PISA 2018 Results (Volume III)

Annex B1. Results for countries and economies

Table III.B1.2.1. Students’ exposure to bullying

Based on students’ reports

		Index of exposure to bullying1						Percentage of frequently bullied students2			Any type of bullying act
		Average			Variability						Never or almost never			A few times a year			A few times a month			Once a week or more
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	0.33	(0.01)		1.12	(0.01)		13.0	(0.4)		36.8	(0.5)		33.7	(0.5)		16.3	(0.4)		13.2	(0.4)
	Austria	- 0.02	(0.02)		0.97	(0.02)		6.8	(0.5)		46.9	(0.9)		29.9	(0.7)		13.4	(0.6)		9.8	(0.5)
	Belgium	- 0.11	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		5.3	(0.2)		45.7	(0.6)		35.7	(0.6)		11.6	(0.4)		7.0	(0.3)
	Canada	0.14	(0.01)		1.04	(0.01)		9.3	(0.3)		43.4	(0.6)		31.4	(0.5)		15.2	(0.4)		10.0	(0.3)
	Chile	0.00	(0.02)	†	1.00	(0.02)	†	7.8	(0.4)	†	46.2	(0.7)	†	30.0	(0.6)	†	15.5	(0.6)	†	8.3	(0.4)	†
	Colombia	0.18	(0.02)	†	1.09	(0.01)	†	11.7	(0.5)	†	41.3	(0.8)	†	26.4	(0.8)	†	20.1	(0.8)	†	12.2	(0.6)	†
	Czech Republic	0.02	(0.02)		1.03	(0.02)		8.2	(0.4)		42.1	(0.9)		28.2	(0.6)		15.9	(0.6)		13.8	(0.6)
	Denmark	0.03	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		5.0	(0.4)		38.7	(1.0)		39.9	(0.8)		13.8	(0.5)		7.6	(0.4)
	Estonia	0.08	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		8.3	(0.4)		44.8	(0.9)		29.8	(0.8)		15.8	(0.7)		9.6	(0.5)
	Finland	- 0.03	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		6.2	(0.4)		49.3	(0.7)		32.9	(0.7)		10.6	(0.4)		7.1	(0.4)
	France	- 0.08	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		6.8	(0.3)		51.3	(0.8)		28.9	(0.7)		11.9	(0.5)		7.9	(0.4)
	Germany	- 0.01	(0.02)	‡	0.93	(0.02)	‡	6.2	(0.5)	‡	42.7	(1.1)	‡	34.6	(0.9)	‡	14.4	(0.8)	‡	8.2	(0.6)	‡
	Greece	0.01	(0.02)		1.00	(0.02)		7.6	(0.4)		47.9	(0.8)		25.1	(0.6)		14.9	(0.5)		12.1	(0.5)
	Hungary	- 0.11	(0.02)		0.99	(0.02)		7.4	(0.4)		52.6	(1.0)		24.9	(0.8)		12.8	(0.5)		9.8	(0.6)
	Iceland	- 0.19	(0.02)	†	0.92	(0.02)	†	4.9	(0.4)	†	62.6	(0.9)	†	20.2	(0.8)	†	10.3	(0.6)	†	6.9	(0.4)	†
	Ireland	0.13	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		8.7	(0.4)		41.1	(0.8)		36.2	(0.8)		12.8	(0.5)		9.9	(0.4)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	- 0.07	(0.02)		1.02	(0.02)		7.9	(0.4)		53.4	(0.7)		22.9	(0.7)		12.9	(0.6)		10.8	(0.5)
	Japan	- 0.28	(0.01)		0.87	(0.01)		4.3	(0.3)		65.3	(0.9)		17.4	(0.6)		8.6	(0.4)		8.6	(0.5)
	Korea	m	m		m	m		m	m		80.1	(0.7)		10.5	(0.4)		4.2	(0.3)		5.2	(0.3)
	Latvia	0.37	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		11.3	(0.6)		28.8	(0.6)		35.7	(0.7)		21.7	(0.6)		13.8	(0.6)
	Lithuania	0.02	(0.02)		1.07	(0.01)		9.7	(0.4)		52.3	(0.7)		25.0	(0.6)		13.7	(0.5)		9.0	(0.5)
	Luxembourg	- 0.04	(0.01)		0.97	(0.01)		6.9	(0.4)		47.6	(0.7)		31.7	(0.7)		12.7	(0.5)		7.9	(0.4)
	Mexico	0.00	(0.02)	‡	1.01	(0.02)	‡	8.8	(0.5)	‡	49.2	(0.9)	†	27.8	(0.7)	†	14.2	(0.6)	†	8.8	(0.6)	†
	Netherlands*	- 0.30	(0.01)		0.74	(0.02)		2.3	(0.3)		53.8	(1.0)		34.1	(1.0)		8.2	(0.5)		4.0	(0.3)
	New Zealand	0.40	(0.02)		1.12	(0.01)		15.0	(0.6)		33.0	(0.7)		35.5	(0.7)		17.5	(0.6)		14.1	(0.5)
	Norway	- 0.13	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		5.0	(0.3)		51.0	(0.8)		30.2	(0.7)		11.5	(0.5)		7.3	(0.4)
	Poland	0.07	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		8.3	(0.4)		42.6	(0.9)		31.0	(0.7)		15.5	(0.6)		10.8	(0.5)
	Portugal*	- 0.25	(0.01)		0.87	(0.01)		5.3	(0.3)		61.4	(0.9)		25.0	(0.7)		8.2	(0.5)		5.4	(0.3)
	Slovak Republic	0.08	(0.02)		1.05	(0.02)		9.2	(0.5)		44.3	(0.8)		27.5	(0.7)		15.8	(0.6)		12.5	(0.5)
	Slovenia	- 0.11	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		6.6	(0.4)		52.4	(0.8)		26.7	(0.7)		12.6	(0.6)		8.3	(0.5)
	Spain	- 0.21	(0.01)	†	0.91	(0.01)	†	5.3	(0.2)	†	56.2	(0.6)	†	26.6	(0.4)	†	10.1	(0.3)	†	7.2	(0.2)	†
	Sweden	- 0.12	(0.02)		0.93	(0.02)		5.6	(0.3)		49.7	(0.9)		31.0	(0.8)		11.2	(0.5)		8.0	(0.4)
	Switzerland	0.00	(0.02)	†	0.97	(0.02)	†	6.7	(0.5)	†	43.6	(1.1)	†	34.0	(1.0)	†	14.4	(0.8)	†	8.0	(0.5)	†
	Turkey	- 0.05	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		8.9	(0.4)		55.1	(0.9)		20.8	(0.5)		14.2	(0.4)		9.9	(0.5)
	United Kingdom	0.24	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		10.9	(0.5)		37.9	(0.7)		35.1	(0.6)		15.4	(0.4)		11.7	(0.5)
	United States*	0.15	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		10.3	(0.5)		43.1	(0.9)		30.9	(0.7)		15.1	(0.6)		10.9	(0.5)
	OECD average	0.00	(0.00)		0.98	(0.00)		7.8	(0.1)		48.2	(0.1)		29.1	(0.1)		13.4	(0.1)		9.3	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	- 0.06	(0.02)		0.99	(0.02)		7.1	(0.4)		50.5	(0.9)		24.0	(0.7)		14.6	(0.5)		10.8	(0.5)
	Argentina	0.17	(0.02)	†	1.08	(0.01)	†	11.3	(0.5)	†	37.5	(0.8)	†	30.0	(0.7)	†	16.0	(0.5)	†	16.4	(0.6)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.24	(0.02)	†	1.30	(0.02)	†	18.0	(0.8)	†	49.0	(1.0)	†	15.3	(0.7)	†	20.5	(0.8)	†	15.3	(0.7)	†
	Belarus	- 0.16	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		5.6	(0.4)		57.6	(0.8)		23.9	(0.7)		12.8	(0.5)		5.7	(0.4)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	- 0.07	(0.02)		1.06	(0.02)		9.4	(0.5)		55.3	(0.9)		19.4	(0.5)		13.7	(0.5)		11.6	(0.5)
	Brazil	0.15	(0.02)	†	1.11	(0.01)	†	11.8	(0.5)	†	43.8	(0.7)	†	27.3	(0.6)	†	15.5	(0.5)	†	13.5	(0.5)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	0.82	(0.01)	†	1.11	(0.01)	†	26.3	(0.6)	†	19.3	(0.5)	†	30.6	(0.6)	†	23.7	(0.6)	†	26.4	(0.6)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	- 0.20	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		4.0	(0.3)		51.7	(0.9)		30.6	(0.6)		11.4	(0.5)		6.3	(0.3)
	Bulgaria	0.19	(0.02)	†	1.20	(0.02)	†	13.5	(0.6)	†	43.6	(1.0)		22.5	(0.7)		17.6	(0.8)		16.3	(0.7)
	Costa Rica	- 0.02	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		8.8	(0.4)		48.0	(0.7)		27.7	(0.7)		13.1	(0.5)		11.2	(0.5)
	Croatia	- 0.20	(0.02)		0.96	(0.02)		5.9	(0.3)		58.4	(0.8)		23.4	(0.6)		10.3	(0.4)		7.9	(0.4)
	Cyprus	0.26	(0.02)	†	1.20	(0.02)	†	14.6	(0.6)	†	41.2	(0.7)	†	24.8	(0.7)	†	16.7	(0.6)	†	17.3	(0.6)	†
	Dominican Republic	0.52	(0.05)	‡	1.29	(0.03)	‡	22.0	(1.4)	‡	34.0	(1.5)	‡	22.1	(1.1)	‡	23.9	(1.1)	‡	19.9	(1.2)	‡
	Georgia	- 0.21	(0.02)		1.01	(0.02)		8.4	(0.5)		58.1	(1.0)		18.3	(0.6)		12.3	(0.6)		11.3	(0.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	0.11	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		9.1	(0.4)		45.5	(0.8)		25.2	(0.6)		15.5	(0.6)		13.8	(0.5)
	Indonesia	0.39	(0.02)		1.16	(0.01)		15.2	(0.7)		34.1	(0.9)		24.8	(0.8)		22.8	(0.8)		18.4	(0.7)
	Jordan	0.28	(0.02)		1.16	(0.02)		12.9	(0.7)		38.5	(0.8)		23.6	(0.7)		18.9	(0.6)		19.1	(0.7)
	Kazakhstan	0.12	(0.02)		1.15	(0.01)		12.6	(0.4)		51.0	(0.6)		16.9	(0.4)		19.7	(0.5)		12.4	(0.4)
	Kosovo	0.12	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		8.5	(0.5)		40.7	(0.8)		27.4	(0.7)		19.0	(0.7)		12.9	(0.6)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	0.14	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		10.3	(0.5)		42.1	(0.8)		30.9	(0.6)		13.9	(0.5)		13.1	(0.6)
	Malaysia	0.36	(0.02)		1.09	(0.01)		13.7	(0.5)		34.0	(0.7)		30.3	(0.6)		20.6	(0.6)		15.2	(0.6)
	Malta	0.33	(0.02)		1.13	(0.02)		13.9	(0.6)		37.2	(0.8)		31.0	(0.8)		17.9	(0.6)		13.9	(0.6)
	Moldova	0.01	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		6.4	(0.3)		40.3	(1.0)		35.8	(0.7)		14.9	(0.6)		9.0	(0.4)
	Montenegro	- 0.07	(0.01)		1.08	(0.01)		9.1	(0.4)		54.9	(0.7)		20.0	(0.6)		12.8	(0.5)		12.2	(0.5)
	Morocco	0.39	(0.03)	‡	1.09	(0.02)	‡	14.1	(0.8)	‡	28.5	(1.0)	‡	27.7	(0.8)	‡	25.2	(1.1)	‡	18.6	(0.9)	‡
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	0.16	(0.03)	‡	1.12	(0.02)	‡	13.1	(0.9)	‡	42.9	(1.2)	‡	24.0	(1.3)	‡	18.7	(1.0)	‡	14.5	(0.9)	‡
	Peru	- 0.10	(0.02)	‡	0.96	(0.02)	‡	6.0	(0.5)	‡	48.1	(1.2)	‡	29.4	(1.0)	‡	13.7	(0.9)	‡	8.8	(0.6)	‡
	Philippines	1.27	(0.02)		1.16	(0.01)		40.1	(0.8)		12.3	(0.5)		22.8	(0.6)		29.8	(0.6)		35.1	(0.8)
	Qatar	0.29	(0.01)		1.12	(0.01)		13.0	(0.3)		36.3	(0.4)		30.4	(0.4)		19.1	(0.3)		14.2	(0.3)
	Romania	0.30	(0.03)		1.07	(0.01)		11.5	(0.6)		33.2	(0.9)		33.0	(0.8)		19.1	(0.7)		14.7	(0.7)
	Russia	0.33	(0.02)		1.11	(0.01)		12.4	(0.5)		37.2	(0.8)		26.2	(0.6)		20.5	(0.5)		16.1	(0.6)
	Saudi Arabia	0.03	(0.02)		1.02	(0.01)		7.5	(0.4)		46.0	(0.8)		24.1	(0.7)		16.0	(0.5)		13.9	(0.5)
	Serbia	- 0.10	(0.02)	†	1.07	(0.02)	†	9.7	(0.6)	†	56.9	(0.9)		17.6	(0.5)		14.0	(0.6)		11.6	(0.6)
	Singapore	0.26	(0.01)		1.02	(0.01)		9.8	(0.4)		36.0	(0.7)		38.0	(0.7)		14.7	(0.4)		11.2	(0.4)
	Chinese Taipei	- 0.36	(0.01)		0.80	(0.01)		3.1	(0.3)		68.1	(0.8)		18.7	(0.6)		8.4	(0.4)		4.8	(0.3)
	Thailand	0.16	(0.02)		1.14	(0.01)		12.6	(0.5)		49.8	(0.9)		23.1	(0.6)		16.2	(0.6)		10.9	(0.4)
	Ukraine	- 0.03	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		7.6	(0.4)		48.3	(0.8)		29.5	(0.7)		13.4	(0.5)		8.9	(0.4)
	United Arab Emirates	0.24	(0.01)		1.14	(0.01)		12.6	(0.4)		40.7	(0.7)		28.2	(0.4)		17.0	(0.4)		14.1	(0.3)
	Uruguay	0.05	(0.02)	†	1.02	(0.02)	†	8.5	(0.5)	†	45.5	(1.0)	†	28.9	(0.9)	†	15.6	(0.8)	†	10.0	(0.6)	†
	Viet Nam	0.08	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		6.9	(0.5)		37.9	(1.0)		35.2	(0.8)		16.9	(0.7)		10.0	(0.5)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		Other students left me out of things on purpose												Other students made fun of me
		Never or almost never			A few times a year			A few times a month			Once a week or more			Never or almost never			A few times a year			A few times a month			Once a week or more
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	58.3	(0.5)		28.2	(0.5)		8.8	(0.3)		4.7	(0.2)		50.1	(0.5)		28.9	(0.6)		12.0	(0.4)		9.0	(0.3)
	Austria	80.1	(0.7)		12.8	(0.5)		4.3	(0.3)		2.7	(0.3)		58.2	(0.9)		27.4	(0.8)		9.0	(0.4)		5.4	(0.4)
	Belgium	81.4	(0.5)		13.1	(0.5)		3.3	(0.2)		2.2	(0.2)		62.4	(0.6)		26.5	(0.5)		7.0	(0.3)		4.1	(0.3)
	Canada	64.6	(0.6)		24.4	(0.4)		7.5	(0.3)		3.5	(0.2)		57.7	(0.5)		25.7	(0.5)		10.1	(0.3)		6.5	(0.3)
	Chile	69.2	(0.7)	†	20.6	(0.7)	†	7.7	(0.4)	†	2.5	(0.2)	†	64.0	(0.7)	†	22.6	(0.6)	†	9.4	(0.4)	†	4.0	(0.4)	†
	Colombia	63.9	(0.7)	†	20.2	(0.6)	†	11.8	(0.6)	†	4.1	(0.3)	†	57.2	(1.0)	†	24.7	(0.7)	†	13.0	(0.6)	†	5.1	(0.4)	†
	Czech Republic	69.6	(0.8)		18.2	(0.6)		7.5	(0.4)		4.6	(0.4)		64.8	(0.9)		21.5	(0.7)		8.6	(0.5)		5.1	(0.4)
	Denmark	72.5	(0.7)		21.3	(0.7)		4.5	(0.3)		1.7	(0.2)		55.4	(0.9)		31.1	(0.8)		9.2	(0.4)		4.3	(0.3)
	Estonia	72.3	(0.7)		19.4	(0.6)		5.6	(0.3)		2.7	(0.2)		55.4	(0.9)		27.1	(0.8)		11.7	(0.5)		5.8	(0.3)
	Finland	74.1	(0.7)		19.0	(0.6)		4.2	(0.3)		2.8	(0.3)		61.8	(0.8)		26.4	(0.6)		7.6	(0.4)		4.2	(0.3)
	France	78.5	(0.7)		13.9	(0.5)		4.6	(0.3)		3.0	(0.3)		64.1	(0.8)		23.7	(0.7)		7.6	(0.4)		4.7	(0.3)
	Germany	77.7	(1.1)	‡	15.7	(0.9)	‡	4.4	(0.4)	‡	2.3	(0.3)	‡	56.7	(1.1)	‡	30.0	(1.0)	‡	8.2	(0.6)	‡	5.1	(0.5)	‡
	Greece	80.5	(0.7)		11.9	(0.5)		4.4	(0.3)		3.1	(0.2)		57.8	(0.8)		25.2	(0.6)		10.7	(0.5)		6.3	(0.3)
	Hungary	71.7	(0.8)		17.7	(0.6)		6.8	(0.4)		3.8	(0.3)		72.2	(0.9)		16.6	(0.7)		7.3	(0.5)		3.8	(0.3)
	Iceland	84.4	(0.8)	†	10.0	(0.7)	†	3.5	(0.4)	†	2.2	(0.3)	†	70.5	(0.9)	†	17.9	(0.8)	†	7.3	(0.5)	†	4.3	(0.4)	†
	Ireland	65.3	(0.7)		26.1	(0.7)		5.6	(0.4)		3.0	(0.2)		55.4	(0.7)		28.7	(0.6)		8.9	(0.5)		6.9	(0.4)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	72.1	(0.6)		17.9	(0.6)		6.6	(0.4)		3.4	(0.3)		70.1	(0.8)		18.5	(0.6)		7.9	(0.4)		3.6	(0.3)
	Japan	89.0	(0.4)		7.4	(0.4)		1.9	(0.2)		1.6	(0.2)		73.2	(0.8)		13.0	(0.4)		6.9	(0.4)		7.0	(0.4)
	Korea	96.5	(0.3)		2.3	(0.2)		0.7	(0.1)		0.5	(0.1)		85.2	(0.5)		6.8	(0.3)		3.4	(0.3)		4.6	(0.3)
	Latvia	53.8	(0.7)		30.0	(0.7)		11.7	(0.5)		4.5	(0.3)		49.3	(0.8)		32.9	(0.7)		11.8	(0.5)		5.9	(0.4)
	Lithuania	72.4	(0.7)		17.5	(0.5)		7.3	(0.4)		2.8	(0.2)		63.4	(0.7)		23.3	(0.6)		9.2	(0.4)		4.1	(0.3)
	Luxembourg	76.7	(0.6)		15.7	(0.5)		4.9	(0.4)		2.7	(0.2)		61.4	(0.7)		26.5	(0.7)		8.0	(0.4)		4.1	(0.3)
	Mexico	71.5	(0.9)	†	17.1	(0.7)	†	8.4	(0.4)	†	3.1	(0.3)	†	62.7	(0.9)	†	23.3	(0.7)	†	9.9	(0.6)	†	4.2	(0.4)	†
	Netherlands*	88.5	(0.6)		9.1	(0.5)		1.5	(0.2)		0.9	(0.2)		69.7	(0.8)		23.8	(0.8)		4.9	(0.3)		1.6	(0.2)
	New Zealand	56.4	(0.8)		29.7	(0.7)		9.2	(0.4)		4.7	(0.3)		46.4	(0.8)		30.2	(0.7)		13.3	(0.6)		10.0	(0.5)
	Norway	81.8	(0.5)		13.0	(0.4)		3.0	(0.3)		2.2	(0.2)		65.5	(0.8)		22.6	(0.6)		7.7	(0.4)		4.2	(0.2)
	Poland	69.2	(0.7)		22.2	(0.6)		5.6	(0.4)		3.0	(0.2)		59.3	(0.9)		26.5	(0.7)		8.9	(0.5)		5.3	(0.3)
	Portugal*	82.7	(0.6)		11.6	(0.5)		4.0	(0.3)		1.7	(0.2)		73.4	(0.7)		18.0	(0.6)		5.6	(0.4)		3.1	(0.3)
	Slovak Republic	65.7	(0.8)		22.6	(0.7)		7.2	(0.4)		4.4	(0.3)		62.8	(0.7)		24.1	(0.6)		8.5	(0.4)		4.5	(0.3)
	Slovenia	76.6	(0.7)		15.6	(0.6)		5.2	(0.4)		2.6	(0.3)		67.6	(0.9)		21.4	(0.8)		7.5	(0.5)		3.5	(0.3)
	Spain	83.4	(0.4)	†	11.0	(0.3)	†	3.3	(0.2)	†	2.2	(0.1)	†	70.2	(0.5)	†	20.8	(0.4)	†	6.0	(0.3)	†	3.1	(0.2)	†
	Sweden	79.4	(0.6)		14.2	(0.5)		3.5	(0.3)		2.9	(0.3)		67.2	(0.8)		21.0	(0.7)		7.4	(0.4)		4.4	(0.3)
	Switzerland	77.4	(0.9)	†	15.3	(0.7)	†	4.6	(0.3)	†	2.7	(0.3)	†	56.6	(1.0)	†	30.7	(1.0)	†	9.0	(0.7)	†	3.7	(0.4)	†
	Turkey	72.9	(0.6)		16.5	(0.5)		6.8	(0.3)		3.8	(0.2)		69.7	(0.9)		17.5	(0.6)		8.5	(0.4)		4.3	(0.3)
	United Kingdom	64.4	(0.8)		24.8	(0.7)		7.1	(0.3)		3.7	(0.3)		50.7	(0.8)		29.4	(0.7)		11.6	(0.5)		8.3	(0.4)
	United States*	61.8	(0.8)		25.6	(0.7)		8.8	(0.4)		3.7	(0.3)		57.9	(1.0)		24.9	(0.8)		10.4	(0.6)		6.7	(0.4)
	OECD average	73.8	(0.1)		17.5	(0.1)		5.7	(0.1)		3.0	(0.0)		62.4	(0.1)		23.9	(0.1)		8.7	(0.1)		5.0	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	62.5	(0.8)		20.5	(0.7)		11.1	(0.4)		5.9	(0.4)		80.4	(0.8)		11.0	(0.5)		5.7	(0.3)		2.9	(0.3)
	Argentina	65.4	(0.7)	†	21.5	(0.6)	†	7.3	(0.4)	†	5.9	(0.3)	†	57.6	(0.8)	†	25.1	(0.8)	†	10.0	(0.5)	†	7.3	(0.4)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	61.2	(0.9)	†	18.1	(0.7)	†	14.1	(0.6)	†	6.6	(0.5)	†	61.2	(1.0)	†	18.1	(0.7)	†	14.8	(0.6)	†	5.9	(0.4)	†
	Belarus	76.8	(0.6)		16.3	(0.6)		5.0	(0.3)		1.9	(0.2)		70.7	(0.7)		18.6	(0.6)		8.1	(0.4)		2.5	(0.2)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	76.3	(0.7)		13.3	(0.5)		6.8	(0.4)		3.5	(0.3)		71.0	(0.7)		16.9	(0.6)		8.3	(0.4)		3.8	(0.3)
	Brazil	63.7	(0.7)	†	22.7	(0.5)	†	8.4	(0.4)	†	5.2	(0.3)	†	59.8	(0.6)	†	23.8	(0.5)	†	9.7	(0.4)	†	6.8	(0.4)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	46.7	(0.7)	†	34.5	(0.7)	†	13.2	(0.5)	†	5.7	(0.3)	†	30.8	(0.6)	†	30.6	(0.7)	†	18.6	(0.5)	†	20.1	(0.6)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	79.9	(0.6)		14.7	(0.5)		3.5	(0.2)		1.9	(0.2)		70.1	(0.8)		20.3	(0.6)		6.4	(0.4)		3.1	(0.3)
	Bulgaria	69.4	(1.0)	†	16.3	(0.7)	†	8.6	(0.5)	†	5.7	(0.4)	†	58.2	(0.9)	†	24.9	(0.8)	†	10.7	(0.6)	†	6.3	(0.4)	†
	Costa Rica	73.2	(0.6)		17.0	(0.5)		5.7	(0.3)		4.2	(0.3)		65.9	(0.7)		21.0	(0.5)		8.2	(0.5)		4.8	(0.3)
	Croatia	82.7	(0.6)		11.0	(0.4)		3.5	(0.3)		2.8	(0.2)		72.5	(0.7)		18.4	(0.5)		5.9	(0.4)		3.3	(0.2)
	Cyprus	65.5	(0.7)	†	19.6	(0.6)	†	9.4	(0.5)	†	5.5	(0.4)	†	54.2	(0.8)	†	26.6	(0.8)	†	12.7	(0.5)	†	6.5	(0.4)	†
	Dominican Republic	54.3	(1.4)	‡	21.7	(1.2)	‡	16.0	(1.1)	‡	8.0	(0.8)	‡	49.9	(1.8)	‡	24.4	(1.2)	‡	17.4	(1.2)	‡	8.4	(0.8)	‡
	Georgia	80.1	(0.8)		10.3	(0.5)		6.0	(0.4)		3.6	(0.3)		73.8	(1.0)		14.9	(0.7)		7.5	(0.5)		3.8	(0.3)
	Hong Kong (China)*	78.0	(0.7)		13.8	(0.7)		4.9	(0.2)		3.2	(0.2)		54.0	(0.8)		22.8	(0.6)		13.1	(0.6)		10.1	(0.5)
	Indonesia	54.4	(0.9)		26.6	(0.8)		12.9	(0.7)		6.1	(0.4)		54.0	(1.0)		23.6	(0.7)		14.1	(0.7)		8.3	(0.5)
	Jordan	61.3	(0.7)		22.5	(0.5)		10.2	(0.5)		5.9	(0.4)		60.5	(0.9)		23.2	(0.7)		11.0	(0.5)		5.2	(0.3)
	Kazakhstan	60.8	(0.5)		17.5	(0.4)		15.3	(0.4)		6.4	(0.2)		71.3	(0.6)		14.4	(0.4)		10.4	(0.3)		4.0	(0.2)
	Kosovo	56.3	(0.8)		25.9	(0.7)		12.9	(0.6)		5.0	(0.3)		72.0	(0.7)		16.8	(0.6)		7.6	(0.4)		3.6	(0.3)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	72.6	(0.7)		20.3	(0.7)		5.2	(0.3)		1.9	(0.2)		52.7	(0.9)		26.6	(0.7)		10.8	(0.5)		9.8	(0.5)
	Malaysia	56.1	(0.8)		28.6	(0.6)		10.9	(0.5)		4.4	(0.3)		47.2	(0.8)		29.2	(0.6)		14.6	(0.5)		8.9	(0.5)
	Malta	59.3	(0.9)		25.2	(0.8)		10.4	(0.6)		5.1	(0.4)		50.6	(0.8)		29.5	(0.8)		12.7	(0.6)		7.2	(0.4)
	Moldova	72.2	(0.9)		21.2	(0.8)		4.5	(0.3)		2.1	(0.2)		62.7	(0.8)		25.7	(0.7)		8.1	(0.4)		3.5	(0.3)
	Montenegro	76.2	(0.6)		14.0	(0.5)		6.0	(0.3)		3.9	(0.3)		71.0	(0.6)		18.0	(0.6)		6.9	(0.3)		4.1	(0.3)
	Morocco	56.1	(0.9)	‡	26.2	(0.8)	‡	12.8	(0.6)	‡	4.9	(0.5)	‡	51.7	(1.3)	‡	29.9	(1.0)	‡	14.2	(0.8)	‡	4.2	(0.5)	‡
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	66.7	(1.1)	‡	18.7	(0.9)	‡	10.1	(0.9)	‡	4.4	(0.6)	‡	58.7	(1.3)	‡	21.9	(0.9)	‡	13.2	(0.8)	‡	6.2	(0.6)	‡
	Peru	72.8	(1.1)	‡	17.9	(0.9)	‡	7.0	(0.7)	‡	2.3	(0.3)	‡	68.9	(1.0)	‡	20.0	(0.8)	‡	7.8	(0.7)	‡	3.3	(0.4)	‡
	Philippines	33.4	(0.7)		33.9	(0.7)		21.8	(0.5)		10.8	(0.5)		20.7	(0.7)		29.6	(0.6)		24.0	(0.6)		25.7	(0.6)
	Qatar	60.8	(0.4)		25.4	(0.4)		9.2	(0.3)		4.6	(0.2)		51.9	(0.4)		28.8	(0.4)		12.7	(0.3)		6.6	(0.2)
	Romania	58.6	(1.1)		28.0	(0.8)		9.0	(0.5)		4.4	(0.4)		51.8	(1.0)		30.7	(0.7)		11.8	(0.5)		5.7	(0.4)
	Russia	51.1	(0.9)		25.6	(0.7)		13.8	(0.4)		9.6	(0.4)		60.0	(0.8)		23.8	(0.5)		10.5	(0.4)		5.7	(0.3)
	Saudi Arabia	77.6	(0.7)		14.8	(0.5)		4.8	(0.3)		2.8	(0.3)		62.4	(0.8)		24.8	(0.7)		8.5	(0.3)		4.2	(0.3)
	Serbia	74.6	(0.9)	†	13.3	(0.5)	†	7.5	(0.5)	†	4.6	(0.4)	†	73.3	(0.9)	†	14.8	(0.6)	†	8.4	(0.5)	†	3.4	(0.3)	†
	Singapore	60.5	(0.6)		29.4	(0.6)		6.6	(0.3)		3.4	(0.2)		47.8	(0.7)		32.0	(0.6)		11.6	(0.4)		8.5	(0.3)
	Chinese Taipei	87.4	(0.4)		8.8	(0.3)		2.7	(0.2)		1.0	(0.1)		77.2	(0.6)		13.5	(0.4)		5.8	(0.4)		3.4	(0.2)
	Thailand	67.1	(0.9)		20.9	(0.6)		8.9	(0.4)		3.0	(0.2)		58.5	(0.8)		22.5	(0.5)		12.2	(0.5)		6.7	(0.3)
	Ukraine	66.2	(0.7)		24.4	(0.6)		6.7	(0.3)		2.8	(0.3)		70.9	(0.7)		18.4	(0.6)		7.2	(0.4)		3.5	(0.3)
	United Arab Emirates	64.3	(0.5)		22.9	(0.5)		8.3	(0.2)		4.4	(0.2)		54.2	(0.5)		27.0	(0.4)		11.5	(0.4)		7.3	(0.3)
	Uruguay	67.3	(0.9)	†	20.6	(0.8)	†	8.4	(0.6)	†	3.7	(0.4)	†	61.5	(1.1)	†	25.4	(0.9)	†	8.2	(0.6)	†	4.9	(0.4)	†
	Viet Nam	69.7	(0.8)		21.7	(0.7)		6.3	(0.4)		2.3	(0.2)		57.4	(0.9)		28.8	(0.8)		9.9	(0.5)		3.9	(0.3)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		I was threatened by other students												Other students took away or destroyed things that belong to me
		Never or almost never			A few times a year			A few times a month			Once a week or more			Never or almost never			A few times a year			A few times a month			Once a week or more
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	73.7	(0.5)		17.1	(0.4)		5.9	(0.3)		3.2	(0.2)		78.6	(0.5)		14.2	(0.4)		4.6	(0.2)		2.6	(0.2)
	Austria	86.2	(0.7)		8.1	(0.5)		4.1	(0.4)		1.6	(0.2)		77.6	(0.9)		14.5	(0.6)		5.4	(0.4)		2.4	(0.3)
	Belgium	88.0	(0.4)		8.8	(0.3)		2.3	(0.2)		0.9	(0.1)		86.6	(0.4)		10.1	(0.4)		2.4	(0.2)		0.8	(0.1)
	Canada	81.2	(0.5)		12.6	(0.4)		4.0	(0.2)		2.2	(0.2)		84.3	(0.4)		10.7	(0.3)		3.4	(0.2)		1.6	(0.1)
	Chile	84.1	(0.7)	†	9.5	(0.6)	†	4.5	(0.3)	†	1.9	(0.3)	†	78.3	(0.6)	†	13.4	(0.5)	†	6.1	(0.4)	†	2.2	(0.3)	†
	Colombia	78.7	(0.9)	†	10.7	(0.5)	†	8.1	(0.6)	†	2.5	(0.3)	†	74.6	(0.9)	†	13.2	(0.5)	†	9.0	(0.5)	†	3.2	(0.3)	†
	Czech Republic	84.8	(0.7)		8.2	(0.4)		4.6	(0.4)		2.4	(0.3)		73.8	(0.9)		16.1	(0.6)		6.0	(0.4)		4.1	(0.3)
	Denmark	88.9	(0.6)		8.2	(0.5)		1.9	(0.2)		1.0	(0.1)		77.5	(0.8)		17.9	(0.6)		3.3	(0.3)		1.3	(0.2)
	Estonia	84.4	(0.6)		9.9	(0.5)		4.1	(0.3)		1.7	(0.2)		81.8	(0.7)		11.8	(0.6)		4.6	(0.3)		1.7	(0.2)
	Finland	84.9	(0.6)		10.9	(0.5)		2.6	(0.2)		1.6	(0.2)		87.5	(0.5)		9.3	(0.4)		2.1	(0.2)		1.1	(0.2)
	France	85.8	(0.6)		8.6	(0.4)		3.6	(0.3)		2.0	(0.2)		85.2	(0.6)		9.2	(0.4)		3.7	(0.3)		1.9	(0.2)
	Germany	87.6	(0.7)	‡	7.2	(0.5)	‡	4.2	(0.4)	‡	1.0	(0.2)	‡	78.1	(1.0)	‡	14.8	(0.9)	‡	5.2	(0.6)	‡	1.8	(0.3)	‡
	Greece	84.7	(0.8)		7.8	(0.4)		5.3	(0.5)		2.2	(0.2)		79.1	(0.7)		11.6	(0.4)		5.9	(0.4)		3.3	(0.3)
	Hungary	85.2	(0.8)		8.2	(0.5)		4.7	(0.4)		1.8	(0.2)		82.8	(0.9)		9.9	(0.6)		5.1	(0.4)		2.2	(0.3)
	Iceland	86.2	(0.7)	†	9.1	(0.6)	†	3.4	(0.4)	†	1.3	(0.3)	†	90.0	(0.6)	†	6.9	(0.5)	†	2.0	(0.3)	†	1.2	(0.2)	†
	Ireland	81.4	(0.6)		13.0	(0.5)		3.7	(0.3)		2.0	(0.2)		79.2	(0.6)		15.3	(0.5)		3.8	(0.3)		1.6	(0.2)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	81.9	(0.8)		9.4	(0.6)		6.7	(0.5)		2.0	(0.2)		76.3	(0.8)		12.7	(0.5)		7.2	(0.4)		3.8	(0.3)
	Japan	94.7	(0.4)		3.0	(0.2)		1.3	(0.2)		1.0	(0.1)		91.1	(0.5)		6.1	(0.4)		1.7	(0.2)		1.0	(0.1)
	Korea	97.4	(0.2)		1.5	(0.2)		0.7	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		95.6	(0.3)		3.2	(0.2)		0.7	(0.1)		0.5	(0.1)
	Latvia	72.6	(0.8)		16.9	(0.6)		7.7	(0.5)		2.8	(0.3)		70.3	(0.8)		19.4	(0.6)		7.3	(0.4)		3.0	(0.3)
	Lithuania	76.5	(0.6)		13.4	(0.5)		7.8	(0.4)		2.3	(0.2)		79.7	(0.6)		10.8	(0.4)		6.5	(0.3)		3.0	(0.2)
	Luxembourg	84.9	(0.5)		9.1	(0.5)		4.3	(0.3)		1.7	(0.2)		81.6	(0.5)		11.9	(0.5)		4.7	(0.3)		1.8	(0.2)
	Mexico	84.1	(0.8)	†	9.1	(0.5)	†	5.2	(0.4)	†	1.6	(0.3)	†	82.6	(0.8)	†	10.0	(0.5)	†	5.5	(0.4)	†	1.9	(0.3)	†
	Netherlands*	93.1	(0.5)		5.4	(0.5)		0.9	(0.2)		0.6	(0.1)		84.4	(0.6)		12.8	(0.6)		1.9	(0.3)		0.9	(0.2)
	New Zealand	71.7	(0.8)		18.4	(0.6)		6.5	(0.4)		3.4	(0.3)		77.7	(0.7)		15.0	(0.6)		4.9	(0.3)		2.3	(0.2)
	Norway	87.7	(0.6)		8.6	(0.5)		2.3	(0.2)		1.5	(0.2)		80.0	(0.7)		15.2	(0.6)		3.3	(0.3)		1.5	(0.2)
	Poland	80.7	(0.7)		11.8	(0.5)		5.4	(0.4)		2.1	(0.2)		77.8	(0.8)		13.4	(0.6)		6.2	(0.4)		2.6	(0.3)
	Portugal*	88.7	(0.5)		7.3	(0.3)		3.1	(0.3)		0.9	(0.1)		87.0	(0.6)		8.4	(0.4)		3.3	(0.3)		1.3	(0.2)
	Slovak Republic	77.3	(0.9)		13.2	(0.6)		7.5	(0.6)		2.0	(0.2)		72.1	(1.0)		17.0	(0.7)		7.4	(0.5)		3.5	(0.3)
	Slovenia	83.9	(0.6)		9.9	(0.5)		4.8	(0.4)		1.5	(0.2)		81.2	(0.6)		11.6	(0.5)		5.2	(0.4)		2.0	(0.2)
	Spain	86.5	(0.3)	†	8.6	(0.3)	†	3.5	(0.2)	†	1.4	(0.1)	†	81.2	(0.4)	†	12.4	(0.3)	†	4.4	(0.3)	†	2.0	(0.1)	†
	Sweden	87.8	(0.5)		8.1	(0.5)		2.6	(0.2)		1.5	(0.2)		82.0	(0.7)		13.4	(0.6)		2.9	(0.2)		1.7	(0.2)
	Switzerland	83.7	(0.9)	†	10.0	(0.7)	†	4.5	(0.4)	†	1.8	(0.3)	†	76.4	(1.0)	†	15.4	(0.8)	†	5.7	(0.5)	†	2.6	(0.3)	†
	Turkey	80.0	(0.8)		11.5	(0.5)		6.3	(0.4)		2.3	(0.1)		80.9	(0.8)		10.4	(0.5)		5.8	(0.4)		2.9	(0.3)
	United Kingdom	79.6	(0.6)		13.4	(0.5)		4.4	(0.3)		2.6	(0.2)		85.3	(0.6)		9.8	(0.4)		3.1	(0.3)		1.7	(0.2)
	United States*	81.7	(0.7)		11.8	(0.5)		4.5	(0.4)		2.1	(0.2)		85.0	(0.7)		10.4	(0.5)		3.4	(0.3)		1.2	(0.2)
	OECD average	83.9	(0.1)		10.0	(0.1)		4.4	(0.1)		1.8	(0.0)		81.2	(0.1)		12.2	(0.1)		4.5	(0.1)		2.1	(0.0)
Partners	Albania	85.9	(0.7)		6.6	(0.4)		5.1	(0.3)		2.4	(0.2)		80.2	(0.7)		10.9	(0.4)		5.9	(0.3)		3.0	(0.2)
	Argentina	79.7	(0.6)	†	11.1	(0.5)	†	5.9	(0.4)	†	3.4	(0.3)	†	67.5	(0.9)	†	17.3	(0.6)	†	9.1	(0.5)	†	6.1	(0.4)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	65.5	(1.0)	†	14.0	(0.6)	†	14.6	(0.7)	†	5.8	(0.5)	†	63.6	(1.1)	†	15.5	(0.7)	†	14.5	(0.6)	†	6.3	(0.5)	†
	Belarus	85.0	(0.6)		9.6	(0.5)		4.2	(0.3)		1.2	(0.2)		83.8	(0.6)		10.8	(0.5)		4.3	(0.3)		1.2	(0.2)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	77.1	(0.9)		11.0	(0.5)		8.3	(0.4)		3.6	(0.3)		78.2	(0.8)		10.8	(0.5)		7.7	(0.4)		3.3	(0.3)
	Brazil	77.6	(0.7)	†	12.3	(0.5)	†	7.2	(0.4)	†	2.9	(0.2)	†	73.6	(0.7)	†	14.7	(0.5)	†	8.1	(0.4)	†	3.6	(0.3)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	59.8	(0.6)	†	20.4	(0.6)	†	13.1	(0.5)	†	6.7	(0.4)	†	69.7	(0.6)	†	18.0	(0.6)	†	8.7	(0.4)	†	3.7	(0.2)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	89.9	(0.4)		7.2	(0.3)		1.7	(0.2)		1.3	(0.2)		65.1	(0.8)		24.7	(0.6)		7.4	(0.4)		2.8	(0.2)
	Bulgaria	67.4	(1.1)	†	16.6	(0.8)	†	12.0	(0.7)	†	4.1	(0.3)	†	64.2	(1.0)	†	18.6	(0.7)	†	11.2	(0.6)	†	6.1	(0.5)	†
	Costa Rica	80.8	(0.6)		11.1	(0.5)		5.4	(0.3)		2.8	(0.2)		87.2	(0.5)		7.8	(0.3)		3.3	(0.3)		1.7	(0.2)
	Croatia	84.0	(0.6)		9.8	(0.4)		3.8	(0.3)		2.4	(0.2)		84.3	(0.6)		9.4	(0.4)		4.0	(0.3)		2.2	(0.2)
	Cyprus	69.6	(0.7)	†	14.0	(0.6)	†	11.8	(0.5)	†	4.5	(0.3)	†	70.4	(0.7)	†	12.7	(0.5)	†	10.2	(0.5)	†	6.7	(0.4)	†
	Dominican Republic	59.3	(1.8)	‡	18.1	(1.3)	‡	15.9	(1.3)	‡	6.7	(0.8)	‡	56.4	(1.8)	‡	18.7	(1.1)	‡	16.9	(1.2)	‡	7.9	(0.8)	‡
	Georgia	83.3	(0.8)		8.2	(0.5)		6.3	(0.4)		2.2	(0.3)		77.8	(0.9)		11.3	(0.5)		7.9	(0.6)		3.0	(0.3)
	Hong Kong (China)*	86.0	(0.6)		7.8	(0.4)		3.8	(0.3)		2.4	(0.2)		77.8	(0.6)		13.2	(0.5)		5.6	(0.3)		3.4	(0.3)
	Indonesia	69.7	(1.1)		16.3	(0.6)		9.7	(0.6)		4.3	(0.3)		56.8	(1.1)		21.3	(0.7)		14.7	(0.6)		7.2	(0.4)
	Jordan	66.4	(1.0)		15.4	(0.5)		14.1	(0.7)		4.1	(0.3)		62.0	(1.0)		17.3	(0.6)		13.4	(0.5)		7.2	(0.4)
	Kazakhstan	75.3	(0.7)		10.9	(0.4)		10.3	(0.4)		3.5	(0.2)		74.3	(0.7)		11.3	(0.4)		10.1	(0.4)		4.3	(0.2)
	Kosovo	77.0	(0.7)		12.9	(0.5)		7.8	(0.5)		2.3	(0.3)		74.4	(0.8)		14.2	(0.6)		7.9	(0.5)		3.4	(0.3)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	81.9	(0.6)		11.3	(0.5)		4.5	(0.3)		2.2	(0.3)		73.8	(0.7)		17.7	(0.6)		5.7	(0.4)		2.8	(0.3)
	Malaysia	75.5	(0.9)		15.1	(0.6)		7.1	(0.5)		2.3	(0.2)		69.9	(0.9)		18.4	(0.6)		8.5	(0.5)		3.2	(0.3)
	Malta	71.8	(0.7)		15.6	(0.6)		9.3	(0.5)		3.4	(0.4)		73.3	(0.7)		15.3	(0.7)		7.1	(0.5)		4.3	(0.4)
	Moldova	79.1	(0.6)		14.4	(0.6)		4.8	(0.3)		1.7	(0.2)		76.5	(0.7)		17.1	(0.6)		4.7	(0.4)		1.7	(0.2)
	Montenegro	76.3	(0.6)		12.1	(0.5)		7.7	(0.4)		3.8	(0.2)		78.3	(0.7)		11.3	(0.6)		6.7	(0.4)		3.7	(0.3)
	Morocco	60.2	(1.5)	‡	20.8	(0.9)	‡	15.2	(1.0)	‡	3.7	(0.4)	‡	58.3	(1.6)	‡	21.5	(0.8)	‡	14.5	(0.9)	‡	5.7	(0.5)	‡
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	76.2	(1.0)	‡	10.8	(0.9)	‡	9.2	(0.6)	‡	3.8	(0.4)	‡	73.8	(1.1)	‡	12.9	(1.0)	‡	9.1	(0.8)	‡	4.2	(0.5)	‡
	Peru	86.5	(0.8)	‡	7.7	(0.6)	‡	4.2	(0.5)	‡	1.6	(0.3)	‡	76.5	(0.9)	‡	14.7	(0.6)	‡	5.8	(0.6)	‡	3.0	(0.4)	‡
	Philippines	38.3	(1.1)		27.2	(0.6)		22.4	(0.7)		12.2	(0.5)		42.1	(1.0)		27.1	(0.7)		21.0	(0.5)		9.8	(0.5)
	Qatar	71.5	(0.4)		16.2	(0.3)		8.9	(0.3)		3.4	(0.2)		68.6	(0.4)		17.5	(0.3)		9.5	(0.3)		4.4	(0.2)
	Romania	71.5	(1.1)		17.0	(0.7)		8.1	(0.5)		3.4	(0.3)		63.7	(1.1)		22.6	(0.9)		9.1	(0.5)		4.6	(0.4)
	Russia	76.1	(0.8)		12.5	(0.6)		8.3	(0.4)		3.1	(0.2)		73.8	(0.6)		13.7	(0.4)		8.3	(0.3)		4.2	(0.3)
	Saudi Arabia	76.0	(0.8)		12.4	(0.5)		8.8	(0.4)		2.8	(0.3)		71.6	(0.8)		15.1	(0.5)		8.1	(0.5)		5.3	(0.4)
	Serbia	78.6	(1.1)	†	10.5	(0.5)	†	8.0	(0.6)	†	2.9	(0.3)	†	79.6	(1.0)	†	9.7	(0.5)	†	6.9	(0.5)	†	3.7	(0.3)	†
	Singapore	82.8	(0.4)		12.1	(0.4)		3.1	(0.2)		2.0	(0.2)		80.3	(0.6)		14.5	(0.5)		3.4	(0.2)		1.9	(0.2)
	Chinese Taipei	94.5	(0.3)		3.8	(0.3)		1.1	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)		83.1	(0.6)		11.8	(0.5)		3.7	(0.2)		1.4	(0.1)
	Thailand	72.3	(0.8)		15.8	(0.5)		8.9	(0.4)		3.0	(0.3)		70.0	(0.9)		16.9	(0.5)		9.9	(0.5)		3.3	(0.2)
	Ukraine	80.5	(0.8)		12.2	(0.5)		5.6	(0.5)		1.7	(0.2)		81.4	(0.8)		11.0	(0.5)		5.1	(0.4)		2.5	(0.3)
	United Arab Emirates	73.8	(0.5)		14.2	(0.4)		8.4	(0.3)		3.6	(0.2)		71.9	(0.6)		15.4	(0.4)		8.2	(0.3)		4.5	(0.2)
	Uruguay	80.8	(0.8)	†	11.2	(0.7)	†	6.5	(0.5)	†	1.6	(0.2)	†	77.0	(0.9)	†	13.6	(0.7)	†	6.8	(0.5)	†	2.6	(0.3)	†
	Viet Nam	80.3	(0.8)		14.0	(0.7)		4.4	(0.4)		1.4	(0.2)		61.3	(1.1)		24.4	(0.8)		9.9	(0.5)		4.4	(0.3)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		I got hit or pushed around by other students												Other students spread nasty rumours about me
		Never or almost never			A few times a year			A few times a month			Once a week or more			Never or almost never			A few times a year			A few times a month			Once a week or more
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	76.4	(0.5)		14.5	(0.4)		5.8	(0.2)		3.4	(0.2)		67.9	(0.5)		19.5	(0.4)		8.1	(0.3)		4.4	(0.2)
	Austria	84.1	(0.7)		8.7	(0.5)		4.6	(0.4)		2.7	(0.3)		71.8	(0.7)		17.3	(0.6)		7.0	(0.4)		3.9	(0.4)
	Belgium	86.5	(0.5)		9.3	(0.4)		2.8	(0.2)		1.4	(0.1)		69.4	(0.7)		22.1	(0.6)		5.9	(0.3)		2.6	(0.2)
	Canada	80.8	(0.5)		12.0	(0.4)		4.5	(0.2)		2.7	(0.2)		73.5	(0.5)		16.8	(0.4)		6.3	(0.3)		3.3	(0.2)
	Chile	83.2	(0.7)	†	10.3	(0.5)	†	4.7	(0.4)	†	1.8	(0.3)	†	68.5	(0.8)	†	18.9	(0.6)	†	8.4	(0.4)	†	4.3	(0.3)	†
	Colombia	77.3	(0.9)	†	11.5	(0.6)	†	7.9	(0.5)	†	3.3	(0.3)	†	62.2	(0.8)	†	19.9	(0.7)	†	11.7	(0.5)	†	6.3	(0.4)	†
	Czech Republic	75.7	(0.8)		14.3	(0.5)		5.9	(0.4)		4.0	(0.3)		64.1	(0.9)		21.3	(0.6)		8.5	(0.5)		6.0	(0.5)
	Denmark	81.3	(0.7)		12.7	(0.5)		3.4	(0.3)		2.6	(0.3)		71.0	(0.7)		21.9	(0.5)		5.4	(0.4)		1.7	(0.2)
	Estonia	81.7	(0.7)		11.6	(0.5)		4.6	(0.3)		2.1	(0.3)		74.5	(0.7)		16.6	(0.6)		6.2	(0.4)		2.7	(0.2)
	Finland	84.1	(0.6)		10.8	(0.5)		2.8	(0.2)		2.3	(0.3)		74.9	(0.7)		17.8	(0.5)		4.9	(0.3)		2.4	(0.2)
	France	86.1	(0.6)		8.4	(0.4)		3.6	(0.3)		1.9	(0.2)		74.1	(0.8)		16.9	(0.6)		6.0	(0.4)		3.1	(0.3)
	Germany	87.0	(0.8)	‡	8.0	(0.6)	‡	3.5	(0.4)	‡	1.4	(0.2)	‡	70.4	(1.0)	‡	19.3	(0.9)	‡	7.8	(0.6)	‡	2.4	(0.3)	‡
	Greece	81.8	(0.8)		9.1	(0.4)		6.1	(0.4)		3.0	(0.2)		73.9	(0.9)		14.9	(0.6)		7.2	(0.4)		4.1	(0.3)
	Hungary	84.9	(0.9)		7.9	(0.5)		4.6	(0.4)		2.6	(0.3)		69.1	(0.9)		17.4	(0.6)		8.3	(0.5)		5.1	(0.5)
	Iceland	89.3	(0.6)	†	7.0	(0.5)	†	2.7	(0.4)	†	1.0	(0.2)	†	83.6	(0.7)	†	10.8	(0.6)	†	3.8	(0.4)	†	1.7	(0.2)	†
	Ireland	81.8	(0.5)		12.2	(0.4)		3.6	(0.3)		2.4	(0.2)		73.9	(0.7)		18.1	(0.6)		5.1	(0.4)		2.9	(0.3)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	83.6	(0.9)		7.8	(0.5)		6.2	(0.5)		2.5	(0.3)		73.0	(0.8)		15.2	(0.6)		7.3	(0.4)		4.5	(0.4)
	Japan	86.7	(0.6)		7.4	(0.3)		3.1	(0.3)		2.9	(0.2)		83.4	(0.7)		11.4	(0.5)		3.0	(0.3)		2.2	(0.2)
	Korea	98.0	(0.2)		1.0	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		91.4	(0.5)		6.3	(0.3)		1.4	(0.2)		0.9	(0.2)
	Latvia	66.8	(0.8)		21.0	(0.6)		8.7	(0.4)		3.6	(0.4)		56.7	(0.8)		27.2	(0.7)		11.0	(0.5)		5.1	(0.4)
	Lithuania	77.6	(0.6)		11.4	(0.4)		8.0	(0.4)		3.0	(0.2)		71.1	(0.6)		16.3	(0.5)		8.3	(0.4)		4.2	(0.3)
	Luxembourg	85.8	(0.6)		7.8	(0.4)		4.4	(0.3)		1.9	(0.2)		70.5	(0.7)		18.7	(0.6)		7.1	(0.4)		3.8	(0.3)
	Mexico	80.9	(0.8)	‡	10.8	(0.6)	‡	6.3	(0.5)	‡	1.9	(0.2)	‡	70.5	(0.9)	‡	16.3	(0.7)	‡	9.4	(0.5)	‡	3.8	(0.5)	‡
	Netherlands*	91.6	(0.5)		5.9	(0.4)		1.5	(0.2)		1.0	(0.1)		76.0	(0.9)		17.7	(0.8)		4.4	(0.3)		1.8	(0.2)
	New Zealand	75.5	(0.7)		15.5	(0.6)		6.1	(0.3)		2.9	(0.3)		65.7	(0.8)		21.1	(0.7)		8.2	(0.3)		5.0	(0.3)
	Norway	84.5	(0.6)		10.1	(0.4)		2.8	(0.2)		2.6	(0.2)		76.5	(0.7)		16.2	(0.6)		4.7	(0.3)		2.5	(0.3)
	Poland	79.5	(0.7)		12.3	(0.5)		5.8	(0.4)		2.4	(0.2)		59.0	(0.9)		25.4	(0.7)		10.4	(0.5)		5.2	(0.3)
	Portugal*	91.0	(0.5)		5.2	(0.3)		3.0	(0.3)		0.9	(0.2)		79.4	(0.7)		13.8	(0.6)		4.7	(0.3)		2.2	(0.2)
	Slovak Republic	77.4	(0.9)		11.8	(0.6)		7.6	(0.5)		3.1	(0.3)		60.9	(0.9)		22.9	(0.6)		9.8	(0.5)		6.3	(0.4)
	Slovenia	78.5	(0.6)		12.7	(0.5)		6.2	(0.3)		2.5	(0.2)		69.7	(0.7)		19.1	(0.6)		7.3	(0.4)		3.9	(0.3)
	Spain	85.9	(0.4)	†	8.7	(0.2)	†	3.5	(0.2)	†	1.9	(0.1)	†	75.9	(0.5)	†	15.1	(0.3)	†	5.8	(0.2)	†	3.2	(0.2)	†
	Sweden	80.6	(0.7)		12.8	(0.6)		4.0	(0.3)		2.6	(0.3)		75.5	(0.7)		17.0	(0.7)		4.8	(0.4)		2.8	(0.3)
	Switzerland	81.8	(0.9)	†	10.8	(0.6)	†	5.4	(0.5)	†	2.0	(0.2)	†	68.9	(1.1)	†	19.4	(0.9)	†	8.3	(0.6)	†	3.4	(0.4)	†
	Turkey	82.0	(0.8)		9.6	(0.5)		5.7	(0.4)		2.8	(0.2)		71.4	(0.8)		16.0	(0.5)		8.0	(0.4)		4.6	(0.3)
	United Kingdom	81.6	(0.7)		11.9	(0.5)		3.9	(0.3)		2.6	(0.2)		69.3	(0.6)		20.4	(0.5)		6.3	(0.4)		4.0	(0.3)
	United States*	84.9	(0.7)		9.7	(0.5)		3.7	(0.3)		1.8	(0.2)		72.7	(0.8)		17.0	(0.6)		6.7	(0.4)		3.6	(0.3)
	OECD average	82.7	(0.1)		10.3	(0.1)		4.7	(0.1)		2.3	(0.0)		71.7	(0.1)		17.8	(0.1)		6.9	(0.1)		3.6	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	82.8	(0.8)		8.7	(0.4)		5.4	(0.4)		3.1	(0.2)		78.1	(0.7)		11.4	(0.4)		6.2	(0.4)		4.3	(0.3)
	Argentina	83.5	(0.6)	†	8.5	(0.5)	†	5.2	(0.4)	†	2.8	(0.3)	†	67.0	(0.9)	†	18.0	(0.6)	†	8.1	(0.4)	†	7.0	(0.4)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	65.8	(1.1)	†	12.6	(0.5)	†	14.8	(0.7)	†	6.8	(0.4)	†	62.6	(1.0)	†	14.6	(0.7)	†	14.4	(0.7)	†	8.4	(0.5)	†
	Belarus	85.9	(0.6)		8.9	(0.5)		4.1	(0.3)		1.2	(0.2)		73.1	(0.7)		17.4	(0.5)		7.0	(0.4)		2.5	(0.3)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	83.3	(0.7)		7.0	(0.4)		6.7	(0.4)		3.0	(0.3)		68.9	(0.8)		15.7	(0.5)		9.7	(0.4)		5.7	(0.3)
	Brazil	80.9	(0.6)	†	10.1	(0.4)	†	6.4	(0.4)	†	2.6	(0.2)	†	67.3	(0.6)	†	18.2	(0.5)	†	9.0	(0.5)	†	5.5	(0.4)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	65.8	(0.6)	†	19.3	(0.6)	†	10.3	(0.4)	†	4.6	(0.3)	†	58.6	(0.8)	†	24.2	(0.7)	†	11.3	(0.5)	†	5.9	(0.3)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	89.3	(0.5)		7.3	(0.4)		2.0	(0.2)		1.3	(0.2)		82.2	(0.6)		12.7	(0.5)		3.3	(0.2)		1.8	(0.2)
	Bulgaria	63.5	(1.0)	†	17.8	(0.8)	†	12.5	(0.7)	†	6.2	(0.4)	†	59.0	(1.2)	†	21.1	(0.7)	†	12.2	(0.6)	†	7.7	(0.5)	†
	Costa Rica	86.8	(0.6)		7.8	(0.4)		3.2	(0.3)		2.2	(0.2)		63.6	(0.7)		21.5	(0.6)		9.0	(0.4)		5.9	(0.4)
	Croatia	83.9	(0.6)		9.3	(0.4)		4.4	(0.3)		2.4	(0.2)		73.0	(0.7)		16.1	(0.6)		6.9	(0.3)		3.9	(0.2)
	Cyprus	68.8	(0.7)	†	13.3	(0.7)	†	11.3	(0.4)	†	6.6	(0.4)	†	59.3	(0.7)	†	20.2	(0.6)	†	11.5	(0.5)	†	9.0	(0.5)	†
	Dominican Republic	64.3	(1.9)	‡	14.9	(1.0)	‡	14.7	(1.0)	‡	6.1	(0.9)	‡	51.0	(1.7)	‡	19.5	(1.1)	‡	17.9	(1.2)	‡	11.6	(1.1)	‡
	Georgia	78.8	(0.9)		9.9	(0.6)		7.5	(0.4)		3.8	(0.3)		72.7	(0.8)		13.4	(0.5)		8.2	(0.5)		5.7	(0.4)
	Hong Kong (China)*	80.9	(0.6)		9.7	(0.4)		5.3	(0.3)		4.1	(0.3)		73.3	(0.6)		16.1	(0.5)		6.4	(0.4)		4.2	(0.3)
	Indonesia	64.6	(1.0)		17.5	(0.7)		11.6	(0.6)		6.2	(0.4)		58.9	(0.9)		20.9	(0.6)		12.6	(0.7)		7.6	(0.4)
	Jordan	66.7	(1.0)		14.5	(0.5)		12.6	(0.7)		6.1	(0.4)		62.2	(1.0)		16.6	(0.6)		12.4	(0.5)		8.8	(0.5)
	Kazakhstan	76.0	(0.7)		9.8	(0.4)		10.3	(0.4)		4.0	(0.2)		70.8	(0.7)		13.0	(0.4)		10.9	(0.4)		5.4	(0.3)
	Kosovo	74.8	(0.7)		13.8	(0.6)		8.1	(0.4)		3.4	(0.3)		69.6	(0.7)		16.0	(0.6)		9.0	(0.5)		5.4	(0.4)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	84.8	(0.6)		9.2	(0.5)		3.7	(0.3)		2.2	(0.2)		68.6	(0.7)		20.8	(0.6)		7.0	(0.4)		3.7	(0.3)
	Malaysia	76.8	(0.9)		13.0	(0.6)		7.5	(0.5)		2.7	(0.2)		58.7	(0.7)		24.8	(0.6)		11.8	(0.6)		4.7	(0.3)
	Malta	71.4	(0.8)		16.0	(0.7)		8.4	(0.4)		4.2	(0.4)		64.9	(1.0)		19.8	(0.8)		10.1	(0.6)		5.2	(0.4)
	Moldova	77.8	(0.7)		15.3	(0.6)		4.9	(0.3)		2.0	(0.2)		61.3	(0.9)		25.7	(0.7)		8.7	(0.4)		4.4	(0.3)
	Montenegro	80.5	(0.6)		9.3	(0.4)		6.8	(0.3)		3.4	(0.2)		67.0	(0.7)		17.9	(0.6)		9.0	(0.4)		6.0	(0.3)
	Morocco	60.8	(1.7)	‡	20.1	(1.0)	‡	14.2	(0.9)	‡	4.8	(0.5)	‡	50.6	(1.2)	‡	24.5	(0.9)	‡	15.3	(0.9)	‡	9.5	(0.5)	‡
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	77.0	(1.2)	‡	10.6	(1.0)	‡	8.5	(0.7)	‡	3.8	(0.5)	‡	63.8	(1.1)	‡	18.1	(1.0)	‡	10.7	(0.9)	‡	7.3	(0.6)	‡
	Peru	82.4	(0.8)	‡	10.1	(0.5)	‡	5.4	(0.5)	‡	2.1	(0.3)	‡	67.8	(1.2)	‡	20.2	(1.1)	‡	7.8	(0.7)	‡	4.2	(0.4)	‡
	Philippines	39.8	(1.0)		28.0	(0.7)		21.1	(0.6)		11.1	(0.5)		40.4	(0.9)		27.1	(0.7)		21.3	(0.6)		11.1	(0.5)
	Qatar	70.7	(0.4)		15.6	(0.3)		9.6	(0.2)		4.0	(0.2)		61.3	(0.5)		21.5	(0.4)		11.1	(0.3)		6.1	(0.2)
	Romania	71.5	(1.1)		16.1	(0.6)		8.7	(0.6)		3.6	(0.3)		60.7	(1.1)		23.4	(0.8)		9.7	(0.6)		6.2	(0.4)
	Russia	78.9	(0.7)		9.8	(0.4)		7.8	(0.4)		3.4	(0.2)		68.5	(0.8)		17.1	(0.7)		9.2	(0.4)		5.1	(0.3)
	Saudi Arabia	79.2	(0.8)		9.9	(0.5)		7.4	(0.5)		3.5	(0.3)		67.8	(0.8)		17.4	(0.6)		8.7	(0.4)		6.2	(0.4)
	Serbia	80.7	(1.0)	†	8.4	(0.6)	†	7.8	(0.5)	†	3.0	(0.3)	†	68.0	(0.9)	†	16.6	(0.5)	†	9.9	(0.5)	†	5.6	(0.4)	†
	Singapore	80.8	(0.5)		13.1	(0.4)		3.8	(0.2)		2.3	(0.2)		69.9	(0.6)		21.6	(0.5)		5.5	(0.3)		3.0	(0.2)
	Chinese Taipei	96.5	(0.2)		2.1	(0.2)		0.8	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)		85.9	(0.5)		9.6	(0.4)		3.2	(0.2)		1.4	(0.2)
	Thailand	76.3	(1.0)		12.9	(0.5)		8.0	(0.5)		2.7	(0.2)		69.0	(0.9)		17.3	(0.6)		9.8	(0.5)		3.9	(0.3)
	Ukraine	82.5	(0.8)		10.6	(0.6)		5.0	(0.5)		1.9	(0.2)		70.8	(0.8)		18.0	(0.6)		7.6	(0.4)		3.7	(0.3)
	United Arab Emirates	73.9	(0.7)		13.3	(0.5)		8.6	(0.3)		4.2	(0.2)		65.0	(0.8)		19.0	(0.5)		10.0	(0.3)		6.0	(0.3)
	Uruguay	80.0	(0.9)	†	11.1	(0.7)	†	6.8	(0.6)	†	2.1	(0.2)	†	68.9	(1.0)	†	18.0	(0.7)	†	8.9	(0.5)	†	4.2	(0.4)	†
	Viet Nam	81.5	(0.9)		11.9	(0.6)		5.0	(0.4)		1.5	(0.2)		76.2	(0.7)		15.1	(0.6)		5.5	(0.3)		3.2	(0.3)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. The index of exposure to bullying includes the following statements: “Other students left me out of things on purpose”; “Other students made fun of me”; and “I was threatened by other students”. Higher values in the index indicate more exposure to bullying.

