Barriers to competition |
Firms have redress when business practices restrict competition in a given market |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector |
|
Geographical restrictions |
|
Contracts for service provision are awarded through competitive bidding |
|
Other restrictions in barriers to competition |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Duration of visa for crew: number of months allowed by the visa |
Visas on arrival or visa exemption are available for temporary entry/transit of crew |
|
Multiple entry visas are allowed for crew |
|
An advance ruling system is available |
|
Pre-arrival processing is possible |
|
A de minimis regime is in place: Import duties (USD) |
|
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
|
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Individual licensing/registration requirements are imposed on warehousing, freight forwarding and customs brokerage services |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Distribution services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) |
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms |
|
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services |
|
Restrictions against foreign distributors to practice direct selling including e-commerce |
|
Licences for the distribution of certain products are subject to quotas or economic needs tests |
|
Licences for the distribution of certain products are subject to quotas or economic needs tests |
|
Licences for department stores or large-store formats are subject to quotas or economic needs tests |
|
Restrictions on franchising |
|
Memo: Market share under monopoly in the sector (value between 0 and 1, e.g. for 50% enter 0.5) |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies |
Online tax registration and declaration is available to non-resident foreign providers |
|
The pre-packaging of products is subject to mandatory nominal quantities |
|
Labelling provisions go beyond information requirements |
|
Barriers to competition |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector |
Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law |
|
Barriers to competition |
Regulation imposes an upper limit on shop opening hours |
Prices or fees are regulated |
|
Freedom of choice of law applicable to a contract |
|
Seasonal sales periods are regulated |
|
Other restrictions in barriers to competition |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
|
A de minimis regime is in place: Import duties (USD) |
Courier services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) |
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms |
|
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Board of directors: at least one must be resident |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services |
|
Memo: Market share under monopoly in the sector (value between 0 and 1, e.g. for 50% enter 0.5) |
|
Memo: Monopoly on letters (kg) |
|
Licences/authorisations are subject to an economic needs test |
|
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad |
|
Memo: there is a designated postal operator to provide universal postal services |
|
Barriers to competition |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector |
Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law |
|
The government can overrule the decision of the regulator |
|
The legal separation of the regulator and services operators is required |
|
The designated postal operator obtains preferential tax or subsidy treatment |
|
The designated postal operators obtains preferential treatment during customs clearance procedures |
|
The designated postal operator obtains exemptions from transport bans |
|
Prices for postal services are regulated |
|
Accounting separation is required |
|
An appropriate cost allocation system is in place |
|
Accounting information is made public |
|
Access to the postal network is granted on a non-discriminatory basis |
|
Quality/performance standards requirements for courier services outside universal services |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
A de minimis regime is in place: Import duties (USD) |
Commercial banking services
Policy area |
Measure |
---|---|
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) |
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms |
|
Managers must be resident |
|
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Commercial presence is required: deposit-taking |
|
Commercial presence is required: Payment services |
|
Commercial presence is required: Lending |
|
Some financial products are reserved for statutory monopolies |
|
Quotas or economic needs tests are applied in the allocation of licences |
|
Criteria to obtain a licence are more stringent for foreign companies |
|
Restrictions on the branch network |
|
Restrictions on internet banking |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Restrictions on extending loans or taking deposits in foreign currency |
Restrictions on lending to non-residents for domestically licensed banks |
|
Restrictions on raising capital domestically for foreign banks |
|
Deviation from international standards: Risk weighting (BCBS) |
|
Deviation from international standards: Accounting rules (IFRS) |
|
Barriers to competition |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector |
Publicly-controlled firms are exempted from the application of the general competition law |
|
Contractual interest rates on loans are regulated |
|
Default interest rates on loans are regulated |
|
Interest rates on deposits are regulated |
|
The supervisor has full authority over licensing and the enforcement of prudential measures |
|
Regulatory transparency |
The government can overrule the decisions of the supervisor |
Applicants must be informed of the reasons for denial of licences |
|
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Insurance services
Policy area |
