The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) work on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was conducted on behalf of its Health Committee, between 2016 and 2018. Michele Cecchini oversaw the project and coordinated the production of the final report. He also led Chapters 1 and 5. Chapter 2 was led by Michael Padget. Chapter 3 was led by Tiago Cravo Oliveira. Driss Ait Ouakrim contributed to Chapter 1, and led Chapters 4 and 6. Mario Jendrossek, Stella Danek and Jennifer Deberardinis supported the main authors and contributed to different sections of the report. Invaluable editorial assistance was provided by Lucy Hulett and Suzanne Parandian.
However, many more people deserve credit for the work presented in this book than those listed as its authors. The production of this report benefited greatly from the inputs and comments received from other OECD colleagues, national experts, member states representatives and other stakeholders.
Among OECD colleagues, the authors would like to thank Chris James and Yevgeniy Goryakin for their advice on methodological issues as well as Sabine Vuik and Victoria Simpkin for their help in data preparation. Thank you also to Thierry Pellegrini, Aliénor Lerouge and Arnaud Atoch for their support on IT, software and programming issues – their contribution was critical to the various analyses and allowed us to speed up processing time and effectively manage very large quantities of data. Lukasz Lech and Guillaume Haquin did their best to minimise authors’ time on administrative issues letting them work on the content. Paul Gallagher and Spencer Wilson were of great help in sharpening the key messages from this work. Stefano Scarpetta, Mark Pearson and Francesca Colombo provided senior leadership and advice throughout the project. Michael Ryan, from the Directorate of Trade and Agriculture, provided inputs and comments on issues related to use of antimicrobials in the livestock sector and ‘One-Health’ matters.
A special thank goes to our colleagues at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), namely Alessandro Cassini, Diamantis Plachouras, Liselotte Diaz Högberg and Dominique Monnet. Outputs presented in this book are an outstanding example of how open and constructive collaboration between intergovernmental organisations can provide added value for member countries and beyond. A significant share of the input data used to feed the OECD modelling work and to replicate AMR dynamics in European Countries was provided by ECDC and by national experts part of ECDC networks. In particular, the authors acknowledge the work performed by the staff of the participating clinical microbiology laboratories and of the national healthcare services that provided data to EARS-Net. The authors would also like to thank all the hospitals participating in the PPS 2011-2012 and in particular, the hospital staff that collected, validated and entered the data during the survey, and the national teams that coordinated the survey in each participating country.
Special thanks go to Charles Price (European Commission) and Jurgita Kaminskaite (Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency of the European Commission) that followed the development of the project since its conceptualisation and provided inputs throughout on their respective areas of expertise.
The OECD maintains a close partnership with the World Health Organization (WHO) in its work on public health and authors would like to thank Elizabeth Tayler (World Health Organization), Saskia Andrea Nahrgang and Danilo Lo Fo Wong (WHO-Europe) for their inputs and comments on the different drafts of the report.
Many thanks also to the various experts who provided data and guidance on national AMR maters. In particular, Prof. Kathy Meleady and Prof. John Turnidge for Australia, experts from the Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance, Dr. Eili Klein from the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP), Anna Dean from WHO, Dr. Melanie Colomb-Cotinat from France for their inputs in the calculation of AMR rates in a number of countries. Sonja Pierzchalski, Marisol Escudero Martinez, Dr. Michelle Alfa, Dr. Stephanie J. Dancer, Catherine Passaretti, Trish M Perl and Dr. Geraldine Conlon-Bingham provided inputs to the preparation of Chapter 5 and made available additional data, based on their own work.
Preliminary versions of the chapters of this book were presented and discussed at two meetings of the OECD Expert Group on the Economics of Public Health (EGEPH) chaired by Cristina Gutierrez Delgado and Brian Ferguson and by country delegates participating to the OECD Health Committee chaired by Bjorn-Inge Larsen and Olivia Wingzell. Country experts and delegates are too many to name individually, but authors would like to thank in particular delegates from Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Italy, Japan, Switzerland and the European Commission for their constructive comments throughout the process. In addition, authors would like to acknowledge useful comments from the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD (BIAC) and the Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC).
The work was funded through regular contributions from OECD member countries and received partial support from grants from the Health Programme of the European Union, from the Department of Health of Australia and from the Federal Ministry of Health of Germany.
Disclaimers
The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views of individual OECD member countries, or those of the European Commission.
This publication has been produced with the financial and substantive assistance of the European Union. The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the OECD and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.
The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of ECDC. The accuracy of the authors’ statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data.