2. A student is frequently bullied if he or she is in the top 10 % of the index of exposure to bullying across all countries/economies.

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.2.15. Students' attitudes towards bullying

Based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		It irritates me when nobody defends bullied students												It is a good thing to help students who can’t defend themselves
		Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree			Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	4.7	(0.2)		8.8	(0.3)		48.9	(0.6)		37.6	(0.5)		2.6	(0.2)		4.7	(0.2)		53.0	(0.6)		39.6	(0.6)
	Austria	13.0	(0.6)		11.5	(0.6)		35.2	(0.8)		40.3	(1.0)		6.0	(0.4)		10.0	(0.6)		36.0	(0.9)		47.9	(1.0)
	Belgium	11.4	(0.4)		8.8	(0.4)		47.9	(0.7)		31.8	(0.7)		2.7	(0.2)		4.5	(0.3)		58.9	(0.7)		33.9	(0.7)
	Canada	6.2	(0.3)		8.7	(0.3)		49.8	(0.5)		35.3	(0.6)		3.2	(0.2)		5.0	(0.2)		53.7	(0.5)		38.1	(0.6)
	Chile	10.0	(0.6)	†	6.1	(0.4)	†	37.8	(0.8)	†	46.1	(1.0)	†	5.8	(0.4)	†	5.9	(0.5)	†	43.2	(0.7)	†	45.1	(1.0)	†
	Colombia	12.3	(0.6)	†	13.0	(0.6)	†	48.1	(0.9)	†	26.6	(0.8)	†	6.0	(0.4)	†	10.4	(0.6)	†	57.1	(0.7)	†	26.5	(0.8)	†
	Czech Republic	8.6	(0.4)		7.9	(0.4)		52.0	(0.8)		31.5	(0.8)		5.2	(0.4)		6.2	(0.3)		58.0	(0.8)		30.6	(0.7)
	Denmark	5.2	(0.4)		6.8	(0.4)		48.9	(0.7)		39.1	(0.7)		2.8	(0.3)		5.1	(0.4)		55.7	(0.7)		36.4	(0.8)
	Estonia	6.9	(0.4)		11.9	(0.5)		55.3	(0.8)		25.9	(0.7)		4.0	(0.3)		7.5	(0.4)		59.9	(0.8)		28.7	(0.7)
	Finland	6.7	(0.3)		11.6	(0.5)		55.2	(0.8)		26.5	(0.7)		3.7	(0.3)		5.0	(0.3)		57.2	(0.8)		34.1	(0.7)
	France	8.8	(0.5)		7.4	(0.4)		45.9	(0.7)		37.9	(0.8)		4.1	(0.4)		6.1	(0.4)		53.0	(0.7)		36.7	(0.7)
	Germany	11.5	(0.7)	‡	11.5	(0.8)	‡	38.8	(1.2)	‡	38.3	(1.3)	‡	5.1	(0.5)	‡	8.7	(0.7)	‡	39.6	(1.2)	‡	46.6	(1.4)	‡
	Greece	9.0	(0.5)		7.3	(0.4)		42.3	(0.7)		41.4	(0.8)		4.6	(0.3)		10.2	(0.6)		45.9	(0.8)		39.3	(0.8)
	Hungary	10.2	(0.6)		14.0	(0.6)		52.4	(0.9)		23.3	(0.8)		6.1	(0.4)		11.0	(0.6)		59.6	(0.9)		23.2	(0.7)
	Iceland	15.4	(0.7)	†	6.1	(0.4)	†	37.8	(1.0)	†	40.8	(1.0)	†	8.4	(0.5)	†	3.8	(0.4)	†	42.5	(1.0)	†	45.3	(1.0)	†
	Ireland	3.6	(0.3)		6.5	(0.3)		49.1	(0.8)		40.9	(0.9)		2.2	(0.2)		4.0	(0.3)		53.0	(0.7)		40.9	(0.8)
	Israel	9.0	(0.4)		8.6	(0.5)		41.6	(0.7)		40.8	(0.9)		4.7	(0.3)		9.2	(0.5)		44.1	(0.8)		41.9	(0.9)
	Italy	8.9	(0.5)		7.0	(0.5)		45.1	(0.9)		39.0	(0.9)		4.2	(0.4)		8.9	(0.6)		49.6	(0.8)		37.3	(0.8)
	Japan	10.7	(0.5)		18.3	(0.6)		50.6	(0.8)		20.4	(0.7)		6.8	(0.4)		13.2	(0.5)		58.5	(0.6)		21.5	(0.7)
	Korea	6.4	(0.4)		7.9	(0.3)		59.7	(0.7)		26.0	(0.6)		3.1	(0.2)		2.9	(0.2)		61.8	(0.7)		32.3	(0.7)
	Latvia	11.4	(0.5)		14.7	(0.6)		50.4	(0.9)		23.6	(0.8)		5.9	(0.3)		12.1	(0.5)		59.1	(0.8)		22.9	(0.7)
	Lithuania	14.5	(0.5)		13.0	(0.5)		41.1	(0.7)		31.4	(0.6)		9.4	(0.4)		11.6	(0.5)		40.0	(0.8)		39.1	(0.7)
	Luxembourg	12.4	(0.5)		9.7	(0.5)		39.2	(0.7)		38.7	(0.7)		5.5	(0.3)		7.8	(0.3)		42.3	(0.7)		44.4	(0.7)
	Mexico	12.7	(0.6)	‡	9.7	(0.6)	‡	45.1	(0.8)	‡	32.5	(1.0)	‡	6.5	(0.5)	‡	7.6	(0.5)	‡	51.3	(0.8)	‡	34.6	(1.0)	‡
	Netherlands*	14.1	(0.6)		15.5	(0.6)		49.3	(0.7)		21.1	(0.7)		2.8	(0.3)		5.9	(0.4)		66.2	(0.9)		25.0	(0.9)
	New Zealand	4.6	(0.3)		7.8	(0.4)		50.3	(0.7)		37.2	(0.8)		2.7	(0.2)		4.1	(0.3)		54.0	(0.7)		39.2	(0.7)
	Norway	6.3	(0.4)		4.8	(0.3)		40.0	(0.7)		48.9	(0.7)		4.3	(0.3)		2.6	(0.2)		42.9	(0.6)		50.2	(0.6)
	Poland	11.8	(0.6)		12.5	(0.5)		49.7	(0.6)		26.1	(0.7)		7.4	(0.4)		9.7	(0.6)		56.9	(0.7)		26.0	(0.8)
	Portugal*	8.2	(0.4)		10.6	(0.5)		50.2	(0.7)		31.0	(0.7)		2.0	(0.2)		3.8	(0.3)		52.2	(0.8)		42.1	(0.8)
	Slovak Republic	14.1	(0.5)		13.3	(0.5)		50.5	(0.8)		22.2	(0.6)		7.6	(0.4)		13.1	(0.6)		55.3	(0.8)		24.0	(0.7)
	Slovenia	9.1	(0.4)		11.0	(0.6)		54.7	(0.9)		25.1	(0.7)		4.7	(0.3)		9.2	(0.5)		58.8	(0.8)		27.4	(0.8)
	Spain	6.9	(0.3)	†	5.9	(0.2)	†	39.4	(0.4)	†	47.8	(0.5)	†	3.3	(0.2)	†	5.1	(0.2)	†	44.5	(0.4)	†	47.1	(0.5)	†
	Sweden	7.4	(0.5)		8.3	(0.5)		48.0	(0.8)		36.3	(0.7)		4.5	(0.4)		5.4	(0.3)		53.1	(0.8)		37.0	(0.7)
	Switzerland	15.0	(0.8)	†	12.4	(0.7)	†	39.9	(1.0)	†	32.7	(0.9)	†	6.7	(0.5)	†	10.8	(0.7)	†	44.3	(1.1)	†	38.1	(1.0)	†
	Turkey	12.4	(0.5)		8.0	(0.4)		34.7	(0.6)		44.9	(0.8)		7.1	(0.4)		8.8	(0.5)		42.5	(0.6)		41.6	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	4.1	(0.3)		7.5	(0.4)		49.6	(0.7)		38.7	(0.8)		2.3	(0.2)		4.1	(0.3)		55.0	(0.8)		38.6	(0.8)
	United States*	4.8	(0.3)		6.9	(0.5)		46.8	(0.8)		41.5	(0.8)		2.5	(0.3)		4.0	(0.3)		46.8	(0.7)		46.6	(0.7)
	OECD average	9.4	(0.1)		9.8	(0.1)		46.5	(0.1)		34.3	(0.1)		4.8	(0.1)		7.2	(0.1)		51.5	(0.1)		36.5	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	8.1	(0.5)		5.6	(0.3)		45.5	(0.8)		40.8	(0.8)		4.8	(0.3)		6.4	(0.4)		44.7	(0.7)		44.0	(0.7)
	Argentina	11.2	(0.6)	†	7.5	(0.4)	†	39.6	(0.8)	†	41.6	(0.9)	†	5.4	(0.4)	†	7.7	(0.5)	†	46.3	(0.8)	†	40.6	(0.8)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	16.4	(0.7)	†	12.3	(0.6)	†	43.2	(0.9)	†	28.1	(0.8)	†	10.0	(0.5)	†	12.5	(0.5)	†	47.0	(0.7)	†	30.5	(0.8)	†
	Belarus	14.5	(0.6)		17.8	(0.6)		52.8	(0.8)		14.8	(0.6)		6.5	(0.4)		12.0	(0.6)		63.1	(0.9)		18.3	(0.7)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	13.1	(0.6)		7.3	(0.4)		42.1	(0.7)		37.5	(0.8)		6.3	(0.4)		8.1	(0.4)		47.2	(0.8)		38.4	(0.8)
	Brazil	16.5	(0.6)	†	12.2	(0.5)	†	42.2	(0.7)	†	29.1	(0.7)	†	6.4	(0.4)	†	8.7	(0.4)	†	51.3	(0.7)	†	33.6	(0.7)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	7.2	(0.4)	†	11.7	(0.5)	†	42.8	(0.7)	†	38.3	(0.7)	†	3.2	(0.2)	†	7.6	(0.4)	†	46.4	(0.8)	†	42.9	(0.8)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	4.1	(0.3)		7.6	(0.4)		61.5	(0.8)		26.8	(0.8)		5.4	(0.3)		11.8	(0.4)		59.4	(0.8)		23.5	(0.7)
	Bulgaria	18.1	(0.8)	†	13.6	(0.6)	†	45.0	(0.9)	†	23.3	(0.7)	†	10.3	(0.7)	†	16.5	(0.7)	†	49.3	(0.9)	†	23.9	(0.9)	†
	Costa Rica	9.3	(0.5)		7.1	(0.4)		34.3	(0.7)		49.4	(0.9)		5.2	(0.4)		5.3	(0.4)		41.4	(0.7)		48.2	(0.8)
	Croatia	8.7	(0.5)		8.4	(0.4)		49.2	(0.8)		33.6	(0.8)		4.4	(0.4)		6.8	(0.4)		52.0	(0.7)		36.8	(0.7)
	Cyprus	14.7	(0.6)	†	11.4	(0.5)	†	39.2	(0.8)	†	34.7	(0.8)	†	7.6	(0.4)	†	13.4	(0.6)	†	42.9	(0.9)	†	36.0	(0.7)	†
	Dominican Republic	16.9	(1.1)	‡	10.9	(0.8)	‡	41.2	(1.4)	‡	30.9	(1.5)	‡	10.2	(0.9)	‡	13.0	(1.2)	‡	43.8	(1.3)	‡	33.1	(1.5)	‡
	Georgia	11.1	(0.6)		8.4	(0.5)		40.1	(0.9)		40.4	(0.9)		6.3	(0.4)		8.2	(0.6)		42.4	(0.8)		43.0	(0.8)
	Hong Kong (China)*	6.8	(0.4)		18.0	(0.7)		59.4	(0.7)		15.8	(0.7)		5.9	(0.3)		13.2	(0.6)		64.4	(0.7)		16.5	(0.7)
	Indonesia	14.5	(0.5)		11.2	(0.5)		51.7	(0.8)		22.6	(0.9)		9.4	(0.5)		11.1	(0.6)		57.1	(0.9)		22.4	(0.9)
	Jordan	24.9	(0.9)		14.6	(0.5)		38.3	(0.8)		22.2	(0.6)		9.1	(0.4)		16.6	(0.6)		42.2	(0.7)		32.1	(0.8)
	Kazakhstan	19.0	(0.4)		16.3	(0.4)		48.3	(0.5)		16.4	(0.4)		11.9	(0.3)		14.3	(0.5)		55.0	(0.5)		18.8	(0.4)
	Kosovo	13.4	(0.5)		9.4	(0.5)		46.7	(0.9)		30.5	(0.8)		7.7	(0.5)		9.8	(0.5)		49.3	(0.8)		33.2	(0.8)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	6.1	(0.4)		19.3	(0.6)		57.4	(0.7)		17.2	(0.5)		3.0	(0.3)		13.3	(0.5)		64.9	(0.7)		18.8	(0.6)
	Malaysia	8.1	(0.4)		9.6	(0.5)		50.7	(0.8)		31.5	(0.9)		4.9	(0.3)		8.2	(0.6)		49.8	(0.8)		37.1	(1.0)
	Malta	7.1	(0.5)		5.9	(0.4)		42.2	(1.1)		44.7	(1.0)		3.6	(0.3)		6.3	(0.5)		44.0	(0.9)		46.1	(0.9)
	Moldova	12.2	(0.6)		14.3	(0.6)		53.5	(0.8)		20.1	(0.7)		3.0	(0.3)		5.9	(0.5)		61.7	(0.8)		29.3	(0.8)
	Montenegro	12.2	(0.5)		8.5	(0.4)		40.6	(0.6)		38.7	(0.6)		6.4	(0.3)		9.2	(0.4)		44.3	(0.6)		40.1	(0.7)
	Morocco	19.8	(1.0)	‡	13.3	(0.7)	‡	41.9	(0.9)	‡	25.0	(1.3)	‡	10.1	(0.6)	‡	17.3	(1.0)	‡	45.7	(1.0)	‡	26.9	(1.2)	‡
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	16.2	(1.1)	‡	10.8	(0.8)	‡	36.1	(1.5)	‡	37.0	(1.6)	‡	6.9	(0.6)	‡	9.8	(1.0)	‡	46.1	(1.5)	‡	37.3	(1.5)	‡
	Peru	13.3	(0.9)	‡	9.3	(0.6)	‡	42.1	(1.2)	‡	35.2	(1.2)	‡	6.0	(0.5)	‡	6.3	(0.7)	‡	48.5	(1.3)	‡	39.2	(1.3)	‡
	Philippines	8.1	(0.4)		14.5	(0.6)		55.3	(0.8)		22.0	(0.7)		4.8	(0.4)		11.3	(0.5)		58.3	(0.7)		25.6	(0.9)
	Qatar	13.1	(0.3)		9.4	(0.3)		36.6	(0.5)		40.9	(0.5)		7.1	(0.2)		9.7	(0.3)		39.5	(0.4)		43.8	(0.5)
	Romania	10.3	(0.7)		12.7	(0.6)		51.6	(0.9)		25.4	(0.9)		3.9	(0.3)		11.5	(0.7)		56.3	(0.9)		28.4	(0.9)
	Russia	12.3	(0.5)		13.9	(0.6)		52.8	(0.8)		21.0	(0.7)		5.9	(0.4)		12.6	(0.5)		59.9	(0.7)		21.6	(0.7)
	Saudi Arabia	20.3	(0.8)		10.3	(0.5)		40.5	(0.7)		28.8	(0.7)		10.2	(0.6)		15.0	(0.6)		42.7	(0.7)		32.0	(0.8)
	Serbia	12.7	(0.7)	†	9.2	(0.4)	†	44.0	(0.7)	†	34.1	(0.8)	†	6.9	(0.5)	†	9.0	(0.6)	†	49.5	(0.9)	†	34.5	(0.8)	†
	Singapore	3.4	(0.3)		7.0	(0.3)		50.4	(0.7)		39.1	(0.7)		2.5	(0.2)		3.5	(0.2)		52.0	(0.6)		42.1	(0.6)
	Chinese Taipei	8.4	(0.4)		16.5	(0.5)		57.7	(0.6)		17.4	(0.5)		7.6	(0.4)		8.6	(0.4)		61.3	(0.6)		22.4	(0.5)
	Thailand	15.4	(0.6)		17.1	(0.6)		52.8	(0.7)		14.7	(0.6)		9.5	(0.5)		14.0	(0.6)		57.9	(0.7)		18.7	(0.8)
	Ukraine	10.9	(0.5)		13.3	(0.6)		55.3	(0.8)		20.4	(0.7)		6.6	(0.4)		10.3	(0.5)		60.1	(0.7)		23.0	(0.7)
	United Arab Emirates	13.3	(0.4)		9.3	(0.3)		35.7	(0.5)		41.7	(0.5)		7.5	(0.3)		9.3	(0.3)		38.5	(0.5)		44.7	(0.5)
	Uruguay	10.7	(0.7)	†	6.2	(0.5)	†	39.1	(0.9)	†	44.0	(1.0)	†	5.9	(0.5)	†	7.9	(0.6)	†	44.6	(0.9)	†	41.6	(0.9)	†
	Viet Nam	12.1	(0.6)		16.7	(0.8)		53.8	(1.0)		17.4	(1.0)		5.7	(0.4)		9.8	(0.5)		64.5	(1.1)		20.0	(1.2)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		It is a wrong thing to join in bullying												I feel bad seeing other students bullied
		Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree			Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	4.1	(0.3)		4.1	(0.2)		36.1	(0.6)		55.8	(0.6)		2.9	(0.2)		5.1	(0.3)		44.4	(0.6)		47.6	(0.6)
	Austria	6.2	(0.4)		6.8	(0.4)		19.0	(0.7)		67.9	(1.0)		7.4	(0.5)		12.9	(0.6)		33.1	(0.9)		46.7	(1.0)
	Belgium	3.2	(0.3)		2.6	(0.2)		32.8	(0.6)		61.4	(0.8)		3.4	(0.3)		9.7	(0.4)		48.6	(0.6)		38.3	(0.7)
	Canada	4.0	(0.2)		3.6	(0.2)		38.3	(0.6)		54.1	(0.6)		3.3	(0.2)		5.5	(0.2)		45.3	(0.6)		45.8	(0.6)
	Chile	8.5	(0.4)	†	5.1	(0.4)	†	29.8	(0.7)	†	56.5	(1.0)	†	6.1	(0.4)	†	6.7	(0.5)	†	38.6	(0.7)	†	48.6	(0.9)	†
	Colombia	9.9	(0.6)	†	21.9	(0.8)	†	42.3	(0.8)	†	25.8	(1.0)	†	6.1	(0.5)	†	11.7	(0.5)	†	54.6	(1.0)	†	27.6	(0.8)	†
	Czech Republic	6.9	(0.4)		5.0	(0.3)		41.7	(0.9)		46.4	(0.9)		6.5	(0.4)		7.4	(0.4)		50.6	(0.8)		35.4	(0.9)
	Denmark	3.7	(0.3)		1.9	(0.2)		30.1	(0.8)		64.3	(0.9)		3.2	(0.3)		5.2	(0.3)		41.1	(0.8)		50.4	(0.9)
	Estonia	4.3	(0.3)		6.6	(0.4)		47.5	(0.8)		41.6	(0.8)		4.3	(0.4)		10.1	(0.4)		53.7	(0.8)		31.8	(0.8)
	Finland	3.5	(0.3)		3.4	(0.3)		37.0	(0.7)		56.1	(0.8)		3.7	(0.2)		7.2	(0.4)		46.7	(0.8)		42.4	(0.8)
	France	4.0	(0.4)		3.1	(0.3)		32.4	(0.8)		60.4	(0.9)		4.5	(0.4)		6.6	(0.3)		42.3	(0.8)		46.6	(0.8)
	Germany	4.4	(0.5)	‡	5.3	(0.6)	‡	20.3	(1.0)	‡	70.0	(1.4)	‡	6.4	(0.5)	‡	13.5	(0.8)	‡	36.1	(1.2)	‡	44.0	(1.4)	‡
	Greece	6.3	(0.4)		8.5	(0.5)		35.6	(0.7)		49.6	(0.9)		4.5	(0.3)		7.5	(0.4)		41.9	(0.7)		46.0	(0.9)
	Hungary	9.3	(0.5)		15.5	(0.5)		46.2	(0.8)		29.0	(0.8)		6.5	(0.4)		13.7	(0.6)		53.1	(0.8)		26.7	(0.8)
	Iceland	9.0	(0.5)	†	2.7	(0.3)	†	28.2	(0.9)	†	60.2	(0.9)	†	8.6	(0.5)	†	5.3	(0.4)	†	33.7	(1.0)	†	52.4	(1.1)	†
	Ireland	3.8	(0.3)		2.5	(0.3)		31.5	(0.7)		62.2	(0.7)		2.0	(0.2)		3.3	(0.3)		43.0	(0.8)		51.7	(0.8)
	Israel	6.5	(0.3)		9.5	(0.5)		33.5	(0.7)		50.4	(0.9)		4.6	(0.2)		8.4	(0.4)		40.7	(0.8)		46.3	(0.9)
	Italy	6.9	(0.4)		7.9	(0.4)		38.4	(0.9)		46.9	(1.0)		5.4	(0.3)		11.7	(0.6)		49.5	(0.9)		33.5	(0.9)
	Japan	3.8	(0.3)		3.3	(0.3)		37.8	(0.7)		55.1	(0.9)		4.6	(0.3)		5.3	(0.3)		42.7	(0.7)		47.4	(0.8)
	Korea	3.6	(0.2)		3.1	(0.2)		46.7	(0.7)		46.6	(0.7)		2.8	(0.2)		2.7	(0.3)		58.5	(0.6)		35.9	(0.7)
	Latvia	7.2	(0.4)		10.2	(0.5)		51.2	(0.9)		31.4	(0.8)		6.6	(0.4)		16.2	(0.7)		53.5	(0.9)		23.7	(0.8)
	Lithuania	10.2	(0.5)		8.9	(0.5)		31.3	(0.6)		49.6	(0.8)		10.3	(0.5)		12.2	(0.4)		37.8	(0.7)		39.7	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	6.3	(0.4)		5.1	(0.3)		24.2	(0.5)		64.4	(0.6)		6.7	(0.3)		11.4	(0.5)		36.1	(0.7)		45.8	(0.7)
	Mexico	9.4	(0.6)	‡	8.5	(0.6)	‡	36.7	(0.9)	‡	45.4	(1.2)	‡	7.4	(0.5)	‡	8.5	(0.5)	‡	46.8	(0.8)	‡	37.4	(1.1)	‡
	Netherlands*	3.2	(0.3)		2.0	(0.2)		37.3	(0.8)		57.5	(0.8)		2.6	(0.3)		6.7	(0.5)		53.3	(0.8)		37.4	(0.8)
	New Zealand	4.2	(0.3)		3.9	(0.3)		36.2	(0.7)		55.7	(0.7)		2.8	(0.2)		4.7	(0.3)		44.1	(0.8)		48.4	(0.7)
	Norway	4.6	(0.3)		1.8	(0.2)		24.5	(0.6)		69.1	(0.8)		5.1	(0.3)		4.1	(0.3)		29.7	(0.7)		61.1	(0.8)
	Poland	8.0	(0.4)		11.8	(0.6)		50.5	(0.8)		29.6	(0.9)		7.8	(0.4)		13.2	(0.5)		53.6	(0.8)		25.5	(0.7)
	Portugal*	4.3	(0.3)		9.5	(0.5)		42.0	(0.7)		44.2	(0.9)		2.1	(0.2)		4.7	(0.3)		49.9	(0.9)		43.2	(0.9)
	Slovak Republic	8.4	(0.4)		11.2	(0.6)		49.1	(0.7)		31.4	(0.7)		7.8	(0.4)		12.3	(0.6)		51.6	(0.7)		28.3	(0.7)
	Slovenia	5.8	(0.4)		10.0	(0.5)		48.4	(0.9)		35.8	(0.8)		4.7	(0.3)		8.6	(0.5)		56.0	(0.9)		30.7	(0.8)
	Spain	5.6	(0.2)	†	4.8	(0.3)	†	24.6	(0.4)	†	65.0	(0.5)	†	3.7	(0.2)	†	5.3	(0.2)	†	37.6	(0.4)	†	53.4	(0.5)	†
	Sweden	5.2	(0.4)		2.8	(0.3)		29.7	(0.7)		62.3	(0.9)		6.0	(0.5)		10.7	(0.5)		41.9	(0.7)		41.4	(0.8)
	Switzerland	6.7	(0.5)	†	7.4	(0.6)	†	27.2	(0.9)	†	58.7	(1.0)	†	7.4	(0.5)	†	13.3	(0.6)	†	37.6	(1.1)	†	41.6	(0.9)	†
	Turkey	9.6	(0.4)		10.5	(0.4)		36.9	(0.6)		43.0	(0.7)		7.1	(0.4)		8.0	(0.3)		42.2	(0.6)		42.6	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	3.0	(0.2)		2.3	(0.2)		30.7	(0.8)		64.0	(0.8)		2.1	(0.2)		4.7	(0.3)		42.7	(0.7)		50.6	(0.8)
	United States*	3.8	(0.3)		2.7	(0.3)		33.1	(0.7)		60.3	(0.9)		2.5	(0.2)		4.4	(0.4)		41.4	(0.7)		51.7	(0.8)
	OECD average	5.9	(0.1)		6.4	(0.1)		35.7	(0.1)		52.1	(0.1)		5.1	(0.1)		8.3	(0.1)		44.7	(0.1)		41.8	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	7.8	(0.4)		6.5	(0.4)		34.3	(0.7)		51.4	(0.7)		4.9	(0.3)		4.7	(0.3)		39.2	(0.7)		51.2	(0.8)
	Argentina	10.5	(0.6)	†	10.0	(0.5)	†	32.5	(0.8)	†	46.9	(0.8)	†	6.3	(0.4)	†	8.2	(0.4)	†	42.6	(0.7)	†	42.9	(0.8)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	12.1	(0.6)	†	12.3	(0.5)	†	44.9	(1.0)	†	30.7	(0.8)	†	9.9	(0.6)	†	11.0	(0.5)	†	47.7	(0.9)	†	31.4	(0.8)	†
	Belarus	10.2	(0.4)		13.9	(0.5)		53.0	(0.8)		22.9	(0.8)		7.9	(0.5)		20.2	(0.6)		55.2	(0.8)		16.7	(0.7)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	7.9	(0.4)		6.4	(0.4)		41.9	(0.8)		43.7	(0.9)		6.1	(0.4)		6.9	(0.4)		45.1	(0.7)		41.9	(0.9)
	Brazil	8.0	(0.4)	†	8.6	(0.4)	†	40.5	(0.7)	†	42.9	(0.9)	†	6.1	(0.4)	†	8.3	(0.4)	†	46.2	(0.7)	†	39.4	(0.8)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	7.0	(0.4)	†	6.3	(0.3)	†	30.8	(0.7)	†	56.0	(0.7)	†	3.5	(0.3)	†	6.2	(0.3)	†	37.8	(0.7)	†	52.5	(0.7)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	2.6	(0.2)		1.7	(0.2)		43.9	(0.8)		51.8	(0.8)		2.6	(0.2)		8.0	(0.4)		60.5	(0.7)		28.9	(0.7)
	Bulgaria	10.1	(0.6)	†	12.8	(0.7)	†	44.9	(1.0)	†	32.2	(1.0)	†	10.3	(0.7)	†	14.8	(0.7)	†	45.7	(1.1)	†	29.2	(0.9)	†
	Costa Rica	8.1	(0.4)		5.9	(0.3)		30.3	(0.7)		55.8	(1.0)		5.8	(0.5)		6.4	(0.4)		38.4	(0.7)		49.4	(0.9)
	Croatia	5.2	(0.4)		6.1	(0.4)		41.1	(0.7)		47.6	(0.8)		4.5	(0.3)		8.0	(0.4)		47.1	(0.8)		40.4	(0.8)
	Cyprus	8.8	(0.4)	†	12.3	(0.6)	†	35.7	(0.9)	†	43.2	(0.9)	†	6.9	(0.5)	†	10.8	(0.4)	†	40.3	(0.8)	†	42.0	(0.8)	†
	Dominican Republic	12.5	(0.8)	‡	13.8	(0.9)	‡	40.8	(1.3)	‡	32.9	(1.6)	‡	10.9	(0.9)	‡	10.6	(0.9)	‡	45.2	(1.4)	‡	33.4	(1.5)	‡
	Georgia	9.3	(0.4)		10.8	(0.5)		36.7	(0.8)		43.2	(1.0)		6.4	(0.3)		7.6	(0.5)		39.9	(0.9)		46.0	(0.9)
	Hong Kong (China)*	4.3	(0.3)		4.7	(0.3)		53.3	(0.8)		37.8	(0.8)		5.0	(0.3)		12.4	(0.5)		60.8	(0.8)		21.8	(0.8)
	Indonesia	22.2	(0.7)		20.6	(0.7)		34.4	(0.7)		22.7	(0.9)		9.7	(0.5)		10.8	(0.5)		57.0	(0.8)		22.5	(0.8)
	Jordan	12.9	(0.5)		17.5	(0.6)		44.3	(0.7)		25.3	(0.8)		9.4	(0.4)		10.8	(0.4)		42.4	(0.6)		37.4	(0.7)
	Kazakhstan	14.0	(0.3)		14.4	(0.4)		49.6	(0.5)		22.0	(0.5)		13.2	(0.3)		16.8	(0.4)		51.6	(0.5)		18.4	(0.4)
	Kosovo	12.2	(0.6)		11.6	(0.5)		40.4	(0.8)		35.8	(0.8)		7.9	(0.5)		8.0	(0.4)		46.5	(0.9)		37.5	(0.9)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	2.6	(0.3)		4.5	(0.4)		48.2	(0.8)		44.7	(0.8)		2.6	(0.3)		11.8	(0.5)		59.4	(0.7)		26.2	(0.6)
	Malaysia	8.2	(0.4)		7.8	(0.4)		35.7	(0.8)		48.3	(1.0)		4.6	(0.3)		8.0	(0.4)		49.7	(0.7)		37.7	(0.9)
	Malta	5.8	(0.4)		4.6	(0.4)		33.7	(0.9)		55.9	(0.9)		3.9	(0.4)		5.4	(0.4)		38.1	(0.8)		52.6	(0.9)
	Moldova	8.3	(0.5)		17.3	(0.7)		46.6	(0.9)		27.9	(0.7)		4.7	(0.3)		12.6	(0.4)		57.3	(0.8)		25.3	(0.7)
	Montenegro	7.9	(0.4)		9.1	(0.4)		39.1	(0.6)		43.9	(0.7)		6.6	(0.4)		9.0	(0.4)		42.9	(0.6)		41.5	(0.6)
	Morocco	11.3	(0.7)	‡	21.6	(0.9)	‡	41.9	(0.9)	‡	25.2	(1.2)	‡	10.0	(0.6)	‡	16.1	(0.9)	‡	44.9	(0.9)	‡	29.0	(1.2)	‡
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	13.6	(0.9)	‡	12.2	(0.8)	‡	34.2	(1.3)	‡	40.0	(1.4)	‡	8.5	(0.8)	‡	10.5	(0.9)	‡	42.4	(1.4)	‡	38.5	(1.6)	‡
	Peru	9.6	(0.7)	‡	9.1	(0.8)	‡	36.5	(1.3)	‡	44.8	(1.5)	‡	6.2	(0.6)	‡	7.8	(0.6)	‡	46.2	(1.2)	‡	39.8	(1.3)	‡
	Philippines	8.7	(0.4)		12.7	(0.5)		43.8	(0.8)		34.8	(0.9)		6.3	(0.3)		11.7	(0.5)		49.3	(0.8)		32.7	(0.8)
	Qatar	10.2	(0.3)		10.7	(0.3)		31.4	(0.5)		47.7	(0.5)		7.3	(0.2)		8.4	(0.3)		36.1	(0.4)		48.2	(0.5)
	Romania	10.0	(0.6)		14.7	(0.7)		43.3	(0.9)		32.0	(1.1)		4.8	(0.4)		13.6	(0.6)		52.1	(0.8)		29.6	(0.8)
	Russia	6.8	(0.4)		9.5	(0.5)		53.7	(0.8)		30.0	(1.0)		6.8	(0.4)		16.2	(0.5)		54.1	(0.6)		22.8	(0.8)
	Saudi Arabia	14.9	(0.6)		14.4	(0.5)		31.6	(0.7)		39.2	(1.0)		10.4	(0.5)		10.7	(0.4)		37.1	(0.6)		41.8	(0.9)
	Serbia	7.9	(0.5)	†	9.4	(0.5)	†	42.6	(0.8)	†	40.2	(0.9)	†	7.2	(0.6)	†	9.4	(0.5)	†	46.0	(0.9)	†	37.5	(0.8)	†
	Singapore	2.5	(0.2)		1.7	(0.2)		36.5	(0.6)		59.2	(0.6)		2.1	(0.2)		3.7	(0.3)		43.2	(0.6)		51.0	(0.6)
	Chinese Taipei	4.5	(0.3)		3.1	(0.2)		47.3	(0.7)		45.1	(0.8)		5.0	(0.3)		12.2	(0.5)		57.9	(0.8)		24.9	(0.7)
	Thailand	13.7	(0.6)		14.6	(0.6)		47.6	(0.7)		24.1	(0.9)		8.6	(0.5)		11.8	(0.6)		56.8	(0.7)		22.9	(0.8)
	Ukraine	10.3	(0.5)		11.8	(0.5)		50.3	(0.7)		27.5	(0.9)		9.5	(0.5)		11.5	(0.5)		52.7	(0.6)		26.2	(0.8)
	United Arab Emirates	13.5	(0.3)		9.2	(0.3)		28.7	(0.5)		48.6	(0.6)		7.6	(0.3)		7.4	(0.3)		33.2	(0.5)		51.8	(0.6)
	Uruguay	7.9	(0.6)	†	8.5	(0.6)	†	33.5	(1.0)	†	50.1	(1.2)	†	5.6	(0.5)	†	7.4	(0.5)	†	42.2	(0.9)	†	44.8	(1.0)	†
	Viet Nam	9.3	(0.5)		8.3	(0.6)		49.3	(1.2)		33.1	(1.5)		6.4	(0.4)		7.7	(0.5)		56.8	(1.1)		29.1	(1.2)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		I like it when someone stands up for other students who are being bullied
		Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	2.3	(0.1)		3.5	(0.2)		44.2	(0.6)		49.9	(0.6)
	Austria	6.3	(0.4)		7.3	(0.5)		27.8	(0.8)		58.6	(1.1)
	Belgium	2.4	(0.2)		3.1	(0.2)		50.2	(0.7)		44.3	(0.7)
	Canada	2.9	(0.2)		3.7	(0.2)		45.2	(0.6)		48.3	(0.6)
	Chile	6.4	(0.5)	†	4.6	(0.4)	†	36.1	(0.7)	†	52.9	(1.0)	†
	Colombia	5.8	(0.4)	†	8.6	(0.5)	†	51.0	(0.9)	†	34.6	(0.9)	†
	Czech Republic	5.5	(0.4)		5.1	(0.3)		50.8	(0.9)		38.6	(0.9)
	Denmark	3.0	(0.3)		3.2	(0.3)		41.6	(0.8)		52.2	(0.9)
	Estonia	4.5	(0.3)		6.8	(0.4)		53.4	(0.9)		35.4	(0.8)
	Finland	3.1	(0.2)		4.5	(0.3)		47.2	(0.8)		45.2	(0.8)
	France	3.9	(0.4)		3.5	(0.3)		43.4	(0.8)		49.2	(0.8)
	Germany	4.1	(0.5)	‡	5.6	(0.6)	‡	30.2	(1.3)	‡	60.0	(1.5)	‡
	Greece	4.8	(0.3)		6.4	(0.4)		39.8	(0.6)		49.0	(0.8)
	Hungary	6.1	(0.4)		9.0	(0.5)		52.5	(0.9)		32.4	(0.9)
	Iceland	9.4	(0.5)	†	4.7	(0.4)	†	37.1	(0.9)	†	48.9	(0.9)	†
	Ireland	1.9	(0.2)		2.0	(0.2)		42.4	(0.8)		53.7	(0.8)
	Israel	4.5	(0.3)		6.1	(0.4)		36.8	(0.7)		52.5	(0.8)
	Italy	5.0	(0.4)		6.2	(0.4)		45.9	(0.9)		43.0	(0.9)
	Japan	7.1	(0.4)		9.2	(0.4)		48.5	(0.7)		35.1	(0.7)
	Korea	2.7	(0.2)		3.4	(0.3)		58.6	(0.6)		35.4	(0.7)
	Latvia	6.7	(0.4)		9.1	(0.5)		54.8	(0.9)		29.4	(0.8)
	Lithuania	9.1	(0.4)		8.6	(0.4)		35.2	(0.8)		47.1	(0.7)
	Luxembourg	5.7	(0.3)		5.8	(0.3)		33.4	(0.7)		55.0	(0.6)
	Mexico	7.0	(0.5)	‡	5.9	(0.5)	‡	44.0	(0.8)	‡	43.0	(1.0)	‡
	Netherlands*	1.9	(0.3)		2.5	(0.3)		47.3	(0.8)		48.3	(0.9)
	New Zealand	2.3	(0.2)		3.3	(0.2)		43.5	(0.8)		51.0	(0.8)
	Norway	5.4	(0.3)		2.2	(0.2)		30.4	(0.6)		62.0	(0.7)
	Poland	7.3	(0.4)		8.6	(0.5)		52.7	(0.7)		31.4	(0.7)
	Portugal*	3.2	(0.3)		4.1	(0.3)		47.0	(0.8)		45.7	(0.8)
	Slovak Republic	7.3	(0.4)		9.1	(0.5)		51.8	(0.8)		31.8	(0.7)
	Slovenia	5.6	(0.3)		8.1	(0.4)		51.5	(0.8)		34.9	(0.8)
	Spain	3.5	(0.2)	†	3.6	(0.2)	†	33.8	(0.4)	†	59.1	(0.5)	†
	Sweden	4.5	(0.4)		3.4	(0.3)		41.4	(0.7)		50.8	(0.8)
	Switzerland	5.5	(0.5)	†	7.5	(0.5)	†	35.6	(0.9)	†	51.4	(1.0)	†
	Turkey	9.8	(0.4)		8.6	(0.4)		38.3	(0.6)		43.3	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	1.6	(0.2)		2.8	(0.2)		44.0	(0.8)		51.5	(0.8)
	United States*	2.2	(0.2)		2.7	(0.3)		39.9	(0.8)		55.2	(0.9)
	OECD average	4.9	(0.1)		5.5	(0.1)		43.4	(0.1)		46.2	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	4.6	(0.4)		4.0	(0.3)		37.1	(0.8)		54.3	(0.8)
	Argentina	6.1	(0.4)	†	5.5	(0.4)	†	38.6	(0.7)	†	49.8	(0.8)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	10.9	(0.5)	†	10.0	(0.6)	†	44.6	(0.8)	†	34.5	(0.9)	†
	Belarus	7.2	(0.4)		10.3	(0.5)		59.5	(0.9)		23.0	(0.7)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	6.1	(0.4)		5.1	(0.3)		42.8	(0.7)		46.0	(0.9)
	Brazil	6.7	(0.4)	†	6.0	(0.4)	†	44.9	(0.7)	†	42.5	(0.8)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	4.7	(0.3)	†	7.3	(0.4)	†	34.1	(0.8)	†	54.0	(0.8)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	2.9	(0.3)		6.4	(0.3)		55.1	(0.7)		35.6	(0.7)
	Bulgaria	11.8	(0.7)	†	11.9	(0.7)	†	44.9	(1.0)	†	31.4	(0.9)	†
	Costa Rica	5.8	(0.4)		4.0	(0.3)		34.2	(0.7)		56.0	(0.7)
	Croatia	4.5	(0.3)		5.2	(0.3)		46.6	(0.7)		43.7	(0.8)
	Cyprus	8.0	(0.4)	†	9.5	(0.5)	†	37.9	(0.8)	†	44.6	(0.8)	†
	Dominican Republic	11.1	(0.9)	‡	8.7	(0.7)	‡	39.7	(1.4)	‡	40.5	(1.5)	‡
	Georgia	9.3	(0.5)		10.4	(0.6)		39.2	(0.9)		41.1	(0.9)
	Hong Kong (China)*	4.4	(0.3)		7.1	(0.4)		60.2	(0.7)		28.4	(0.7)
	Indonesia	14.4	(0.6)		12.7	(0.5)		46.7	(0.8)		26.2	(0.8)
	Jordan	10.8	(0.5)		9.7	(0.4)		39.0	(0.7)		40.5	(0.8)
	Kazakhstan	13.0	(0.4)		12.6	(0.4)		52.7	(0.5)		21.8	(0.5)
	Kosovo	8.5	(0.6)		8.4	(0.5)		42.4	(0.8)		40.7	(0.9)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	2.2	(0.2)		7.3	(0.5)		57.8	(0.7)		32.8	(0.6)
	Malaysia	6.0	(0.4)		6.8	(0.5)		43.4	(0.8)		43.8	(1.0)
	Malta	3.7	(0.3)		3.9	(0.4)		37.0	(0.9)		55.4	(0.9)
	Moldova	6.3	(0.5)		8.9	(0.5)		50.4	(0.9)		34.4	(0.9)
	Montenegro	6.6	(0.4)		6.7	(0.4)		41.6	(0.6)		45.1	(0.6)
	Morocco	11.1	(0.8)	‡	14.9	(0.9)	‡	41.1	(1.0)	‡	33.0	(1.1)	‡
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	8.2	(0.8)	‡	7.4	(0.7)	‡	39.8	(1.5)	‡	44.6	(1.4)	‡
	Peru	7.0	(0.6)	‡	6.0	(0.5)	‡	42.9	(1.2)	‡	44.2	(1.2)	‡
	Philippines	8.0	(0.4)		13.7	(0.5)		47.4	(0.9)		30.9	(0.9)
	Qatar	7.5	(0.2)		7.1	(0.2)		31.7	(0.5)		53.7	(0.5)
	Romania	5.0	(0.4)		8.4	(0.5)		49.0	(0.7)		37.6	(0.9)
	Russia	6.2	(0.4)		9.9	(0.4)		57.6	(0.7)		26.3	(0.7)
	Saudi Arabia	11.9	(0.6)		9.4	(0.5)		33.2	(0.7)		45.5	(0.9)
	Serbia	7.2	(0.5)	†	6.6	(0.4)	†	44.9	(0.8)	†	41.4	(0.9)	†
	Singapore	1.6	(0.2)		2.9	(0.2)		41.9	(0.7)		53.7	(0.8)
	Chinese Taipei	5.1	(0.3)		11.1	(0.4)		56.9	(0.7)		26.9	(0.7)
	Thailand	7.9	(0.5)		10.8	(0.5)		55.5	(0.8)		25.8	(0.8)
	Ukraine	6.2	(0.4)		7.5	(0.5)		54.6	(0.7)		31.7	(0.8)
	United Arab Emirates	7.6	(0.3)		6.4	(0.2)		30.8	(0.4)		55.2	(0.5)
	Uruguay	5.5	(0.5)	†	5.4	(0.4)	†	39.0	(1.0)	†	50.1	(1.0)	†
	Viet Nam	5.4	(0.4)		5.9	(0.4)		49.9	(1.0)		38.8	(1.2)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.3.1. Disciplinary climate in language-of-instruction lessons