Measure |
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (life) |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (non-life) |
|
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (reinsurance) |
|
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms (life) |
|
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms (non-life) |
|
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms (reinsurance) |
|
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Managers must be resident (non-life) |
|
Managers must be resident (life) |
|
Managers must be resident (reinsurance) |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services (life) |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services (non-life) |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services (MAT) |
|
Local availability test for cross-border trade (non-life) |
|
Some insurance activities are reserved for statutory monopolies |
|
Mutual insurance is prohibited |
|
Quotas or economic needs tests are applied in the allocation of licences (non-life) |
|
Quotas or economic needs tests are applied in the allocation of licences (life) |
|
Quotas or economic needs tests are applied in the allocation of licences (reinsurance) |
|
Criteria to obtain a licence are more stringent for foreign companies (life) |
|
Criteria to obtain a licence are more stringent for foreign companies (non-life) |
|
Criteria to obtain a licence are more stringent for foreign companies (reinsurance) |
|
Restrictions to movement of people |
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad (broking and agency services) |
Other discriminatory measures |
Deviation from international standards: Risk weighting (BCBS) |
Deviation from international standards: Accounting rules (IFRS) |
|
Discriminatory financial requirements on foreign reinsurance suppliers |
|
Barriers to competition |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector (life) |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector (non-life) |
|
The government has discretionary control over funding of the supervisory agency |
|
Compulsory cessions to specified reinsurers all |
|
Limit on the share of risks that can be ceded to reinsurers all |
|
Restrictions on asset holdings all |
|
Premiums or fees are regulated all |
|
Approval by the regulatory authority required for new products or services all |
|
The supervisor has full authority over licensing and the enforcement of prudential measures all |
|
The government has discretionary control over funding of the supervisory agency all |
|
Regulatory transparency |
The government can overrule the decisions of the supervisor |
Applicants must be informed of the reasons for denial of licences |
|
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Legal services
Policy area |
Measure |
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (domestic law) |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (international law) |
|
Equity restrictions applying to not licensed individuals or firms (100, <50, >50, 0) (domestic law) |
|
Equity restrictions applying to not licensed individuals or firms (100, <50, >50, 0) (international law) |
|
Legal form: corporation is prohibited (domestic law) |
|
Legal form: partnership is prohibited (domestic law) |
|
Commercial association is prohibited between locally and not locally licensed lawyers |
|
Commercial association is prohibited between lawyers and other professionals |
|
Prohibitions on hiring locally-licensed lawyers |
|
Board of directors: at least one must be a licensed professional (domestic law) |
|
Board of directors: majority must be licensed professionals (domestic law) |
|
Board of directors: majority must be residents (domestic law) |
|
Managers must be national |
|
Managers must be resident |
|
Manager must be a licensed professional (domestic law) |
|
Manager must be a licensed professional (international law) |
|
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services |
|
Localisation requirements for professional liability insurance |
|
Restrictions to movement of people |
Nationality or citizenship required for licence to practice (domestic law) |
Nationality or citizenship required for licence to practice (international law) |
|
Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice (domestic law) |
|
Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice (international law) |
|
Domicile required for licence to practice (domestic law) |
|
Domicile required for licence to practice (international law) |
|
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad |
|
Foreign professionals are required to take a local examination |
|
Foreign providers have to completely re-do the university degree, practice and exam in the domestic country |
|
A temporary licensing system is in place |
|
Barriers to competition |
Restrictions on advertising |
Barriers to competition |
Fee-setting: recommended minimum and/or maximum fees |
Fee-setting: mandatory minimum and/or maximum fees |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Accounting and auditing services
Policy area |
Measure |
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (auditing) |
Foreign equity restrictions: maximum foreign equity share allowed (%) (accounting) |
|
Equity restrictions applying to not licensed individuals or firms (100, <50, >50, 0) (auditing) |
|
Equity restrictions applying to not licensed individuals or firms (100, <50, >50, 0) (accounting) |
|
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Board of directors: at least one must be a licensed professional (auditing) |
|
Board of directors: majority must be licensed professionals (auditing) |
|
Manager must be a licensed professional (accounting) |
|
Manager must be a licensed professional (auditing) |
|
Legal form: corporation is prohibited (auditing) |
|
Commercial association is prohibited between accountants or auditors and other professionals |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services (auditing) |
