The process of decentralisation has been developed through three key steps in France starting in the early 1980s. In 1982, Act 1 of decentralisation begun through the Gaston Deffer law that transferred executive power from the state-designated administrator at the local level to regional and department councils, and financially compensated such transfers through local taxes and a decentralisation grant (OECD, 2006; OECD, 2007; OECD, 2017c). In 2003-2004, Act 2 of decentralisation strengthened regions and recognised them in the Constitution as local autonomous bodies with financial autonomy (the compensation principle was introduced in the constitution) and transferred to regions new competences (i.e. vocational training) (OECD, 2006; OECD, 2007; OECD, 2017c). Through the MAPTAM law in 2014, Act 3 of decentralisation, responsibilities of each government level were clarified and the competences of métropoles (which only apply to large urban areas) strengthened. The 2015 NOTRE law transferred competences to regions and inter-municipalities at the expense of departments (Verpeaux, 2015).
Working Together for Local Integration of Migrants and Refugees in Paris
OECD Regional Development Studies
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