Based on students’ reports

		Index of disciplinary climate1						Percentage of students who reported that the following things happen in their language-of-instruction lessons:
		Average			Variability			Students don’t listen to what the teacher says
								Never or hardly ever			Some lessons			Most lessons			Every lesson
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	- 0.20	(0.02)		1.08	(0.01)		16.8	(0.5)		46.3	(0.5)		22.4	(0.5)		14.4	(0.4)
	Austria	0.29	(0.03)		1.18	(0.01)		37.6	(1.0)		35.4	(0.6)		15.8	(0.6)		11.1	(0.5)
	Belgium	- 0.21	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		18.6	(0.7)		47.3	(0.8)		21.3	(0.6)		12.8	(0.5)
	Canada	- 0.09	(0.01)		1.05	(0.01)		20.3	(0.6)		48.8	(0.4)		19.9	(0.4)		11.0	(0.3)
	Chile	- 0.12	(0.03)		0.98	(0.01)		20.1	(0.9)		52.9	(0.7)		19.8	(0.7)		7.2	(0.4)
	Colombia	0.11	(0.02)		0.87	(0.01)		22.4	(0.9)		57.4	(0.8)		13.3	(0.6)		6.9	(0.4)
	Czech Republic	- 0.02	(0.03)		1.15	(0.01)		17.9	(0.8)		43.3	(0.9)		19.7	(0.7)		19.0	(0.8)
	Denmark	0.19	(0.03)		0.90	(0.01)		25.4	(1.0)		52.6	(0.8)		14.2	(0.7)		7.9	(0.5)
	Estonia	0.20	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		18.6	(0.7)		50.9	(0.8)		22.0	(0.7)		8.5	(0.4)
	Finland	- 0.11	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		13.2	(0.7)		56.9	(0.8)		22.8	(0.7)		7.0	(0.4)
	France	- 0.34	(0.03)		1.12	(0.02)		16.6	(0.8)		41.6	(0.8)		25.9	(0.7)		15.9	(0.8)
	Germany	0.04	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		19.5	(0.8)		44.5	(0.9)		23.0	(0.7)		13.0	(0.7)
	Greece	- 0.26	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		12.0	(0.6)		49.6	(0.8)		25.3	(0.7)		13.1	(0.6)
	Hungary	0.07	(0.03)		1.09	(0.01)		18.3	(0.7)		51.1	(0.8)		20.0	(0.6)		10.6	(0.5)
	Iceland	- 0.01	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		22.5	(0.7)		53.6	(0.9)		17.1	(0.6)		6.9	(0.5)
	Ireland	0.04	(0.03)		1.09	(0.01)		19.8	(0.8)		47.2	(0.8)		20.2	(0.7)		12.8	(0.6)
	Israel	- 0.03	(0.04)		1.20	(0.02)		23.3	(1.0)		46.1	(0.8)		19.7	(0.7)		10.9	(0.7)
	Italy	- 0.02	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		17.8	(0.7)		49.3	(0.7)		23.6	(0.6)		9.3	(0.4)
	Japan	0.78	(0.03)		0.97	(0.01)		45.0	(1.2)		46.5	(0.9)		6.4	(0.4)		2.1	(0.3)
	Korea	1.07	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		62.1	(1.0)		31.3	(0.8)		5.5	(0.3)		1.2	(0.2)
	Latvia	0.14	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		20.5	(0.8)		47.5	(0.9)		20.7	(0.6)		11.4	(0.5)
	Lithuania	0.28	(0.02)		1.13	(0.01)		24.1	(0.7)		48.2	(0.7)		17.1	(0.5)		10.6	(0.4)
	Luxembourg	- 0.01	(0.02)		1.18	(0.01)		23.9	(0.5)		41.5	(0.8)		18.8	(0.6)		15.8	(0.5)
	Mexico	- 0.03	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		17.8	(0.8)		56.9	(0.8)		17.9	(0.6)		7.5	(0.4)
	Netherlands*	- 0.20	(0.02)		0.87	(0.01)		17.8	(0.8)		55.9	(0.9)		19.5	(0.7)		6.8	(0.5)
	New Zealand	- 0.16	(0.02)		1.02	(0.01)		17.0	(0.6)		47.8	(0.7)		23.2	(0.6)		12.0	(0.4)
	Norway	0.04	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		24.6	(0.9)		53.2	(0.8)		16.6	(0.6)		5.6	(0.4)
	Poland	0.04	(0.03)		1.07	(0.01)		16.8	(0.8)		46.6	(0.7)		24.0	(0.7)		12.6	(0.5)
	Portugal*	0.01	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		17.9	(0.7)		53.5	(0.8)		21.2	(0.7)		7.4	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	0.07	(0.03)		1.08	(0.02)		16.4	(0.8)		51.4	(1.0)		21.8	(0.8)		10.3	(0.6)
	Slovenia	- 0.01	(0.01)		1.11	(0.01)		15.4	(0.5)		42.2	(0.7)		27.3	(0.6)		15.0	(0.4)
	Spain	- 0.22	(0.01)		1.02	(0.01)		13.9	(0.4)		48.8	(0.5)		25.8	(0.4)		11.5	(0.4)
	Sweden	0.06	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		24.3	(1.0)		51.6	(0.9)		18.1	(0.6)		6.1	(0.3)
	Switzerland	0.04	(0.03)		1.08	(0.01)		21.6	(0.9)		44.5	(0.7)		19.5	(0.7)		14.3	(0.8)
	Turkey	- 0.08	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		23.1	(0.8)		59.2	(0.8)		12.7	(0.5)		5.0	(0.4)
	United Kingdom	0.09	(0.02)		1.11	(0.01)		25.7	(0.8)		44.1	(0.7)		19.1	(0.6)		11.1	(0.5)
	United States*	0.14	(0.03)		1.05	(0.01)		23.9	(1.0)		50.5	(0.9)		17.8	(0.8)		7.8	(0.5)
	OECD average	0.04	(0.00)		1.03	(0.00)		22.0	(0.1)		48.5	(0.1)		19.4	(0.1)		10.1	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	0.84	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		54.2	(1.0)		35.2	(0.8)		6.5	(0.4)		4.1	(0.3)
	Argentina	- 0.44	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		10.6	(0.6)		47.9	(0.7)		25.7	(0.6)		15.8	(0.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.35	(0.02)		1.12	(0.01)		35.1	(0.8)		46.9	(0.8)		9.6	(0.5)		8.4	(0.4)
	Belarus	0.71	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		36.6	(0.8)		49.4	(0.6)		10.4	(0.6)		3.5	(0.2)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.08	(0.03)		1.08	(0.02)		15.5	(0.8)		50.3	(1.0)		21.8	(0.8)		12.4	(0.7)
	Brazil	- 0.37	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		15.0	(0.6)		45.0	(0.7)		27.1	(0.6)		13.0	(0.4)
	Brunei Darussalam	- 0.02	(0.01)		0.82	(0.01)		16.5	(0.5)		64.5	(0.6)		12.9	(0.4)		6.1	(0.3)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.79	(0.03)		1.03	(0.01)		45.7	(1.1)		43.5	(0.8)		7.8	(0.4)		3.1	(0.3)
	Bulgaria	0.00	(0.03)		1.19	(0.01)		23.1	(0.9)		39.4	(0.9)		21.5	(0.6)		16.0	(0.8)
	Costa Rica	0.11	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		26.9	(0.9)		52.0	(0.7)		13.8	(0.6)		7.2	(0.4)
	Croatia	0.04	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		12.4	(0.6)		49.4	(0.7)		26.9	(0.6)		11.3	(0.4)
	Cyprus	- 0.28	(0.01)		1.10	(0.01)		16.0	(0.5)		43.7	(0.7)		21.8	(0.6)		18.6	(0.4)
	Dominican Republic	0.07	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		24.1	(0.7)		47.7	(0.7)		15.1	(0.5)		13.1	(0.6)
	Georgia	0.40	(0.03)		1.16	(0.02)		31.9	(1.1)		46.3	(0.9)		11.2	(0.6)		10.5	(0.7)
	Hong Kong (China)*	0.24	(0.03)		1.09	(0.01)		29.4	(1.1)		51.2	(0.9)		12.3	(0.6)		7.0	(0.4)
	Indonesia	0.21	(0.03)		1.06	(0.02)		31.4	(1.0)		48.4	(1.1)		10.2	(0.6)		10.0	(0.6)
	Jordan	0.30	(0.03)		1.22	(0.01)		43.5	(1.1)		32.9	(0.8)		13.4	(0.5)		10.2	(0.5)
	Kazakhstan	0.93	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		52.5	(0.7)		37.1	(0.6)		5.0	(0.2)		5.5	(0.2)
	Kosovo	0.50	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		37.0	(0.8)		44.0	(0.8)		12.0	(0.5)		7.0	(0.4)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	0.12	(0.01)		0.82	(0.01)		11.3	(0.5)		65.8	(0.7)		18.0	(0.6)		4.8	(0.3)
	Malaysia	0.05	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		19.4	(0.8)		64.5	(0.8)		11.1	(0.6)		5.0	(0.4)
	Malta	- 0.17	(0.02)		1.13	(0.01)		19.3	(0.6)		44.0	(0.9)		21.9	(0.7)		14.8	(0.5)
	Moldova	0.60	(0.03)		0.92	(0.01)		30.1	(1.0)		54.2	(0.9)		11.0	(0.6)		4.7	(0.4)
	Montenegro	0.44	(0.01)		1.13	(0.01)		28.5	(0.5)		45.0	(0.6)		16.8	(0.5)		9.7	(0.4)
	Morocco	- 0.20	(0.02)		1.07	(0.01)		21.0	(0.7)		41.6	(0.7)		19.6	(0.6)		17.8	(0.6)
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	- 0.12	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		13.2	(0.6)		59.5	(0.8)		16.5	(0.6)		10.8	(0.5)
	Peru	0.23	(0.01)		0.84	(0.01)		20.6	(0.7)		63.5	(0.7)		10.9	(0.5)		5.1	(0.3)
	Philippines	- 0.21	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		15.3	(0.7)		59.7	(1.0)		11.2	(0.5)		13.9	(0.7)
	Qatar	- 0.05	(0.01)		1.17	(0.01)		24.3	(0.3)		44.6	(0.4)		18.9	(0.3)		12.2	(0.3)
	Romania	0.38	(0.03)		1.02	(0.02)		24.9	(1.1)		56.2	(0.9)		9.2	(0.4)		9.6	(0.6)
	Russia	0.50	(0.02)		1.13	(0.01)		33.7	(0.9)		43.8	(0.6)		14.1	(0.6)		8.5	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	0.27	(0.03)		1.09	(0.01)		35.6	(1.0)		39.9	(0.8)		15.9	(0.5)		8.6	(0.6)
	Serbia	0.03	(0.03)		1.17	(0.02)		14.6	(0.7)		46.4	(0.8)		22.8	(0.6)		16.2	(0.7)
	Singapore	0.09	(0.01)		1.06	(0.01)		22.8	(0.6)		50.5	(0.6)		18.5	(0.5)		8.1	(0.3)
	Chinese Taipei	0.18	(0.02)		1.09	(0.01)		23.0	(0.7)		54.4	(0.7)		16.9	(0.6)		5.7	(0.3)
	Thailand	0.31	(0.02)		0.82	(0.01)		23.7	(0.8)		67.9	(0.7)		5.6	(0.3)		2.8	(0.3)
	Ukraine	0.53	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		28.9	(0.8)		48.8	(0.7)		14.8	(0.6)		7.6	(0.4)
	United Arab Emirates	0.29	(0.01)		1.20	(0.01)		37.2	(0.6)		40.3	(0.5)		13.4	(0.3)		9.1	(0.3)
	Uruguay	- 0.10	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		20.4	(0.8)		51.8	(0.7)		19.4	(0.6)		8.4	(0.5)
	Viet Nam	0.63	(0.03)		0.89	(0.01)		43.9	(1.4)		50.4	(1.2)		4.1	(0.4)		1.6	(0.2)
		Percentage of students who reported that the following things happen in their language-of-instruction lessons:
		There is noise and disorder												The teacher has to wait a long time for students to quiet down
		Never or hardly ever			Some lessons			Most lessons			Every lesson			Never or hardly ever			Some lessons			Most lessons			Every lesson
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	14.0	(0.5)		43.1	(0.5)		26.4	(0.5)		16.5	(0.4)		23.1	(0.5)		44.5	(0.6)		20.3	(0.5)		12.1	(0.4)
	Austria	36.7	(1.0)		37.1	(0.7)		16.2	(0.5)		10.0	(0.5)		39.7	(1.1)		33.7	(0.7)		16.0	(0.6)		10.6	(0.7)
	Belgium	14.2	(0.7)		41.9	(0.6)		26.8	(0.6)		17.1	(0.6)		22.7	(0.8)		40.2	(0.8)		22.6	(0.5)		14.5	(0.5)
	Canada	16.9	(0.4)		44.2	(0.5)		24.6	(0.4)		14.3	(0.4)		29.1	(0.6)		43.8	(0.5)		17.9	(0.4)		9.2	(0.3)
	Chile	13.1	(0.7)		48.2	(0.7)		26.4	(0.7)		12.3	(0.6)		23.8	(1.0)		41.0	(0.8)		23.4	(0.7)		11.8	(0.6)
	Colombia	18.0	(0.7)		54.2	(0.7)		18.2	(0.6)		9.6	(0.5)		36.9	(1.0)		43.3	(0.8)		13.2	(0.5)		6.7	(0.4)
	Czech Republic	25.1	(1.1)		42.0	(0.8)		18.0	(0.7)		15.0	(0.8)		30.8	(1.1)		40.5	(0.8)		16.0	(0.6)		12.7	(0.7)
	Denmark	17.9	(0.7)		56.2	(0.8)		19.2	(0.8)		6.7	(0.4)		40.8	(1.2)		45.5	(0.8)		10.6	(0.6)		3.1	(0.4)
	Estonia	31.7	(1.0)		44.7	(0.9)		17.6	(0.6)		6.0	(0.4)		36.2	(1.0)		43.8	(0.8)		15.0	(0.6)		5.0	(0.4)
	Finland	11.0	(0.6)		52.5	(0.9)		27.3	(0.7)		9.2	(0.5)		21.0	(0.7)		51.5	(0.8)		20.2	(0.8)		7.3	(0.5)
	France	12.0	(0.7)		36.1	(0.8)		28.5	(0.8)		23.4	(0.9)		25.9	(1.0)		35.1	(0.7)		22.2	(0.7)		16.7	(0.8)
	Germany	29.0	(1.0)		42.2	(0.9)		20.0	(0.7)		8.8	(0.6)		29.5	(0.9)		41.3	(0.7)		20.2	(0.7)		9.0	(0.6)
	Greece	14.8	(0.7)		46.0	(0.8)		24.4	(0.7)		14.8	(0.6)		26.1	(0.9)		40.3	(0.8)		19.6	(0.6)		14.0	(0.6)
	Hungary	23.3	(0.9)		46.2	(0.9)		20.7	(0.7)		9.9	(0.6)		29.8	(1.0)		41.5	(0.8)		19.2	(0.7)		9.5	(0.6)
	Iceland	15.3	(0.6)		53.0	(0.9)		24.0	(0.7)		7.7	(0.5)		24.8	(0.7)		50.9	(0.8)		18.2	(0.6)		6.1	(0.5)
	Ireland	20.8	(0.9)		44.4	(0.8)		22.2	(0.7)		12.6	(0.6)		32.3	(1.1)		42.1	(0.8)		16.6	(0.6)		9.0	(0.5)
	Israel	24.5	(1.2)		44.0	(0.7)		20.0	(0.8)		11.5	(0.7)		26.2	(1.0)		41.8	(0.8)		19.9	(0.7)		12.0	(0.7)
	Italy	19.6	(0.8)		43.3	(0.8)		24.7	(0.8)		12.4	(0.5)		32.7	(0.8)		37.1	(0.7)		19.2	(0.6)		11.0	(0.4)
	Japan	55.4	(1.2)		34.9	(0.9)		7.1	(0.5)		2.6	(0.3)		57.4	(1.2)		33.9	(0.9)		6.4	(0.4)		2.3	(0.2)
	Korea	57.5	(1.0)		34.6	(0.8)		6.7	(0.4)		1.2	(0.2)		58.4	(0.9)		33.7	(0.8)		6.4	(0.4)		1.5	(0.2)
	Latvia	27.0	(0.9)		45.8	(0.8)		18.1	(0.6)		9.0	(0.4)		33.0	(1.0)		44.8	(0.7)		14.4	(0.5)		7.8	(0.4)
	Lithuania	32.1	(0.8)		46.9	(0.7)		13.9	(0.5)		7.0	(0.3)		39.5	(0.8)		42.0	(0.7)		11.7	(0.4)		6.8	(0.3)
	Luxembourg	26.6	(0.5)		41.0	(0.7)		19.1	(0.5)		13.3	(0.5)		34.2	(0.7)		36.4	(0.6)		15.9	(0.5)		13.5	(0.5)
	Mexico	13.6	(0.7)		50.7	(0.8)		23.7	(0.6)		12.0	(0.7)		36.7	(1.0)		40.9	(0.7)		15.2	(0.5)		7.1	(0.4)
	Netherlands*	11.5	(0.7)		52.8	(1.0)		27.4	(0.8)		8.3	(0.5)		16.1	(0.8)		49.9	(1.0)		25.6	(0.8)		8.4	(0.6)
	New Zealand	15.4	(0.6)		43.0	(0.7)		28.2	(0.6)		13.4	(0.5)		24.9	(0.8)		44.9	(0.7)		20.3	(0.6)		9.9	(0.5)
	Norway	16.6	(0.8)		56.8	(0.7)		20.5	(0.7)		6.1	(0.4)		26.7	(1.0)		51.0	(0.8)		16.6	(0.7)		5.7	(0.4)
	Poland	25.1	(1.1)		46.2	(0.8)		19.1	(0.7)		9.6	(0.5)		30.7	(1.2)		42.9	(0.8)		17.4	(0.7)		9.1	(0.5)
	Portugal*	19.9	(0.8)		48.2	(0.8)		21.8	(0.7)		10.1	(0.5)		26.2	(0.9)		45.8	(0.9)		19.6	(0.8)		8.4	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	29.6	(1.1)		45.4	(0.9)		16.6	(0.6)		8.5	(0.5)		32.3	(1.0)		42.1	(0.9)		16.6	(0.6)		9.0	(0.6)
	Slovenia	26.5	(0.6)		41.8	(0.8)		20.3	(0.6)		11.4	(0.4)		31.2	(0.7)		40.7	(0.8)		17.3	(0.6)		10.9	(0.5)
	Spain	16.2	(0.4)		43.2	(0.6)		26.8	(0.5)		13.8	(0.4)		20.4	(0.5)		40.5	(0.6)		25.6	(0.5)		13.6	(0.4)
	Sweden	19.8	(0.9)		52.9	(0.9)		20.8	(0.7)		6.5	(0.3)		26.8	(1.0)		46.7	(0.8)		19.5	(0.7)		6.9	(0.4)
	Switzerland	23.2	(0.9)		43.9	(0.8)		20.4	(0.8)		12.6	(0.6)		35.9	(1.0)		38.4	(0.6)		16.5	(0.7)		9.2	(0.5)
	Turkey	22.6	(0.9)		53.8	(0.7)		16.0	(0.6)		7.7	(0.5)		27.8	(0.9)		47.5	(0.8)		15.3	(0.5)		9.4	(0.5)
	United Kingdom	21.4	(0.7)		44.8	(0.6)		21.6	(0.5)		12.1	(0.5)		31.4	(0.8)		43.1	(0.7)		16.2	(0.5)		9.3	(0.4)
	United States*	23.5	(0.9)		48.3	(0.8)		19.2	(0.7)		9.0	(0.5)		31.8	(1.2)		46.4	(0.8)		15.3	(0.6)		6.5	(0.5)
	OECD average	22.7	(0.1)		45.8	(0.1)		20.9	(0.1)		10.6	(0.1)		31.2	(0.2)		42.4	(0.1)		17.4	(0.1)		9.1	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	55.9	(1.1)		34.7	(0.9)		6.5	(0.4)		2.9	(0.3)		61.2	(0.9)		27.4	(0.8)		7.0	(0.4)		4.3	(0.3)
	Argentina	11.4	(0.6)		33.5	(0.8)		29.1	(0.7)		25.9	(0.7)		22.3	(0.8)		37.5	(0.8)		22.8	(0.6)		17.5	(0.8)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	31.2	(0.8)		48.1	(0.7)		12.7	(0.5)		7.9	(0.4)		43.6	(0.9)		38.3	(0.8)		10.2	(0.5)		7.9	(0.3)
	Belarus	45.1	(1.0)		43.0	(0.8)		9.2	(0.5)		2.7	(0.2)		57.1	(1.0)		32.6	(0.7)		8.0	(0.5)		2.4	(0.2)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	28.1	(0.9)		45.3	(0.8)		15.8	(0.6)		10.8	(0.6)		37.1	(1.0)		38.1	(0.7)		14.5	(0.7)		10.3	(0.6)
	Brazil	13.0	(0.5)		42.5	(0.7)		26.6	(0.6)		17.9	(0.5)		20.3	(0.6)		38.7	(0.6)		25.3	(0.6)		15.7	(0.4)
	Brunei Darussalam	13.1	(0.4)		51.1	(0.7)		23.8	(0.5)		12.0	(0.4)		29.9	(0.5)		45.5	(0.6)		16.4	(0.4)		8.2	(0.3)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	46.8	(1.1)		44.3	(0.9)		6.3	(0.4)		2.6	(0.3)		59.5	(0.9)		32.8	(0.7)		5.3	(0.4)		2.4	(0.2)
	Bulgaria	29.0	(1.1)		37.2	(0.9)		20.3	(0.7)		13.5	(0.7)		34.9	(1.1)		33.7	(0.7)		18.0	(0.7)		13.4	(0.7)
	Costa Rica	19.1	(0.6)		48.3	(0.8)		20.6	(0.5)		12.0	(0.5)		40.3	(0.9)		38.0	(0.7)		14.2	(0.5)		7.5	(0.4)
	Croatia	25.6	(0.8)		46.0	(0.7)		19.4	(0.5)		9.1	(0.5)		33.1	(0.9)		41.4	(0.7)		16.9	(0.6)		8.6	(0.4)
	Cyprus	18.3	(0.5)		42.6	(0.6)		20.9	(0.6)		18.2	(0.5)		25.8	(0.5)		39.4	(0.7)		19.3	(0.5)		15.5	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	26.8	(0.7)		46.4	(0.7)		16.3	(0.6)		10.5	(0.5)		41.6	(1.0)		35.6	(0.8)		13.3	(0.6)		9.5	(0.5)
	Georgia	39.9	(1.2)		42.4	(0.9)		9.9	(0.5)		7.8	(0.5)		43.0	(1.2)		36.4	(0.8)		11.2	(0.5)		9.4	(0.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	28.5	(1.1)		52.5	(0.9)		12.2	(0.6)		6.7	(0.4)		40.5	(1.1)		43.4	(0.8)		10.4	(0.6)		5.7	(0.4)
	Indonesia	26.9	(1.0)		43.4	(1.0)		19.2	(0.8)		10.5	(0.6)		40.8	(1.2)		34.5	(0.9)		14.0	(0.7)		10.7	(0.6)
	Jordan	36.9	(1.0)		36.2	(0.8)		15.8	(0.5)		11.2	(0.6)		44.2	(1.0)		29.3	(0.7)		14.1	(0.5)		12.3	(0.6)
	Kazakhstan	55.9	(0.8)		36.5	(0.7)		4.5	(0.2)		3.1	(0.1)		66.2	(0.5)		25.7	(0.4)		4.3	(0.2)		3.8	(0.2)
	Kosovo	45.7	(1.0)		39.1	(0.9)		10.0	(0.5)		5.2	(0.4)		49.4	(0.9)		31.6	(0.7)		11.6	(0.5)		7.5	(0.4)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	22.6	(0.7)		61.0	(0.9)		12.5	(0.5)		3.9	(0.3)		31.7	(0.7)		54.6	(0.7)		10.4	(0.5)		3.3	(0.3)
	Malaysia	16.1	(0.7)		52.7	(0.7)		22.6	(0.6)		8.6	(0.4)		30.7	(1.0)		45.0	(0.8)		16.7	(0.5)		7.6	(0.4)
	Malta	18.9	(0.7)		41.7	(0.8)		22.7	(0.7)		16.7	(0.6)		20.1	(0.7)		41.3	(0.9)		22.9	(0.8)		15.6	(0.5)
	Moldova	46.7	(1.2)		42.0	(0.8)		8.7	(0.6)		2.6	(0.3)		51.9	(1.2)		35.1	(0.8)		9.4	(0.6)		3.6	(0.3)
	Montenegro	51.5	(0.5)		32.4	(0.5)		9.4	(0.3)		6.7	(0.3)		49.7	(0.6)		31.4	(0.6)		11.2	(0.4)		7.8	(0.3)
	Morocco	25.1	(0.7)		35.1	(0.6)		21.1	(0.7)		18.7	(0.6)		34.5	(0.9)		28.3	(0.6)		18.4	(0.5)		18.7	(0.6)
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	13.9	(0.7)		54.3	(0.7)		18.9	(0.5)		12.8	(0.4)		27.5	(0.9)		46.7	(0.8)		16.3	(0.7)		9.4	(0.5)
	Peru	18.4	(0.7)		58.2	(0.7)		15.1	(0.6)		8.2	(0.4)		46.4	(0.9)		39.3	(0.7)		9.9	(0.5)		4.4	(0.3)
	Philippines	13.7	(0.6)		52.7	(0.7)		20.7	(0.6)		12.9	(0.5)		19.4	(0.6)		45.9	(0.8)		19.4	(0.5)		15.4	(0.6)
	Qatar	24.0	(0.4)		42.4	(0.4)		20.5	(0.3)		13.1	(0.3)		29.0	(0.4)		37.0	(0.5)		18.8	(0.3)		15.2	(0.3)
	Romania	34.3	(1.2)		49.8	(1.0)		8.8	(0.4)		7.1	(0.5)		44.3	(1.3)		38.8	(0.9)		9.4	(0.4)		7.5	(0.6)
	Russia	43.4	(0.9)		39.6	(0.7)		10.7	(0.4)		6.3	(0.4)		49.1	(0.9)		34.4	(0.6)		10.6	(0.4)		6.0	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	35.5	(1.0)		37.2	(0.8)		17.8	(0.6)		9.5	(0.5)		43.1	(1.0)		29.0	(0.7)		15.9	(0.5)		12.1	(0.6)
	Serbia	31.2	(0.9)		42.1	(0.7)		15.3	(0.5)		11.4	(0.7)		34.4	(0.9)		38.4	(0.6)		15.7	(0.5)		11.5	(0.7)
	Singapore	20.5	(0.6)		46.4	(0.5)		21.7	(0.5)		11.4	(0.4)		29.4	(0.7)		44.8	(0.8)		16.6	(0.4)		9.3	(0.3)
	Chinese Taipei	24.8	(0.8)		54.8	(0.7)		15.5	(0.6)		5.0	(0.3)		32.4	(0.8)		48.7	(0.7)		13.5	(0.5)		5.4	(0.3)
	Thailand	21.7	(0.7)		61.8	(0.7)		12.3	(0.5)		4.1	(0.3)		29.9	(0.7)		55.9	(0.8)		10.6	(0.5)		3.6	(0.3)
	Ukraine	48.6	(1.1)		39.6	(1.0)		8.2	(0.4)		3.6	(0.2)		48.9	(1.2)		38.0	(1.0)		9.2	(0.5)		3.8	(0.3)
	United Arab Emirates	32.7	(0.5)		41.2	(0.5)		15.7	(0.3)		10.3	(0.3)		39.1	(0.5)		35.6	(0.5)		14.5	(0.3)		10.8	(0.3)
	Uruguay	15.0	(0.5)		44.9	(0.8)		25.1	(0.7)		15.0	(0.6)		21.5	(0.9)		41.0	(0.9)		22.8	(0.7)		14.7	(0.6)
	Viet Nam	47.7	(1.4)		43.1	(1.1)		6.4	(0.5)		2.8	(0.2)		38.3	(1.2)		48.4	(1.0)		9.1	(0.6)		4.1	(0.3)
		Percentage of students who reported that the following things happen in their language-of-instruction lessons:
		Students cannot work well												Students don’t start working for a long time after the lesson begins
		Never or hardly ever			Some lessons			Most lessons			Every lesson			Never or hardly ever			Some lessons			Most lessons			Every lesson
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	30.3	(0.6)		48.3	(0.5)		13.5	(0.4)		7.9	(0.3)		30.2	(0.6)		43.7	(0.5)		16.6	(0.4)		9.5	(0.4)
	Austria	52.7	(0.9)		31.2	(0.7)		10.2	(0.4)		5.9	(0.5)		45.2	(0.9)		30.6	(0.6)		13.8	(0.5)		10.4	(0.6)
	Belgium	39.7	(0.7)		41.1	(0.7)		12.7	(0.5)		6.5	(0.4)		28.7	(0.8)		39.1	(0.6)		20.1	(0.5)		12.1	(0.5)
	Canada	34.1	(0.6)		46.9	(0.5)		12.6	(0.3)		6.4	(0.2)		26.4	(0.6)		44.4	(0.5)		19.9	(0.4)		9.3	(0.3)
	Chile	38.4	(1.0)		42.8	(0.7)		14.1	(0.5)		4.8	(0.4)		27.7	(0.9)		43.6	(0.7)		20.5	(0.7)		8.3	(0.5)
	Colombia	46.5	(0.9)		40.2	(0.8)		8.8	(0.4)		4.5	(0.3)		31.9	(0.7)		42.1	(0.8)		17.7	(0.6)		8.3	(0.5)
	Czech Republic	45.5	(1.2)		36.5	(0.8)		9.6	(0.6)		8.3	(0.5)		39.4	(1.0)		36.6	(0.8)		13.3	(0.5)		10.7	(0.6)
	Denmark	34.0	(1.0)		53.1	(0.9)		10.0	(0.5)		2.9	(0.3)		35.5	(1.0)		49.1	(0.8)		11.8	(0.6)		3.7	(0.4)
	Estonia	31.6	(0.8)		51.6	(0.8)		12.6	(0.6)		4.1	(0.3)		45.4	(0.9)		39.0	(0.7)		11.2	(0.5)		4.4	(0.3)
	Finland	35.1	(0.8)		49.4	(0.7)		11.2	(0.5)		4.3	(0.4)		26.4	(0.8)		48.4	(0.7)		17.7	(0.6)		7.5	(0.5)
	France	40.6	(1.1)		34.2	(0.7)		15.1	(0.5)		10.0	(0.6)		25.9	(0.8)		33.6	(0.7)		22.2	(0.6)		18.3	(0.7)
	Germany	38.1	(1.0)		40.4	(0.8)		14.7	(0.6)		6.8	(0.5)		40.1	(1.1)		36.8	(0.8)		14.9	(0.6)		8.2	(0.5)
	Greece	28.0	(0.8)		43.8	(0.8)		18.8	(0.6)		9.3	(0.5)		27.8	(0.6)		40.8	(0.7)		20.3	(0.5)		11.0	(0.5)
	Hungary	39.5	(1.0)		41.8	(0.8)		13.3	(0.6)		5.5	(0.4)		45.7	(1.1)		34.4	(0.8)		12.8	(0.6)		7.1	(0.5)
	Iceland	29.3	(0.7)		54.4	(0.9)		11.9	(0.6)		4.4	(0.4)		24.2	(0.7)		54.2	(0.9)		15.8	(0.6)		5.8	(0.4)
	Ireland	42.3	(0.9)		42.7	(0.8)		9.9	(0.5)		5.1	(0.4)		38.0	(1.0)		40.5	(0.7)		14.5	(0.7)		7.0	(0.4)
	Israel	34.5	(1.2)		40.4	(0.8)		15.5	(0.6)		9.6	(0.7)		33.2	(1.1)		38.8	(0.7)		16.7	(0.6)		11.2	(0.8)
	Italy	40.6	(0.8)		40.8	(0.8)		12.2	(0.5)		6.4	(0.4)		40.5	(0.8)		35.5	(0.8)		14.4	(0.5)		9.5	(0.4)
	Japan	44.3	(1.0)		41.6	(0.9)		11.0	(0.5)		3.1	(0.3)		59.6	(1.1)		32.0	(0.9)		6.1	(0.4)		2.3	(0.2)
	Korea	69.7	(1.0)		24.9	(0.7)		4.4	(0.3)		1.0	(0.2)		68.3	(0.9)		25.3	(0.8)		5.3	(0.3)		1.1	(0.2)
	Latvia	34.2	(0.9)		47.1	(0.7)		13.0	(0.6)		5.7	(0.4)		46.8	(1.0)		37.3	(0.8)		10.1	(0.5)		5.8	(0.4)
	Lithuania	41.5	(0.8)		41.8	(0.8)		10.6	(0.4)		6.1	(0.3)		45.8	(0.8)		37.5	(0.6)		10.1	(0.4)		6.6	(0.3)
	Luxembourg	43.0	(0.6)		34.5	(0.7)		12.8	(0.5)		9.7	(0.5)		33.7	(0.7)		35.9	(0.7)		16.5	(0.4)		14.0	(0.5)
	Mexico	35.7	(0.9)		45.0	(0.8)		13.3	(0.6)		6.1	(0.4)		29.8	(0.9)		44.2	(0.7)		18.1	(0.6)		7.9	(0.4)
	Netherlands*	32.8	(0.9)		51.2	(0.8)		12.4	(0.6)		3.6	(0.4)		16.3	(0.7)		44.3	(0.9)		28.9	(0.8)		10.5	(0.6)
	New Zealand	31.2	(0.7)		49.2	(0.7)		13.1	(0.5)		6.6	(0.4)		26.9	(0.7)		45.8	(0.6)		19.4	(0.6)		7.9	(0.4)
	Norway	30.0	(0.9)		52.3	(0.8)		13.2	(0.6)		4.5	(0.3)		26.0	(0.8)		51.0	(0.8)		17.1	(0.6)		5.9	(0.4)
	Poland	38.2	(1.0)		41.7	(0.9)		13.1	(0.5)		7.0	(0.4)		42.2	(1.1)		37.3	(0.8)		12.7	(0.5)		7.7	(0.5)
	Portugal*	40.4	(1.0)		44.4	(0.8)		11.3	(0.6)		4.0	(0.4)		33.6	(0.8)		41.2	(0.7)		17.5	(0.6)		7.7	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	41.4	(1.0)		38.0	(0.8)		12.4	(0.6)		8.2	(0.5)		33.9	(1.0)		40.0	(0.7)		16.2	(0.5)		9.8	(0.5)
	Slovenia	44.2	(0.7)		37.4	(0.8)		11.6	(0.5)		6.8	(0.3)		36.7	(0.7)		36.9	(0.7)		16.5	(0.5)		9.9	(0.4)
	Spain	39.7	(0.6)		39.6	(0.5)		13.7	(0.3)		6.9	(0.3)		27.6	(0.4)		39.8	(0.5)		20.8	(0.4)		11.8	(0.4)
	Sweden	31.9	(0.9)		51.1	(0.7)		13.0	(0.5)		4.0	(0.3)		29.8	(0.9)		48.3	(0.7)		16.3	(0.6)		5.6	(0.3)
	Switzerland	43.9	(1.0)		37.0	(0.7)		12.4	(0.5)		6.7	(0.4)		39.2	(1.0)		35.3	(0.7)		14.9	(0.6)		10.7	(0.5)
	Turkey	15.4	(0.6)		49.7	(0.7)		24.1	(0.7)		10.9	(0.5)		18.0	(0.7)		45.1	(0.6)		24.5	(0.7)		12.4	(0.5)
	United Kingdom	43.7	(0.9)		41.2	(0.7)		9.7	(0.4)		5.5	(0.3)		40.6	(0.8)		40.3	(0.6)		12.4	(0.4)		6.6	(0.3)
	United States*	42.6	(1.2)		42.7	(1.0)		10.1	(0.5)		4.6	(0.4)		35.8	(1.0)		44.1	(0.8)		14.0	(0.6)		6.2	(0.4)
	OECD average	38.5	(0.1)		43.0	(0.1)		12.5	(0.1)		6.0	(0.1)		35.2	(0.1)		40.3	(0.1)		16.0	(0.1)		8.5	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	48.4	(0.9)		41.1	(0.8)		7.7	(0.5)		2.7	(0.2)		63.0	(0.9)		26.2	(0.7)		7.5	(0.3)		3.3	(0.3)
	Argentina	32.2	(0.7)		41.8	(0.6)		16.2	(0.6)		9.9	(0.4)		21.1	(0.6)		39.1	(0.6)		24.3	(0.6)		15.5	(0.5)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	39.2	(0.9)		46.5	(0.8)		8.7	(0.4)		5.7	(0.4)		46.1	(0.8)		35.8	(0.7)		10.4	(0.5)		7.7	(0.4)
	Belarus	48.2	(0.8)		41.8	(0.7)		7.9	(0.4)		2.1	(0.2)		62.5	(0.9)		29.0	(0.8)		6.4	(0.4)		2.1	(0.2)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	39.2	(0.9)		40.2	(0.7)		12.2	(0.5)		8.5	(0.5)		46.6	(1.0)		31.7	(0.7)		11.0	(0.5)		10.6	(0.6)
	Brazil	29.8	(0.6)		40.5	(0.6)		20.2	(0.5)		9.5	(0.3)		22.2	(0.6)		33.8	(0.6)		25.6	(0.5)		18.4	(0.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	26.1	(0.6)		57.1	(0.6)		13.0	(0.3)		3.8	(0.3)		40.1	(0.6)		44.2	(0.6)		11.1	(0.4)		4.6	(0.3)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	53.2	(1.2)		37.7	(1.0)		6.7	(0.4)		2.4	(0.2)		54.8	(1.1)		36.1	(0.9)		6.6	(0.4)		2.5	(0.2)
	Bulgaria	32.3	(0.9)		44.3	(0.8)		15.2	(0.6)		8.2	(0.5)		41.7	(1.0)		32.0	(0.8)		14.2	(0.5)		12.2	(0.6)
	Costa Rica	48.9	(0.9)		36.3	(0.7)		9.3	(0.5)		5.5	(0.3)		33.5	(0.8)		40.1	(0.7)		17.1	(0.5)		9.2	(0.4)
	Croatia	40.2	(0.7)		41.0	(0.6)		12.4	(0.5)		6.5	(0.4)		39.9	(0.7)		37.0	(0.6)		14.2	(0.4)		8.9	(0.5)
	Cyprus	29.0	(0.7)		42.2	(0.7)		15.6	(0.5)		13.2	(0.5)		26.7	(0.7)		40.5	(0.9)		19.2	(0.6)		13.6	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	42.4	(1.1)		37.1	(1.0)		11.2	(0.5)		9.4	(0.4)		33.6	(0.9)		32.7	(0.8)		17.8	(0.5)		15.9	(0.5)
	Georgia	45.8	(1.0)		39.2	(0.7)		8.5	(0.4)		6.5	(0.4)		52.0	(1.1)		31.2	(0.7)		8.7	(0.5)		8.1	(0.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	31.5	(1.0)		51.7	(0.8)		10.8	(0.5)		6.0	(0.4)		28.0	(1.0)		50.8	(0.8)		13.9	(0.6)		7.4	(0.4)
	Indonesia	46.3	(1.0)		37.1	(0.9)		10.0	(0.6)		6.6	(0.4)		44.1	(1.2)		35.3	(0.9)		12.7	(0.7)		7.8	(0.5)
	Jordan	45.8	(0.8)		31.5	(0.7)		14.3	(0.5)		8.4	(0.5)		47.5	(0.9)		28.6	(0.7)		13.7	(0.6)		10.1	(0.5)
	Kazakhstan	61.5	(0.6)		30.0	(0.5)		4.9	(0.2)		3.6	(0.1)		68.4	(0.6)		24.1	(0.6)		4.2	(0.2)		3.3	(0.1)
	Kosovo	45.1	(0.8)		40.6	(0.8)		10.2	(0.4)		4.1	(0.3)		53.0	(0.8)		29.8	(0.7)		11.4	(0.5)		5.8	(0.4)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	32.7	(0.7)		53.6	(0.8)		10.5	(0.5)		3.2	(0.3)		22.5	(0.6)		57.9	(0.9)		15.1	(0.6)		4.5	(0.3)
	Malaysia	35.2	(0.8)		48.1	(0.7)		12.3	(0.5)		4.4	(0.3)		34.0	(0.8)		46.1	(0.7)		14.5	(0.5)		5.5	(0.3)
	Malta	40.9	(0.7)		38.3	(0.9)		12.6	(0.5)		8.2	(0.4)		32.3	(0.7)		39.8	(0.9)		16.6	(0.7)		11.2	(0.5)
	Moldova	45.3	(1.0)		44.6	(0.8)		7.9	(0.4)		2.2	(0.2)		58.1	(1.0)		31.4	(0.8)		7.3	(0.4)		3.2	(0.3)
	Montenegro	48.0	(0.7)		34.1	(0.7)		11.1	(0.4)		6.7	(0.3)		49.5	(0.6)		30.2	(0.6)		11.5	(0.4)		8.7	(0.3)
	Morocco	25.1	(0.6)		43.7	(0.6)		20.6	(0.5)		10.5	(0.5)		36.2	(0.8)		27.1	(0.6)		19.6	(0.5)		17.0	(0.6)
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	29.3	(0.8)		50.2	(0.9)		13.3	(0.6)		7.2	(0.4)		29.0	(0.8)		43.7	(0.8)		17.2	(0.7)		10.2	(0.6)
	Peru	34.7	(0.8)		54.3	(0.8)		8.2	(0.4)		2.8	(0.2)		41.1	(0.8)		43.7	(0.7)		10.9	(0.4)		4.2	(0.3)
	Philippines	29.9	(0.7)		50.1	(0.9)		12.3	(0.4)		7.7	(0.5)		26.0	(0.7)		46.3	(0.7)		15.9	(0.5)		11.8	(0.5)
	Qatar	38.5	(0.4)		37.3	(0.4)		14.5	(0.3)		9.6	(0.2)		35.2	(0.4)		35.9	(0.4)		16.7	(0.3)		12.2	(0.3)
	Romania	48.1	(1.1)		40.4	(0.8)		6.9	(0.4)		4.6	(0.4)		49.6	(1.2)		34.3	(0.8)		8.2	(0.4)		7.9	(0.5)
	Russia	43.9	(0.8)		39.7	(0.8)		11.1	(0.5)		5.4	(0.4)		55.8	(1.0)		31.3	(0.6)		7.8	(0.4)		5.1	(0.3)
	Saudi Arabia	46.7	(0.9)		33.8	(0.7)		13.9	(0.5)		5.6	(0.4)		49.3	(0.9)		27.3	(0.7)		14.2	(0.5)		9.1	(0.5)
	Serbia	43.8	(1.0)		34.9	(0.7)		12.1	(0.4)		9.2	(0.6)		38.2	(0.9)		34.2	(0.6)		15.2	(0.5)		12.4	(0.7)
	Singapore	44.2	(0.6)		42.1	(0.6)		9.2	(0.4)		4.6	(0.3)		40.1	(0.6)		41.6	(0.6)		12.6	(0.4)		5.7	(0.3)
	Chinese Taipei	34.1	(0.8)		48.1	(0.6)		12.8	(0.5)		5.0	(0.3)		28.4	(0.8)		50.5	(0.6)		15.4	(0.6)		5.8	(0.3)
	Thailand	35.1	(0.8)		56.8	(0.7)		5.9	(0.3)		2.2	(0.2)		46.9	(0.9)		46.0	(0.9)		5.0	(0.3)		2.1	(0.2)
	Ukraine	41.2	(1.0)		45.4	(0.9)		9.9	(0.5)		3.5	(0.3)		52.4	(1.0)		35.7	(0.7)		8.6	(0.4)		3.4	(0.3)
	United Arab Emirates	48.9	(0.5)		33.1	(0.5)		11.1	(0.3)		6.8	(0.3)		47.4	(0.6)		31.3	(0.4)		12.3	(0.3)		9.0	(0.3)
	Uruguay	45.1	(1.0)		37.9	(0.9)		11.0	(0.4)		6.0	(0.4)		38.8	(1.0)		37.2	(0.9)		15.4	(0.6)		8.7	(0.5)
	Viet Nam	27.6	(1.1)		62.9	(1.1)		6.8	(0.5)		2.7	(0.2)		48.6	(1.2)		39.7	(0.9)		8.1	(0.5)		3.6	(0.3)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. Higher values in the index indicate a more positive disciplinary climate.