|
Localisation requirements for professional liability insurance |
|
Restrictions to movement of people |
Nationality or citizenship required for licence to practice (auditing) |
Nationality or citizenship required for licence to practice (accounting) |
|
Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice (auditing) |
|
Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice (accounting) |
|
Domicile required for licence to practice (accounting) |
|
Domicile required for licence to practice (auditing) |
|
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad (auditing) |
|
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad (accounting) |
|
Foreign professionals are required to take a local examination (auditing) |
|
Foreign professionals are required to take a local examination (accounting) |
|
Foreign providers have to completely re-do their university degree, practice and exam in the domestic country (auditing) |
|
Foreign providers have to completely re-do their university degree, practice and exam in the domestic country (accounting) |
|
A temporary licensing system is in place (auditing) |
|
A temporary licensing system is in place (accounting) |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Laws, regulations or relevant standard-setter impose standards that deviate from international standards on auditing |
Barriers to competition |
Restrictions on advertising (auditing) |
Fee-setting: recommended minimum and/or maximum fees (auditing) |
|
Fee-setting: mandatory minimum and/or maximum fees (auditing) |
|
Other restrictions in barriers to competition |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Construction services
Policy area |
Measure |
Restrictions on foreign entry |
There are limits to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly-controlled firms |
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Acquisition and use of land and real estate by foreigners is restricted |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services |
|
Local presence is required for cross-border supply |
|
Discriminatory qualification requirements for building permits to undertake construction work |
|
Restrictions to movement of people |
Nationality or citizenship required for construction engineers (engineering) |
Residency is required to practice (engineering) |
|
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications in engineering gained abroad (engineering) |
|
At least one engineer must be licensed for the issuance of construction permits (engineering) |
|
Foreign construction engineers are required to take a local examination (engineering) |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies |
Public procurement: Explicit preferences for local suppliers |
|
Public procurement: Procurement regulation explicitly prohibits discrimination of foreign suppliers |
|
Public procurement: Contract award on the basis of non-objective/discriminatory criteria |
|
Public procurement: Discriminatory qualification processes and procedures |
|
Access to the procurement market is conditional on reciprocity |
|
Barriers to competition |
National, state or provincial government control at least one major firm in the sector |
Minimum capital requirements |
|
Prices or fees are regulated |
|
Other restrictions in barriers to competition |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Architecture services
Policy area |
Measure |
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Equity restrictions applying to not licensed individuals or firms (100, <50, >50, 0) |
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Manager must be a licensed professional |
|
Legal form: other restrictions |
|
Board of directors: majority must be licensed professionals |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services |
|
Restrictions to movement of people |
Nationality or citizenship required for licence to practice |
Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice |
|
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad |
|
A temporary licensing system is in place |
|
Foreign professionals are required to take a local examination |
|
Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies |
Barriers to competition |
Fee-setting: recommended minimum and/or maximum fees |
Fee-setting: mandatory minimum and/or maximum fees |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
|
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |
Engineering services
Policy area |
Measure |
Restrictions on foreign entry |
Equity restrictions applying to not licensed individuals or firms (100, <50, >50, 0) |
Legal form: other restrictions |
|
Board of directors: majority must be licensed professionals |
|
Manager must be a licensed professional |
|
Screening explicitly considers economic interests |
|
Screening exists without exclusion of economic interests |
|
Commercial presence is required in order to provide cross-border services |
|
Restrictions to movement of people |
Nationality or citizenship required for licence to practice |
Prior or permanent residency is required for licence to practice |
|
Laws or regulations establish a process for recognising qualifications gained abroad |
|
Foreign professionals are required to take a local examination |
|
A temporary licensing system is in place |
|
Other discriminatory measures |
Foreign suppliers are treated less favourably regarding taxes and eligibility to subsidies |
Barriers to competition |
Fee-setting: recommended minimum and/or maximum fees |
Fee-setting: mandatory minimum and/or maximum fees |
|
Regulatory transparency |
Applicants must be informed of the final decision, including the reasons for denial of licences |
Regulatory transparency |
There is a maximum time allowed to the regulator for decisions on applications |
Restrictions related to the duration and renewal of licences |