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.4.1. Student truancy and lateness

Based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who reported that the following happened in the two weeks prior to the PISA test:
		I skipped a whole day of school												I skipped some classes
		Never			Once or twice			Three or four times			Five or more times			Never			Once or twice			Three or four times			Five or more times
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	67.0	(0.6)		25.5	(0.5)		4.1	(0.2)		3.4	(0.2)		78.8	(0.5)		15.4	(0.4)		3.5	(0.2)		2.2	(0.2)
	Austria	82.7	(0.6)		11.8	(0.5)		2.8	(0.2)		2.7	(0.2)		74.0	(0.9)		18.3	(0.7)		4.3	(0.3)		3.4	(0.3)
	Belgium	91.3	(0.4)		6.4	(0.3)		1.0	(0.1)		1.3	(0.2)		85.8	(0.5)		10.6	(0.4)		2.0	(0.2)		1.6	(0.2)
	Canada	76.8	(0.5)		17.9	(0.4)		2.9	(0.2)		2.4	(0.1)		67.2	(0.7)		23.1	(0.5)		5.9	(0.3)		3.8	(0.2)
	Chile	89.5	(0.5)	†	7.0	(0.4)	†	1.7	(0.2)	†	1.8	(0.2)	†	81.1	(0.8)	†	13.4	(0.6)	†	3.4	(0.3)	†	2.2	(0.2)	†
	Colombia	56.4	(0.8)	†	36.5	(0.8)	†	4.6	(0.4)	†	2.4	(0.2)	†	56.1	(0.9)	†	35.4	(0.9)	†	6.0	(0.4)	†	2.4	(0.2)	†
	Czech Republic	89.5	(0.5)		6.4	(0.4)		1.9	(0.2)		2.2	(0.3)		88.1	(0.5)		7.9	(0.4)		2.3	(0.2)		1.7	(0.2)
	Denmark	80.3	(0.7)		14.6	(0.6)		2.6	(0.2)		2.4	(0.2)		75.6	(0.9)		17.9	(0.7)		3.7	(0.4)		2.9	(0.3)
	Estonia	82.5	(0.6)		13.3	(0.5)		2.2	(0.2)		1.9	(0.2)		69.0	(0.9)		23.5	(0.7)		4.6	(0.3)		2.9	(0.3)
	Finland	86.8	(0.6)		10.7	(0.5)		1.3	(0.1)		1.3	(0.2)		80.1	(0.6)		16.0	(0.5)		2.3	(0.2)		1.7	(0.2)
	France	83.9	(0.7)		10.4	(0.5)		2.4	(0.2)		3.3	(0.3)		70.5	(0.9)		19.7	(0.5)		5.1	(0.3)		4.7	(0.4)
	Germany	86.7	(0.9)	‡	9.2	(0.6)	‡	2.0	(0.3)	‡	2.1	(0.3)	‡	79.0	(1.1)	‡	14.9	(0.8)	‡	3.5	(0.4)	‡	2.6	(0.4)	‡
	Greece	71.4	(0.6)		20.7	(0.6)		4.2	(0.3)		3.7	(0.3)		48.8	(1.3)		33.4	(0.9)		10.5	(0.5)		7.3	(0.4)
	Hungary	88.0	(0.7)		8.7	(0.5)		2.2	(0.2)		1.1	(0.2)		80.8	(0.9)		14.0	(0.7)		3.5	(0.4)		1.7	(0.2)
	Iceland	92.6	(0.5)		4.2	(0.4)		1.6	(0.2)		1.6	(0.2)		75.6	(0.9)		16.5	(0.8)		4.3	(0.4)		3.6	(0.4)
	Ireland	70.1	(0.8)		24.2	(0.7)		3.2	(0.3)		2.5	(0.2)		72.3	(1.0)		20.6	(0.8)		4.8	(0.4)		2.3	(0.2)
	Israel	61.6	(0.8)		26.0	(0.7)		7.1	(0.3)		5.3	(0.4)		55.0	(1.1)		29.6	(0.8)		9.0	(0.5)		6.4	(0.4)
	Italy	43.2	(1.0)		39.8	(0.8)		8.0	(0.4)		8.9	(0.5)		47.6	(0.9)		37.9	(0.8)		8.9	(0.5)		5.6	(0.3)
	Japan	97.9	(0.4)		1.7	(0.3)		0.1	(0.0)		0.3	(0.1)		96.5	(0.4)		2.8	(0.3)		0.4	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)
	Korea	97.8	(0.3)		1.5	(0.3)		0.4	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		97.4	(0.4)		1.8	(0.2)		0.4	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)
	Latvia	71.3	(0.8)		21.7	(0.6)		4.3	(0.4)		2.7	(0.2)		59.3	(0.8)		30.1	(0.8)		6.8	(0.3)		3.9	(0.3)
	Lithuania	72.2	(0.7)		19.2	(0.6)		5.4	(0.3)		3.3	(0.2)		58.1	(0.8)		29.6	(0.7)		8.4	(0.5)		3.9	(0.3)
	Luxembourg	84.8	(0.6)		10.4	(0.5)		2.6	(0.3)		2.2	(0.2)		80.7	(0.6)		12.9	(0.5)		3.7	(0.3)		2.7	(0.2)
	Mexico	71.3	(1.0)	†	23.7	(0.9)	†	3.8	(0.3)	†	1.2	(0.2)	†	71.3	(0.9)	†	23.2	(0.8)	†	4.4	(0.4)	†	1.1	(0.2)	†
	Netherlands*	92.8	(0.5)		5.6	(0.4)		0.9	(0.2)		0.8	(0.2)		77.6	(1.0)		16.6	(0.8)		3.2	(0.3)		2.6	(0.3)
	New Zealand	71.0	(0.8)		22.2	(0.7)		3.7	(0.3)		3.1	(0.3)		73.5	(0.9)		19.4	(0.7)		4.3	(0.3)		2.8	(0.2)
	Norway	86.4	(0.5)		9.2	(0.5)		2.2	(0.2)		2.2	(0.2)		79.1	(0.7)		14.5	(0.5)		3.4	(0.3)		3.0	(0.2)
	Poland	76.1	(1.0)		16.0	(0.7)		3.5	(0.3)		4.4	(0.4)		64.5	(1.0)		23.2	(0.7)		6.3	(0.4)		6.0	(0.4)
	Portugal*	71.9	(0.7)		21.5	(0.6)		4.1	(0.3)		2.5	(0.3)		60.2	(0.9)		30.9	(0.7)		5.6	(0.3)		3.3	(0.2)
	Slovak Republic	82.5	(0.7)		12.1	(0.6)		2.9	(0.3)		2.5	(0.2)		75.8	(0.8)		17.0	(0.6)		4.9	(0.3)		2.3	(0.2)
	Slovenia	82.2	(0.6)		12.5	(0.6)		3.0	(0.2)		2.3	(0.2)		68.7	(0.7)		21.9	(0.7)		6.1	(0.4)		3.2	(0.3)
	Spain	70.4	(0.6)	†	23.2	(0.5)	†	3.8	(0.2)	†	2.7	(0.2)	†	63.6	(0.5)	†	27.1	(0.5)	†	6.0	(0.3)	†	3.3	(0.2)	†
	Sweden	90.1	(0.5)		6.9	(0.4)		1.5	(0.2)		1.5	(0.2)		83.0	(0.7)		11.7	(0.6)		2.8	(0.3)		2.5	(0.3)
	Switzerland	84.6	(1.0)	†	10.0	(0.7)	†	2.7	(0.3)	†	2.7	(0.3)	†	75.9	(1.2)	†	16.3	(0.9)	†	4.3	(0.4)	†	3.5	(0.4)	†
	Turkey	48.4	(0.9)		29.3	(0.6)		10.3	(0.5)		12.0	(0.5)		52.7	(1.0)		28.5	(0.7)		9.9	(0.4)		8.9	(0.5)
	United Kingdom	81.2	(0.5)		15.2	(0.5)		2.0	(0.2)		1.5	(0.2)		84.3	(0.6)		12.0	(0.5)		2.2	(0.2)		1.5	(0.1)
	United States*	80.1	(0.8)		16.4	(0.7)		2.1	(0.2)		1.4	(0.2)		81.2	(0.8)		14.6	(0.6)		2.5	(0.3)		1.7	(0.2)
	OECD average	78.7	(0.1)		15.4	(0.1)		3.1	(0.0)		2.7	(0.0)		72.7	(0.1)		19.5	(0.1)		4.7	(0.1)		3.1	(0.0)
Partners	Albania	68.5	(0.8)		23.6	(0.6)		4.8	(0.3)		3.1	(0.3)		74.5	(0.7)		18.2	(0.6)		4.8	(0.4)		2.4	(0.2)
	Argentina	55.5	(0.9)	†	31.7	(0.9)	†	6.7	(0.4)	†	6.1	(0.3)	†	43.9	(1.0)	†	38.1	(0.7)	†	10.2	(0.5)	†	7.7	(0.4)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	53.5	(0.9)	†	31.6	(0.9)	†	8.6	(0.5)	†	6.3	(0.5)	†	43.3	(0.8)	†	39.8	(0.7)	†	10.7	(0.6)	†	6.2	(0.5)	†
	Belarus	75.8	(0.7)		18.9	(0.6)		3.1	(0.3)		2.1	(0.2)		69.0	(0.9)		23.5	(0.7)		4.9	(0.4)		2.6	(0.2)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	53.5	(0.9)		32.0	(0.8)		7.0	(0.3)		7.5	(0.4)		73.7	(0.9)		16.6	(0.6)		5.4	(0.4)		4.3	(0.3)
	Brazil	49.6	(0.8)	†	37.1	(0.6)	†	7.9	(0.4)	†	5.4	(0.3)	†	49.5	(0.9)	†	36.7	(0.6)	†	8.5	(0.4)	†	5.4	(0.3)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	89.7	(0.4)	†	7.6	(0.4)	†	1.7	(0.2)	†	1.0	(0.1)	†	79.8	(0.5)	†	16.2	(0.5)	†	2.7	(0.2)	†	1.3	(0.1)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	98.8	(0.1)		0.9	(0.1)		0.2	(0.0)		0.2	(0.0)		93.1	(0.5)		5.8	(0.4)		0.7	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)
	Bulgaria	55.9	(0.9)		28.5	(0.7)		8.4	(0.5)		7.3	(0.4)		50.8	(1.1)		32.0	(0.9)		10.5	(0.5)		6.8	(0.5)
	Costa Rica	61.2	(0.9)		28.7	(0.7)		4.6	(0.3)		5.5	(0.5)		59.9	(0.7)		31.3	(0.7)		5.8	(0.4)		3.0	(0.3)
	Croatia	84.3	(0.7)		10.8	(0.5)		2.7	(0.3)		2.2	(0.2)		75.9	(0.7)		16.6	(0.5)		4.2	(0.3)		3.2	(0.2)
	Cyprus	68.0	(0.9)	†	18.2	(0.5)	†	8.1	(0.6)	†	5.7	(0.4)	†	57.7	(0.8)	†	24.4	(0.7)	†	11.3	(0.6)	†	6.7	(0.4)	†
	Dominican Republic	47.9	(1.5)	‡	35.1	(1.2)	‡	10.0	(0.8)	‡	7.0	(0.8)	‡	42.8	(1.7)	‡	40.7	(1.6)	‡	10.2	(0.8)	‡	6.3	(0.8)	‡
	Georgia	37.8	(0.9)		39.6	(0.9)		11.1	(0.4)		11.5	(0.5)		38.8	(1.0)		39.5	(0.8)		12.8	(0.5)		8.8	(0.5)
	Hong Kong (China)*	93.0	(0.4)		4.6	(0.4)		1.3	(0.2)		1.1	(0.2)		92.2	(0.4)		5.4	(0.3)		1.4	(0.2)		1.0	(0.1)
	Indonesia	78.9	(1.0)		16.6	(0.8)		2.8	(0.3)		1.7	(0.2)		73.5	(1.0)		21.5	(0.8)		3.5	(0.4)		1.5	(0.2)
	Jordan	46.8	(0.7)		36.8	(0.8)		10.1	(0.5)		6.3	(0.4)		54.6	(0.9)		32.6	(0.7)		9.0	(0.4)		3.9	(0.3)
	Kazakhstan	47.9	(0.7)		37.2	(0.7)		9.2	(0.2)		5.6	(0.2)		45.8	(0.6)		37.8	(0.5)		11.0	(0.3)		5.5	(0.2)
	Kosovo	54.1	(0.8)		34.2	(0.7)		7.3	(0.4)		4.4	(0.3)		51.9	(0.9)		35.0	(0.7)		8.6	(0.5)		4.6	(0.3)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	91.2	(0.4)		6.7	(0.4)		1.1	(0.2)		0.9	(0.2)		86.8	(0.6)		10.3	(0.5)		1.6	(0.2)		1.2	(0.2)
	Malaysia	84.2	(0.6)		12.1	(0.5)		2.3	(0.2)		1.4	(0.2)		74.9	(1.0)		20.0	(0.7)		3.4	(0.3)		1.7	(0.2)
	Malta	49.4	(1.0)		37.1	(0.9)		7.6	(0.5)		5.9	(0.5)		64.0	(0.8)		24.5	(0.7)		6.8	(0.4)		4.6	(0.4)
	Moldova	60.5	(0.9)		28.1	(0.6)		6.9	(0.4)		4.5	(0.4)		63.5	(0.8)		26.3	(0.7)		6.7	(0.4)		3.5	(0.3)
	Montenegro	42.5	(0.7)		36.1	(0.7)		10.4	(0.4)		11.0	(0.4)		45.3	(0.8)		34.0	(0.7)		10.3	(0.4)		10.4	(0.3)
	Morocco	55.8	(1.1)	‡	31.1	(0.9)	‡	8.1	(0.5)	‡	5.0	(0.4)	‡	40.8	(1.1)	‡	40.0	(1.0)	‡	13.9	(0.7)	‡	5.3	(0.5)	‡
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	42.0	(1.4)	‡	43.7	(1.4)	‡	8.1	(0.7)	‡	6.3	(0.7)	‡	43.3	(1.6)	‡	42.4	(1.5)	‡	10.1	(0.7)	‡	4.3	(0.6)	‡
	Peru	51.5	(1.2)	‡	38.3	(1.1)	‡	6.4	(0.6)	‡	3.9	(0.4)	‡	53.7	(1.2)	‡	36.8	(1.0)	‡	6.5	(0.5)	‡	3.0	(0.4)	‡
	Philippines	71.2	(0.9)		20.8	(0.7)		4.6	(0.4)		3.4	(0.2)		65.5	(0.9)		25.5	(0.7)		6.0	(0.4)		3.0	(0.2)
	Qatar	52.8	(0.5)		29.0	(0.4)		11.0	(0.3)		7.1	(0.3)		54.3	(0.4)		29.5	(0.5)		11.4	(0.3)		4.8	(0.2)
	Romania	49.9	(1.1)		34.7	(0.8)		8.5	(0.5)		6.9	(0.5)		40.2	(1.1)		40.9	(0.9)		12.0	(0.5)		6.9	(0.4)
	Russia	74.7	(0.7)		17.2	(0.6)		4.0	(0.3)		4.1	(0.3)		61.0	(1.1)		26.8	(0.8)		6.3	(0.3)		5.8	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	43.8	(0.9)		35.8	(0.6)		11.5	(0.5)		8.8	(0.4)		44.5	(0.9)		36.8	(0.7)		12.3	(0.6)		6.4	(0.4)
	Serbia	75.5	(0.9)		15.7	(0.6)		4.1	(0.3)		4.8	(0.3)		58.7	(1.0)		26.5	(0.7)		9.1	(0.4)		5.6	(0.4)
	Singapore	86.8	(0.4)		10.2	(0.4)		1.7	(0.2)		1.3	(0.1)		88.3	(0.4)		9.4	(0.4)		1.4	(0.1)		1.0	(0.1)
	Chinese Taipei	94.5	(0.3)		3.7	(0.2)		1.0	(0.1)		0.8	(0.1)		87.0	(0.6)		9.6	(0.5)		2.0	(0.2)		1.4	(0.1)
	Thailand	61.2	(1.1)		30.1	(0.8)		6.3	(0.4)		2.4	(0.2)		54.4	(0.9)		37.2	(0.7)		6.6	(0.4)		1.9	(0.2)
	Ukraine	62.4	(1.0)		26.8	(0.7)		6.5	(0.4)		4.2	(0.3)		59.5	(1.0)		29.6	(0.8)		7.5	(0.4)		3.4	(0.3)
	United Arab Emirates	71.8	(0.5)		19.4	(0.4)		5.0	(0.2)		3.8	(0.2)		63.8	(0.7)		23.8	(0.6)		7.8	(0.3)		4.6	(0.2)
	Uruguay	47.3	(1.0)	†	39.6	(0.9)	†	6.7	(0.4)	†	6.4	(0.5)	†	53.7	(1.1)	†	34.0	(0.9)	†	7.7	(0.5)	†	4.7	(0.4)	†
	Viet Nam	94.3	(0.5)		4.4	(0.4)		0.9	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		87.5	(0.8)		10.3	(0.6)		1.5	(0.2)		0.6	(0.1)
		Percentage of students who reported that the following happened in the two weeks prior to the PISA test:
		I arrived late for school
		Never			Once or twice			Three or four times			Five or more times
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	54.4	(0.6)		29.7	(0.5)		8.4	(0.3)		7.5	(0.3)
	Austria	57.9	(0.8)		26.5	(0.7)		8.3	(0.4)		7.3	(0.5)
	Belgium	46.4	(0.7)		31.5	(0.5)		9.8	(0.4)		12.3	(0.5)
	Canada	47.7	(0.6)		30.8	(0.4)		10.7	(0.4)		10.8	(0.4)
	Chile	31.6	(0.9)	†	35.1	(0.7)	†	14.8	(0.6)	†	18.6	(0.8)	†
	Colombia	54.9	(1.0)	†	33.4	(0.9)	†	8.0	(0.4)	†	3.7	(0.4)	†
	Czech Republic	46.2	(1.0)		32.8	(0.7)		10.5	(0.5)		10.5	(0.6)
	Denmark	52.1	(0.9)		29.8	(0.7)		9.6	(0.5)		8.5	(0.4)
	Estonia	55.3	(0.8)		29.0	(0.7)		9.6	(0.5)		6.1	(0.4)
	Finland	55.4	(0.8)		31.3	(0.7)		8.3	(0.4)		5.0	(0.3)
	France	43.0	(0.9)		31.9	(0.7)		12.1	(0.5)		13.0	(0.6)
	Germany	54.1	(1.4)	‡	29.1	(1.1)	‡	8.8	(0.5)	‡	8.0	(0.7)	‡
	Greece	44.2	(0.8)		29.8	(0.7)		13.3	(0.6)		12.8	(0.5)
	Hungary	58.5	(1.1)		28.3	(0.8)		7.9	(0.6)		5.3	(0.4)
	Iceland	50.5	(0.9)		28.3	(0.9)		11.2	(0.6)		10.1	(0.6)
	Ireland	66.4	(1.0)		24.5	(0.8)		5.3	(0.4)		3.9	(0.3)
	Israel	38.9	(0.9)		32.5	(0.5)		15.3	(0.5)		13.3	(0.6)
	Italy	54.9	(1.0)		27.3	(0.7)		10.1	(0.6)		7.7	(0.5)
	Japan	87.3	(0.7)		10.3	(0.5)		1.3	(0.2)		1.0	(0.2)
	Korea	80.8	(0.8)		14.0	(0.5)		2.9	(0.3)		2.3	(0.3)
	Latvia	45.1	(0.8)		34.1	(0.8)		12.6	(0.5)		8.2	(0.5)
	Lithuania	50.2	(0.8)		30.6	(0.6)		11.3	(0.4)		7.8	(0.4)
	Luxembourg	45.3	(0.8)		31.5	(0.7)		11.4	(0.4)		11.8	(0.4)
	Mexico	53.0	(1.2)	†	34.1	(0.9)	†	9.4	(0.5)	†	3.5	(0.3)	†
	Netherlands*	51.2	(1.1)		30.6	(0.8)		8.4	(0.6)		9.7	(0.7)
	New Zealand	52.4	(0.9)		28.8	(0.7)		9.7	(0.5)		9.2	(0.5)
	Norway	50.7	(0.9)		30.5	(0.7)		9.0	(0.4)		9.8	(0.5)
	Poland	44.7	(1.1)		29.9	(0.6)		11.2	(0.5)		14.2	(0.7)
	Portugal*	50.2	(0.9)		32.0	(0.7)		10.2	(0.4)		7.5	(0.3)
	Slovak Republic	47.6	(1.0)		31.3	(0.8)		11.5	(0.6)		9.6	(0.4)
	Slovenia	44.8	(0.7)		37.3	(0.8)		10.4	(0.5)		7.5	(0.5)
	Spain	56.1	(0.6)	†	27.0	(0.4)	†	9.1	(0.3)	†	7.7	(0.3)	†
	Sweden	47.0	(0.9)		32.0	(0.8)		11.2	(0.6)		9.8	(0.5)
	Switzerland	49.6	(1.4)	†	29.6	(1.0)	†	11.3	(0.8)	†	9.5	(0.6)	†
	Turkey	52.5	(0.8)		28.4	(0.7)		9.4	(0.4)		9.7	(0.5)
	United Kingdom	60.6	(0.9)		26.0	(0.7)		7.8	(0.4)		5.6	(0.3)
	United States*	56.7	(1.0)		30.3	(0.6)		7.8	(0.5)		5.3	(0.5)
	OECD average	52.4	(0.2)		29.5	(0.1)		9.7	(0.1)		8.5	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	56.3	(0.7)		30.4	(0.6)		8.3	(0.4)		5.0	(0.3)
	Argentina	47.4	(1.1)	†	28.7	(0.8)	†	10.9	(0.5)	†	12.9	(0.6)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	39.8	(0.9)	†	37.2	(0.8)	†	13.8	(0.6)	†	9.3	(0.6)	†
	Belarus	53.5	(0.8)		33.5	(0.7)		8.0	(0.4)		5.0	(0.4)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	54.7	(1.0)		29.6	(0.8)		8.4	(0.4)		7.2	(0.4)
	Brazil	56.0	(0.8)	†	29.6	(0.6)	†	8.2	(0.4)	†	6.2	(0.3)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	48.1	(0.7)	†	34.9	(0.7)	†	9.5	(0.4)	†	7.5	(0.3)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	66.8	(0.8)		27.2	(0.6)		3.7	(0.3)		2.3	(0.2)
	Bulgaria	42.9	(1.0)		31.8	(0.7)		14.1	(0.6)		11.3	(0.6)
	Costa Rica	49.4	(0.9)		34.5	(0.7)		9.5	(0.4)		6.6	(0.4)
	Croatia	50.6	(1.0)		31.5	(0.7)		9.6	(0.4)		8.3	(0.5)
	Cyprus	37.1	(0.7)	†	28.2	(0.7)	†	18.5	(0.6)	†	16.2	(0.6)	†
	Dominican Republic	49.7	(1.5)	‡	32.0	(1.3)	‡	10.5	(0.9)	‡	7.9	(0.7)	‡
	Georgia	39.5	(1.1)		33.8	(0.8)		13.2	(0.7)		13.4	(0.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	75.4	(0.7)		18.0	(0.6)		3.6	(0.3)		2.9	(0.3)
	Indonesia	48.4	(1.2)		39.3	(0.9)		7.8	(0.4)		4.6	(0.3)
	Jordan	50.2	(1.0)		27.9	(0.8)		13.0	(0.6)		8.9	(0.5)
	Kazakhstan	45.7	(0.7)		38.5	(0.6)		10.1	(0.3)		5.7	(0.2)
	Kosovo	61.7	(0.9)		26.5	(0.7)		7.1	(0.4)		4.7	(0.4)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	71.6	(0.6)		22.2	(0.6)		3.7	(0.3)		2.6	(0.3)
	Malaysia	63.1	(0.8)		26.8	(0.7)		5.9	(0.3)		4.2	(0.3)
	Malta	68.1	(0.9)		20.7	(0.9)		6.5	(0.5)		4.7	(0.4)
	Moldova	41.5	(1.1)		38.4	(0.7)		12.2	(0.5)		7.9	(0.4)
	Montenegro	33.4	(0.6)		38.7	(0.6)		15.6	(0.5)		12.3	(0.4)
	Morocco	40.7	(1.0)	‡	36.2	(0.9)	‡	15.7	(0.7)	‡	7.4	(0.6)	‡
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	41.3	(1.2)	‡	36.6	(1.3)	‡	12.8	(0.9)	‡	9.3	(0.7)	‡
	Peru	37.7	(1.3)	‡	38.1	(1.1)	‡	13.7	(0.7)	‡	10.4	(0.8)	‡
	Philippines	38.9	(0.8)		39.6	(0.7)		11.2	(0.4)		10.3	(0.4)
	Qatar	46.7	(0.4)		30.4	(0.4)		13.7	(0.3)		9.3	(0.3)
	Romania	42.4	(1.0)		35.1	(0.8)		12.6	(0.6)		9.9	(0.5)
	Russia	43.4	(0.8)		32.3	(0.9)		11.2	(0.5)		13.2	(0.7)
	Saudi Arabia	44.5	(0.8)		30.9	(0.6)		14.3	(0.5)		10.2	(0.5)
	Serbia	38.9	(1.1)		34.3	(0.7)		13.0	(0.5)		13.8	(0.7)
	Singapore	62.6	(0.6)		26.0	(0.5)		6.0	(0.3)		5.4	(0.3)
	Chinese Taipei	62.0	(1.0)		25.5	(0.7)		6.4	(0.4)		6.1	(0.4)
	Thailand	56.2	(1.0)		28.3	(0.8)		9.4	(0.5)		6.1	(0.4)
	Ukraine	37.6	(1.1)		37.0	(0.8)		15.0	(0.6)		10.4	(0.5)
	United Arab Emirates	54.8	(0.6)		27.7	(0.5)		11.0	(0.3)		6.4	(0.2)
	Uruguay	32.1	(1.2)	†	39.4	(1.0)	†	15.6	(0.7)	†	12.8	(0.7)	†
	Viet Nam	55.4	(1.0)		36.4	(0.8)		5.5	(0.4)		2.7	(0.3)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.5.1. Teacher enthusiasm

Based on students’ reports

		Index of teacher enthusiasm						Percentage of students who reported the following about their language-of-instruction lessons:
		Average			Variability			It was clear to me that the teacher liked teaching us
								Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	0.20	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		5.9	(0.3)		15.9	(0.4)		53.1	(0.5)		25.1	(0.5)
	Austria	- 0.09	(0.02)		1.09	(0.01)		12.8	(0.6)		21.0	(0.7)		39.3	(0.8)		26.8	(0.9)
	Belgium	0.04	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		7.5	(0.4)		18.0	(0.6)		50.2	(0.7)		24.3	(0.7)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	0.32	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		6.1	(0.4)		8.8	(0.5)		49.7	(0.9)		35.4	(1.1)
	Colombia	0.34	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		5.0	(0.4)		7.1	(0.5)		56.0	(0.8)		31.9	(0.9)
	Czech Republic	- 0.31	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		11.9	(0.7)		25.0	(0.8)		48.1	(0.9)		15.1	(0.7)
	Denmark	0.19	(0.02)		0.91	(0.01)		4.0	(0.3)		13.5	(0.6)		54.3	(0.8)		28.3	(1.0)
	Estonia	- 0.08	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		8.5	(0.4)		22.9	(0.7)		52.4	(0.8)		16.3	(0.6)
	Finland	- 0.15	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		7.2	(0.4)		21.5	(0.7)		54.8	(0.8)		16.5	(0.7)
	France	0.03	(0.02)		1.02	(0.01)		9.9	(0.6)		18.2	(0.6)		46.2	(0.7)		25.7	(0.7)
	Germany	- 0.12	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		8.8	(0.5)		21.2	(0.7)		43.3	(1.0)		26.8	(0.8)
	Greece	- 0.22	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		10.7	(0.5)		25.4	(0.7)		50.7	(0.8)		13.3	(0.6)
	Hungary	- 0.03	(0.03)		1.02	(0.01)		10.5	(0.7)		20.6	(0.9)		48.3	(0.9)		20.6	(0.9)
	Iceland	0.05	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		7.2	(0.4)		18.2	(0.7)		50.6	(0.9)		24.0	(0.7)
	Ireland	0.14	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		6.3	(0.4)		17.6	(0.7)		54.8	(0.8)		21.3	(0.8)
	Israel	- 0.08	(0.03)		1.11	(0.01)		13.8	(0.8)		20.6	(0.8)		43.8	(0.9)		21.8	(0.9)
	Italy	- 0.07	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		8.6	(0.4)		17.5	(0.7)		54.2	(0.7)		19.7	(0.6)
	Japan	- 0.24	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		10.4	(0.5)		26.6	(0.8)		47.7	(0.8)		15.3	(0.6)
	Korea	0.44	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		2.6	(0.2)		8.7	(0.5)		59.1	(0.7)		29.6	(0.9)
	Latvia	- 0.20	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		9.4	(0.5)		30.2	(0.8)		48.9	(1.0)		11.5	(0.6)
	Lithuania	- 0.08	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		11.7	(0.4)		21.3	(0.6)		49.6	(0.7)		17.4	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	- 0.16	(0.01)		1.04	(0.01)		12.1	(0.4)		21.0	(0.6)		45.3	(0.7)		21.6	(0.6)
	Mexico	0.26	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		6.1	(0.4)		9.5	(0.5)		59.1	(0.8)		25.3	(0.8)
	Netherlands*	- 0.18	(0.02)		0.91	(0.01)		6.8	(0.6)		20.8	(0.9)		55.1	(1.0)		17.3	(0.8)
	New Zealand	0.23	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		4.4	(0.3)		15.3	(0.5)		54.3	(0.7)		26.0	(0.8)
	Norway	0.09	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		5.6	(0.3)		14.5	(0.6)		51.3	(0.8)		28.6	(0.8)
	Poland	- 0.24	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		11.4	(0.6)		21.0	(0.8)		49.5	(0.8)		18.1	(0.8)
	Portugal*	0.10	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		7.4	(0.4)		20.1	(0.7)		53.2	(0.8)		19.4	(0.8)
	Slovak Republic	- 0.27	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		10.5	(0.5)		23.2	(0.8)		51.5	(0.9)		14.9	(0.8)
	Slovenia	- 0.10	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		9.4	(0.5)		19.9	(0.6)		50.9	(0.8)		19.7	(0.7)
	Spain	0.03	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		9.2	(0.3)		16.6	(0.5)		48.0	(0.5)		26.3	(0.6)
	Sweden	0.01	(0.03)		1.01	(0.01)		7.6	(0.5)		19.8	(0.7)		50.0	(0.8)		22.6	(0.9)
	Switzerland	0.11	(0.03)		1.03	(0.01)		8.2	(0.6)		15.4	(0.7)		44.3	(0.9)		32.1	(1.1)
	Turkey	- 0.10	(0.02)		1.09	(0.01)		13.0	(0.5)		20.5	(0.6)		45.0	(0.7)		21.5	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	0.23	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		6.0	(0.4)		15.1	(0.5)		51.9	(0.8)		27.1	(0.8)
	United States*	0.25	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		4.3	(0.3)		14.0	(0.6)		56.1	(0.9)		25.6	(1.0)
	OECD average	0.01	(0.00)		0.98	(0.00)		8.4	(0.1)		18.5	(0.1)		50.6	(0.1)		22.6	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	0.81	(0.02)		0.87	(0.01)		2.4	(0.2)		2.6	(0.2)		41.5	(0.8)		53.5	(0.8)
	Argentina	0.21	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		7.7	(0.5)		8.7	(0.5)		49.8	(0.8)		33.9	(0.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.28	(0.02)		1.18	(0.01)		12.4	(0.5)		7.7	(0.4)		47.6	(0.8)		32.3	(0.6)
	Belarus	0.08	(0.02)		0.87	(0.01)		4.7	(0.3)		19.3	(0.7)		59.2	(0.9)		16.8	(0.8)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	- 0.04	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		10.2	(0.6)		15.7	(0.6)		56.3	(0.8)		17.8	(0.7)
	Brazil	0.22	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		5.3	(0.3)		10.2	(0.4)		55.9	(0.7)		28.6	(0.7)
	Brunei Darussalam	0.22	(0.01)		0.76	(0.01)		2.9	(0.2)		12.0	(0.4)		64.6	(0.6)		20.4	(0.5)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.29	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		5.3	(0.4)		18.8	(0.8)		51.3	(0.7)		24.6	(0.8)
	Bulgaria	- 0.02	(0.03)		1.10	(0.01)		15.1	(0.8)		16.2	(0.7)		47.5	(0.9)		21.1	(0.8)
	Costa Rica	0.28	(0.03)		1.04	(0.01)		6.6	(0.3)		7.1	(0.4)		47.1	(0.9)		39.2	(1.1)
	Croatia	- 0.02	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		7.6	(0.4)		17.4	(0.5)		52.2	(0.6)		22.8	(0.7)
	Cyprus	- 0.12	(0.01)		1.08	(0.01)		13.7	(0.6)		20.4	(0.6)		45.9	(0.7)		20.0	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	0.31	(0.02)		1.08	(0.01)		11.1	(0.6)		5.4	(0.4)		49.3	(0.9)		34.2	(0.9)
	Georgia	0.09	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		10.0	(0.6)		12.6	(0.5)		56.9	(0.7)		20.6	(0.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	0.06	(0.02)		0.90	(0.01)		5.3	(0.3)		14.4	(0.6)		61.2	(0.8)		19.0	(0.7)
	Indonesia	0.39	(0.02)		0.82	(0.01)		3.8	(0.4)		7.1	(0.4)		62.1	(0.9)		27.0	(0.9)
	Jordan	0.27	(0.02)		1.07	(0.01)		12.3	(0.7)		10.7	(0.5)		46.9	(0.8)		30.1	(1.0)
	Kazakhstan	0.33	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		7.1	(0.3)		7.6	(0.2)		57.0	(0.5)		28.3	(0.6)
	Kosovo	0.48	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		4.1	(0.3)		4.7	(0.3)		51.3	(0.8)		39.9	(0.8)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	- 0.12	(0.01)		0.83	(0.01)		5.8	(0.4)		25.8	(0.7)		57.6	(0.8)		10.8	(0.5)
	Malaysia	0.23	(0.02)		0.78	(0.01)		2.3	(0.3)		10.6	(0.5)		62.3	(0.8)		24.7	(0.8)
	Malta	0.22	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		8.2	(0.5)		13.0	(0.5)		48.4	(0.8)		30.4	(0.7)
	Moldova	0.30	(0.02)		0.83	(0.01)		3.3	(0.3)		11.5	(0.7)		60.6	(0.8)		24.5	(0.9)
	Montenegro	0.10	(0.01)		1.02	(0.01)		10.0	(0.4)		11.4	(0.4)		54.7	(0.7)		23.8	(0.5)
	Morocco	- 0.02	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		13.3	(0.5)		18.4	(0.6)		51.3	(0.8)		17.0	(0.7)
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	0.37	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		7.0	(0.5)		7.7	(0.4)		50.7	(0.8)		34.6	(0.9)
	Peru	0.28	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		3.9	(0.3)		8.4	(0.5)		62.9	(0.7)		24.8	(0.7)
	Philippines	0.30	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		6.1	(0.4)		9.1	(0.5)		58.4	(0.8)		26.4	(0.7)
	Qatar	0.09	(0.01)		1.07	(0.01)		11.5	(0.3)		14.6	(0.3)		48.3	(0.5)		25.7	(0.4)
	Romania	0.24	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		5.0	(0.5)		9.4	(0.4)		55.8	(1.0)		29.9	(1.0)
	Russia	- 0.03	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		8.2	(0.5)		22.0	(0.8)		53.3	(0.9)		16.6	(0.7)
	Saudi Arabia	0.22	(0.03)		1.01	(0.01)		9.5	(0.6)		10.5	(0.6)		52.0	(0.7)		28.0	(1.1)
	Serbia	0.01	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		7.9	(0.5)		13.9	(0.5)		53.6	(0.7)		24.6	(0.7)
	Singapore	0.27	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		5.1	(0.2)		15.8	(0.4)		54.6	(0.6)		24.4	(0.6)
	Chinese Taipei	0.11	(0.02)		0.91	(0.01)		5.4	(0.3)		22.1	(0.6)		53.3	(0.7)		19.2	(0.6)
	Thailand	0.33	(0.02)		0.79	(0.01)		2.8	(0.2)		9.3	(0.5)		66.1	(0.7)		21.8	(0.7)
	Ukraine	- 0.09	(0.02)		0.85	(0.01)		7.6	(0.4)		19.5	(0.6)		59.1	(0.7)		13.9	(0.5)
	United Arab Emirates	0.27	(0.02)		1.08	(0.01)		8.7	(0.4)		12.1	(0.5)		46.0	(0.5)		33.2	(0.7)
	Uruguay	0.10	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		7.8	(0.6)		12.1	(0.6)		58.1	(0.8)		22.0	(0.8)
	Viet Nam	0.31	(0.03)		0.80	(0.01)		4.0	(0.4)		15.5	(0.7)		59.8	(0.8)		20.7	(0.9)
		Percentage of students who reported the following about their language-of-instruction lessons:
		The enthusiasm of the teacher inspired me								It was clear that the teacher likes to deal with the topic of the lesson
		Strongly disagree		Disagree		Agree		Strongly agree		Strongly disagree		Disagree		Agree		Strongly agree
		%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	8.9	(0.3)	29.0	(0.5)	42.9	(0.5)	19.3	(0.5)	3.7	(0.2)	10.2	(0.3)	57.6	(0.5)	28.5	(0.4)
	Austria	25.1	(0.8)	35.6	(0.6)	28.0	(0.7)	11.2	(0.4)	8.8	(0.5)	16.4	(0.6)	41.7	(0.8)	33.1	(0.9)
	Belgium	11.9	(0.5)	32.3	(0.7)	39.8	(0.6)	16.1	(0.7)	4.3	(0.3)	13.6	(0.5)	58.5	(0.6)	23.6	(0.7)
	Canada	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Chile	9.7	(0.4)	23.9	(0.8)	44.6	(0.8)	21.7	(0.9)	5.1	(0.3)	8.4	(0.5)	51.1	(0.9)	35.4	(1.0)
	Colombia	5.9	(0.3)	21.0	(0.7)	52.7	(0.8)	20.4	(0.8)	4.1	(0.3)	6.5	(0.4)	59.2	(0.7)	30.2	(0.8)
	Czech Republic	16.0	(0.8)	42.3	(0.7)	33.4	(0.8)	8.3	(0.4)	7.0	(0.4)	17.8	(0.6)	53.7	(0.9)	21.5	(0.8)
	Denmark	8.0	(0.5)	35.4	(1.0)	43.1	(0.9)	13.5	(0.6)	2.6	(0.3)	11.1	(0.5)	56.9	(0.8)	29.4	(0.9)
	Estonia	9.6	(0.5)	30.5	(0.9)	45.9	(0.9)	14.0	(0.6)	5.6	(0.4)	17.0	(0.6)	57.2	(0.7)	20.2	(0.6)
	Finland	15.0	(0.7)	41.7	(0.9)	34.3	(0.7)	8.9	(0.5)	5.3	(0.3)	15.6	(0.6)	59.5	(0.8)	19.6	(0.7)
	France	16.9	(0.7)	30.8	(0.6)	35.8	(0.8)	16.5	(0.6)	6.3	(0.4)	11.7	(0.4)	54.3	(0.7)	27.7	(0.7)
	Germany	23.1	(0.8)	41.3	(0.8)	26.8	(0.7)	8.8	(0.5)	6.8	(0.5)	21.5	(0.6)	46.9	(0.7)	24.9	(0.7)
	Greece	14.5	(0.5)	36.3	(0.6)	38.1	(0.7)	11.2	(0.5)	7.1	(0.4)	19.0	(0.6)	56.9	(0.7)	17.0	(0.6)
	Hungary	12.2	(0.7)	28.4	(0.8)	44.2	(0.8)	15.2	(0.7)	7.9	(0.6)	15.5	(0.6)	53.1	(0.8)	23.4	(0.8)
	Iceland	11.8	(0.6)	32.8	(0.8)	40.5	(1.0)	14.9	(0.6)	6.8	(0.4)	16.0	(0.6)	53.8	(0.8)	23.4	(0.7)
	Ireland	8.8	(0.5)	31.2	(0.8)	41.8	(0.8)	18.1	(0.7)	3.8	(0.3)	10.7	(0.4)	61.9	(0.7)	23.7	(0.8)
	Israel	17.5	(0.8)	31.9	(0.8)	33.4	(0.8)	17.1	(0.8)	8.8	(0.6)	14.6	(0.6)	46.9	(0.9)	29.7	(1.1)
	Italy	15.6	(0.5)	32.5	(0.8)	39.7	(0.7)	12.2	(0.6)	6.9	(0.4)	15.7	(0.6)	58.5	(0.7)	19.0	(0.6)
	Japan	13.7	(0.6)	34.0	(0.7)	39.6	(0.6)	12.7	(0.6)	11.2	(0.5)	32.4	(0.7)	43.5	(0.7)	13.0	(0.6)
	Korea	3.1	(0.2)	14.7	(0.6)	53.5	(0.6)	28.7	(0.9)	2.2	(0.2)	9.2	(0.5)	58.4	(0.7)	30.2	(0.9)
	Latvia	9.8	(0.5)	34.7	(0.8)	44.2	(0.9)	11.4	(0.5)	5.5	(0.3)	17.8	(0.7)	60.1	(0.8)	16.6	(0.6)
	Lithuania	16.0	(0.5)	24.6	(0.6)	41.0	(0.7)	18.4	(0.6)	8.6	(0.4)	17.8	(0.6)	50.0	(0.7)	23.6	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	21.5	(0.6)	34.2	(0.6)	32.2	(0.7)	12.1	(0.4)	9.1	(0.4)	19.1	(0.6)	48.9	(0.7)	22.9	(0.6)
	Mexico	7.0	(0.4)	24.5	(0.8)	51.1	(0.8)	17.4	(0.6)	4.6	(0.3)	8.2	(0.4)	58.5	(0.8)	28.7	(0.7)
	Netherlands*	13.4	(0.7)	42.1	(0.9)	34.7	(0.9)	9.8	(0.6)	5.6	(0.4)	22.1	(0.8)	59.4	(0.8)	12.9	(0.6)
	New Zealand	7.5	(0.4)	29.5	(0.8)	43.2	(0.7)	19.7	(0.7)	2.8	(0.2)	10.4	(0.5)	59.6	(0.7)	27.2	(0.7)
	Norway	13.1	(0.5)	34.4	(0.7)	37.3	(0.7)	15.3	(0.7)	5.1	(0.3)	14.3	(0.6)	55.3	(0.8)	25.3	(0.8)
	Poland	16.1	(0.7)	34.6	(0.8)	38.1	(0.8)	11.2	(0.6)	8.3	(0.5)	19.8	(0.6)	54.9	(0.8)	17.0	(0.7)
	Portugal*	8.8	(0.5)	29.0	(0.8)	45.7	(0.9)	16.5	(0.8)	4.4	(0.3)	14.2	(0.6)	58.6	(0.8)	22.8	(0.8)
	Slovak Republic	13.6	(0.6)	41.3	(0.8)	37.2	(1.0)	7.9	(0.5)	6.3	(0.4)	17.3	(0.6)	58.9	(0.7)	17.4	(0.8)
	Slovenia	17.1	(0.7)	38.6	(0.6)	33.8	(0.8)	10.5	(0.4)	6.2	(0.4)	16.8	(0.6)	55.5	(0.8)	21.5	(0.7)
	Spain	14.3	(0.4)	31.9	(0.5)	38.5	(0.5)	15.3	(0.5)	6.5	(0.3)	13.7	(0.3)	50.7	(0.5)	29.1	(0.6)
	Sweden	12.6	(0.6)	35.6	(0.8)	38.0	(0.7)	13.8	(0.7)	6.1	(0.4)	18.7	(0.6)	52.5	(0.9)	22.8	(1.0)
	Switzerland	17.7	(0.7)	33.0	(1.0)	35.4	(1.0)	13.8	(0.7)	5.7	(0.4)	15.4	(0.7)	48.0	(0.8)	30.8	(1.0)
	Turkey	12.7	(0.5)	29.2	(0.7)	39.0	(0.7)	19.0	(0.7)	9.6	(0.5)	20.0	(0.6)	51.1	(0.8)	19.3	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	8.3	(0.4)	27.6	(0.6)	43.4	(0.7)	20.7	(0.7)	3.6	(0.3)	10.5	(0.5)	57.3	(0.7)	28.7	(0.7)
	United States*	7.4	(0.5)	27.6	(0.8)	44.1	(0.8)	21.0	(0.8)	3.3	(0.3)	10.7	(0.5)	58.2	(0.9)	27.8	(1.0)
	OECD average	12.9	(0.1)	32.2	(0.1)	39.9	(0.1)	15.1	(0.1)	6.0	(0.1)	15.3	(0.1)	54.6	(0.1)	24.1	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	2.6	(0.2)	11.1	(0.4)	47.3	(0.7)	39.1	(0.8)	1.6	(0.2)	4.4	(0.3)	43.0	(0.9)	51.1	(1.0)
	Argentina	9.1	(0.5)	24.6	(0.7)	46.5	(0.8)	19.9	(0.8)	5.9	(0.4)	9.3	(0.6)	56.3	(0.8)	28.5	(0.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	11.5	(0.4)	12.7	(0.6)	47.2	(0.8)	28.6	(0.6)	10.3	(0.4)	6.9	(0.4)	50.1	(0.8)	32.7	(0.8)
	Belarus	5.8	(0.3)	32.3	(0.9)	48.6	(0.8)	13.4	(0.6)	2.7	(0.3)	8.6	(0.4)	61.5	(0.9)	27.2	(0.8)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	11.9	(0.5)	27.9	(0.8)	47.8	(0.8)	12.3	(0.5)	7.1	(0.4)	13.8	(0.5)	59.2	(0.8)	20.0	(0.7)
	Brazil	8.2	(0.3)	29.1	(0.6)	45.6	(0.6)	17.1	(0.5)	3.8	(0.2)	9.5	(0.4)	60.4	(0.5)	26.3	(0.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	3.0	(0.2)	23.0	(0.5)	57.8	(0.6)	16.2	(0.4)	1.9	(0.1)	9.8	(0.4)	70.5	(0.5)	17.7	(0.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	4.8	(0.3)	19.0	(0.5)	52.1	(0.7)	24.1	(0.7)	3.4	(0.2)	14.6	(0.6)	54.6	(0.6)	27.4	(0.8)
	Bulgaria	14.7	(0.7)	24.1	(0.8)	42.7	(1.0)	18.5	(0.8)	10.2	(0.6)	12.7	(0.6)	52.4	(0.9)	24.7	(0.9)
	Costa Rica	9.7	(0.5)	24.1	(0.8)	44.5	(0.9)	21.7	(1.2)	5.9	(0.3)	10.6	(0.5)	49.9	(0.9)	33.5	(1.1)
	Croatia	13.6	(0.5)	33.5	(0.8)	39.3	(0.6)	13.6	(0.6)	6.4	(0.3)	16.9	(0.5)	53.2	(0.7)	23.5	(0.5)
	Cyprus	15.9	(0.5)	32.1	(0.6)	37.0	(0.6)	15.0	(0.5)	9.6	(0.4)	16.6	(0.6)	50.5	(0.7)	23.4	(0.6)
	Dominican Republic	10.3	(0.5)	13.0	(0.6)	48.9	(0.8)	27.8	(0.8)	8.8	(0.4)	8.8	(0.4)	53.3	(0.9)	29.1	(0.8)
	Georgia	9.8	(0.5)	21.4	(0.7)	51.9	(0.9)	16.8	(0.7)	6.9	(0.4)	11.2	(0.5)	57.7	(0.7)	24.2	(0.7)
	Hong Kong (China)*	9.7	(0.5)	28.6	(0.8)	48.2	(0.8)	13.5	(0.5)	5.7	(0.4)	15.2	(0.6)	63.9	(0.8)	15.2	(0.7)
	Indonesia	3.2	(0.3)	8.1	(0.6)	58.3	(0.8)	30.3	(0.8)	2.8	(0.3)	6.3	(0.4)	68.3	(0.8)	22.6	(0.7)
	Jordan	9.5	(0.5)	17.1	(0.6)	42.6	(0.8)	30.8	(1.0)	6.7	(0.4)	9.5	(0.4)	52.6	(0.8)	31.2	(0.9)
	Kazakhstan	6.5	(0.2)	12.2	(0.4)	54.3	(0.5)	27.0	(0.5)	5.9	(0.2)	6.8	(0.2)	60.9	(0.4)	26.4	(0.5)
	Kosovo	5.8	(0.4)	17.1	(0.6)	53.9	(0.8)	23.3	(0.7)	2.8	(0.2)	5.8	(0.4)	54.8	(0.7)	36.6	(0.8)
	Lebanon	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Macao (China)	7.9	(0.4)	32.0	(0.8)	50.4	(0.8)	9.7	(0.5)	5.4	(0.4)	26.2	(0.7)	56.3	(0.8)	12.1	(0.5)
	Malaysia	1.6	(0.2)	10.1	(0.7)	54.0	(0.8)	34.3	(1.0)	1.7	(0.2)	9.8	(0.6)	64.3	(0.7)	24.2	(0.8)
	Malta	8.9	(0.5)	23.1	(0.7)	44.9	(0.8)	23.1	(0.7)	5.0	(0.4)	11.7	(0.6)	56.6	(0.9)	26.7	(0.8)
	Moldova	4.2	(0.3)	20.6	(0.8)	55.4	(0.7)	19.9	(0.9)	2.3	(0.2)	9.8	(0.5)	63.0	(0.7)	25.0	(0.9)
	Montenegro	13.3	(0.4)	25.9	(0.5)	44.3	(0.6)	16.5	(0.4)	7.0	(0.4)	10.2	(0.4)	54.6	(0.6)	28.2	(0.6)
	Morocco	12.3	(0.6)	21.6	(0.7)	46.6	(0.7)	19.5	(0.7)	8.3	(0.4)	12.2	(0.5)	54.4	(0.6)	25.1	(0.7)
	North Macedonia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Panama	7.7	(0.4)	18.7	(0.7)	47.5	(0.7)	26.1	(0.7)	5.5	(0.3)	8.0	(0.4)	51.8	(0.9)	34.7	(1.0)
	Peru	4.4	(0.3)	18.9	(0.6)	54.9	(0.7)	21.8	(0.7)	3.7	(0.3)	10.2	(0.5)	61.2	(0.7)	25.0	(0.7)
	Philippines	5.1	(0.4)	15.2	(0.6)	58.5	(0.7)	21.2	(0.7)	5.5	(0.4)	9.5	(0.5)	61.2	(0.8)	23.9	(0.8)
	Qatar	10.9	(0.3)	23.5	(0.4)	43.3	(0.4)	22.2	(0.4)	7.8	(0.2)	13.3	(0.3)	52.7	(0.4)	26.2	(0.4)
	Romania	7.2	(0.5)	24.9	(0.7)	48.1	(0.8)	19.7	(0.8)	4.7	(0.4)	12.6	(0.6)	57.2	(0.9)	25.4	(0.8)
	Russia	7.8	(0.5)	27.3	(0.9)	48.3	(0.9)	16.6	(0.6)	4.9	(0.3)	14.7	(0.5)	59.8	(0.8)	20.6	(0.8)
	Saudi Arabia	8.9	(0.5)	15.3	(0.6)	43.2	(0.7)	32.7	(0.9)	7.1	(0.5)	11.6	(0.6)	53.9	(0.7)	27.4	(0.9)
	Serbia	12.9	(0.5)	32.2	(0.7)	40.2	(0.7)	14.7	(0.6)	6.9	(0.4)	15.6	(0.6)	53.7	(0.7)	23.8	(0.7)
	Singapore	6.2	(0.3)	21.7	(0.5)	47.9	(0.6)	24.2	(0.5)	3.6	(0.2)	11.3	(0.4)	59.0	(0.6)	26.1	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	6.8	(0.4)	28.5	(0.7)	49.9	(0.8)	14.8	(0.6)	3.9	(0.3)	16.8	(0.5)	57.6	(0.8)	21.7	(0.7)
	Thailand	2.3	(0.2)	11.9	(0.5)	63.6	(0.7)	22.2	(0.8)	1.9	(0.2)	8.8	(0.5)	69.0	(0.7)	20.2	(0.8)
	Ukraine	8.3	(0.4)	30.9	(0.8)	48.2	(0.8)	12.6	(0.5)	5.1	(0.3)	14.9	(0.5)	62.4	(0.8)	17.6	(0.6)
	United Arab Emirates	8.5	(0.6)	18.4	(0.5)	44.3	(0.6)	28.7	(0.7)	6.2	(0.2)	12.1	(0.6)	49.8	(0.5)	31.8	(0.8)
	Uruguay	9.3	(0.6)	27.2	(0.9)	46.0	(1.0)	17.4	(0.8)	5.8	(0.4)	10.5	(0.5)	60.5	(0.8)	23.3	(0.8)
	Viet Nam	2.7	(0.2)	11.6	(0.8)	56.6	(0.9)	29.1	(1.2)	2.2	(0.2)	10.7	(0.7)	62.6	(1.1)	24.4	(1.2)
		Percentage of students who reported the following about their language-of-instruction lessons:
		The teacher showed enjoyment in teaching
		Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	5.0	(0.2)		13.1	(0.3)		51.7	(0.5)		30.2	(0.5)
	Austria	11.6	(0.6)		18.9	(0.7)		38.9	(0.8)		30.6	(0.9)
	Belgium	6.5	(0.4)		18.4	(0.6)		50.9	(0.7)		24.1	(0.8)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	6.8	(0.4)		12.6	(0.6)		46.0	(0.8)		34.6	(1.0)
	Colombia	4.7	(0.3)		10.4	(0.6)		53.3	(0.8)		31.6	(1.0)
	Czech Republic	12.6	(0.7)		32.5	(0.8)		42.5	(0.9)		12.4	(0.6)
	Denmark	3.4	(0.3)		13.9	(0.7)		55.5	(0.8)		27.2	(0.9)
	Estonia	7.7	(0.4)		24.7	(0.6)		49.6	(0.8)		18.0	(0.7)
	Finland	8.5	(0.5)		22.1	(0.7)		50.4	(0.8)		19.1	(0.8)
	France	8.7	(0.5)		16.7	(0.5)		47.5	(0.7)		27.1	(0.7)
	Germany	8.5	(0.5)		19.5	(0.6)		44.0	(0.8)		28.0	(0.8)
	Greece	9.9	(0.5)		24.9	(0.7)		47.9	(0.7)		17.3	(0.6)
	Hungary	8.7	(0.6)		18.7	(0.7)		49.9	(0.8)		22.8	(0.9)
	Iceland	6.7	(0.4)		14.5	(0.6)		52.6	(0.9)		26.2	(0.9)
	Ireland	5.0	(0.4)		11.8	(0.6)		55.1	(0.8)		28.1	(0.8)
	Israel	12.5	(0.8)		20.7	(0.7)		42.3	(0.7)		24.6	(1.0)
	Italy	8.0	(0.5)		18.0	(0.6)		52.8	(0.7)		21.2	(0.7)
	Japan	9.1	(0.5)		21.0	(0.6)		48.8	(0.7)		21.1	(0.8)
	Korea	2.2	(0.2)		9.8	(0.5)		57.7	(0.8)		30.3	(1.0)
	Latvia	7.6	(0.4)		23.7	(0.7)		53.4	(0.8)		15.2	(0.6)
	Lithuania	11.0	(0.5)		19.3	(0.5)		45.7	(0.7)		23.9	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	11.0	(0.4)		20.1	(0.6)		45.3	(0.7)		23.6	(0.6)
	Mexico	5.1	(0.3)		10.1	(0.5)		51.9	(0.7)		32.9	(0.8)
	Netherlands*	7.4	(0.5)		23.2	(0.9)		53.1	(1.1)		16.4	(0.8)
	New Zealand	4.3	(0.3)		13.3	(0.6)		51.0	(0.7)		31.4	(0.8)
	Norway	6.4	(0.4)		16.9	(0.6)		50.9	(0.8)		25.8	(0.8)
	Poland	13.4	(0.6)		27.5	(0.8)		43.6	(0.9)		15.5	(0.7)
	Portugal*	5.0	(0.3)		12.3	(0.6)		53.2	(0.9)		29.5	(0.9)
	Slovak Republic	11.1	(0.6)		30.1	(1.0)		46.5	(0.9)		12.3	(0.7)
	Slovenia	9.0	(0.5)		19.4	(0.6)		46.9	(0.7)		24.7	(0.7)
	Spain	9.1	(0.3)		18.9	(0.5)		46.0	(0.4)		26.0	(0.6)
	Sweden	6.4	(0.4)		15.4	(0.6)		51.1	(0.8)		27.1	(1.0)
	Switzerland	7.2	(0.5)		14.8	(0.6)		44.2	(0.8)		33.9	(1.0)
	Turkey	11.6	(0.5)		21.2	(0.7)		45.4	(0.7)		21.8	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	5.2	(0.3)		13.4	(0.6)		49.1	(0.7)		32.4	(0.8)
	United States*	4.3	(0.3)		12.5	(0.6)		51.3	(0.9)		32.0	(1.0)
	OECD average	7.8	(0.1)		18.2	(0.1)		49.1	(0.1)		25.0	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	1.9	(0.2)		5.1	(0.3)		43.1	(0.8)		49.9	(0.9)
	Argentina	8.0	(0.5)		17.5	(0.7)		47.3	(0.7)		27.2	(0.8)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	11.4	(0.5)		10.0	(0.5)		45.4	(0.7)		33.2	(0.7)
	Belarus	4.2	(0.3)		19.1	(0.7)		56.8	(0.7)		19.8	(0.8)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	8.6	(0.6)		16.9	(0.7)		53.0	(0.8)		21.4	(0.8)
	Brazil	4.5	(0.2)		12.4	(0.4)		55.5	(0.6)		27.7	(0.7)
	Brunei Darussalam	3.2	(0.2)		12.1	(0.4)		54.6	(0.6)		30.2	(0.5)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	2.9	(0.2)		9.9	(0.5)		53.1	(0.6)		34.1	(0.8)
	Bulgaria	11.4	(0.6)		17.2	(0.8)		44.9	(0.9)		26.4	(0.9)
	Costa Rica	8.2	(0.4)		15.7	(0.7)		44.2	(0.8)		32.0	(1.2)
	Croatia	8.1	(0.4)		20.0	(0.5)		48.6	(0.6)		23.2	(0.6)
	Cyprus	12.4	(0.4)		19.4	(0.6)		45.5	(0.7)		22.7	(0.6)
	Dominican Republic	10.4	(0.5)		8.8	(0.5)		44.4	(0.8)		36.4	(0.9)
	Georgia	9.1	(0.5)		13.5	(0.6)		52.6	(0.9)		24.7	(0.7)
	Hong Kong (China)*	4.7	(0.4)		12.7	(0.5)		58.8	(0.8)		23.7	(0.7)
	Indonesia	2.9	(0.3)		9.1	(0.5)		62.9	(0.7)		25.1	(0.6)
	Jordan	9.1	(0.4)		12.7	(0.5)		43.3	(0.8)		34.9	(1.0)
	Kazakhstan	6.7	(0.2)		9.0	(0.3)		54.8	(0.5)		29.4	(0.5)
	Kosovo	4.3	(0.3)		8.7	(0.4)		50.3	(0.8)		36.7	(0.8)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	4.9	(0.4)		15.7	(0.6)		61.0	(0.8)		18.3	(0.6)
	Malaysia	2.4	(0.2)		13.7	(0.6)		58.1	(0.6)		25.9	(0.8)
	Malta	8.1	(0.5)		14.0	(0.6)		45.9	(0.9)		31.9	(0.8)
	Moldova	2.6	(0.3)		11.0	(0.6)		56.1	(0.9)		30.2	(0.9)
	Montenegro	9.0	(0.4)		15.7	(0.5)		46.2	(0.6)		29.1	(0.6)
	Morocco	11.5	(0.5)		17.8	(0.6)		44.5	(0.7)		26.1	(0.8)
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	6.2	(0.4)		11.1	(0.6)		48.5	(0.8)		34.2	(0.9)
	Peru	4.1	(0.3)		14.0	(0.5)		55.8	(0.8)		26.1	(0.7)
	Philippines	5.5	(0.4)		8.2	(0.4)		52.9	(0.8)		33.4	(0.8)
	Qatar	10.8	(0.3)		16.4	(0.3)		44.4	(0.5)		28.4	(0.4)
	Romania	6.0	(0.5)		13.6	(0.6)		50.3	(0.8)		30.2	(0.8)
	Russia	7.7	(0.4)		23.3	(0.7)		51.0	(0.7)		17.9	(0.7)
	Saudi Arabia	10.6	(0.6)		14.5	(0.6)		44.9	(0.7)		29.9	(0.9)
	Serbia	8.5	(0.5)		19.8	(0.6)		47.9	(0.7)		23.8	(0.6)
	Singapore	4.4	(0.3)		11.6	(0.4)		51.4	(0.5)		32.6	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	3.5	(0.3)		11.0	(0.4)		57.5	(0.7)		28.0	(0.7)
	Thailand	2.3	(0.2)		9.6	(0.4)		62.6	(0.7)		25.5	(0.8)
	Ukraine	7.5	(0.4)		24.6	(0.7)		51.2	(0.7)		16.6	(0.5)
	United Arab Emirates	9.3	(0.5)		14.9	(0.4)		42.7	(0.5)		33.2	(0.8)
	Uruguay	7.5	(0.5)		16.2	(0.7)		52.3	(0.9)		24.0	(0.8)
	Viet Nam	2.6	(0.3)		10.8	(0.7)		58.1	(1.1)		28.5	(1.2)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.6.1. Teacher support

Based on students’ reports

		Index of teacher support						Percentage of students who reported the following things happen in their language-of-instruction lessons:
		Average			Variability			The teacher shows an interest in every student's learning
								Never or hardly ever			Some lessons			Most lessons			Every lesson
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	0.25	(0.01)		0.97	(0.01)		5.0	(0.2)		16.3	(0.4)		32.4	(0.5)		46.3	(0.6)
	Austria	- 0.45	(0.02)		1.08	(0.01)		14.5	(0.6)		22.4	(0.6)		34.0	(0.7)		29.0	(0.8)
	Belgium	- 0.17	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		11.9	(0.5)		23.5	(0.6)		33.0	(0.6)		31.6	(0.7)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	0.44	(0.02)		0.90	(0.01)		2.7	(0.2)		10.5	(0.6)		25.1	(0.7)		61.6	(1.0)
	Colombia	0.34	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		2.9	(0.2)		8.9	(0.4)		24.0	(0.7)		64.1	(0.9)
	Czech Republic	- 0.22	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		8.7	(0.5)		21.3	(0.6)		32.0	(0.7)		38.0	(1.0)
	Denmark	0.14	(0.02)		0.85	(0.01)		5.3	(0.4)		18.1	(0.7)		40.2	(0.6)		36.4	(0.9)
	Estonia	- 0.11	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		11.5	(0.6)		28.3	(0.7)		34.8	(0.7)		25.5	(0.7)
	Finland	0.21	(0.02)		0.91	(0.01)		6.2	(0.4)		20.2	(0.7)		38.6	(0.8)		35.0	(0.9)
	France	- 0.22	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		16.6	(0.7)		26.1	(0.7)		30.0	(0.7)		27.3	(0.7)
	Germany	- 0.24	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		13.6	(0.6)		25.3	(0.7)		32.1	(0.6)		29.0	(0.7)
	Greece	- 0.17	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		17.6	(0.6)		26.3	(0.6)		27.3	(0.6)		28.8	(0.7)
	Hungary	- 0.16	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		7.8	(0.4)		19.6	(0.6)		35.3	(0.8)		37.3	(0.8)
	Iceland	0.21	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		5.2	(0.3)		17.9	(0.7)		37.5	(0.8)		39.4	(0.9)
	Ireland	0.16	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		5.7	(0.4)		17.8	(0.6)		30.3	(0.7)		46.1	(1.0)
	Israel	- 0.09	(0.03)		1.09	(0.01)		12.4	(0.7)		23.8	(0.6)		28.1	(0.8)		35.7	(1.0)
	Italy	0.02	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		7.4	(0.4)		17.1	(0.6)		32.6	(0.7)		43.0	(0.9)
	Japan	0.07	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		7.1	(0.4)		18.1	(0.6)		44.0	(0.7)		30.8	(0.8)
	Korea	0.18	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		3.7	(0.2)		16.9	(0.6)		39.0	(0.6)		40.4	(0.9)
	Latvia	0.05	(0.02)		0.87	(0.01)		10.6	(0.5)		28.1	(0.8)		34.6	(0.7)		26.7	(0.7)
	Lithuania	0.04	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		10.9	(0.4)		28.4	(0.6)		34.0	(0.7)		26.8	(0.7)
	Luxembourg	- 0.22	(0.01)		1.06	(0.01)		12.0	(0.4)		22.4	(0.6)		31.3	(0.6)		34.3	(0.6)
	Mexico	0.41	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		2.6	(0.3)		8.9	(0.4)		23.6	(0.7)		64.9	(0.9)
	Netherlands*	- 0.43	(0.02)		0.91	(0.01)		11.2	(0.5)		28.2	(0.7)		38.9	(0.8)		21.7	(0.8)
	New Zealand	0.25	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		4.4	(0.3)		17.9	(0.5)		33.2	(0.7)		44.5	(0.8)
	Norway	- 0.07	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		8.1	(0.4)		21.8	(0.7)		40.5	(0.7)		29.6	(0.8)
	Poland	- 0.26	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		11.8	(0.5)		26.5	(0.6)		35.5	(0.7)		26.2	(0.7)
	Portugal*	0.47	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		3.3	(0.3)		12.5	(0.5)		25.7	(0.6)		58.4	(0.8)
	Slovak Republic	- 0.18	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		7.9	(0.4)		22.3	(0.7)		33.0	(0.8)		36.8	(0.9)
	Slovenia	- 0.61	(0.01)		1.03	(0.01)		18.9	(0.5)		28.5	(0.7)		30.7	(0.7)		21.9	(0.6)
	Spain	0.07	(0.01)		0.99	(0.01)		6.5	(0.2)		18.7	(0.4)		29.9	(0.5)		44.9	(0.6)
	Sweden	0.14	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		7.4	(0.4)		16.3	(0.6)		34.7	(0.6)		41.6	(1.0)
	Switzerland	- 0.15	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		12.7	(0.6)		21.7	(0.7)		32.5	(0.7)		33.1	(0.9)
	Turkey	0.22	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		7.4	(0.4)		19.4	(0.6)		27.5	(0.7)		45.7	(0.9)
	United Kingdom	0.30	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		5.3	(0.3)		15.6	(0.5)		30.9	(0.6)		48.1	(0.8)
	United States*	0.15	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		4.2	(0.4)		18.8	(0.6)		33.9	(0.7)		43.1	(1.0)
	OECD average	0.01	(0.00)		0.96	(0.00)		8.6	(0.1)		20.4	(0.1)		32.8	(0.1)		38.2	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	0.72	(0.01)		0.80	(0.01)		7.4	(0.3)		5.5	(0.4)		11.2	(0.4)		75.9	(0.7)
	Argentina	0.39	(0.02)		0.91	(0.02)		3.3	(0.4)		10.9	(0.5)		17.8	(0.5)		67.9	(0.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.50	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		4.4	(0.3)		9.4	(0.4)		20.2	(0.5)		66.0	(0.7)
	Belarus	0.37	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		3.5	(0.3)		10.6	(0.5)		24.8	(0.6)		61.2	(0.9)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	- 0.03	(0.02)		1.07	(0.01)		8.5	(0.5)		16.0	(0.7)		25.5	(0.7)		49.9	(1.0)
	Brazil	0.43	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		3.5	(0.3)		10.5	(0.4)		19.6	(0.5)		66.4	(0.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	0.23	(0.01)		0.78	(0.01)		3.7	(0.3)		25.3	(0.5)		36.7	(0.6)		34.3	(0.6)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.36	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		3.5	(0.2)		13.3	(0.7)		29.1	(0.7)		54.1	(1.1)
	Bulgaria	0.10	(0.02)		1.09	(0.01)		8.7	(0.4)		14.8	(0.5)		26.0	(0.8)		50.5	(0.9)
	Costa Rica	0.47	(0.02)		0.90	(0.01)		2.9	(0.2)		8.2	(0.4)		18.0	(0.6)		70.9	(0.8)
	Croatia	- 0.34	(0.02)		1.02	(0.01)		10.4	(0.4)		25.1	(0.6)		28.5	(0.6)		36.0	(0.8)
	Cyprus	- 0.05	(0.01)		1.09	(0.01)		14.9	(0.4)		21.5	(0.6)		25.7	(0.6)		37.9	(0.7)
	Dominican Republic	0.57	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		4.0	(0.3)		7.2	(0.5)		13.7	(0.5)		75.2	(0.8)
	Georgia	0.29	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		4.2	(0.3)		9.3	(0.5)		16.9	(0.7)		69.6	(0.9)
	Hong Kong (China)*	- 0.02	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		5.3	(0.4)		21.2	(0.8)		41.3	(0.7)		32.1	(0.7)
	Indonesia	0.39	(0.02)		0.86	(0.01)		7.1	(0.4)		20.2	(0.9)		21.7	(0.7)		51.0	(0.9)
	Jordan	0.60	(0.02)		0.95	(0.02)		5.4	(0.4)		8.8	(0.5)		14.9	(0.6)		71.0	(0.9)
	Kazakhstan	0.35	(0.01)		0.86	(0.01)		5.0	(0.2)		14.7	(0.4)		31.0	(0.5)		49.3	(0.6)
	Kosovo	0.48	(0.01)		0.88	(0.01)		12.3	(0.5)		12.1	(0.5)		17.0	(0.6)		58.5	(0.8)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	- 0.08	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		4.5	(0.3)		25.8	(0.7)		41.0	(0.7)		28.7	(0.7)
	Malaysia	0.41	(0.02)		0.81	(0.01)		2.9	(0.3)		18.3	(0.7)		29.3	(0.6)		49.5	(1.0)
	Malta	0.34	(0.02)		1.02	(0.01)		6.0	(0.4)		12.8	(0.6)		26.1	(0.8)		55.1	(0.9)
	Moldova	0.46	(0.02)		0.83	(0.01)		5.3	(0.4)		10.7	(0.5)		22.2	(0.6)		61.8	(1.0)
	Montenegro	0.12	(0.01)		1.10	(0.01)		7.7	(0.3)		12.6	(0.4)		22.9	(0.6)		56.7	(0.7)
	Morocco	0.09	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		11.2	(0.5)		16.9	(0.6)		20.2	(0.5)		51.7	(0.8)
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	0.33	(0.02)		0.91	(0.01)		2.7	(0.3)		12.7	(0.6)		19.7	(0.6)		64.8	(0.9)
	Peru	0.38	(0.02)		0.86	(0.01)		2.2	(0.2)		10.6	(0.4)		22.4	(0.7)		64.8	(0.9)
	Philippines	0.46	(0.02)		0.86	(0.01)		2.8	(0.2)		12.1	(0.5)		22.4	(0.6)		62.7	(0.9)
	Qatar	0.38	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		6.0	(0.2)		13.5	(0.3)		24.1	(0.4)		56.4	(0.4)
	Romania	0.22	(0.02)		0.97	(0.02)		8.1	(0.5)		18.1	(0.7)		23.3	(0.9)		50.5	(1.1)
	Russia	0.20	(0.03)		0.96	(0.01)		6.7	(0.4)		17.1	(0.9)		30.6	(0.6)		45.6	(1.2)
	Saudi Arabia	0.54	(0.02)		0.91	(0.01)		6.3	(0.4)		10.2	(0.4)		16.3	(0.6)		67.3	(0.9)
	Serbia	0.04	(0.02)		1.08	(0.01)		8.2	(0.4)		15.4	(0.5)		25.5	(0.6)		50.9	(0.9)
	Singapore	0.24	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		3.3	(0.2)		16.4	(0.5)		38.7	(0.7)		41.6	(0.6)
	Chinese Taipei	0.04	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		7.9	(0.4)		35.0	(0.7)		32.7	(0.6)		24.3	(0.6)
	Thailand	0.33	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		1.9	(0.2)		15.4	(0.7)		26.5	(0.7)		56.2	(1.1)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		43.5	(0.9)		13.2	(0.6)		17.3	(0.6)		26.0	(0.7)
	United Arab Emirates	0.38	(0.01)		1.02	(0.01)		6.0	(0.2)		12.8	(0.6)		23.2	(0.4)		58.0	(0.8)
	Uruguay	0.27	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		5.0	(0.5)		12.5	(0.6)		27.2	(0.8)		55.3	(1.2)
	Viet Nam	0.38	(0.02)		0.80	(0.01)		2.4	(0.2)		8.9	(0.6)		33.1	(0.8)		55.6	(1.1)
		Percentage of students who reported the following things happen in their language-of-instruction lessons:
		The teacher gives extra help when students need it												The teacher helps students with their learning
		Never or hardly ever			Some lessons			Most lessons			Every lesson			Never or hardly ever			Some lessons			Most lessons			Every lesson
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	4.4	(0.2)		14.5	(0.4)		29.9	(0.5)		51.2	(0.6)		3.0	(0.2)		11.7	(0.3)		28.4	(0.5)		57.0	(0.6)
	Austria	14.0	(0.6)		21.3	(0.6)		27.8	(0.6)		36.9	(0.8)		23.3	(0.7)		25.0	(0.7)		26.6	(0.7)		25.2	(0.7)
	Belgium	7.7	(0.3)		19.6	(0.5)		31.0	(0.6)		41.8	(0.8)		13.1	(0.5)		23.0	(0.6)		28.8	(0.6)		35.2	(0.6)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	4.6	(0.3)		14.5	(0.6)		26.9	(0.6)		53.9	(1.0)		1.9	(0.2)		9.2	(0.5)		24.3	(0.7)		64.6	(1.0)
	Colombia	5.7	(0.3)		18.5	(0.7)		27.4	(0.7)		48.4	(1.0)		1.9	(0.2)		11.3	(0.6)		25.6	(0.6)		61.1	(0.9)
	Czech Republic	5.7	(0.4)		15.8	(0.7)		28.7	(0.7)		49.7	(1.0)		14.0	(0.6)		25.2	(0.5)		29.7	(0.6)		31.1	(0.9)
	Denmark	4.8	(0.4)		17.0	(0.6)		37.7	(0.8)		40.5	(1.0)		2.1	(0.2)		10.9	(0.5)		35.8	(0.8)		51.2	(0.9)
	Estonia	5.8	(0.4)		20.7	(0.6)		33.3	(0.7)		40.3	(0.8)		5.6	(0.4)		18.4	(0.6)		34.2	(0.8)		41.7	(0.8)
	Finland	3.0	(0.3)		11.7	(0.4)		30.4	(0.7)		54.9	(0.8)		2.7	(0.3)		10.1	(0.4)		29.5	(0.7)		57.7	(0.9)
	France	11.7	(0.5)		23.1	(0.6)		27.4	(0.6)		37.8	(0.8)		10.4	(0.5)		20.9	(0.6)		28.9	(0.7)		39.9	(0.8)
	Germany	8.0	(0.5)		19.4	(0.6)		29.5	(0.7)		43.1	(0.8)		13.4	(0.7)		23.5	(0.6)		30.0	(0.7)		33.1	(0.7)
	Greece	9.8	(0.5)		23.2	(0.6)		29.6	(0.6)		37.4	(0.8)		6.3	(0.4)		18.8	(0.5)		29.2	(0.6)		45.7	(0.9)
	Hungary	8.3	(0.5)		19.2	(0.8)		31.3	(0.8)		41.2	(0.9)		11.1	(0.5)		21.2	(0.7)		30.6	(0.7)		37.0	(0.9)
	Iceland	5.4	(0.4)		17.4	(0.7)		33.0	(0.8)		44.2	(0.7)		2.8	(0.3)		11.7	(0.6)		31.1	(0.8)		54.4	(0.8)
	Ireland	6.5	(0.4)		18.7	(0.6)		28.6	(0.6)		46.3	(0.9)		4.2	(0.3)		14.7	(0.5)		27.1	(0.7)		54.0	(1.0)
	Israel	11.7	(0.6)		22.8	(0.7)		27.6	(0.6)		37.9	(1.0)		9.0	(0.6)		22.2	(0.7)		28.0	(0.7)		40.8	(1.1)
	Italy	7.2	(0.4)		20.4	(0.6)		33.1	(0.7)		39.3	(0.8)		5.3	(0.4)		16.4	(0.6)		31.2	(0.7)		47.1	(0.8)
	Japan	5.4	(0.3)		13.5	(0.6)		38.9	(0.7)		42.1	(0.9)		4.6	(0.4)		12.0	(0.6)		38.8	(0.6)		44.6	(0.8)
	Korea	4.2	(0.3)		16.2	(0.6)		37.9	(0.7)		41.7	(0.8)		2.4	(0.2)		10.7	(0.5)		35.6	(0.8)		51.3	(1.0)
	Latvia	4.4	(0.3)		16.2	(0.6)		31.3	(0.7)		48.0	(1.0)		3.4	(0.3)		14.3	(0.5)		30.9	(0.6)		51.4	(0.9)
	Lithuania	4.8	(0.3)		18.3	(0.6)		30.4	(0.7)		46.5	(0.8)		3.8	(0.3)		15.2	(0.5)		28.9	(0.6)		52.1	(0.7)
	Luxembourg	8.9	(0.4)		19.7	(0.6)		30.0	(0.6)		41.4	(0.6)		16.9	(0.5)		21.9	(0.6)		28.6	(0.6)		32.6	(0.6)
	Mexico	3.7	(0.3)		13.7	(0.5)		26.3	(0.6)		56.4	(0.9)		1.8	(0.2)		11.3	(0.6)		25.8	(0.7)		61.0	(0.9)
	Netherlands*	7.1	(0.5)		24.0	(0.8)		38.3	(0.7)		30.7	(0.9)		16.4	(0.7)		31.6	(0.9)		31.7	(0.7)		20.3	(0.8)
	New Zealand	3.6	(0.3)		14.3	(0.5)		30.4	(0.6)		51.7	(0.8)		2.4	(0.2)		11.6	(0.5)		28.4	(0.5)		57.6	(0.7)
	Norway	6.8	(0.4)		22.1	(0.8)		37.3	(0.6)		33.8	(0.9)		4.8	(0.3)		15.6	(0.6)		37.4	(0.8)		42.2	(1.0)
	Poland	8.7	(0.5)		23.5	(0.7)		30.8	(0.7)		36.9	(0.9)		9.4	(0.6)		26.0	(0.7)		32.2	(0.7)		32.4	(0.7)
	Portugal*	2.9	(0.3)		11.5	(0.5)		24.1	(0.7)		61.5	(0.8)		1.9	(0.2)		9.3	(0.5)		22.6	(0.7)		66.2	(0.9)
	Slovak Republic	6.7	(0.4)		19.8	(0.6)		30.5	(0.7)		43.0	(0.9)		12.1	(0.5)		25.4	(0.7)		28.4	(0.7)		34.1	(0.8)
	Slovenia	15.3	(0.6)		25.2	(0.7)		28.5	(0.6)		30.9	(0.7)		25.8	(0.6)		30.1	(0.7)		23.1	(0.7)		21.0	(0.6)
	Spain	9.2	(0.3)		21.9	(0.4)		29.2	(0.4)		39.7	(0.5)		4.2	(0.2)		16.3	(0.4)		29.2	(0.4)		50.3	(0.6)
	Sweden	6.1	(0.4)		17.5	(0.7)		33.9	(0.7)		42.5	(0.8)		3.8	(0.3)		12.4	(0.6)		32.0	(0.7)		51.8	(0.9)
	Switzerland	8.2	(0.4)		17.8	(0.7)		29.6	(0.7)		44.4	(1.0)		12.9	(0.6)		20.6	(0.6)		29.8	(0.6)		36.8	(1.0)
	Turkey	5.8	(0.3)		20.4	(0.6)		27.0	(0.6)		46.9	(0.8)		3.0	(0.2)		11.6	(0.5)		24.6	(0.6)		60.7	(0.8)
	United Kingdom	4.3	(0.3)		14.3	(0.5)		28.2	(0.6)		53.2	(0.9)		2.3	(0.2)		9.7	(0.4)		26.1	(0.6)		61.8	(0.8)
	United States*	3.7	(0.3)		18.9	(0.7)		31.2	(0.8)		46.1	(1.0)		2.3	(0.3)		15.0	(0.6)		29.9	(0.8)		52.8	(1.0)
	OECD average	6.8	(0.1)		18.5	(0.1)		30.8	(0.1)		43.9	(0.1)		7.3	(0.1)		17.1	(0.1)		29.5	(0.1)		46.1	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	2.9	(0.2)		9.8	(0.5)		20.0	(0.6)		67.3	(0.8)		2.0	(0.2)		4.8	(0.3)		11.4	(0.5)		81.9	(0.6)
	Argentina	5.9	(0.4)		15.4	(0.5)		23.5	(0.6)		55.2	(0.9)		2.9	(0.3)		10.9	(0.5)		21.5	(0.6)		64.6	(0.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	4.5	(0.3)		15.5	(0.5)		21.7	(0.6)		58.3	(0.7)		2.7	(0.2)		8.2	(0.4)		19.1	(0.5)		70.0	(0.6)
	Belarus	3.7	(0.3)		14.0	(0.5)		28.3	(0.7)		54.0	(0.9)		2.3	(0.2)		9.0	(0.5)		21.8	(0.6)		66.9	(0.8)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	6.7	(0.4)		16.8	(0.7)		26.0	(0.6)		50.4	(0.9)		13.8	(0.6)		23.5	(0.6)		24.0	(0.6)		38.6	(0.9)
	Brazil	5.9	(0.3)		16.3	(0.5)		25.0	(0.6)		52.7	(0.6)		2.2	(0.2)		10.0	(0.4)		20.4	(0.5)		67.4	(0.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	2.4	(0.2)		16.4	(0.4)		32.6	(0.6)		48.6	(0.7)		1.3	(0.1)		11.1	(0.4)		29.8	(0.6)		57.8	(0.6)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	3.1	(0.3)		11.4	(0.4)		23.1	(0.5)		62.5	(0.8)		3.4	(0.3)		10.8	(0.4)		22.0	(0.7)		63.7	(0.9)
	Bulgaria	11.1	(0.6)		19.0	(0.6)		24.3	(0.6)		45.6	(1.1)		10.8	(0.6)		15.5	(0.6)		21.6	(0.8)		52.2	(1.0)
	Costa Rica	5.1	(0.3)		13.4	(0.5)		23.3	(0.6)		58.2	(0.7)		2.6	(0.2)		9.2	(0.5)		20.8	(0.6)		67.5	(0.8)
	Croatia	9.6	(0.5)		23.7	(0.6)		28.6	(0.6)		38.1	(0.7)		16.5	(0.5)		27.7	(0.6)		26.1	(0.6)		29.6	(0.7)
	Cyprus	9.6	(0.4)		19.8	(0.6)		29.0	(0.6)		41.5	(0.7)		7.4	(0.3)		17.0	(0.6)		27.7	(0.7)		48.0	(0.7)
	Dominican Republic	4.9	(0.3)		14.0	(0.5)		20.2	(0.7)		60.9	(0.9)		2.4	(0.2)		8.7	(0.5)		16.9	(0.6)		72.0	(0.9)
	Georgia	8.6	(0.4)		23.5	(0.7)		23.0	(0.6)		44.9	(0.9)		5.0	(0.3)		13.3	(0.5)		18.0	(0.7)		63.7	(0.9)
	Hong Kong (China)*	4.7	(0.3)		21.0	(0.7)		38.2	(0.6)		36.1	(0.8)		3.9	(0.3)		18.3	(0.7)		38.3	(0.6)		39.5	(0.9)
	Indonesia	3.7	(0.3)		15.3	(0.6)		23.0	(0.7)		58.0	(0.9)		2.0	(0.2)		10.1	(0.6)		19.7	(0.6)		68.2	(0.8)
	Jordan	4.9	(0.4)		9.7	(0.5)		19.0	(0.5)		66.3	(0.8)		4.0	(0.4)		8.3	(0.4)		15.0	(0.6)		72.7	(0.8)
	Kazakhstan	3.5	(0.2)		15.0	(0.3)		29.4	(0.4)		52.1	(0.5)		2.8	(0.2)		9.3	(0.3)		26.9	(0.4)		61.0	(0.5)
	Kosovo	3.9	(0.3)		13.5	(0.5)		20.2	(0.7)		62.5	(0.9)		2.8	(0.3)		8.6	(0.4)		15.9	(0.6)		72.7	(0.7)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	4.6	(0.3)		23.1	(0.8)		37.3	(0.8)		35.1	(0.8)		3.8	(0.3)		20.8	(0.7)		37.7	(0.8)		37.7	(0.8)
	Malaysia	2.1	(0.2)		13.7	(0.6)		26.9	(0.7)		57.3	(1.0)		1.2	(0.2)		9.8	(0.5)		23.6	(0.7)		65.4	(0.9)
	Malta	5.8	(0.4)		13.7	(0.6)		27.1	(0.8)		53.4	(0.9)		4.2	(0.4)		11.0	(0.5)		24.7	(0.8)		60.1	(0.8)
	Moldova	4.6	(0.4)		15.5	(0.5)		23.6	(0.8)		56.2	(1.1)		2.4	(0.3)		8.4	(0.4)		18.1	(0.6)		71.1	(0.9)
	Montenegro	8.2	(0.3)		15.6	(0.4)		24.8	(0.5)		51.4	(0.7)		11.2	(0.3)		17.5	(0.5)		23.3	(0.6)		48.0	(0.7)
	Morocco	13.4	(0.6)		20.7	(0.5)		21.4	(0.5)		44.4	(0.7)		7.7	(0.4)		15.6	(0.6)		19.7	(0.5)		57.0	(0.9)
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	4.2	(0.3)		20.1	(0.6)		24.7	(0.6)		51.1	(0.9)		2.2	(0.2)		15.2	(0.5)		22.4	(0.7)		60.2	(0.9)
	Peru	3.5	(0.2)		16.3	(0.6)		27.1	(0.7)		53.1	(0.9)		1.6	(0.2)		11.8	(0.5)		25.6	(0.6)		61.1	(0.8)
	Philippines	2.2	(0.2)		15.8	(0.6)		25.8	(0.6)		56.2	(0.8)		2.2	(0.2)		11.9	(0.5)		20.7	(0.6)		65.2	(0.8)
	Qatar	5.3	(0.2)		13.2	(0.3)		23.8	(0.4)		57.7	(0.4)		4.2	(0.2)		11.2	(0.3)		21.6	(0.3)		63.0	(0.4)
	Romania	7.7	(0.5)		19.7	(0.6)		21.2	(0.6)		51.5	(0.8)		6.4	(0.5)		13.7	(0.6)		19.5	(0.7)		60.4	(1.1)
	Russia	4.8	(0.3)		14.3	(0.6)		27.3	(0.7)		53.6	(1.2)		4.4	(0.3)		16.6	(0.7)		27.7	(0.7)		51.3	(1.2)
	Saudi Arabia	5.6	(0.4)		11.5	(0.5)		19.2	(0.6)		63.7	(0.9)		3.6	(0.3)		8.5	(0.4)		13.4	(0.5)		74.6	(0.9)
	Serbia	6.3	(0.4)		15.6	(0.6)		26.9	(0.6)		51.2	(0.9)		12.8	(0.5)		21.2	(0.6)		23.1	(0.6)		42.8	(0.8)
	Singapore	2.8	(0.2)		13.3	(0.5)		35.9	(0.6)		48.0	(0.6)		1.8	(0.2)		10.7	(0.4)		34.9	(0.6)		52.6	(0.7)
	Chinese Taipei	2.9	(0.2)		18.1	(0.5)		32.7	(0.6)		46.4	(0.7)		2.6	(0.2)		15.6	(0.5)		32.0	(0.6)		49.8	(0.8)
	Thailand	2.7	(0.2)		18.6	(0.7)		27.2	(0.6)		51.5	(1.1)		2.1	(0.2)		16.2	(0.6)		24.7	(0.7)		57.0	(1.1)
	Ukraine	11.1	(0.5)		25.6	(0.5)		33.6	(0.6)		29.7	(0.6)		6.0	(0.3)		16.4	(0.5)		30.5	(0.6)		47.1	(0.8)
	United Arab Emirates	6.0	(0.2)		13.5	(0.4)		24.3	(0.4)		56.2	(0.6)		4.6	(0.2)		10.7	(0.3)		20.9	(0.5)		63.7	(0.7)
	Uruguay	7.1	(0.5)		16.5	(0.7)		27.8	(0.8)		48.6	(1.2)		3.1	(0.3)		13.4	(0.7)		26.6	(0.7)		57.0	(1.0)
	Viet Nam	1.9	(0.2)		11.8	(0.8)		32.2	(0.8)		54.1	(1.0)		1.9	(0.2)		9.6	(0.5)		31.4	(0.8)		57.1	(1.0)
		Percentage of students who reported the following things happen in their language-of-instruction lessons:
		The teacher continues teaching until students understand
		Never or hardly ever			Some lessons			Most lessons			Every lesson
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	6.6	(0.3)		17.9	(0.4)		31.3	(0.4)		44.2	(0.6)
	Austria	16.6	(0.6)		24.9	(0.6)		28.7	(0.6)		29.7	(0.8)
	Belgium	8.4	(0.4)		21.4	(0.6)		31.7	(0.6)		38.5	(0.7)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	4.0	(0.3)		13.5	(0.6)		25.8	(0.6)		56.7	(1.0)
	Colombia	4.4	(0.3)		17.2	(0.6)		27.2	(0.6)		51.1	(1.0)
	Czech Republic	14.8	(0.8)		29.1	(0.8)		30.2	(0.7)		25.9	(0.9)
	Denmark	4.4	(0.3)		16.2	(0.6)		37.4	(0.7)		42.0	(0.9)
	Estonia	9.8	(0.4)		22.7	(0.6)		35.2	(0.8)		32.3	(0.8)
	Finland	5.9	(0.4)		19.4	(0.6)		36.0	(0.6)		38.8	(0.8)
	France	13.5	(0.6)		20.7	(0.6)		28.1	(0.6)		37.7	(0.8)
	Germany	11.3	(0.6)		25.2	(0.6)		30.8	(0.7)		32.7	(0.7)
	Greece	13.2	(0.5)		25.3	(0.6)		28.6	(0.6)		33.0	(0.8)
	Hungary	13.8	(0.7)		22.6	(0.6)		31.9	(0.7)		31.7	(0.9)
	Iceland	4.4	(0.4)		16.0	(0.7)		32.5	(0.9)		47.2	(0.9)
	Ireland	8.0	(0.4)		18.2	(0.6)		30.0	(0.6)		43.8	(0.9)
	Israel	8.4	(0.5)		19.4	(0.7)		26.9	(0.7)		45.3	(1.0)
	Italy	10.0	(0.5)		19.8	(0.6)		30.9	(0.7)		39.3	(0.8)
	Japan	7.0	(0.4)		16.5	(0.6)		39.1	(0.7)		37.4	(0.9)
	Korea	4.7	(0.3)		20.0	(0.7)		36.8	(0.6)		38.6	(0.8)
	Latvia	6.7	(0.3)		18.5	(0.6)		33.3	(0.7)		41.4	(0.9)
	Lithuania	7.7	(0.4)		20.9	(0.5)		30.3	(0.6)		41.2	(0.8)
	Luxembourg	11.1	(0.4)		22.2	(0.6)		30.5	(0.6)		36.2	(0.7)
	Mexico	4.2	(0.3)		16.6	(0.7)		27.6	(0.7)		51.6	(0.9)
	Netherlands*	10.2	(0.6)		29.1	(0.8)		35.7	(0.8)		25.0	(0.8)
	New Zealand	6.4	(0.4)		18.7	(0.5)		32.6	(0.7)		42.2	(0.7)
	Norway	8.8	(0.4)		22.1	(0.6)		36.4	(0.7)		32.8	(0.9)
	Poland	12.6	(0.6)		25.3	(0.6)		30.2	(0.7)		31.9	(0.8)
	Portugal*	3.5	(0.3)		13.2	(0.6)		26.5	(0.6)		56.8	(0.9)
	Slovak Republic	12.4	(0.5)		25.9	(0.6)		29.1	(0.7)		32.5	(0.7)
	Slovenia	18.1	(0.6)		30.0	(0.8)		28.3	(0.7)		23.6	(0.6)
	Spain	7.6	(0.3)		21.1	(0.4)		29.2	(0.4)		42.1	(0.5)
	Sweden	6.3	(0.4)		17.6	(0.7)		32.6	(0.8)		43.5	(1.0)
	Switzerland	10.0	(0.6)		20.7	(0.8)		31.4	(0.7)		38.0	(0.9)
	Turkey	5.4	(0.3)		18.4	(0.5)		26.9	(0.6)		49.3	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	6.6	(0.4)		17.5	(0.5)		29.1	(0.6)		46.8	(0.9)
	United States*	6.9	(0.5)		25.3	(0.7)		31.1	(0.7)		36.7	(0.9)
	OECD average	8.7	(0.1)		20.8	(0.1)		31.1	(0.1)		39.4	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	2.5	(0.3)		5.8	(0.3)		13.2	(0.5)		78.5	(0.7)
	Argentina	5.8	(0.5)		16.7	(0.6)		21.7	(0.6)		55.7	(1.0)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	4.6	(0.3)		12.3	(0.5)		18.8	(0.6)		64.3	(0.7)
	Belarus	6.3	(0.4)		18.0	(0.6)		29.5	(0.6)		46.1	(1.0)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	10.8	(0.6)		20.7	(0.6)		24.7	(0.5)		43.8	(0.9)
	Brazil	4.9	(0.3)		13.5	(0.4)		21.0	(0.5)		60.6	(0.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	2.8	(0.2)		14.8	(0.4)		31.2	(0.7)		51.1	(0.6)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	5.0	(0.3)		18.8	(0.6)		30.8	(0.6)		45.5	(0.9)
	Bulgaria	9.6	(0.5)		15.2	(0.6)		21.6	(0.7)		53.6	(1.0)
	Costa Rica	4.9	(0.3)		15.3	(0.6)		23.8	(0.5)		56.0	(0.9)
	Croatia	17.7	(0.6)		29.8	(0.6)		24.7	(0.6)		27.7	(0.7)
	Cyprus	11.8	(0.4)		21.6	(0.5)		27.7	(0.7)		38.9	(0.7)
	Dominican Republic	4.4	(0.3)		11.1	(0.5)		16.3	(0.6)		68.2	(0.9)
	Georgia	9.1	(0.5)		13.5	(0.5)		18.1	(0.6)		59.3	(0.9)
	Hong Kong (China)*	6.0	(0.4)		23.6	(0.8)		37.1	(0.7)		33.2	(0.8)
	Indonesia	3.0	(0.3)		14.0	(0.7)		21.5	(0.6)		61.5	(0.9)
	Jordan	5.5	(0.4)		7.7	(0.5)		13.3	(0.6)		73.5	(0.9)
	Kazakhstan	3.3	(0.2)		10.8	(0.3)		28.1	(0.4)		57.8	(0.5)
	Kosovo	4.1	(0.3)		9.0	(0.5)		14.5	(0.6)		72.5	(0.6)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	5.4	(0.4)		26.2	(0.7)		36.6	(0.7)		31.9	(0.7)
	Malaysia	2.4	(0.2)		13.2	(0.6)		26.7	(0.7)		57.7	(1.0)
	Malta	6.2	(0.4)		13.4	(0.6)		25.4	(0.8)		54.9	(0.9)
	Moldova	3.5	(0.4)		10.8	(0.4)		20.9	(0.6)		64.8	(1.0)
	Montenegro	10.6	(0.4)		17.8	(0.5)		22.0	(0.6)		49.6	(0.7)
	Morocco	9.7	(0.4)		15.4	(0.5)		17.8	(0.5)		57.1	(0.9)
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	4.5	(0.3)		19.7	(0.6)		22.7	(0.7)		53.1	(0.9)
	Peru	3.4	(0.3)		17.5	(0.5)		26.2	(0.6)		52.8	(0.8)
	Philippines	3.2	(0.2)		11.3	(0.5)		21.1	(0.6)		64.4	(1.0)
	Qatar	6.8	(0.2)		13.3	(0.3)		21.9	(0.3)		58.0	(0.4)
	Romania	6.1	(0.5)		15.5	(0.6)		19.2	(0.6)		59.2	(1.1)
	Russia	7.0	(0.4)		16.3	(0.6)		25.3	(0.6)		51.4	(1.1)
	Saudi Arabia	5.4	(0.3)		9.0	(0.5)		15.8	(0.6)		69.8	(1.0)
	Serbia	10.5	(0.5)		19.8	(0.6)		24.2	(0.5)		45.5	(0.9)
	Singapore	4.1	(0.3)		17.4	(0.5)		36.7	(0.7)		41.7	(0.6)
	Chinese Taipei	4.6	(0.3)		25.0	(0.6)		33.8	(0.6)		36.6	(0.7)
	Thailand	2.9	(0.3)		18.5	(0.7)		26.2	(0.6)		52.4	(1.1)
	Ukraine	8.0	(0.5)		18.2	(0.5)		29.7	(0.6)		44.0	(0.8)
	United Arab Emirates	6.9	(0.2)		12.7	(0.5)		21.7	(0.4)		58.6	(0.6)
	Uruguay	4.9	(0.4)		16.1	(0.7)		26.3	(0.8)		52.7	(1.1)
	Viet Nam	2.6	(0.3)		12.3	(0.8)		32.9	(0.8)		52.2	(1.0)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.6.2. Teacher emotional support

Based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who reported the following occurred during the previous two language-of-instruction lessons:
		The teacher made me feel confident in my ability to do well in the course								The teacher listened to my view on how to do things
		Strongly disagree		Disagree		Agree		Strongly agree		Strongly disagree		Disagree		Agree		Strongly agree
		%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	7.9	(0.3)	13.9	(0.4)	56.0	(0.6)	22.2	(0.5)	8.7	(0.3)	17.7	(0.4)	55.1	(0.5)	18.5	(0.4)
	Austria	18.0	(0.7)	23.0	(0.6)	39.3	(0.6)	19.6	(0.6)	15.7	(0.5)	24.3	(0.7)	39.3	(0.6)	20.7	(0.6)
	Belgium	7.9	(0.4)	16.9	(0.7)	57.5	(0.7)	17.7	(0.5)	9.0	(0.4)	20.3	(0.6)	56.2	(0.8)	14.5	(0.5)
	Canada	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Chile	13.1	(0.4)	10.7	(0.5)	50.1	(0.8)	26.2	(0.8)	13.3	(0.5)	14.0	(0.5)	48.1	(0.8)	24.5	(0.8)
	Colombia	9.4	(0.4)	8.7	(0.4)	56.1	(0.8)	25.7	(0.7)	9.3	(0.4)	14.0	(0.5)	55.0	(0.7)	21.7	(0.7)
	Czech Republic	13.6	(0.6)	31.3	(0.7)	46.4	(0.9)	8.8	(0.4)	14.1	(0.6)	32.9	(0.7)	45.1	(0.9)	7.9	(0.4)
	Denmark	5.3	(0.4)	12.3	(0.5)	60.0	(0.6)	22.4	(0.7)	7.1	(0.4)	19.7	(0.8)	57.2	(0.8)	15.9	(0.6)
	Estonia	11.7	(0.5)	24.8	(0.7)	51.0	(0.8)	12.5	(0.6)	12.5	(0.5)	24.7	(0.6)	50.0	(0.8)	12.8	(0.5)
	Finland	8.3	(0.4)	19.5	(0.6)	55.8	(0.8)	16.4	(0.7)	9.5	(0.5)	21.9	(0.6)	55.7	(0.8)	12.9	(0.5)
	France	15.3	(0.6)	23.6	(0.6)	46.6	(0.8)	14.5	(0.6)	16.4	(0.5)	24.6	(0.6)	46.0	(0.8)	13.0	(0.5)
	Germany	14.2	(0.6)	25.4	(0.7)	43.1	(0.9)	17.3	(0.6)	13.6	(0.5)	26.2	(0.7)	42.4	(0.9)	17.8	(0.6)
	Greece	7.6	(0.5)	17.3	(0.5)	56.7	(0.7)	18.4	(0.6)	8.8	(0.4)	20.9	(0.5)	53.0	(0.6)	17.3	(0.6)
	Hungary	8.6	(0.5)	16.8	(0.6)	56.2	(0.8)	18.5	(0.6)	12.7	(0.5)	23.7	(0.7)	49.8	(0.8)	13.8	(0.5)
	Iceland	15.2	(0.7)	16.5	(0.6)	47.1	(1.0)	21.3	(0.8)	11.9	(0.5)	16.4	(0.6)	51.5	(0.8)	20.2	(0.7)
	Ireland	6.1	(0.3)	15.7	(0.6)	55.8	(0.7)	22.4	(0.7)	7.0	(0.4)	21.5	(0.7)	55.8	(0.8)	15.7	(0.6)
	Israel	11.7	(0.6)	16.4	(0.6)	47.9	(0.8)	23.9	(0.9)	12.4	(0.5)	22.2	(0.7)	44.2	(0.8)	21.2	(0.8)
	Italy	8.3	(0.4)	15.7	(0.5)	59.3	(0.7)	16.6	(0.6)	10.5	(0.5)	22.6	(0.7)	53.7	(0.8)	13.2	(0.5)
	Japan	12.0	(0.5)	36.6	(0.8)	42.9	(0.7)	8.6	(0.6)	16.2	(0.5)	36.5	(0.7)	39.5	(0.6)	7.8	(0.5)
	Korea	7.5	(0.4)	17.9	(0.6)	53.8	(0.6)	20.7	(0.6)	7.1	(0.4)	16.2	(0.6)	54.1	(0.7)	22.6	(0.7)
	Latvia	11.6	(0.5)	22.8	(0.6)	54.0	(0.7)	11.5	(0.5)	11.9	(0.5)	22.4	(0.7)	52.9	(0.8)	12.9	(0.5)
	Lithuania	12.6	(0.5)	14.2	(0.5)	48.9	(0.7)	24.3	(0.6)	14.7	(0.4)	18.2	(0.5)	44.3	(0.7)	22.8	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	13.9	(0.5)	20.5	(0.5)	47.2	(0.7)	18.4	(0.6)	13.9	(0.5)	22.6	(0.6)	46.3	(0.7)	17.2	(0.5)
	Mexico	11.8	(0.5)	9.0	(0.4)	53.7	(0.9)	25.5	(0.9)	11.4	(0.5)	12.6	(0.5)	54.5	(0.8)	21.5	(0.7)
	Netherlands*	5.7	(0.4)	16.4	(0.8)	64.0	(1.0)	13.8	(0.7)	8.1	(0.5)	23.9	(0.9)	58.5	(0.9)	9.5	(0.6)
	New Zealand	6.4	(0.3)	13.5	(0.5)	55.7	(0.7)	24.3	(0.7)	7.4	(0.4)	17.4	(0.5)	56.4	(0.7)	18.8	(0.5)
	Norway	10.1	(0.5)	18.0	(0.6)	51.0	(0.7)	20.8	(0.6)	10.6	(0.5)	21.6	(0.6)	52.1	(0.6)	15.8	(0.6)
	Poland	10.7	(0.5)	19.1	(0.6)	55.3	(0.7)	15.0	(0.6)	13.1	(0.6)	25.9	(0.6)	50.6	(0.8)	10.4	(0.5)
	Portugal*	6.4	(0.4)	15.9	(0.7)	55.5	(0.7)	22.2	(0.6)	6.8	(0.3)	16.3	(0.6)	58.1	(0.8)	18.8	(0.7)
	Slovak Republic	13.2	(0.6)	24.2	(0.7)	50.6	(0.8)	12.0	(0.5)	13.6	(0.5)	28.4	(0.7)	48.0	(0.7)	10.1	(0.4)
	Slovenia	12.1	(0.5)	23.5	(0.6)	52.9	(0.8)	11.5	(0.4)	12.7	(0.5)	27.2	(0.7)	48.7	(0.7)	11.4	(0.4)
	Spain	10.2	(0.3)	17.6	(0.4)	50.3	(0.5)	21.9	(0.4)	12.9	(0.4)	21.5	(0.4)	48.3	(0.5)	17.4	(0.5)
	Sweden	10.7	(0.4)	18.9	(0.7)	50.4	(0.6)	20.0	(0.7)	8.9	(0.5)	17.5	(0.6)	53.7	(0.7)	19.9	(0.7)
	Switzerland	13.2	(0.6)	21.6	(0.7)	47.4	(0.8)	17.8	(0.8)	12.6	(0.6)	21.2	(0.7)	46.7	(0.6)	19.6	(0.7)
	Turkey	14.4	(0.6)	21.9	(0.6)	46.1	(0.8)	17.7	(0.7)	13.8	(0.6)	24.5	(0.6)	45.6	(0.7)	16.1	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	6.9	(0.3)	13.1	(0.5)	55.0	(0.7)	25.0	(0.7)	8.4	(0.3)	19.0	(0.6)	54.9	(0.6)	17.7	(0.6)
	United States*	7.5	(0.4)	11.9	(0.6)	56.1	(0.8)	24.6	(0.8)	8.7	(0.4)	19.6	(0.8)	53.2	(0.8)	18.4	(0.7)
	OECD average	10.5	(0.1)	18.5	(0.1)	52.1	(0.1)	18.9	(0.1)	11.3	(0.1)	21.7	(0.1)	50.7	(0.1)	16.4	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	4.9	(0.3)	3.9	(0.3)	45.4	(0.8)	45.8	(0.7)	6.1	(0.4)	10.1	(0.4)	48.6	(0.7)	35.2	(0.7)
	Argentina	9.5	(0.5)	13.9	(0.6)	55.9	(0.7)	20.7	(0.6)	9.2	(0.4)	20.4	(0.6)	53.5	(0.6)	16.9	(0.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	18.6	(0.6)	9.7	(0.4)	42.2	(0.6)	29.5	(0.7)	17.0	(0.5)	11.0	(0.6)	47.1	(0.7)	25.0	(0.7)
	Belarus	6.9	(0.4)	16.5	(0.6)	59.2	(0.7)	17.3	(0.6)	7.5	(0.4)	20.6	(0.6)	57.4	(0.7)	14.5	(0.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	12.4	(0.6)	14.3	(0.6)	54.9	(0.8)	18.4	(0.6)	13.2	(0.6)	21.7	(0.6)	51.4	(0.7)	13.8	(0.5)
	Brazil	9.9	(0.4)	18.7	(0.4)	55.0	(0.6)	16.4	(0.4)	9.6	(0.4)	23.0	(0.6)	54.0	(0.6)	13.4	(0.4)
	Brunei Darussalam	3.4	(0.2)	9.8	(0.3)	66.7	(0.5)	20.1	(0.5)	4.0	(0.2)	18.5	(0.4)	66.2	(0.5)	11.3	(0.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	4.9	(0.3)	12.7	(0.4)	56.5	(0.7)	25.9	(0.8)	5.5	(0.4)	13.5	(0.5)	55.3	(0.7)	25.7	(0.9)
	Bulgaria	16.7	(0.7)	15.0	(0.7)	46.3	(0.8)	22.0	(0.8)	12.2	(0.5)	14.5	(0.7)	49.7	(0.7)	23.6	(0.8)
	Costa Rica	10.2	(0.4)	9.8	(0.5)	49.4	(0.7)	30.6	(0.8)	10.6	(0.5)	15.3	(0.5)	50.9	(0.7)	23.2	(0.7)
	Croatia	12.5	(0.4)	25.5	(0.7)	49.0	(0.7)	13.0	(0.5)	15.6	(0.5)	28.1	(0.6)	45.3	(0.8)	11.1	(0.4)
	Cyprus	12.2	(0.4)	18.7	(0.6)	50.1	(0.7)	19.0	(0.6)	14.9	(0.5)	24.9	(0.7)	45.0	(0.7)	15.1	(0.6)
	Dominican Republic	19.0	(0.6)	7.6	(0.5)	43.3	(0.8)	30.1	(0.7)	16.4	(0.6)	10.9	(0.5)	48.0	(0.8)	24.6	(0.7)
	Georgia	13.8	(0.6)	12.7	(0.5)	53.6	(0.9)	19.8	(0.7)	11.3	(0.5)	12.6	(0.5)	53.7	(0.7)	22.4	(0.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	9.1	(0.4)	19.4	(0.8)	59.1	(0.8)	12.4	(0.6)	8.7	(0.5)	18.5	(0.7)	60.4	(0.8)	12.3	(0.6)
	Indonesia	5.9	(0.4)	3.9	(0.3)	59.4	(1.0)	30.8	(0.9)	4.9	(0.3)	7.5	(0.4)	66.3	(1.0)	21.3	(0.8)
	Jordan	12.8	(0.6)	9.9	(0.5)	48.3	(0.9)	28.9	(0.8)	9.3	(0.4)	11.0	(0.5)	51.4	(0.9)	28.3	(0.8)
	Kazakhstan	11.9	(0.3)	7.3	(0.3)	55.0	(0.5)	25.9	(0.5)	11.2	(0.3)	12.1	(0.3)	54.4	(0.5)	22.3	(0.5)
	Kosovo	9.1	(0.5)	7.5	(0.4)	50.8	(0.8)	32.5	(0.8)	9.7	(0.4)	20.3	(0.6)	51.4	(0.8)	18.6	(0.7)
	Lebanon	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Macao (China)	6.5	(0.4)	21.4	(0.6)	61.7	(0.8)	10.5	(0.5)	7.1	(0.5)	25.6	(0.6)	58.6	(0.7)	8.6	(0.4)
	Malaysia	3.1	(0.3)	8.1	(0.6)	61.7	(0.8)	27.1	(0.9)	4.0	(0.3)	14.8	(0.6)	64.0	(0.7)	17.2	(0.6)
	Malta	8.4	(0.5)	10.0	(0.5)	50.1	(0.9)	31.5	(0.9)	8.1	(0.5)	15.7	(0.6)	53.1	(0.8)	23.1	(0.8)
	Moldova	8.2	(0.4)	14.9	(0.6)	59.3	(0.8)	17.7	(0.7)	5.3	(0.3)	15.0	(0.7)	60.6	(0.8)	19.2	(0.6)
	Montenegro	14.3	(0.4)	18.5	(0.6)	51.3	(0.6)	15.9	(0.5)	11.8	(0.4)	16.8	(0.5)	52.2	(0.6)	19.2	(0.5)
	Morocco	10.2	(0.5)	12.9	(0.6)	55.6	(0.8)	21.3	(0.6)	10.7	(0.4)	17.4	(0.5)	52.4	(0.7)	19.6	(0.5)
	North Macedonia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Panama	13.3	(0.5)	10.8	(0.6)	47.6	(0.7)	28.2	(0.7)	12.0	(0.5)	14.7	(0.5)	49.3	(0.8)	24.1	(0.7)
	Peru	6.8	(0.4)	10.8	(0.4)	58.3	(0.8)	24.1	(0.7)	6.1	(0.4)	12.2	(0.5)	60.4	(0.7)	21.3	(0.6)
	Philippines	9.1	(0.5)	8.6	(0.4)	59.2	(0.9)	23.1	(0.7)	8.2	(0.5)	12.3	(0.5)	62.7	(0.8)	16.8	(0.7)
	Qatar	14.5	(0.3)	15.0	(0.3)	47.7	(0.4)	22.8	(0.4)	13.2	(0.3)	19.0	(0.4)	48.3	(0.4)	19.4	(0.4)
	Romania	8.1	(0.5)	11.5	(0.7)	54.4	(0.8)	26.0	(0.8)	8.5	(0.5)	19.3	(0.7)	56.0	(0.9)	16.2	(0.7)
	Russia	12.0	(0.6)	21.1	(0.7)	52.0	(0.7)	14.9	(0.6)	15.5	(0.6)	30.1	(0.9)	43.9	(0.7)	10.5	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	11.1	(0.5)	11.5	(0.6)	54.3	(0.8)	23.1	(0.9)	10.5	(0.6)	15.6	(0.6)	52.0	(0.8)	21.9	(0.8)
	Serbia	12.3	(0.5)	17.0	(0.6)	52.8	(0.7)	17.9	(0.6)	15.2	(0.6)	28.2	(0.5)	43.2	(0.7)	13.3	(0.5)
	Singapore	6.7	(0.3)	14.3	(0.5)	59.5	(0.7)	19.5	(0.5)	7.0	(0.3)	14.9	(0.5)	60.2	(0.6)	18.0	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	5.2	(0.3)	15.7	(0.6)	61.6	(0.7)	17.4	(0.6)	4.7	(0.3)	12.9	(0.5)	62.1	(0.7)	20.3	(0.7)
	Thailand	4.9	(0.3)	10.4	(0.5)	71.3	(0.6)	13.4	(0.6)	4.5	(0.3)	8.7	(0.4)	69.9	(0.7)	16.9	(0.7)
	Ukraine	9.0	(0.5)	18.1	(0.6)	57.4	(0.9)	15.5	(0.5)	8.6	(0.4)	21.2	(0.7)	56.4	(0.8)	13.8	(0.6)
	United Arab Emirates	11.3	(0.3)	10.6	(0.3)	49.3	(0.5)	28.8	(0.5)	10.1	(0.3)	13.9	(0.3)	49.3	(0.5)	26.7	(0.5)
	Uruguay	10.7	(0.5)	12.0	(0.6)	53.3	(0.8)	23.9	(0.8)	10.0	(0.5)	18.1	(0.8)	53.4	(0.8)	18.6	(0.7)
	Viet Nam	3.8	(0.3)	16.1	(0.9)	63.9	(0.9)	16.2	(0.7)	3.4	(0.3)	12.9	(0.8)	62.0	(0.9)	21.7	(0.8)
		Percentage of students who reported the following occurred during the previous two language-of-instruction lessons:
		I felt that my teacher understood me
		Strongly disagree		Disagree		Agree		Strongly agree
		%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	9.2	(0.3)	16.6	(0.4)	53.4	(0.5)	20.7	(0.4)
	Austria	13.7	(0.5)	19.2	(0.5)	39.8	(0.6)	27.4	(0.8)
	Belgium	10.0	(0.4)	20.5	(0.6)	54.1	(0.7)	15.4	(0.5)
	Canada	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Chile	13.6	(0.4)	15.1	(0.6)	46.3	(0.7)	25.1	(0.8)
	Colombia	9.6	(0.4)	13.8	(0.6)	55.0	(0.8)	21.6	(0.6)
	Czech Republic	13.5	(0.6)	26.6	(0.7)	49.4	(0.8)	10.5	(0.5)
	Denmark	6.1	(0.4)	13.9	(0.7)	57.7	(0.7)	22.3	(0.7)
	Estonia	10.6	(0.5)	19.0	(0.5)	55.0	(0.6)	15.4	(0.6)
	Finland	9.0	(0.5)	18.3	(0.6)	55.9	(0.9)	16.8	(0.7)
	France	17.3	(0.6)	23.2	(0.6)	45.2	(0.7)	14.3	(0.4)
	Germany	10.6	(0.5)	20.2	(0.6)	45.7	(0.8)	23.5	(0.6)
	Greece	10.5	(0.5)	21.3	(0.5)	50.4	(0.6)	17.9	(0.6)
	Hungary	11.0	(0.5)	19.5	(0.6)	52.1	(0.7)	17.4	(0.6)
	Iceland	12.1	(0.6)	15.5	(0.7)	49.3	(0.8)	23.2	(0.7)
	Ireland	6.2	(0.3)	18.2	(0.6)	56.9	(0.7)	18.7	(0.6)
	Israel	12.8	(0.6)	20.3	(0.7)	43.0	(0.8)	23.9	(0.9)
	Italy	11.1	(0.5)	21.0	(0.6)	50.9	(0.8)	17.0	(0.6)
	Japan	13.7	(0.5)	32.8	(0.7)	45.3	(0.7)	8.2	(0.5)
	Korea	7.6	(0.4)	15.9	(0.6)	53.0	(0.6)	23.5	(0.8)
	Latvia	12.0	(0.4)	20.5	(0.6)	51.8	(0.7)	15.7	(0.5)
	Lithuania	12.6	(0.5)	14.2	(0.5)	46.8	(0.7)	26.5	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	12.8	(0.5)	19.0	(0.5)	46.5	(0.7)	21.7	(0.5)
	Mexico	11.4	(0.5)	15.5	(0.6)	53.2	(0.8)	19.8	(0.7)
	Netherlands*	6.4	(0.5)	16.4	(0.8)	62.9	(0.9)	14.3	(0.7)
	New Zealand	8.1	(0.4)	16.6	(0.5)	53.2	(0.7)	22.0	(0.6)
	Norway	10.3	(0.5)	20.2	(0.6)	51.2	(0.7)	18.3	(0.7)
	Poland	10.7	(0.5)	19.0	(0.5)	56.3	(0.7)	14.0	(0.6)
	Portugal*	6.3	(0.4)	15.2	(0.6)	57.5	(0.7)	20.9	(0.8)
	Slovak Republic	13.0	(0.5)	22.7	(0.6)	53.2	(0.8)	11.1	(0.4)
	Slovenia	11.2	(0.5)	21.2	(0.7)	54.9	(0.8)	12.8	(0.5)
	Spain	12.8	(0.3)	21.9	(0.4)	46.9	(0.4)	18.4	(0.4)
	Sweden	9.4	(0.5)	15.3	(0.6)	51.8	(0.7)	23.5	(0.7)
	Switzerland	10.8	(0.5)	18.8	(0.7)	45.8	(0.7)	24.5	(0.8)
	Turkey	15.9	(0.5)	22.4	(0.6)	42.5	(0.7)	19.2	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	7.9	(0.3)	16.5	(0.5)	53.6	(0.7)	22.1	(0.6)
	United States*	8.9	(0.5)	19.5	(0.7)	50.7	(0.8)	20.9	(0.8)
	OECD average	10.8	(0.1)	19.0	(0.1)	51.0	(0.1)	19.1	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	5.9	(0.4)	7.5	(0.4)	46.1	(0.8)	40.5	(0.8)
	Argentina	9.5	(0.5)	16.2	(0.5)	52.5	(0.7)	21.8	(0.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	17.2	(0.6)	9.0	(0.4)	45.9	(0.8)	27.8	(0.7)
	Belarus	7.0	(0.4)	17.7	(0.6)	56.6	(0.8)	18.7	(0.7)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	13.1	(0.6)	17.9	(0.6)	51.0	(0.8)	18.0	(0.5)
	Brazil	10.2	(0.4)	21.5	(0.5)	51.5	(0.6)	16.8	(0.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	6.1	(0.3)	20.5	(0.5)	59.4	(0.6)	14.1	(0.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	6.5	(0.3)	16.4	(0.5)	52.6	(0.6)	24.6	(0.7)
	Bulgaria	14.3	(0.6)	15.3	(0.6)	48.0	(0.9)	22.4	(0.8)
	Costa Rica	10.7	(0.5)	12.6	(0.6)	51.1	(0.6)	25.7	(0.7)
	Croatia	12.4	(0.4)	21.1	(0.6)	50.6	(0.8)	15.9	(0.6)
	Cyprus	14.1	(0.5)	21.7	(0.6)	43.4	(0.7)	20.7	(0.6)
	Dominican Republic	17.0	(0.5)	9.7	(0.5)	44.8	(0.8)	28.6	(0.8)
	Georgia	13.0	(0.5)	12.4	(0.5)	50.3	(0.8)	24.3	(0.7)
	Hong Kong (China)*	10.4	(0.5)	22.3	(0.8)	54.9	(0.8)	12.4	(0.6)
	Indonesia	5.9	(0.4)	11.3	(0.5)	64.9	(1.0)	18.0	(0.8)
	Jordan	11.0	(0.4)	10.9	(0.5)	46.6	(0.7)	31.5	(0.8)
	Kazakhstan	11.2	(0.3)	8.4	(0.3)	52.9	(0.4)	27.5	(0.5)
	Kosovo	9.2	(0.4)	13.3	(0.6)	53.6	(0.8)	23.9	(0.7)
	Lebanon	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Macao (China)	12.4	(0.4)	34.4	(0.7)	45.8	(0.7)	7.3	(0.4)
	Malaysia	5.3	(0.3)	19.6	(0.7)	59.5	(0.8)	15.6	(0.6)
	Malta	8.3	(0.5)	13.7	(0.6)	51.4	(0.9)	26.6	(0.8)
	Moldova	5.0	(0.3)	11.3	(0.6)	59.9	(0.8)	23.7	(0.7)
	Montenegro	12.4	(0.4)	16.0	(0.5)	50.2	(0.6)	21.4	(0.6)
	Morocco	10.7	(0.5)	15.8	(0.5)	50.6	(0.7)	22.9	(0.6)
	North Macedonia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Panama	11.5	(0.6)	12.9	(0.5)	49.2	(0.8)	26.5	(0.8)
	Peru	6.1	(0.4)	12.2	(0.4)	59.5	(0.7)	22.2	(0.7)
	Philippines	8.6	(0.5)	11.8	(0.5)	61.2	(0.8)	18.5	(0.6)
	Qatar	15.1	(0.3)	18.5	(0.3)	44.4	(0.4)	22.0	(0.4)
	Romania	7.4	(0.4)	12.7	(0.7)	56.0	(1.0)	23.9	(0.8)
	Russia	12.0	(0.5)	17.9	(0.7)	49.5	(0.7)	20.6	(0.7)
	Saudi Arabia	12.0	(0.6)	17.9	(0.7)	45.6	(0.7)	24.6	(0.9)
	Serbia	12.5	(0.5)	17.4	(0.6)	51.5	(0.7)	18.7	(0.6)
	Singapore	8.3	(0.4)	16.5	(0.5)	57.2	(0.6)	17.9	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	11.0	(0.4)	32.4	(0.7)	46.3	(0.8)	10.2	(0.4)
	Thailand	4.9	(0.3)	14.2	(0.6)	66.8	(0.6)	14.0	(0.5)
	Ukraine	7.9	(0.4)	14.5	(0.5)	58.6	(0.9)	19.1	(0.6)
	United Arab Emirates	11.9	(0.3)	15.4	(0.4)	46.2	(0.5)	26.5	(0.6)
	Uruguay	10.4	(0.5)	17.4	(0.8)	53.5	(0.9)	18.7	(0.8)
	Viet Nam	5.4	(0.4)	26.2	(1.0)	55.3	(1.0)	13.0	(0.6)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.6.3. Teacher feedback

Based on students’ reports

		Index of perceived feedback				Percentage of students who reported the following things occur in their language-of-instruction lessons:
		Average		Variability		The teacher gives me feedback on my strengths in this subject
						Never or almost never		Some lessons		Many lessons		Every lesson or almost every lesson
		Mean index	S.E.	S.D.	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	0.35	(0.01)	0.99	(0.01)	13.3	(0.4)	35.2	(0.4)	35.3	(0.5)	16.3	(0.3)
	Austria	- 0.04	(0.02)	0.98	(0.01)	37.8	(0.8)	32.5	(0.7)	21.0	(0.6)	8.6	(0.4)
	Belgium	- 0.32	(0.01)	0.89	(0.01)	41.2	(0.8)	37.6	(0.6)	16.7	(0.4)	4.5	(0.3)
	Canada	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Chile	0.18	(0.03)	1.09	(0.01)	22.9	(0.7)	34.6	(0.7)	27.3	(0.8)	15.2	(0.7)
	Colombia	0.25	(0.02)	0.97	(0.01)	22.9	(0.8)	40.6	(0.7)	23.8	(0.7)	12.7	(0.6)
	Czech Republic	- 0.24	(0.02)	0.92	(0.01)	33.7	(0.9)	42.0	(0.8)	17.6	(0.7)	6.7	(0.4)
	Denmark	0.11	(0.02)	0.90	(0.01)	15.0	(0.7)	40.5	(0.7)	34.2	(0.8)	10.2	(0.5)
	Estonia	- 0.13	(0.02)	0.92	(0.01)	20.8	(0.6)	44.5	(0.7)	26.8	(0.8)	7.9	(0.4)
	Finland	- 0.16	(0.02)	0.93	(0.01)	22.9	(0.8)	45.1	(0.8)	25.0	(0.8)	7.0	(0.3)
	France	- 0.21	(0.02)	0.99	(0.01)	46.8	(0.8)	30.8	(0.7)	15.1	(0.5)	7.3	(0.4)
	Germany	- 0.07	(0.02)	0.92	(0.01)	38.3	(0.8)	35.6	(0.7)	19.8	(0.6)	6.2	(0.4)
	Greece	- 0.10	(0.02)	0.95	(0.01)	39.4	(0.8)	35.7	(0.7)	17.5	(0.6)	7.3	(0.4)
	Hungary	- 0.05	(0.02)	0.92	(0.01)	26.8	(0.8)	40.6	(0.8)	24.9	(0.7)	7.7	(0.4)
	Iceland	- 0.20	(0.02)	1.06	(0.01)	36.9	(0.9)	34.0	(0.8)	20.6	(0.7)	8.5	(0.5)
	Ireland	0.30	(0.02)	0.97	(0.01)	15.4	(0.6)	37.5	(0.7)	32.3	(0.6)	14.8	(0.6)
	Israel	- 0.13	(0.02)	1.05	(0.01)	32.6	(0.9)	35.2	(0.7)	21.2	(0.6)	11.0	(0.6)
	Italy	- 0.04	(0.02)	0.93	(0.01)	39.1	(0.8)	35.6	(0.6)	18.8	(0.7)	6.6	(0.4)
	Japan	- 0.30	(0.02)	0.98	(0.01)	52.1	(1.0)	29.0	(0.7)	13.1	(0.5)	5.8	(0.4)
	Korea	0.18	(0.02)	1.17	(0.01)	26.2	(0.7)	29.6	(0.6)	27.6	(0.7)	16.6	(0.5)
	Latvia	0.10	(0.02)	0.91	(0.01)	24.8	(0.8)	40.8	(0.8)	25.7	(0.7)	8.6	(0.4)
	Lithuania	0.13	(0.02)	1.00	(0.01)	28.7	(0.7)	37.4	(0.6)	23.4	(0.5)	10.5	(0.4)
	Luxembourg	- 0.07	(0.01)	1.01	(0.01)	34.6	(0.6)	34.1	(0.7)	22.0	(0.5)	9.3	(0.4)
	Mexico	0.07	(0.02)	1.02	(0.01)	28.1	(0.8)	39.8	(0.6)	22.9	(0.7)	9.2	(0.4)
	Netherlands*	- 0.15	(0.02)	0.90	(0.01)	29.3	(1.1)	41.6	(0.7)	23.9	(0.9)	5.2	(0.5)
	New Zealand	0.49	(0.02)	0.95	(0.01)	10.4	(0.5)	33.6	(0.6)	38.2	(0.7)	17.8	(0.6)
	Norway	0.13	(0.02)	0.99	(0.01)	22.4	(0.7)	38.5	(0.7)	26.9	(0.6)	12.2	(0.5)
	Poland	0.06	(0.01)	0.88	(0.01)	28.1	(0.7)	39.7	(0.8)	24.4	(0.6)	7.8	(0.4)
	Portugal*	- 0.01	(0.02)	0.96	(0.01)	37.6	(1.0)	36.6	(0.9)	19.0	(0.6)	6.7	(0.4)
	Slovak Republic	- 0.11	(0.02)	0.92	(0.01)	29.1	(0.8)	42.9	(0.8)	20.9	(0.7)	7.2	(0.4)
	Slovenia	- 0.41	(0.02)	0.94	(0.01)	49.2	(0.9)	32.5	(0.8)	13.1	(0.7)	5.2	(0.4)
	Spain	- 0.18	(0.01)	1.00	(0.01)	42.0	(0.6)	33.0	(0.4)	17.6	(0.3)	7.4	(0.3)
	Sweden	0.04	(0.02)	1.02	(0.01)	28.1	(0.8)	37.0	(0.6)	23.4	(0.6)	11.5	(0.5)
	Switzerland	- 0.12	(0.02)	0.99	(0.01)	40.0	(1.0)	33.4	(0.7)	18.8	(0.6)	7.8	(0.5)
	Turkey	0.02	(0.02)	1.02	(0.01)	19.5	(0.6)	41.2	(0.8)	25.8	(0.6)	13.5	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	0.53	(0.02)	0.95	(0.01)	8.6	(0.4)	33.5	(0.7)	38.1	(0.5)	19.8	(0.7)
	United States*	0.31	(0.02)	1.05	(0.01)	16.1	(0.6)	37.2	(0.9)	28.8	(0.7)	17.9	(0.8)
	OECD average	0.01	(0.00)	0.97	(0.00)	29.5	(0.1)	36.9	(0.1)	23.7	(0.1)	10.0	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	0.77	(0.02)	0.95	(0.01)	9.7	(0.5)	28.3	(0.8)	30.1	(0.7)	31.9	(0.7)
	Argentina	- 0.16	(0.02)	0.96	(0.01)	32.5	(0.8)	43.2	(0.7)	17.4	(0.5)	6.9	(0.4)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.42	(0.01)	0.99	(0.01)	11.5	(0.4)	34.9	(0.7)	33.2	(0.6)	20.5	(0.5)
	Belarus	0.17	(0.02)	0.99	(0.01)	18.6	(0.6)	37.9	(0.7)	32.4	(0.7)	11.2	(0.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	- 0.15	(0.02)	0.99	(0.01)	26.7	(0.8)	42.0	(0.7)	22.2	(0.6)	9.1	(0.4)
	Brazil	- 0.16	(0.01)	0.96	(0.01)	46.7	(0.7)	35.2	(0.5)	12.3	(0.4)	5.7	(0.3)
	Brunei Darussalam	0.33	(0.01)	0.85	(0.01)	11.6	(0.4)	50.6	(0.5)	25.5	(0.6)	12.3	(0.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.28	(0.02)	1.03	(0.01)	23.8	(0.7)	35.6	(0.5)	23.5	(0.6)	17.0	(0.6)
	Bulgaria	0.11	(0.02)	1.10	(0.01)	29.0	(0.9)	31.3	(0.7)	23.2	(0.8)	16.4	(0.6)
	Costa Rica	- 0.25	(0.02)	1.05	(0.01)	48.2	(0.9)	30.5	(0.6)	13.7	(0.5)	7.7	(0.4)
	Croatia	- 0.23	(0.02)	0.93	(0.01)	40.3	(0.8)	39.4	(0.6)	15.2	(0.5)	5.1	(0.3)
	Cyprus	0.01	(0.02)	1.03	(0.01)	35.7	(0.7)	32.6	(0.7)	20.5	(0.6)	11.3	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	0.41	(0.02)	0.96	(0.01)	13.8	(0.7)	28.5	(0.7)	35.0	(0.8)	22.7	(0.6)
	Georgia	0.21	(0.02)	0.99	(0.01)	23.4	(0.7)	38.2	(0.8)	25.6	(0.7)	12.9	(0.5)
	Hong Kong (China)*	0.12	(0.02)	0.90	(0.01)	18.5	(0.6)	46.4	(0.7)	26.9	(0.7)	8.2	(0.4)
	Indonesia	0.38	(0.02)	0.94	(0.01)	15.7	(0.6)	48.9	(0.9)	18.9	(0.6)	16.4	(0.7)
	Jordan	0.37	(0.02)	1.09	(0.01)	20.5	(0.7)	29.3	(0.5)	25.7	(0.6)	24.5	(0.8)
	Kazakhstan	0.38	(0.01)	0.87	(0.01)	12.7	(0.4)	44.5	(0.6)	31.8	(0.6)	11.0	(0.4)
	Kosovo	0.38	(0.02)	0.96	(0.01)	13.8	(0.5)	38.8	(0.8)	27.3	(0.8)	20.0	(0.6)
	Lebanon	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Macao (China)	- 0.13	(0.01)	0.86	(0.01)	36.3	(0.8)	43.4	(0.9)	15.4	(0.5)	5.0	(0.3)
	Malaysia	0.44	(0.02)	0.86	(0.01)	11.9	(0.5)	46.8	(0.9)	29.3	(0.7)	12.0	(0.5)
	Malta	0.38	(0.02)	1.01	(0.01)	14.9	(0.5)	34.1	(0.9)	33.2	(0.9)	17.8	(0.7)
	Moldova	0.10	(0.02)	0.87	(0.01)	27.9	(0.8)	38.0	(0.7)	23.7	(0.7)	10.4	(0.6)
	Montenegro	0.02	(0.01)	1.06	(0.01)	23.1	(0.5)	37.9	(0.6)	25.1	(0.6)	13.8	(0.4)
	Morocco	- 0.10	(0.02)	0.91	(0.01)	37.0	(0.7)	39.6	(0.5)	16.4	(0.5)	7.0	(0.3)
	North Macedonia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Panama	0.19	(0.03)	0.97	(0.01)	26.3	(0.9)	42.2	(0.7)	21.1	(0.6)	10.4	(0.5)
	Peru	0.26	(0.02)	0.88	(0.01)	18.7	(0.5)	44.5	(0.8)	27.6	(0.7)	9.1	(0.4)
	Philippines	0.35	(0.02)	0.91	(0.01)	10.2	(0.5)	46.9	(0.8)	25.8	(0.5)	17.1	(0.7)
	Qatar	0.20	(0.01)	1.04	(0.01)	20.6	(0.4)	37.1	(0.4)	26.2	(0.4)	16.0	(0.4)
	Romania	0.00	(0.02)	0.92	(0.01)	33.3	(0.8)	40.3	(0.8)	17.9	(0.7)	8.4	(0.5)
	Russia	0.22	(0.02)	1.02	(0.01)	23.5	(0.8)	33.2	(0.7)	29.7	(0.9)	13.7	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	- 0.03	(0.02)	1.06	(0.01)	30.7	(0.9)	35.8	(0.8)	18.7	(0.6)	14.8	(0.7)
	Serbia	0.20	(0.02)	1.04	(0.01)	16.6	(0.6)	36.2	(0.7)	29.7	(0.6)	17.6	(0.5)
	Singapore	0.42	(0.01)	0.94	(0.01)	11.2	(0.4)	39.0	(0.6)	34.4	(0.6)	15.4	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	0.34	(0.01)	0.97	(0.01)	16.0	(0.4)	37.7	(0.6)	31.2	(0.5)	15.1	(0.5)
	Thailand	0.14	(0.01)	0.88	(0.01)	9.4	(0.4)	50.1	(0.7)	27.1	(0.6)	13.3	(0.6)
	Ukraine	0.09	(0.02)	0.83	(0.01)	24.9	(0.9)	46.3	(0.7)	23.0	(0.6)	5.8	(0.4)
	United Arab Emirates	0.36	(0.01)	1.08	(0.01)	17.6	(0.4)	33.3	(0.4)	28.8	(0.4)	20.3	(0.4)
	Uruguay	- 0.25	(0.02)	0.92	(0.01)	40.5	(0.9)	39.5	(0.7)	14.1	(0.6)	6.0	(0.4)
	Viet Nam	0.14	(0.02)	0.84	(0.01)	21.6	(0.9)	49.4	(0.9)	20.3	(0.7)	8.6	(0.5)
		Percentage of students who reported the following things occur in their language-of-instruction lessons:
		The teacher tells me in which areas I can still improve								The teacher tells me how I can improve my performance
		Never or almost never		Some lessons		Many lessons		Every lesson or almost every lesson		Never or almost never		Some lessons		Many lessons		Every lesson or almost every lesson
		%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	10.6	(0.3)	32.2	(0.4)	38.8	(0.5)	18.5	(0.4)	11.4	(0.3)	32.6	(0.4)	37.2	(0.5)	18.7	(0.4)
	Austria	17.7	(0.5)	38.8	(0.8)	30.7	(0.7)	12.9	(0.5)	20.7	(0.6)	36.6	(0.8)	29.4	(0.7)	13.2	(0.5)
	Belgium	28.1	(0.8)	42.5	(0.6)	23.2	(0.5)	6.2	(0.3)	25.6	(0.6)	42.6	(0.5)	23.9	(0.5)	7.9	(0.3)
	Canada	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Chile	22.4	(0.7)	28.6	(0.6)	29.4	(0.7)	19.6	(0.8)	18.0	(0.6)	28.2	(0.7)	29.6	(0.6)	24.3	(0.8)
	Colombia	12.4	(0.5)	35.6	(0.8)	33.2	(0.7)	18.7	(0.7)	11.5	(0.5)	32.9	(0.8)	33.5	(0.8)	22.2	(0.7)
	Czech Republic	26.6	(0.9)	41.7	(0.8)	23.7	(0.7)	8.0	(0.4)	23.5	(0.8)	42.6	(0.6)	24.4	(0.7)	9.5	(0.5)
	Denmark	12.7	(0.6)	41.4	(0.7)	35.0	(0.8)	10.9	(0.5)	15.3	(0.6)	41.9	(0.7)	32.4	(0.7)	10.4	(0.6)
	Estonia	27.8	(0.8)	39.8	(0.7)	25.2	(0.6)	7.2	(0.4)	18.7	(0.6)	40.9	(0.8)	29.9	(0.8)	10.4	(0.5)
	Finland	21.4	(0.7)	45.4	(0.8)	25.7	(0.7)	7.6	(0.3)	22.6	(0.8)	44.5	(0.8)	25.4	(0.7)	7.6	(0.4)
	France	26.8	(0.7)	37.1	(0.6)	25.4	(0.6)	10.7	(0.4)	23.1	(0.6)	38.4	(0.7)	25.7	(0.6)	12.8	(0.4)
	Germany	16.1	(0.5)	41.3	(0.9)	30.8	(0.7)	11.8	(0.5)	20.6	(0.6)	39.1	(0.8)	30.0	(0.8)	10.2	(0.6)
	Greece	19.6	(0.7)	39.4	(0.7)	29.8	(0.7)	11.3	(0.4)	21.6	(0.7)	38.6	(0.6)	26.9	(0.5)	12.9	(0.6)
	Hungary	21.6	(0.8)	40.2	(0.7)	29.8	(0.8)	8.4	(0.4)	16.1	(0.7)	38.8	(0.7)	34.2	(0.8)	10.9	(0.5)
	Iceland	26.4	(0.8)	38.0	(0.9)	25.4	(0.8)	10.2	(0.5)	27.2	(0.8)	36.6	(0.8)	25.3	(0.8)	10.9	(0.5)
	Ireland	10.1	(0.5)	35.1	(0.8)	37.1	(0.6)	17.7	(0.6)	11.6	(0.5)	34.9	(0.8)	36.2	(0.7)	17.3	(0.6)
	Israel	27.5	(0.8)	36.4	(0.8)	24.6	(0.6)	11.6	(0.6)	25.3	(0.7)	33.6	(0.6)	27.0	(0.6)	14.1	(0.6)
	Italy	16.5	(0.5)	39.8	(0.7)	31.6	(0.7)	12.0	(0.5)	18.5	(0.6)	38.0	(0.7)	29.6	(0.8)	13.9	(0.5)
	Japan	38.0	(1.0)	32.5	(0.7)	21.5	(0.7)	8.0	(0.5)	19.4	(0.6)	35.1	(0.7)	31.3	(0.7)	14.2	(0.5)
	Korea	21.8	(0.7)	28.0	(0.6)	30.6	(0.7)	19.5	(0.6)	18.4	(0.6)	28.2	(0.6)	32.8	(0.6)	20.6	(0.6)
	Latvia	14.0	(0.6)	37.1	(0.7)	34.5	(0.8)	14.4	(0.5)	17.8	(0.6)	35.0	(0.8)	32.7	(0.8)	14.6	(0.5)
	Lithuania	15.5	(0.5)	35.4	(0.6)	32.9	(0.7)	16.2	(0.6)	15.9	(0.5)	34.2	(0.6)	32.1	(0.6)	17.7	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	20.1	(0.6)	38.0	(0.7)	29.4	(0.6)	12.5	(0.4)	23.2	(0.6)	36.4	(0.6)	27.6	(0.7)	12.9	(0.4)
	Mexico	18.8	(0.6)	36.0	(0.8)	29.8	(0.7)	15.4	(0.6)	16.9	(0.6)	33.4	(0.7)	30.5	(0.7)	19.2	(0.7)
	Netherlands*	21.4	(0.9)	41.4	(0.9)	30.1	(0.9)	7.0	(0.5)	19.9	(0.9)	42.2	(1.0)	31.2	(0.9)	6.7	(0.6)
	New Zealand	7.8	(0.4)	27.9	(0.8)	42.2	(0.7)	22.1	(0.6)	8.3	(0.4)	30.0	(0.6)	39.8	(0.7)	21.9	(0.7)
	Norway	13.0	(0.5)	38.2	(0.7)	33.9	(0.7)	14.9	(0.6)	15.6	(0.6)	39.7	(0.7)	31.0	(0.7)	13.7	(0.6)
	Poland	13.0	(0.5)	39.1	(0.7)	36.0	(0.7)	11.9	(0.5)	15.3	(0.5)	39.2	(0.7)	33.7	(0.6)	11.7	(0.5)
	Portugal*	19.6	(0.7)	37.9	(0.7)	30.4	(0.8)	12.2	(0.5)	14.5	(0.5)	36.3	(0.8)	33.0	(0.7)	16.2	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	22.8	(0.7)	41.2	(0.7)	26.7	(0.6)	9.3	(0.5)	19.1	(0.6)	41.3	(0.7)	28.5	(0.6)	11.1	(0.5)
	Slovenia	31.9	(0.8)	41.4	(0.7)	20.2	(0.7)	6.6	(0.4)	28.8	(0.7)	41.9	(0.8)	21.5	(0.7)	7.8	(0.4)
	Spain	26.1	(0.5)	35.7	(0.4)	26.5	(0.4)	11.7	(0.3)	25.4	(0.5)	35.2	(0.4)	26.6	(0.4)	12.8	(0.3)
	Sweden	17.4	(0.7)	40.2	(0.8)	28.4	(0.8)	14.0	(0.5)	18.0	(0.7)	38.0	(0.8)	28.6	(0.6)	15.3	(0.6)
	Switzerland	21.7	(0.8)	37.4	(0.7)	29.5	(0.8)	11.3	(0.5)	23.2	(0.7)	36.9	(0.8)	28.1	(0.8)	11.8	(0.5)
	Turkey	25.1	(0.8)	35.8	(0.7)	25.4	(0.7)	13.7	(0.6)	18.7	(0.6)	36.4	(0.6)	27.7	(0.7)	17.2	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	6.3	(0.3)	29.3	(0.8)	40.9	(0.7)	23.5	(0.7)	7.9	(0.4)	31.1	(0.8)	38.6	(0.7)	22.5	(0.7)
	United States*	14.0	(0.6)	32.0	(0.8)	32.8	(0.7)	21.2	(0.8)	13.7	(0.6)	33.0	(0.8)	32.2	(0.8)	21.2	(0.8)
	OECD average	19.8	(0.1)	37.2	(0.1)	30.0	(0.1)	13.0	(0.1)	18.6	(0.1)	36.8	(0.1)	30.2	(0.1)	14.3	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	7.6	(0.4)	25.3	(0.7)	34.2	(0.7)	32.8	(0.8)	4.4	(0.3)	19.4	(0.6)	33.0	(0.7)	43.2	(0.8)
	Argentina	30.0	(0.8)	36.5	(0.6)	22.9	(0.6)	10.7	(0.5)	22.1	(0.7)	34.9	(0.6)	27.1	(0.6)	15.9	(0.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	11.1	(0.5)	33.2	(0.8)	35.1	(0.8)	20.6	(0.5)	10.4	(0.4)	29.7	(0.7)	35.6	(0.7)	24.2	(0.6)
	Belarus	17.3	(0.7)	34.0	(0.7)	35.0	(0.7)	13.7	(0.5)	13.9	(0.6)	33.4	(0.7)	36.4	(0.6)	16.3	(0.7)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	28.6	(0.8)	38.3	(0.7)	23.5	(0.7)	9.6	(0.4)	22.1	(0.8)	38.2	(0.7)	27.7	(0.6)	12.1	(0.5)
	Brazil	25.3	(0.6)	37.7	(0.5)	25.0	(0.5)	12.1	(0.4)	19.7	(0.5)	35.5	(0.6)	28.3	(0.5)	16.5	(0.4)
	Brunei Darussalam	8.4	(0.3)	38.5	(0.6)	35.6	(0.6)	17.4	(0.5)	6.9	(0.3)	36.5	(0.6)	35.4	(0.6)	21.3	(0.5)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	10.2	(0.4)	34.9	(0.8)	33.5	(0.6)	21.4	(0.7)	14.0	(0.5)	36.9	(0.7)	29.2	(0.5)	19.9	(0.7)
	Bulgaria	28.4	(0.8)	28.5	(0.7)	25.9	(0.8)	17.2	(0.6)	16.2	(0.7)	27.7	(0.8)	31.5	(0.8)	24.6	(0.8)
	Costa Rica	30.9	(0.9)	34.8	(0.6)	22.6	(0.6)	11.8	(0.5)	26.5	(0.9)	34.0	(0.6)	24.4	(0.6)	15.2	(0.6)
	Croatia	20.8	(0.7)	44.5	(0.6)	25.7	(0.6)	9.0	(0.4)	24.6	(0.7)	43.4	(0.7)	23.0	(0.6)	9.1	(0.4)
	Cyprus	19.6	(0.6)	35.2	(0.7)	30.9	(0.6)	14.3	(0.5)	20.1	(0.5)	33.6	(0.6)	30.5	(0.6)	15.8	(0.6)
	Dominican Republic	14.3	(0.6)	29.7	(0.8)	37.0	(0.7)	19.1	(0.6)	11.6	(0.6)	25.8	(0.8)	38.3	(0.8)	24.3	(0.7)
	Georgia	15.2	(0.7)	36.9	(0.7)	31.1	(0.7)	16.9	(0.6)	13.1	(0.6)	32.2	(0.8)	32.4	(0.8)	22.3	(0.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	10.4	(0.5)	43.0	(0.8)	35.7	(0.8)	10.8	(0.5)	11.4	(0.5)	42.6	(0.8)	34.9	(0.8)	11.1	(0.5)
	Indonesia	7.9	(0.5)	41.3	(0.8)	26.6	(0.7)	24.2	(0.8)	6.1	(0.4)	38.1	(0.9)	26.8	(0.8)	29.0	(1.0)
	Jordan	17.0	(0.7)	29.3	(0.6)	28.9	(0.6)	24.8	(0.7)	15.7	(0.6)	26.1	(0.6)	27.7	(0.7)	30.5	(0.7)
	Kazakhstan	10.0	(0.4)	31.0	(0.5)	41.3	(0.5)	17.8	(0.5)	7.7	(0.3)	28.6	(0.5)	41.1	(0.5)	22.7	(0.5)
	Kosovo	12.5	(0.6)	35.3	(0.7)	31.6	(0.7)	20.6	(0.6)	9.0	(0.5)	32.5	(0.9)	31.2	(0.7)	27.2	(0.7)
	Lebanon	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Macao (China)	14.7	(0.6)	46.2	(0.8)	30.9	(0.8)	8.2	(0.5)	17.7	(0.6)	46.7	(0.7)	27.7	(0.7)	7.8	(0.4)
	Malaysia	5.9	(0.4)	32.6	(0.8)	39.0	(0.7)	22.5	(0.8)	7.2	(0.5)	32.7	(0.7)	35.2	(0.6)	24.9	(0.8)
	Malta	11.2	(0.5)	31.5	(0.8)	36.6	(0.9)	20.8	(0.7)	11.3	(0.6)	31.7	(0.8)	36.2	(0.9)	20.9	(0.7)
	Moldova	20.2	(0.8)	41.1	(0.9)	27.3	(0.8)	11.3	(0.6)	9.4	(0.4)	32.9	(0.7)	35.5	(0.8)	22.2	(0.7)
	Montenegro	26.3	(0.6)	34.0	(0.6)	25.5	(0.6)	14.2	(0.4)	19.8	(0.5)	33.4	(0.6)	28.8	(0.6)	18.0	(0.5)
	Morocco	22.5	(0.7)	39.1	(0.7)	27.9	(0.6)	10.4	(0.4)	20.5	(0.7)	35.2	(0.6)	28.1	(0.6)	16.1	(0.5)
	North Macedonia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Panama	16.4	(0.9)	32.2	(0.8)	33.3	(0.8)	18.1	(0.6)	14.5	(0.9)	30.5	(0.8)	31.1	(0.8)	24.0	(0.9)
	Peru	12.9	(0.6)	35.8	(0.7)	35.1	(0.7)	16.2	(0.5)	9.3	(0.4)	31.3	(0.7)	35.9	(0.7)	23.5	(0.7)
	Philippines	9.9	(0.5)	41.0	(0.6)	30.1	(0.5)	19.1	(0.7)	8.7	(0.4)	36.2	(0.7)	28.9	(0.5)	26.2	(0.7)
	Qatar	18.4	(0.4)	33.7	(0.4)	30.4	(0.4)	17.6	(0.3)	15.2	(0.3)	31.6	(0.3)	30.9	(0.4)	22.3	(0.3)
	Romania	23.3	(0.9)	38.5	(0.8)	27.0	(0.8)	11.3	(0.6)	13.6	(0.8)	33.2	(0.8)	32.8	(0.7)	20.4	(0.8)
	Russia	16.5	(0.7)	33.9	(0.7)	32.4	(0.7)	17.3	(0.6)	13.4	(0.6)	30.8	(0.8)	35.0	(0.7)	20.8	(0.6)
	Saudi Arabia	31.4	(0.8)	31.2	(0.7)	20.2	(0.6)	17.2	(0.7)	22.9	(0.7)	31.0	(0.7)	23.7	(0.6)	22.4	(0.7)
	Serbia	17.2	(0.7)	34.4	(0.7)	31.3	(0.6)	17.0	(0.6)	17.3	(0.7)	34.1	(0.6)	30.1	(0.7)	18.5	(0.6)
	Singapore	7.1	(0.3)	32.3	(0.6)	41.3	(0.6)	19.3	(0.5)	7.7	(0.3)	33.2	(0.6)	40.2	(0.6)	18.9	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	10.1	(0.4)	33.7	(0.6)	37.7	(0.6)	18.6	(0.5)	10.0	(0.4)	33.8	(0.6)	36.8	(0.6)	19.3	(0.5)
	Thailand	12.6	(0.4)	48.8	(0.5)	25.3	(0.6)	13.3	(0.5)	12.7	(0.5)	43.9	(0.6)	27.9	(0.6)	15.5	(0.5)
	Ukraine	12.1	(0.5)	41.0	(0.7)	36.8	(0.7)	10.2	(0.5)	10.9	(0.6)	39.2	(0.8)	37.0	(0.7)	12.9	(0.6)
	United Arab Emirates	13.9	(0.3)	29.9	(0.5)	32.6	(0.5)	23.6	(0.4)	15.0	(0.3)	29.1	(0.6)	30.8	(0.4)	25.1	(0.5)
	Uruguay	26.9	(0.7)	42.1	(0.6)	23.1	(0.6)	7.9	(0.4)	20.9	(0.7)	42.4	(0.9)	25.2	(0.8)	11.4	(0.5)
	Viet Nam	18.9	(0.7)	43.2	(0.9)	26.4	(0.7)	11.5	(0.6)	6.1	(0.5)	31.5	(0.7)	39.4	(0.8)	23.0	(0.7)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.7.1. Teacher behaviour hindering student learning

Based on principals' reports

		Index of teacher behaviour hindering learning1				Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following behaviours hinder student learning:
		Average		Variability		Teachers not meeting individual students’ needs
						Not at all		Very little		To some extent		A lot
		Mean index	S.E.	S.D.	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	0.32	(0.03)	0.85	(0.03)	8.7	(1.3)	53.4	(2.1)	35.8	(2.0)	2.2	(0.6)
	Austria	- 0.05	(0.06)	0.90	(0.04)	21.2	(2.8)	55.1	(3.1)	20.0	(2.7)	3.7	(1.0)
	Belgium	0.59	(0.05)	0.79	(0.05)	6.9	(1.6)	57.4	(3.1)	33.8	(2.9)	1.9	(0.9)
	Canada	0.32	(0.04)	0.89	(0.03)	10.5	(1.2)	56.0	(2.3)	31.1	(2.2)	2.4	(0.9)
	Chile	0.62	(0.07)	0.93	(0.04)	6.4	(1.9)	54.8	(4.1)	33.9	(4.0)	4.8	(1.5)
	Colombia	0.37	(0.08)	1.13	(0.06)	19.9	(2.7)	44.4	(3.3)	28.1	(3.1)	7.5	(1.9)
	Czech Republic	- 0.33	(0.06)	0.88	(0.03)	32.1	(3.2)	57.8	(3.4)	9.9	(1.8)	0.1	(0.1)
	Denmark	- 0.22	(0.06)	0.89	(0.04)	23.7	(2.9)	61.0	(3.5)	13.9	(2.3)	1.4	(0.8)
	Estonia	0.06	(0.04)	0.94	(0.03)	16.2	(1.7)	48.5	(2.3)	29.5	(1.8)	5.8	(0.8)
	Finland	0.04	(0.06)	0.81	(0.04)	7.6	(1.9)	60.7	(3.3)	31.2	(3.3)	0.5	(0.5)
	France	0.28	(0.07)	1.03	(0.05)	19.0	(2.5)	45.4	(3.6)	31.3	(3.5)	4.2	(1.5)
	Germany	0.46	(0.05)	0.65	(0.04)	11.1	(2.4)	59.2	(3.3)	28.1	(3.5)	1.5	(0.9)
	Greece	- 0.24	(0.07)	1.05	(0.05)	31.8	(3.0)	47.5	(3.3)	19.5	(2.6)	1.3	(0.7)
	Hungary	- 0.35	(0.07)	0.96	(0.06)	19.7	(2.9)	56.2	(3.6)	23.6	(3.1)	0.5	(0.5)
	Iceland	0.28	(0.00)	0.90	(0.00)	7.1	(0.2)	44.6	(0.3)	46.3	(0.3)	2.0	(0.0)
	Ireland	0.29	(0.06)	0.76	(0.05)	5.3	(1.5)	62.9	(4.0)	31.9	(3.9)	0.0	c
	Israel	0.46	(0.08)	1.08	(0.06)	12.9	(2.4)	51.7	(4.3)	29.7	(3.8)	5.6	(1.6)
	Italy	0.22	(0.06)	0.98	(0.04)	18.2	(2.3)	58.4	(2.9)	21.5	(2.2)	2.0	(0.8)
	Japan	0.51	(0.05)	0.64	(0.07)	3.9	(1.5)	54.4	(3.6)	41.2	(3.3)	0.5	(0.5)
	Korea	- 0.04	(0.09)	1.09	(0.06)	17.4	(3.0)	51.6	(3.6)	29.1	(3.5)	1.9	(1.0)
	Latvia	- 0.30	(0.04)	0.89	(0.04)	25.6	(1.9)	54.2	(1.8)	19.3	(1.6)	0.9	(0.3)
	Lithuania	- 0.37	(0.03)	0.87	(0.03)	25.0	(1.9)	61.9	(2.3)	12.1	(1.1)	0.9	(0.5)
	Luxembourg	0.12	(0.00)	0.60	(0.00)	4.9	(0.0)	73.1	(0.1)	21.9	(0.1)	0.0	c
	Mexico	0.07	(0.06)	1.05	(0.05)	21.5	(2.5)	60.3	(3.2)	14.6	(2.1)	3.6	(1.3)
	Netherlands*	0.93	(0.05)	0.64	(0.04)	3.0	(1.4)	28.2	(4.3)	61.0	(4.5)	7.7	(2.1)
	New Zealand	0.29	(0.05)	0.71	(0.04)	3.9	(1.5)	56.7	(3.3)	37.0	(2.9)	2.4	(0.9)
	Norway	0.38	(0.05)	0.70	(0.04)	4.8	(1.5)	50.3	(3.0)	42.9	(3.1)	2.0	(1.0)
	Poland	- 0.37	(0.06)	0.98	(0.04)	30.4	(3.0)	57.8	(3.2)	11.2	(2.4)	0.6	(0.5)
	Portugal*	0.53	(0.06)	0.93	(0.06)	7.2	(1.6)	47.9	(3.3)	41.6	(3.3)	3.3	(1.2)
	Slovak Republic	- 0.26	(0.04)	0.88	(0.03)	20.3	(2.3)	60.5	(2.7)	18.7	(2.1)	0.5	(0.5)
	Slovenia	0.23	(0.01)	0.91	(0.01)	19.4	(0.6)	51.1	(0.7)	29.5	(0.4)	0.0	c
	Spain	- 0.05	(0.04)	0.94	(0.03)	25.4	(1.8)	54.4	(2.0)	18.3	(1.6)	1.8	(0.6)
	Sweden	0.07	(0.06)	0.89	(0.04)	11.3	(1.9)	49.0	(3.6)	36.9	(3.7)	2.8	(1.2)
	Switzerland	- 0.17	(0.06)	0.82	(0.04)	16.7	(2.8)	64.0	(3.3)	18.2	(2.6)	1.1	(0.7)
	Turkey	- 0.18	(0.08)	0.93	(0.05)	18.3	(3.2)	55.9	(3.9)	24.0	(3.0)	1.9	(1.0)
	United Kingdom	0.05	(0.06)	0.81	(0.05)	11.0	(2.5)	62.8	(3.7)	26.2	(3.1)	0.0	c
	United States*	0.25	(0.06)	0.80	(0.05)	10.1	(2.5)	54.9	(3.8)	34.5	(3.6)	0.5	(0.6)
	OECD average	0.13	(0.01)	0.88	(0.01)	15.1	(0.4)	54.7	(0.5)	28.0	(0.5)	2.2	(0.2)
		Index of teacher behaviour hindering learning1						Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following behaviours hinder student learning:
		Average			Variability			Teachers not meeting individual students’ needs
								Not at all			Very little			To some extent			A lot
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
Partners	Albania	- 0.89	(0.06)		1.06	(0.06)		66.6	(2.8)		26.7	(2.5)		4.3	(1.3)		2.4	(1.3)
	Argentina	0.54	(0.06)		1.00	(0.04)		11.8	(2.3)		46.7	(2.6)		37.3	(3.0)		4.2	(1.3)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	- 0.18	(0.11)	†	1.24	(0.05)	†	31.2	(4.0)	†	42.0	(4.3)	†	20.8	(4.0)	†	6.0	(1.8)	†
	Belarus	- 0.75	(0.07)		1.04	(0.06)		53.9	(3.8)		35.9	(3.8)		8.8	(2.0)		1.4	(0.8)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.27	(0.07)		1.03	(0.05)		23.2	(2.8)		49.0	(3.6)		21.6	(3.0)		6.2	(1.8)
	Brazil	0.44	(0.05)		1.13	(0.04)		12.0	(1.6)		42.1	(2.2)		38.0	(2.3)		7.8	(1.2)
	Brunei Darussalam	0.50	(0.00)		0.84	(0.00)		16.4	(0.1)		32.0	(0.1)		46.3	(0.1)		5.3	(0.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.46	(0.09)		1.42	(0.05)		12.5	(2.1)		35.5	(3.9)		45.0	(3.3)		7.0	(1.9)
	Bulgaria	- 0.26	(0.11)		1.34	(0.09)		37.5	(3.9)		37.3	(3.5)		19.8	(3.4)		5.4	(1.6)
	Costa Rica	0.49	(0.07)		1.00	(0.07)		9.7	(2.3)		50.1	(3.3)		35.8	(3.0)		4.4	(1.5)
	Croatia	0.45	(0.07)		1.06	(0.06)		12.3	(2.6)		48.0	(3.7)		34.7	(3.6)		5.0	(1.4)
	Cyprus	- 0.14	(0.01)		0.88	(0.01)		28.5	(0.8)		61.7	(0.8)		9.7	(0.2)		0.0	c
	Dominican Republic	0.04	(0.07)		0.90	(0.04)		13.9	(2.4)		65.3	(3.1)		19.1	(2.6)		1.7	(0.8)
	Georgia	- 0.38	(0.07)		1.29	(0.07)		45.5	(2.9)		33.6	(3.0)		15.3	(2.5)		5.5	(1.5)
	Hong Kong (China)*	0.47	(0.07)		0.80	(0.08)		1.2	(1.0)		42.4	(4.4)		49.5	(4.7)		6.9	(2.7)
	Indonesia	- 0.30	(0.10)		1.08	(0.06)		45.2	(4.5)		40.2	(4.5)		11.5	(3.0)		3.1	(2.2)
	Jordan	0.47	(0.08)		1.22	(0.06)		15.7	(2.3)		46.4	(3.4)		29.9	(3.1)		7.9	(1.9)
	Kazakhstan	1.31	(0.08)		1.59	(0.04)		13.4	(1.7)		25.8	(1.9)		37.8	(2.3)		23.0	(2.4)
	Kosovo	0.13	(0.04)		1.12	(0.04)		31.6	(1.5)		43.5	(1.6)		21.6	(1.5)		3.3	(0.8)
	Lebanon	0.05	(0.08)		1.29	(0.06)		28.6	(2.8)		42.4	(2.8)		21.3	(2.6)		7.8	(1.6)
	Macao (China)	0.00	(0.00)		1.01	(0.00)		10.8	(0.0)		63.5	(0.0)		23.8	(0.0)		1.9	(0.0)
	Malaysia	0.13	(0.09)		1.10	(0.06)		24.8	(3.6)		50.0	(3.8)		20.7	(3.0)		4.5	(1.5)
	Malta	0.22	(0.00)		1.02	(0.00)		16.0	(0.1)		47.8	(0.1)		33.0	(0.2)		3.3	(0.1)
	Moldova	- 0.02	(0.08)		1.19	(0.05)		32.8	(3.3)		45.0	(3.8)		16.0	(2.3)		6.1	(2.0)
	Montenegro	- 0.23	(0.01)		0.84	(0.01)		31.3	(0.4)		63.3	(0.6)		5.4	(0.5)		0.0	c
	Morocco	0.48	(0.10)		1.36	(0.06)		16.7	(3.0)		35.9	(4.0)		35.0	(3.6)		12.4	(2.7)
	North Macedonia	- 0.39	(0.00)		1.40	(0.00)		40.9	(0.1)		39.7	(0.1)		14.1	(0.1)		5.3	(0.0)
	Panama	0.45	(0.06)		0.98	(0.05)		14.6	(2.0)		58.0	(2.4)		24.6	(2.4)		2.8	(1.0)
	Peru	0.41	(0.06)		1.12	(0.05)		17.1	(2.1)		52.7	(2.7)		21.3	(2.2)		9.0	(1.7)
	Philippines	- 0.08	(0.10)		1.19	(0.09)		23.2	(3.0)		56.0	(3.0)		14.8	(2.5)		6.0	(2.0)
	Qatar	- 0.63	(0.00)		1.09	(0.00)		41.7	(0.1)		43.8	(0.1)		13.8	(0.1)		0.7	(0.0)
	Romania	- 0.21	(0.08)		0.97	(0.05)		25.7	(4.2)		55.5	(4.5)		18.0	(3.2)		0.8	(0.7)
	Russia	0.56	(0.09)		1.54	(0.06)		19.2	(2.3)		29.6	(3.4)		32.8	(3.6)		18.4	(2.7)
	Saudi Arabia	- 0.23	(0.09)		1.27	(0.08)		46.9	(3.5)		34.8	(3.5)		15.0	(2.4)		3.3	(1.2)
	Serbia	- 0.25	(0.08)		1.00	(0.04)		32.2	(3.7)		51.9	(3.4)		14.8	(2.8)		1.2	(0.8)
	Singapore	0.06	(0.02)		0.89	(0.02)		10.4	(0.6)		64.1	(0.7)		23.6	(0.4)		1.9	(0.0)
	Chinese Taipei	0.33	(0.09)		1.13	(0.07)		12.6	(2.3)		55.8	(3.7)		26.5	(3.1)		5.1	(1.7)
	Thailand	- 0.49	(0.07)		1.01	(0.04)		44.1	(3.9)		42.0	(4.0)		13.8	(2.7)		0.1	(0.1)
	Ukraine	- 0.11	(0.12)		1.45	(0.07)		30.9	(3.3)		41.9	(3.5)		17.8	(3.1)		9.4	(2.1)
	United Arab Emirates	0.20	(0.03)		1.41	(0.03)		21.2	(0.9)		50.3	(1.8)		16.9	(1.0)		11.5	(0.6)
	Uruguay	0.76	(0.07)		1.11	(0.06)		14.8	(2.4)		38.8	(3.8)		39.6	(3.6)		6.8	(1.8)
	Viet Nam	0.01	(0.09)		0.99	(0.08)		18.9	(3.5)		63.5	(4.5)		15.4	(3.4)		2.3	(1.3)
		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following behaviours hinder student learning:
		Teacher absenteeism								Staff resisting change
		Not at all		Very little		To some extent		A lot		Not at all		Very little		To some extent		A lot
		%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	18.4	(1.5)	62.2	(1.8)	18.2	(1.3)	1.2	(0.4)	12.4	(1.2)	50.7	(1.7)	32.8	(1.6)	4.2	(0.9)
	Austria	31.9	(2.9)	50.5	(3.2)	15.3	(2.5)	2.3	(0.9)	27.1	(3.0)	48.0	(3.7)	21.8	(2.8)	3.1	(1.0)
	Belgium	6.4	(1.6)	51.9	(2.9)	38.4	(2.9)	3.3	(1.2)	5.9	(1.5)	41.6	(2.9)	42.4	(3.0)	10.1	(2.0)
	Canada	22.6	(2.0)	58.0	(2.4)	17.6	(2.1)	1.8	(0.8)	9.9	(1.4)	51.4	(2.4)	31.0	(2.1)	7.7	(1.3)
	Chile	13.7	(2.1)	51.2	(4.0)	25.0	(3.4)	10.2	(2.4)	12.0	(2.3)	44.6	(4.0)	32.4	(3.7)	11.0	(2.4)
	Colombia	23.2	(2.9)	45.0	(3.0)	26.0	(3.2)	5.8	(1.7)	14.5	(2.4)	42.2	(4.1)	33.6	(4.0)	9.7	(2.1)
	Czech Republic	26.9	(2.7)	61.1	(2.8)	12.1	(1.6)	0.0	c	41.1	(3.3)	42.1	(3.4)	15.8	(2.2)	0.9	(0.6)
	Denmark	11.8	(2.1)	71.0	(3.2)	16.2	(2.6)	1.0	(0.7)	33.8	(3.5)	49.4	(3.4)	16.3	(2.3)	0.5	(0.5)
	Estonia	39.0	(2.0)	41.4	(2.0)	15.6	(1.3)	4.1	(0.7)	27.1	(1.9)	45.9	(2.0)	23.2	(1.6)	3.8	(0.7)
	Finland	21.4	(2.9)	65.9	(2.8)	12.8	(2.3)	0.0	c	22.6	(2.8)	50.7	(3.3)	24.7	(2.9)	2.0	(1.0)
	France	26.8	(3.3)	56.6	(3.7)	15.4	(2.3)	1.2	(0.8)	18.6	(2.8)	35.5	(3.4)	35.9	(3.6)	10.1	(2.0)
	Germany	9.4	(2.3)	48.3	(3.8)	38.7	(3.5)	3.5	(1.3)	9.2	(2.2)	53.6	(3.2)	34.1	(3.3)	3.1	(1.4)
	Greece	41.7	(3.4)	44.6	(3.4)	11.8	(2.3)	1.9	(1.0)	32.5	(3.0)	42.4	(3.4)	21.4	(2.8)	3.6	(1.4)
	Hungary	52.0	(3.5)	43.1	(3.2)	4.3	(1.6)	0.6	(0.5)	43.3	(3.9)	46.5	(4.0)	9.0	(2.2)	1.2	(0.8)
	Iceland	15.3	(0.2)	55.5	(0.3)	22.5	(0.2)	6.6	(0.0)	20.9	(0.2)	41.8	(0.3)	37.3	(0.2)	0.0	c
	Ireland	18.2	(3.1)	62.2	(4.1)	18.7	(3.1)	0.9	(0.8)	16.3	(3.0)	54.1	(4.2)	25.5	(3.5)	4.0	(1.6)
	Israel	11.3	(2.5)	42.4	(4.4)	39.2	(4.1)	7.1	(2.0)	23.9	(3.0)	46.0	(3.6)	21.8	(3.1)	8.3	(2.4)
	Italy	38.3	(3.3)	50.3	(3.5)	10.5	(1.9)	1.0	(0.7)	15.4	(2.4)	36.5	(3.3)	40.1	(3.0)	8.0	(1.9)
	Japan	60.9	(3.4)	32.7	(3.8)	6.4	(1.8)	0.0	c	13.1	(2.3)	57.7	(3.6)	27.1	(3.3)	2.1	(0.9)
	Korea	85.3	(2.5)	9.9	(2.1)	2.2	(1.1)	2.5	(1.2)	40.6	(3.8)	42.6	(3.7)	14.7	(2.5)	2.0	(1.0)
	Latvia	54.2	(1.9)	37.4	(1.6)	8.2	(1.3)	0.3	(0.3)	36.1	(2.2)	53.5	(2.3)	10.1	(1.2)	0.3	(0.3)
	Lithuania	94.2	(0.9)	4.5	(0.9)	0.9	(0.1)	0.4	(0.3)	34.4	(1.5)	55.9	(1.6)	8.9	(0.7)	0.8	(0.5)
	Luxembourg	14.5	(0.1)	80.7	(0.1)	4.8	(0.0)	0.0	c	9.9	(0.1)	78.3	(0.1)	11.8	(0.1)	0.1	(0.0)
	Mexico	28.3	(2.7)	57.7	(3.2)	11.7	(2.1)	2.3	(0.8)	25.5	(2.6)	41.2	(3.4)	27.6	(2.9)	5.7	(1.5)
	Netherlands*	3.8	(1.5)	49.1	(4.8)	37.9	(4.7)	9.2	(2.4)	5.5	(2.0)	36.2	(3.9)	52.4	(4.0)	5.9	(2.1)
	New Zealand	31.9	(3.4)	58.4	(3.4)	9.7	(2.0)	0.0	c	7.9	(2.1)	58.0	(3.2)	32.9	(3.2)	1.1	(0.7)
	Norway	8.4	(1.9)	60.8	(3.1)	29.2	(2.8)	1.6	(0.9)	18.7	(2.6)	60.1	(3.0)	21.1	(2.5)	0.0	c
	Poland	49.8	(3.7)	40.8	(3.6)	8.4	(1.8)	1.0	(0.7)	39.7	(3.1)	39.9	(3.3)	17.5	(2.4)	2.9	(1.2)
	Portugal*	18.0	(2.5)	68.1	(3.1)	11.7	(2.5)	2.2	(1.0)	6.4	(1.5)	35.1	(3.3)	48.3	(3.5)	10.3	(2.1)
	Slovak Republic	63.4	(2.7)	29.7	(2.7)	6.3	(1.4)	0.6	(0.5)	35.0	(3.0)	50.1	(3.3)	13.1	(2.1)	1.8	(0.9)
	Slovenia	18.1	(0.6)	59.2	(0.7)	21.2	(0.5)	1.5	(0.0)	14.9	(0.7)	47.2	(0.7)	33.2	(0.4)	4.8	(0.1)
	Spain	51.7	(2.0)	41.0	(2.0)	6.1	(0.9)	1.2	(0.5)	18.8	(1.5)	43.8	(2.0)	34.0	(2.0)	3.4	(0.5)
	Sweden	19.8	(2.6)	59.6	(3.4)	18.2	(2.6)	2.4	(1.1)	28.1	(3.5)	53.7	(3.8)	16.7	(2.9)	1.5	(0.8)
	Switzerland	41.4	(3.6)	53.8	(3.9)	4.7	(1.7)	0.0	c	24.9	(3.2)	51.3	(3.9)	22.1	(2.9)	1.8	(1.0)
	Turkey	28.4	(3.6)	64.6	(3.7)	6.9	(2.0)	0.0	(0.0)	38.0	(4.2)	46.9	(4.5)	12.9	(2.8)	2.2	(1.1)
	United Kingdom	16.2	(2.5)	63.2	(3.3)	20.3	(2.9)	0.2	(0.1)	25.0	(3.3)	63.9	(3.5)	10.5	(2.2)	0.7	(0.6)
	United States*	25.5	(3.4)	60.3	(4.4)	11.9	(2.5)	2.2	(1.4)	14.4	(2.9)	50.7	(4.0)	31.3	(3.7)	3.6	(1.5)
	OECD average	30.9	(0.4)	51.2	(0.5)	15.8	(0.4)	2.2	(0.2)	22.2	(0.4)	48.4	(0.5)	25.6	(0.4)	3.8	(0.2)
		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following behaviours hinder student learning:
		Teacher absenteeism												Staff resisting change
		Not at all			Very little			To some extent			A lot			Not at all			Very little			To some extent			A lot
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
Partners	Albania	69.9	(2.5)		25.3	(2.4)		2.5	(1.0)		2.3	(0.8)		66.8	(2.6)		22.4	(2.6)		9.6	(1.7)		1.2	(0.6)
	Argentina	9.4	(1.8)		36.7	(2.9)		41.3	(3.2)		12.6	(2.1)		15.4	(2.0)		40.6	(3.1)		33.9	(3.0)		10.1	(1.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	65.9	(4.1)	†	9.9	(2.2)	†	10.2	(2.9)	†	13.9	(2.9)	†	55.5	(4.6)	†	22.4	(3.5)	†	19.4	(4.1)	†	2.7	(0.7)	†
	Belarus	92.8	(1.7)		2.7	(1.2)		1.9	(0.9)		2.6	(1.2)		72.7	(2.9)		19.6	(2.7)		6.4	(1.8)		1.4	(0.8)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	26.2	(2.8)		55.2	(3.4)		10.5	(2.0)		8.1	(2.1)		18.7	(2.6)		42.9	(3.6)		34.5	(3.2)		3.9	(1.3)
	Brazil	24.1	(2.2)		39.8	(2.6)		28.1	(2.2)		8.1	(1.2)		18.3	(1.9)		44.5	(2.7)		28.0	(2.3)		9.3	(1.0)
	Brunei Darussalam	25.7	(0.1)		58.5	(0.1)		13.1	(0.1)		2.7	(0.0)		8.6	(0.1)		58.3	(0.1)		30.5	(0.1)		2.7	(0.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	51.3	(4.0)		16.9	(2.9)		13.9	(2.4)		18.0	(2.5)		22.9	(2.6)		24.0	(3.5)		35.5	(3.3)		17.6	(3.0)
	Bulgaria	39.4	(4.3)		40.4	(4.1)		15.1	(2.9)		5.1	(2.0)		49.1	(4.0)		28.5	(3.5)		15.5	(2.8)		7.0	(2.2)
	Costa Rica	15.0	(2.7)		53.5	(3.6)		24.6	(3.4)		6.9	(1.7)		16.5	(2.7)		44.8	(4.0)		30.4	(3.3)		8.3	(1.8)
	Croatia	37.7	(3.4)		46.9	(3.4)		11.4	(2.0)		4.1	(1.3)		12.0	(2.3)		46.8	(3.6)		31.8	(3.1)		9.4	(2.0)
	Cyprus	15.7	(0.5)		73.5	(0.5)		8.4	(0.4)		2.4	(0.0)		30.6	(0.5)		52.6	(0.5)		16.3	(0.2)		0.6	(0.0)
	Dominican Republic	39.7	(3.3)		54.3	(3.7)		5.4	(1.8)		0.6	(0.5)		23.7	(3.3)		50.2	(4.0)		21.7	(2.9)		4.5	(1.3)
	Georgia	50.7	(3.0)		38.0	(3.1)		6.3	(1.7)		5.0	(1.4)		60.6	(2.8)		28.6	(2.6)		8.0	(2.0)		2.8	(1.0)
	Hong Kong (China)*	23.7	(4.1)		63.1	(4.8)		11.8	(3.0)		1.3	(1.3)		12.7	(3.6)		44.4	(4.4)		37.1	(4.1)		5.7	(1.8)
	Indonesia	37.3	(4.1)		53.7	(4.3)		6.2	(2.3)		2.8	(2.1)		76.3	(4.4)		20.0	(4.3)		3.3	(1.7)		0.3	(0.3)
	Jordan	15.1	(2.2)		43.4	(3.6)		24.8	(2.9)		16.8	(2.6)		21.9	(2.9)		42.8	(3.6)		26.0	(2.7)		9.2	(1.7)
	Kazakhstan	25.7	(2.0)		12.9	(1.6)		21.6	(2.2)		39.7	(2.6)		27.2	(2.0)		17.9	(2.1)		29.0	(2.3)		25.9	(2.2)
	Kosovo	20.0	(1.2)		60.1	(1.6)		14.3	(1.2)		5.6	(1.1)		29.0	(1.4)		43.8	(1.4)		21.6	(1.6)		5.6	(1.0)
	Lebanon	31.8	(3.0)		45.3	(3.1)		15.0	(2.0)		7.9	(1.8)		33.9	(2.6)		40.4	(2.8)		19.3	(2.5)		6.4	(1.4)
	Macao (China)	48.3	(0.1)		37.4	(0.1)		12.4	(0.0)		1.9	(0.0)		29.8	(0.0)		59.6	(0.1)		8.7	(0.0)		1.9	(0.0)
	Malaysia	27.2	(3.1)		48.4	(3.5)		15.9	(2.6)		8.5	(2.1)		36.1	(3.6)		48.8	(3.7)		11.9	(2.3)		3.2	(1.2)
	Malta	31.6	(0.1)		46.1	(0.1)		22.3	(0.1)		0.0	c		16.9	(0.1)		58.8	(0.2)		22.5	(0.1)		1.9	(0.0)
	Moldova	46.8	(3.4)		34.5	(3.1)		12.2	(2.1)		6.5	(1.9)		25.8	(2.7)		45.5	(3.8)		25.6	(3.3)		3.1	(1.3)
	Montenegro	25.0	(0.4)		69.0	(0.6)		5.9	(0.5)		0.0	c		32.9	(0.3)		55.3	(0.6)		11.8	(0.6)		0.0	c
	Morocco	32.5	(3.3)		32.5	(3.6)		16.1	(3.1)		18.8	(3.2)		27.4	(3.2)		28.7	(3.5)		29.5	(3.6)		14.4	(2.9)
	North Macedonia	40.4	(0.1)		48.6	(0.1)		3.9	(0.0)		7.1	(0.0)		41.4	(0.1)		35.7	(0.1)		10.0	(0.0)		12.9	(0.1)
	Panama	11.1	(1.7)		61.8	(2.7)		22.6	(2.0)		4.4	(1.4)		13.3	(2.3)		49.5	(2.9)		30.0	(2.4)		7.2	(1.6)
	Peru	25.5	(2.6)		57.0	(2.9)		10.6	(1.8)		6.8	(1.5)		18.9	(2.1)		47.8	(2.9)		22.6	(2.4)		10.7	(1.9)
	Philippines	29.3	(3.9)		57.7	(3.7)		8.7	(2.1)		4.3	(1.7)		38.7	(3.8)		50.8	(3.9)		6.7	(2.0)		3.8	(1.6)
	Qatar	48.3	(0.1)		40.5	(0.1)		9.1	(0.0)		2.1	(0.0)		57.0	(0.1)		32.0	(0.1)		9.9	(0.1)		1.1	(0.0)
	Romania	65.2	(3.5)		31.2	(3.4)		1.5	(0.9)		2.1	(0.7)		16.7	(3.3)		48.9	(3.9)		29.5	(3.6)		4.8	(1.5)
	Russia	46.9	(3.2)		16.1	(2.2)		17.9	(2.8)		19.2	(2.7)		26.9	(2.8)		28.1	(3.4)		32.8	(3.4)		12.2	(2.3)
	Saudi Arabia	27.9	(3.0)		49.1	(3.6)		15.3	(2.7)		7.7	(1.9)		38.6	(3.3)		36.6	(3.1)		17.9	(2.8)		6.9	(1.9)
	Serbia	48.1	(3.6)		46.9	(3.4)		5.0	(1.8)		0.0	c		32.6	(3.5)		44.1	(3.4)		21.5	(3.1)		1.8	(1.2)
	Singapore	45.3	(1.1)		50.4	(1.0)		3.0	(0.4)		1.3	(0.0)		15.6	(0.9)		59.4	(1.4)		22.8	(1.0)		2.2	(0.0)
	Chinese Taipei	69.7	(3.3)		23.1	(3.3)		2.4	(1.0)		4.9	(1.7)		18.7	(2.4)		49.9	(4.0)		21.6	(2.9)		9.8	(2.4)
	Thailand	54.3	(3.8)		41.7	(3.8)		3.5	(1.1)		0.5	(0.5)		55.6	(4.0)		38.1	(4.0)		5.1	(1.7)		1.1	(0.8)
	Ukraine	75.6	(3.3)		4.4	(1.5)		3.5	(1.1)		16.4	(2.9)		54.9	(4.0)		23.4	(3.1)		11.3	(2.2)		10.4	(2.2)
	United Arab Emirates	27.5	(1.3)		46.1	(1.9)		12.9	(0.7)		13.6	(1.0)		36.4	(1.6)		35.4	(1.8)		19.5	(1.1)		8.7	(0.8)
	Uruguay	8.5	(2.0)		30.1	(3.8)		43.5	(3.9)		17.9	(3.1)		13.4	(2.3)		27.0	(3.3)		44.9	(4.1)		14.7	(2.8)
	Viet Nam	44.9	(4.6)		49.1	(4.7)		3.8	(1.6)		2.2	(1.4)		67.9	(4.1)		29.0	(4.0)		2.4	(1.4)		0.7	(0.8)
		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following behaviours hinder student learning:
		Teachers being too strict with students								Teachers not being well prepared for classes
		Not at all		Very little		To some extent		A lot		Not at all		Very little		To some extent		A lot
		%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	29.5	(1.8)	61.1	(2.0)	9.4	(1.3)	0.0	c	20.0	(1.6)	66.5	(2.0)	11.4	(1.5)	2.1	(0.6)
	Austria	29.5	(3.7)	59.4	(3.8)	10.9	(2.2)	0.2	(0.2)	43.2	(3.5)	52.8	(3.6)	2.7	(1.1)	1.3	(0.9)
	Belgium	14.1	(2.2)	66.4	(3.1)	15.8	(2.3)	3.6	(1.2)	12.8	(2.3)	66.2	(3.3)	18.8	(2.3)	2.2	(1.0)
	Canada	20.2	(1.7)	62.4	(2.5)	15.9	(2.0)	1.5	(0.6)	22.9	(2.0)	68.5	(2.2)	7.4	(1.0)	1.2	(0.6)
	Chile	12.6	(2.6)	60.3	(3.7)	26.2	(3.5)	0.8	(0.8)	24.5	(3.4)	44.4	(3.9)	22.2	(3.3)	9.0	(2.4)
	Colombia	16.9	(2.5)	56.7	(3.2)	23.6	(2.7)	2.7	(1.1)	43.0	(3.6)	36.5	(3.6)	12.0	(2.3)	8.4	(2.0)
	Czech Republic	29.2	(2.9)	63.9	(3.2)	6.9	(1.5)	0.0	c	56.1	(3.3)	41.2	(3.3)	1.2	(0.5)	1.5	(0.6)
	Denmark	38.0	(3.2)	59.2	(3.3)	2.1	(0.8)	0.8	(0.6)	40.4	(3.5)	52.6	(3.4)	5.6	(1.6)	1.4	(0.8)
	Estonia	26.1	(2.1)	55.0	(2.0)	18.9	(1.3)	0.0	c	44.0	(1.9)	49.6	(1.9)	4.2	(0.6)	2.3	(0.8)
	Finland	39.8	(3.7)	54.2	(4.0)	6.0	(1.7)	0.0	c	39.4	(3.4)	55.7	(3.3)	4.3	(1.5)	0.5	(0.5)
	France	27.5	(3.1)	48.7	(3.8)	19.3	(2.8)	4.5	(1.5)	26.9	(3.1)	54.4	(3.7)	17.1	(2.9)	1.6	(0.9)
	Germany	25.2	(2.9)	64.6	(3.3)	10.2	(2.2)	0.0	c	11.8	(2.4)	74.6	(3.4)	12.8	(2.4)	0.8	(0.8)
	Greece	36.0	(3.4)	54.2	(3.5)	7.4	(1.8)	2.3	(1.1)	57.0	(2.9)	30.0	(2.5)	7.3	(1.7)	5.7	(1.7)
	Hungary	43.0	(3.4)	46.6	(3.6)	10.0	(2.4)	0.5	(0.5)	49.0	(3.9)	42.6	(3.6)	5.5	(1.7)	2.8	(1.3)
	Iceland	48.0	(0.3)	46.0	(0.2)	6.1	(0.1)	0.0	c	29.2	(0.2)	60.5	(0.2)	8.2	(0.1)	2.2	(0.1)
	Ireland	23.8	(3.7)	67.3	(3.8)	8.8	(2.2)	0.0	c	18.1	(3.1)	68.5	(3.9)	12.1	(2.8)	1.3	(0.9)
	Israel	17.2	(2.7)	62.9	(3.7)	17.7	(2.9)	2.2	(1.1)	23.9	(3.0)	53.4	(3.8)	14.4	(2.6)	8.3	(2.4)
	Italy	22.5	(2.2)	58.0	(3.1)	19.3	(2.8)	0.2	(0.1)	27.5	(3.0)	51.1	(3.4)	14.1	(2.2)	7.3	(1.7)
	Japan	10.6	(2.1)	65.5	(3.6)	22.7	(3.2)	1.2	(0.8)	5.1	(1.7)	66.5	(3.6)	25.6	(3.3)	2.8	(1.3)
	Korea	29.8	(3.8)	52.7	(3.9)	17.1	(2.8)	0.3	(0.3)	32.6	(3.8)	47.8	(3.7)	15.4	(2.8)	4.2	(1.6)
	Latvia	31.7	(1.9)	59.9	(1.9)	7.8	(1.1)	0.6	(0.4)	37.6	(2.0)	56.6	(1.8)	5.2	(0.8)	0.6	(0.4)
	Lithuania	49.3	(1.8)	48.4	(1.8)	2.0	(0.4)	0.3	(0.2)	39.9	(1.6)	55.5	(1.6)	2.3	(0.4)	2.3	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	26.2	(0.1)	68.3	(0.1)	2.5	(0.1)	3.0	(0.0)	18.1	(0.1)	81.8	(0.1)	0.0	c	0.1	(0.0)
	Mexico	17.9	(2.5)	55.5	(3.3)	21.7	(2.8)	4.9	(1.4)	41.4	(2.9)	47.3	(3.3)	6.9	(1.7)	4.4	(1.4)
	Netherlands*	11.1	(2.6)	64.2	(4.2)	23.3	(3.8)	1.3	(0.4)	7.7	(2.2)	58.2	(4.1)	30.1	(3.8)	3.9	(1.5)
	New Zealand	20.9	(2.8)	71.9	(3.0)	6.8	(1.7)	0.4	(0.4)	15.1	(2.4)	76.8	(2.4)	7.0	(1.2)	1.1	(0.7)
	Norway	21.8	(2.5)	71.8	(3.1)	6.5	(1.7)	0.0	c	11.8	(2.2)	78.7	(2.5)	8.9	(1.7)	0.6	(0.6)
	Poland	48.3	(3.2)	43.3	(3.2)	6.9	(1.8)	1.4	(0.8)	47.3	(3.3)	43.7	(3.6)	2.3	(1.0)	6.7	(1.7)
	Portugal*	21.5	(2.3)	65.7	(3.0)	10.2	(1.9)	2.6	(1.2)	23.6	(2.4)	56.3	(3.4)	12.7	(2.5)	7.4	(1.4)
	Slovak Republic	27.3	(2.3)	54.1	(2.6)	18.2	(2.1)	0.4	(0.3)	43.7	(2.7)	47.2	(2.7)	6.5	(1.4)	2.5	(1.0)
	Slovenia	21.5	(0.6)	68.3	(0.6)	10.1	(0.1)	0.1	(0.1)	32.6	(0.6)	53.3	(0.6)	9.4	(0.3)	4.8	(0.3)
	Spain	23.8	(1.9)	65.3	(2.0)	9.9	(1.1)	1.1	(0.3)	29.4	(1.8)	57.1	(2.1)	9.2	(1.5)	4.4	(1.0)
	Sweden	42.5	(3.7)	53.2	(3.7)	4.3	(1.5)	0.0	c	31.0	(3.0)	60.5	(3.1)	8.5	(1.7)	0.0	c
	Switzerland	28.4	(3.4)	65.9	(3.7)	5.3	(1.8)	0.4	(0.4)	46.8	(3.7)	51.2	(3.7)	1.5	(1.0)	0.5	(0.4)
	Turkey	55.9	(3.7)	43.2	(3.6)	0.0	c	0.9	(0.7)	34.2	(3.6)	51.0	(3.6)	11.0	(2.3)	3.8	(1.3)
	United Kingdom	32.9	(3.5)	64.4	(3.5)	2.7	(1.0)	0.1	(0.1)	22.3	(3.2)	72.9	(3.5)	4.1	(1.3)	0.7	(0.5)
	United States*	20.6	(3.4)	68.7	(4.4)	10.8	(2.6)	0.0	c	22.0	(3.4)	68.4	(3.5)	9.6	(2.3)	0.0	c
	OECD average	28.1	(0.5)	59.4	(0.5)	11.4	(0.3)	1.0	(0.1)	30.6	(0.5)	56.8	(0.5)	9.7	(0.3)	3.0	(0.2)
		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following behaviours hinder student learning:
		Teachers being too strict with students												Teachers not being well prepared for classes
		Not at all			Very little			To some extent			A lot			Not at all			Very little			To some extent			A lot
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
Partners	Albania	47.5	(2.3)		42.1	(2.6)		8.2	(1.7)		2.2	(0.9)		69.8	(2.3)		18.5	(1.7)		3.1	(0.6)		8.5	(1.5)
	Argentina	23.4	(2.8)		53.4	(3.4)		21.8	(2.5)		1.3	(0.8)		36.1	(2.9)		41.6	(3.0)		18.6	(2.6)		3.8	(1.2)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	27.3	(3.8)	†	34.9	(3.8)	†	30.4	(4.2)	†	7.4	(2.0)	†	55.9	(4.4)	†	23.7	(3.8)	†	12.8	(3.3)	†	7.5	(2.3)	†
	Belarus	45.3	(4.1)		42.9	(3.7)		10.8	(2.5)		1.0	(0.7)		59.1	(3.5)		28.3	(3.7)		5.4	(1.3)		7.3	(1.9)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	20.2	(2.9)		58.1	(3.5)		20.9	(3.1)		0.9	(0.7)		27.4	(3.0)		47.5	(3.8)		18.5	(2.7)		6.6	(1.9)
	Brazil	33.6	(2.5)		48.2	(2.4)		16.0	(1.5)		2.2	(0.7)		28.9	(2.1)		38.2	(2.1)		24.1	(2.1)		8.8	(1.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	8.5	(0.1)		68.1	(0.1)		18.9	(0.1)		4.6	(0.0)		13.3	(0.0)		60.5	(0.1)		18.2	(0.1)		8.0	(0.1)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	37.2	(3.1)		40.1	(3.1)		21.0	(2.5)		1.6	(0.7)		31.6	(3.4)		27.2	(3.4)		21.2	(3.1)		20.1	(2.9)
	Bulgaria	52.1	(4.3)		35.4	(3.7)		9.6	(2.0)		2.9	(1.5)		46.6	(4.1)		35.5	(3.8)		10.1	(2.3)		7.8	(1.7)
	Costa Rica	16.5	(2.7)		58.8	(3.2)		19.5	(2.7)		5.2	(1.5)		27.4	(2.8)		47.1	(3.6)		20.7	(3.0)		4.7	(1.5)
	Croatia	22.8	(3.0)		53.6	(3.1)		18.0	(2.5)		5.6	(1.4)		16.4	(2.7)		50.6	(3.7)		22.6	(2.6)		10.3	(2.1)
	Cyprus	23.8	(0.8)		60.8	(0.3)		15.4	(0.8)		0.0	c		42.1	(0.5)		50.3	(0.5)		5.2	(0.1)		2.4	(0.0)
	Dominican Republic	18.1	(2.7)		60.7	(3.6)		18.3	(2.8)		2.9	(1.1)		37.9	(4.2)		48.1	(3.7)		10.9	(2.3)		3.1	(1.2)
	Georgia	59.5	(2.8)		29.8	(2.7)		8.0	(1.9)		2.7	(0.9)		35.2	(3.0)		34.9	(3.3)		12.2	(2.3)		17.7	(2.7)
	Hong Kong (China)*	16.9	(3.3)		71.4	(4.3)		11.6	(3.1)		0.0	c		11.8	(3.4)		65.9	(4.7)		21.1	(3.5)		1.3	(0.9)
	Indonesia	34.3	(4.2)		44.5	(4.2)		18.9	(3.4)		2.3	(1.4)		50.0	(4.3)		35.6	(4.2)		13.1	(3.7)		1.3	(0.9)
	Jordan	28.4	(3.3)		47.1	(3.3)		18.3	(2.8)		6.2	(1.7)		33.8	(3.0)		35.5	(3.5)		18.0	(2.7)		12.7	(2.1)
	Kazakhstan	19.8	(1.7)		23.4	(2.1)		37.4	(2.6)		19.4	(2.2)		13.5	(1.7)		16.4	(1.8)		26.3	(2.3)		43.8	(2.8)
	Kosovo	18.1	(1.3)		58.2	(1.7)		21.8	(1.4)		1.9	(0.5)		34.2	(1.6)		47.6	(1.7)		8.2	(1.0)		9.9	(1.3)
	Lebanon	37.1	(2.9)		41.5	(2.8)		15.8	(2.0)		5.7	(1.4)		44.7	(3.1)		35.9	(2.9)		7.9	(1.6)		11.5	(2.0)
	Macao (China)	35.7	(0.1)		48.7	(0.1)		12.8	(0.0)		2.8	(0.0)		29.9	(0.0)		55.3	(0.1)		11.7	(0.0)		3.1	(0.0)
	Malaysia	22.9	(3.2)		60.9	(3.8)		14.1	(2.6)		2.1	(1.0)		23.3	(3.2)		53.2	(3.5)		8.6	(2.0)		14.9	(2.6)
	Malta	29.7	(0.1)		39.6	(0.2)		27.6	(0.1)		3.1	(0.0)		24.3	(0.1)		58.7	(0.1)		11.7	(0.1)		5.3	(0.1)
	Moldova	30.5	(3.0)		53.4	(3.4)		13.9	(2.9)		2.2	(1.1)		34.8	(3.3)		44.2	(4.0)		11.8	(2.6)		9.2	(2.1)
	Montenegro	20.6	(0.6)		68.9	(0.3)		10.5	(0.4)		0.0	c		44.7	(0.2)		47.8	(0.3)		1.3	(0.2)		6.2	(0.2)
	Morocco	25.5	(3.6)		42.6	(4.0)		27.6	(3.2)		4.3	(1.6)		37.0	(3.7)		28.4	(3.6)		17.5	(2.8)		17.1	(2.8)
	North Macedonia	40.4	(0.1)		42.2	(0.1)		13.5	(0.1)		3.9	(0.0)		58.4	(0.1)		27.7	(0.1)		10.0	(0.1)		3.9	(0.0)
	Panama	10.0	(1.8)		55.7	(2.7)		31.1	(2.6)		3.2	(0.7)		28.6	(2.8)		50.0	(3.0)		15.2	(1.8)		6.1	(1.1)
	Peru	15.6	(2.0)		58.5	(3.0)		19.2	(2.1)		6.7	(1.3)		18.8	(2.4)		54.3	(3.4)		19.0	(2.1)		8.0	(1.6)
	Philippines	24.5	(3.1)		59.5	(3.5)		13.4	(2.7)		2.6	(1.3)		36.4	(3.3)		50.1	(3.4)		5.9	(1.8)		7.6	(2.1)
	Qatar	55.3	(0.1)		39.4	(0.1)		5.2	(0.0)		0.0	c		54.6	(0.1)		36.9	(0.1)		5.0	(0.0)		3.6	(0.0)
	Romania	27.9	(3.9)		59.5	(4.2)		11.8	(2.4)		0.8	(0.7)		55.0	(4.2)		38.5	(3.9)		3.7	(1.5)		2.8	(1.0)
	Russia	26.0	(2.3)		36.3	(2.7)		31.3	(2.6)		6.4	(1.4)		31.7	(3.0)		24.0	(2.9)		18.2	(2.1)		26.1	(3.3)
	Saudi Arabia	63.1	(3.3)		25.2	(3.2)		7.5	(2.0)		4.1	(1.4)		46.5	(3.5)		36.0	(3.1)		11.2	(2.3)		6.3	(1.8)
	Serbia	36.6	(3.6)		51.3	(3.7)		12.1	(2.7)		0.0	c		38.6	(3.6)		44.1	(3.5)		15.9	(3.0)		1.3	(0.8)
	Singapore	21.6	(0.5)		63.6	(0.9)		14.8	(0.6)		0.0	c		21.2	(0.8)		70.6	(0.9)		7.1	(0.5)		1.1	(0.0)
	Chinese Taipei	20.7	(3.1)		59.7	(3.8)		16.5	(3.0)		3.1	(1.3)		26.8	(3.0)		49.7	(3.8)		17.7	(3.0)		5.8	(1.9)
	Thailand	31.3	(3.5)		50.0	(3.9)		17.0	(3.1)		1.7	(0.9)		45.9	(3.4)		36.6	(3.5)		11.1	(2.0)		6.4	(2.1)
	Ukraine	38.2	(3.5)		39.9	(3.4)		17.2	(3.1)		4.7	(1.5)		48.2	(4.1)		31.2	(3.3)		5.1	(1.6)		15.5	(2.7)
	United Arab Emirates	33.1	(1.1)		45.1	(1.7)		16.1	(1.1)		5.6	(0.5)		34.4	(1.5)		41.3	(2.0)		10.7	(0.9)		13.6	(0.4)
	Uruguay	26.1	(3.3)		50.1	(3.8)		19.0	(2.5)		4.8	(1.4)		21.9	(3.0)		43.0	(3.8)		29.8	(3.3)		5.3	(1.5)
	Viet Nam	23.6	(3.5)		62.6	(4.1)		13.2	(3.0)		0.7	(0.7)		21.1	(3.5)		67.6	(4.0)		8.6	(2.5)		2.7	(1.5)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. Higher values in the index indicate that teacher behaviour hinders student learning to a greater extent.

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.8.1. Student co-operation

Based on students' reports

		Index of student co-operation1						Percentage of students who reported the following:
		Average			Variability			Students seem to value co-operation
								Not at all true			Slightly true			Very true			Extremely true
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	0.02	(0.01)	†	0.94	(0.01)	†	5.1	(0.2)		36.2	(0.5)		46.7	(0.5)		11.9	(0.4)
	Austria	0.36	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		7.4	(0.5)		19.9	(0.8)		48.4	(0.7)		24.3	(0.8)
	Belgium	- 0.06	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		7.7	(0.4)		35.2	(0.7)		48.2	(0.7)		8.9	(0.4)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	- 0.17	(0.02)	†	1.03	(0.01)	†	9.2	(0.5)	†	42.4	(0.9)	†	35.7	(0.8)	†	12.7	(0.7)	†
	Colombia	- 0.13	(0.02)	†	1.00	(0.01)	†	13.2	(0.7)	†	33.4	(0.9)	†	45.1	(0.9)	†	8.3	(0.4)	†
	Czech Republic	- 0.22	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		10.2	(0.5)		46.8	(0.9)		34.0	(0.8)		9.0	(0.5)
	Denmark	0.34	(0.01)		0.86	(0.01)		2.7	(0.3)		21.2	(0.8)		59.2	(0.9)		16.9	(0.6)
	Estonia	- 0.12	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		7.4	(0.5)		46.0	(0.8)		37.0	(0.8)		9.6	(0.4)
	Finland	0.08	(0.02)		0.90	(0.01)		4.8	(0.3)		31.5	(0.8)		55.2	(0.8)		8.5	(0.4)
	France	- 0.38	(0.02)	†	1.00	(0.01)	†	12.4	(0.6)	†	47.0	(0.7)	†	31.9	(0.7)	†	8.6	(0.4)	†
	Germany	0.07	(0.03)	‡	1.03	(0.01)	‡	9.9	(0.8)	‡	28.1	(1.2)	‡	46.4	(1.1)	‡	15.6	(0.8)	‡
	Greece	- 0.02	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		9.5	(0.5)		33.5	(0.7)		40.0	(0.7)		17.0	(0.5)
	Hungary	- 0.13	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		9.0	(0.6)		40.0	(0.9)		40.0	(1.0)		11.0	(0.6)
	Iceland	0.31	(0.02)	†	0.98	(0.01)	†	7.6	(0.6)	†	19.1	(0.9)	†	56.8	(1.0)	†	16.5	(0.9)	†
	Ireland	- 0.17	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		6.7	(0.4)		43.2	(0.8)		42.6	(0.9)		7.6	(0.5)
	Israel	0.07	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		9.4	(0.4)		31.4	(0.8)		40.0	(0.7)		19.2	(0.9)
	Italy	- 0.31	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		11.8	(0.4)		47.3	(0.9)		33.4	(0.8)		7.5	(0.4)
	Japan	0.11	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		5.8	(0.4)		36.4	(0.8)		40.2	(0.7)		17.7	(0.7)
	Korea	0.16	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		7.9	(0.4)		27.0	(0.7)		49.3	(0.8)		15.8	(0.5)
	Latvia	- 0.22	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		8.7	(0.4)		47.9	(0.9)		35.4	(0.8)		8.1	(0.4)
	Lithuania	0.22	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		8.2	(0.4)		26.5	(0.7)		43.9	(0.6)		21.4	(0.5)
	Luxembourg	- 0.05	(0.01)		1.03	(0.01)		10.3	(0.4)		32.6	(0.7)		44.1	(0.8)		13.1	(0.5)
	Mexico	- 0.05	(0.02)	‡	0.99	(0.01)	‡	8.0	(0.5)	‡	37.9	(1.1)	‡	42.7	(1.0)	‡	11.4	(0.6)	‡
	Netherlands*	0.18	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		2.7	(0.3)		30.1	(0.8)		53.6	(0.8)		13.6	(0.7)
	New Zealand	- 0.01	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		4.2	(0.4)		39.6	(0.9)		45.8	(0.8)		10.4	(0.5)
	Norway	0.62	(0.02)		0.85	(0.01)		3.1	(0.3)		10.4	(0.5)		57.4	(0.9)		29.0	(0.8)
	Poland	0.00	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		10.2	(0.5)		29.2	(0.8)		49.6	(0.8)		10.9	(0.5)
	Portugal*	- 0.06	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		4.9	(0.4)		41.5	(0.9)		44.1	(0.8)		9.6	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	- 0.23	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		11.9	(0.5)		42.3	(0.7)		34.7	(0.7)		11.1	(0.5)
	Slovenia	- 0.03	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		6.6	(0.4)		40.9	(0.8)		39.8	(0.8)		12.8	(0.6)
	Spain	- 0.13	(0.01)	†	1.01	(0.01)	†	11.0	(0.3)	†	37.2	(0.6)	†	41.1	(0.6)	†	10.7	(0.4)	†
	Sweden	- 0.05	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		6.9	(0.4)		36.8	(0.8)		45.2	(0.8)		11.1	(0.4)
	Switzerland	0.13	(0.03)	†	1.04	(0.01)	†	8.7	(0.7)	†	27.1	(1.0)	†	45.0	(1.2)	†	19.3	(1.0)	†
	Turkey	- 0.01	(0.02)		1.15	(0.01)		13.9	(0.4)		27.9	(0.6)		37.7	(0.6)		20.4	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	- 0.14	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		6.0	(0.4)		44.5	(0.7)		41.9	(0.7)		7.7	(0.4)
	United States*	- 0.16	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		6.6	(0.5)		42.4	(0.9)		41.5	(0.9)		9.5	(0.5)
	OECD average	0.00	(0.00)		0.98	(0.00)		8.0	(0.1)		35.0	(0.1)		43.7	(0.1)		13.2	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	0.65	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		3.8	(0.3)		13.8	(0.5)		50.6	(0.8)		31.9	(0.9)
	Argentina	- 0.55	(0.02)	†	0.98	(0.01)	†	19.3	(0.6)	†	51.6	(0.9)	†	21.5	(0.7)	†	7.6	(0.5)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.09	(0.02)	†	1.07	(0.01)	†	10.5	(0.7)	†	29.0	(0.8)	†	41.5	(1.0)	†	19.0	(0.7)	†
	Belarus	- 0.10	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		9.1	(0.5)		37.8	(0.8)		41.5	(0.8)		11.6	(0.6)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.05	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		9.6	(0.6)		33.6	(0.7)		39.7	(0.7)		17.1	(0.6)
	Brazil	- 0.35	(0.02)	†	1.06	(0.01)	†	18.1	(0.6)	†	34.3	(0.7)	†	39.8	(0.8)	†	7.8	(0.4)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	- 0.08	(0.01)	†	0.94	(0.01)	†	7.7	(0.4)	†	42.4	(0.8)	†	38.7	(0.8)	†	11.2	(0.5)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.18	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		4.4	(0.3)		38.0	(0.6)		40.2	(0.7)		17.5	(0.6)
	Bulgaria	- 0.36	(0.02)	†	1.07	(0.01)	†	19.9	(0.9)	†	40.6	(0.9)	†	27.4	(0.8)	†	12.1	(0.6)	†
	Costa Rica	- 0.17	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		12.0	(0.5)		39.2	(0.9)		36.6	(1.0)		12.2	(0.6)
	Croatia	- 0.01	(0.02)		1.02	(0.01)		7.0	(0.4)		38.8	(0.7)		39.8	(0.6)		14.4	(0.6)
	Cyprus	- 0.22	(0.02)	†	1.04	(0.01)	†	13.9	(0.6)	†	40.8	(0.8)	†	32.0	(0.7)	†	13.3	(0.7)	†
	Dominican Republic	- 0.08	(0.03)	‡	1.12	(0.02)	‡	18.6	(1.0)	‡	25.6	(1.5)	‡	41.3	(1.8)	‡	14.5	(1.0)	‡
	Georgia	0.26	(0.02)		1.10	(0.01)		12.6	(0.5)		15.5	(0.6)		43.3	(0.8)		28.7	(0.8)
	Hong Kong (China)*	0.07	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		4.9	(0.4)		33.9	(0.8)		51.4	(0.8)		9.7	(0.5)
	Indonesia	0.34	(0.02)		0.90	(0.01)		4.1	(0.4)		22.6	(0.7)		55.2	(0.8)		18.1	(0.6)
	Jordan	0.01	(0.02)		1.13	(0.01)		19.4	(0.8)		26.6	(0.8)		34.0	(0.7)		20.0	(0.7)
	Kazakhstan	0.27	(0.01)		0.99	(0.01)		8.6	(0.3)		19.8	(0.5)		55.1	(0.6)		16.5	(0.5)
	Kosovo	0.50	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		7.0	(0.4)		14.6	(0.6)		48.0	(0.8)		30.4	(0.7)
	Lebanon	- 0.10	(0.03)		1.03	(0.01)		20.1	(1.1)		29.6	(0.9)		32.8	(1.0)		17.5	(0.9)
	Macao (China)	0.04	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		4.4	(0.3)		38.2	(0.8)		47.5	(0.9)		9.9	(0.5)
	Malaysia	0.51	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		3.2	(0.3)		18.3	(0.8)		52.7	(0.8)		25.8	(0.8)
	Malta	- 0.11	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		9.8	(0.5)		36.4	(1.0)		42.8	(0.8)		11.0	(0.5)
	Moldova	0.13	(0.02)		0.90	(0.01)		6.0	(0.4)		32.1	(0.8)		49.8	(0.8)		12.0	(0.6)
	Montenegro	0.08	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		10.2	(0.4)		33.5	(0.6)		37.8	(0.7)		18.5	(0.5)
	Morocco	- 0.18	(0.02)	‡	1.05	(0.01)	‡	17.8	(0.8)	‡	27.9	(0.9)	‡	44.8	(1.1)	‡	9.5	(0.6)	‡
	North Macedonia	0.40	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		7.1	(0.4)		22.9	(0.7)		47.2	(0.7)		22.9	(0.6)
	Panama	- 0.13	(0.03)	‡	1.06	(0.01)	‡	12.1	(0.8)	‡	39.0	(1.3)	‡	34.2	(1.4)	‡	14.6	(0.9)	‡
	Peru	0.03	(0.02)	‡	0.94	(0.01)	‡	6.4	(0.5)	‡	33.1	(1.2)	‡	50.3	(1.2)	‡	10.3	(0.8)	‡
	Philippines	0.16	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		5.8	(0.4)		29.4	(0.7)		48.9	(0.8)		16.0	(0.6)
	Qatar	- 0.03	(0.01)		1.08	(0.01)		11.9	(0.3)		34.6	(0.4)		36.1	(0.5)		17.5	(0.3)
	Romania	0.10	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		8.7	(0.7)		27.9	(0.8)		50.0	(0.9)		13.4	(0.6)
	Russia	- 0.02	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		10.3	(0.4)		32.1	(0.9)		46.1	(0.9)		11.5	(0.7)
	Saudi Arabia	- 0.16	(0.03)		1.15	(0.01)		19.8	(0.9)		34.6	(0.7)		28.9	(0.6)		16.7	(0.7)
	Serbia	- 0.12	(0.02)	†	1.07	(0.01)	†	12.2	(0.6)	†	37.6	(0.7)	†	35.1	(0.7)	†	15.0	(0.6)	†
	Singapore	0.19	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		3.0	(0.2)		31.6	(0.6)		50.1	(0.7)		15.3	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	0.28	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		4.6	(0.3)		28.2	(0.5)		48.1	(0.7)		19.0	(0.7)
	Thailand	0.14	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		5.1	(0.4)		27.3	(0.6)		55.6	(0.7)		12.0	(0.6)
	Ukraine	0.06	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		7.8	(0.4)		38.5	(1.0)		35.7	(0.8)		18.0	(0.7)
	United Arab Emirates	0.13	(0.01)		1.09	(0.01)		9.7	(0.3)		30.7	(0.7)		38.4	(0.5)		21.2	(0.5)
	Uruguay	- 0.24	(0.03)	†	1.02	(0.01)	†	14.1	(0.7)	†	37.5	(0.9)	†	38.5	(0.9)	†	9.9	(0.7)	†
	Viet Nam	- 0.07	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		4.2	(0.4)		42.0	(1.1)		44.9	(1.0)		8.9	(0.6)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		It seems that students are co-operating with each other												Students seem to share the feeling that co-operating with each other is important
		Not at all true			Slightly true			Very true			Extremely true			Not at all true			Slightly true			Very true			Extremely true
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	4.0	(0.2)	†	32.3	(0.5)	†	52.2	(0.5)	†	11.6	(0.4)	†	5.5	(0.3)		34.2	(0.6)		49.1	(0.6)		11.3	(0.4)
	Austria	5.2	(0.4)		19.1	(0.7)		51.9	(0.7)		23.8	(0.7)		5.8	(0.4)		19.6	(0.7)		50.5	(0.8)		24.1	(0.7)
	Belgium	7.6	(0.4)		29.0	(0.7)		52.5	(0.7)		10.8	(0.4)		9.8	(0.4)		31.3	(0.6)		49.3	(0.7)		9.6	(0.4)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	6.6	(0.4)	†	41.9	(0.9)	†	38.7	(0.8)	†	12.8	(0.6)	†	8.4	(0.5)	†	41.6	(1.0)	†	37.4	(0.8)	†	12.7	(0.7)	†
	Colombia	9.1	(0.5)	†	32.7	(0.7)	†	48.9	(0.8)	†	9.2	(0.5)	†	8.9	(0.6)	†	31.9	(0.7)	†	49.0	(0.7)	†	10.2	(0.5)	†
	Czech Republic	7.1	(0.4)		40.7	(0.9)		41.8	(0.9)		10.4	(0.5)		8.0	(0.5)		39.4	(0.8)		41.7	(0.7)		10.9	(0.5)
	Denmark	1.6	(0.2)		17.7	(0.6)		61.6	(0.9)		19.1	(0.7)		3.4	(0.3)		25.9	(0.7)		55.5	(0.8)		15.1	(0.6)
	Estonia	4.7	(0.4)		36.8	(0.7)		46.6	(0.8)		12.0	(0.5)		6.0	(0.4)		38.6	(0.8)		44.3	(0.8)		11.1	(0.5)
	Finland	3.9	(0.3)		26.0	(0.8)		59.7	(0.8)		10.4	(0.5)		5.2	(0.3)		30.7	(0.7)		55.1	(0.7)		8.9	(0.5)
	France	11.1	(0.5)	†	43.7	(0.6)	†	36.1	(0.8)	†	9.0	(0.4)	†	13.5	(0.5)	†	42.9	(0.7)	†	34.2	(0.8)	†	9.3	(0.4)	†
	Germany	7.6	(0.6)	‡	26.7	(1.0)	‡	50.8	(1.0)	‡	14.9	(0.8)	‡	7.9	(0.6)	‡	28.5	(1.1)	‡	48.3	(1.2)	‡	15.3	(0.8)	‡
	Greece	6.5	(0.4)		36.4	(0.7)		41.4	(0.7)		15.7	(0.5)		6.8	(0.4)		34.2	(0.7)		42.6	(0.7)		16.4	(0.6)
	Hungary	7.2	(0.5)		38.0	(1.0)		43.5	(1.1)		11.4	(0.6)		8.2	(0.6)		37.2	(0.9)		43.5	(0.9)		11.1	(0.5)
	Iceland	6.1	(0.5)	†	16.2	(0.7)	†	59.3	(0.9)	†	18.4	(0.9)	†	6.2	(0.5)	†	17.5	(0.9)	†	58.3	(1.0)	†	18.0	(0.9)	†
	Ireland	5.6	(0.3)		37.5	(0.8)		49.0	(0.9)		7.9	(0.5)		8.2	(0.4)		39.8	(0.8)		44.3	(0.8)		7.7	(0.4)
	Israel	6.3	(0.3)		31.1	(0.8)		44.7	(0.7)		17.9	(0.8)		7.3	(0.4)		29.9	(0.8)		44.5	(0.7)		18.3	(0.8)
	Italy	8.3	(0.4)		44.1	(0.9)		39.9	(0.8)		7.7	(0.4)		8.6	(0.5)		42.2	(0.9)		40.1	(0.9)		9.1	(0.4)
	Japan	5.2	(0.3)		31.1	(0.7)		44.8	(0.7)		18.8	(0.7)		5.8	(0.4)		31.3	(0.8)		44.1	(0.7)		18.7	(0.7)
	Korea	7.1	(0.3)		24.5	(0.7)		51.7	(0.8)		16.6	(0.5)		7.6	(0.4)		23.3	(0.6)		51.1	(0.7)		18.0	(0.6)
	Latvia	5.4	(0.4)		41.1	(0.8)		44.7	(0.8)		8.8	(0.4)		7.1	(0.4)		41.3	(0.9)		42.6	(0.8)		9.0	(0.4)
	Lithuania	5.8	(0.4)		25.8	(0.6)		46.9	(0.7)		21.6	(0.6)		6.3	(0.4)		25.7	(0.6)		46.5	(0.6)		21.5	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	8.3	(0.4)		30.9	(0.6)		47.5	(0.7)		13.2	(0.5)		9.1	(0.4)		31.6	(0.6)		47.1	(0.7)		12.2	(0.5)
	Mexico	6.0	(0.5)	‡	34.9	(0.9)	‡	47.3	(0.9)	‡	11.8	(0.6)	‡	6.6	(0.5)	‡	35.0	(0.9)	‡	46.4	(1.0)	‡	12.0	(0.6)	‡
	Netherlands*	1.7	(0.3)		24.0	(0.8)		59.9	(0.9)		14.4	(0.7)		4.0	(0.4)		31.7	(0.9)		52.3	(0.9)		12.0	(0.6)
	New Zealand	3.6	(0.3)		33.9	(0.9)		52.3	(0.9)		10.2	(0.5)		5.3	(0.3)		36.9	(0.8)		48.0	(0.8)		9.7	(0.5)
	Norway	2.5	(0.2)		10.4	(0.6)		60.6	(0.8)		26.4	(0.8)		3.0	(0.2)		12.4	(0.6)		59.0	(0.8)		25.6	(0.7)
	Poland	7.1	(0.4)		27.6	(0.7)		54.1	(0.8)		11.1	(0.5)		7.7	(0.4)		29.6	(0.7)		52.2	(0.8)		10.5	(0.5)
	Portugal*	4.6	(0.4)		37.0	(1.0)		48.1	(0.9)		10.3	(0.5)		5.3	(0.4)		36.6	(0.9)		48.0	(0.9)		10.1	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	7.4	(0.4)		43.1	(0.8)		38.6	(0.7)		10.9	(0.5)		9.0	(0.4)		40.6	(0.7)		39.4	(0.7)		11.0	(0.4)
	Slovenia	4.5	(0.4)		36.4	(0.8)		45.9	(0.9)		13.3	(0.7)		5.1	(0.3)		35.2	(0.8)		46.0	(0.9)		13.7	(0.7)
	Spain	7.2	(0.3)	†	35.2	(0.6)	†	46.1	(0.5)	†	11.5	(0.4)	†	9.3	(0.3)	†	35.8	(0.5)	†	43.5	(0.5)	†	11.4	(0.4)	†
	Sweden	5.3	(0.4)		31.9	(0.8)		51.8	(0.8)		11.0	(0.5)		8.2	(0.5)		36.6	(0.8)		45.0	(0.9)		10.2	(0.4)
	Switzerland	7.0	(0.6)	†	26.0	(1.0)	†	47.8	(1.1)	†	19.2	(0.9)	†	7.1	(0.6)	†	29.2	(1.0)	†	45.7	(1.0)	†	18.1	(0.9)	†
	Turkey	11.4	(0.4)		28.5	(0.5)		41.4	(0.5)		18.6	(0.6)		12.1	(0.4)		28.9	(0.7)		40.7	(0.6)		18.3	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	4.4	(0.3)		36.7	(0.7)		49.6	(0.7)		9.3	(0.5)		7.6	(0.4)		40.4	(0.6)		43.7	(0.6)		8.4	(0.5)
	United States*	5.7	(0.4)		39.7	(0.9)		45.5	(1.0)		9.1	(0.5)		8.2	(0.5)		39.7	(0.8)		43.0	(1.0)		9.2	(0.6)
	OECD average	6.1	(0.1)		31.9	(0.1)		48.4	(0.1)		13.6	(0.1)		7.3	(0.1)		33.0	(0.1)		46.4	(0.1)		13.3	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	1.6	(0.2)		13.9	(0.5)		51.3	(0.8)		33.2	(0.9)		2.3	(0.2)		14.7	(0.5)		50.7	(0.8)		32.4	(0.8)
	Argentina	12.4	(0.5)	†	48.9	(0.7)	†	30.0	(0.7)	†	8.7	(0.6)	†	16.1	(0.7)	†	46.0	(0.9)	†	28.3	(0.7)	†	9.5	(0.6)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	7.2	(0.5)	†	30.0	(0.8)	†	44.8	(1.0)	†	17.9	(0.7)	†	7.8	(0.5)	†	29.5	(0.8)	†	44.1	(0.9)	†	18.5	(0.7)	†
	Belarus	7.0	(0.4)		34.6	(0.8)		45.8	(0.8)		12.6	(0.6)		8.1	(0.4)		38.6	(0.9)		42.8	(0.9)		10.5	(0.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	6.1	(0.5)		32.7	(0.7)		43.7	(0.7)		17.5	(0.6)		6.7	(0.5)		31.9	(0.8)		44.1	(0.7)		17.4	(0.6)
	Brazil	15.5	(0.6)	†	36.1	(0.8)	†	40.8	(0.9)	†	7.7	(0.4)	†	15.8	(0.6)	†	34.1	(0.7)	†	42.2	(0.8)	†	7.9	(0.4)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	5.4	(0.3)	†	36.9	(0.8)	†	46.4	(0.7)	†	11.3	(0.4)	†	6.1	(0.3)	†	33.7	(0.7)	†	45.4	(0.7)	†	14.8	(0.5)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	3.4	(0.3)		30.2	(0.6)		46.8	(0.7)		19.6	(0.7)		4.0	(0.3)		28.3	(0.7)		45.0	(0.7)		22.6	(0.7)
	Bulgaria	12.5	(0.7)	†	44.1	(0.9)	†	31.8	(0.8)	†	11.6	(0.5)	†	13.0	(0.7)	†	40.5	(0.8)	†	33.9	(0.8)	†	12.6	(0.6)	†
	Costa Rica	8.6	(0.5)		37.0	(0.9)		42.0	(0.8)		12.5	(0.6)		9.9	(0.5)		37.9	(0.9)		39.2	(0.9)		13.0	(0.5)
	Croatia	5.2	(0.3)		36.8	(0.8)		42.5	(0.7)		15.5	(0.6)		5.8	(0.4)		35.9	(0.7)		42.6	(0.7)		15.7	(0.6)
	Cyprus	8.5	(0.5)	†	41.7	(0.8)	†	36.7	(0.9)	†	13.1	(0.7)	†	9.3	(0.5)	†	40.3	(0.8)	†	37.6	(0.9)	†	12.8	(0.7)	†
	Dominican Republic	12.3	(1.0)	‡	30.4	(1.5)	‡	41.8	(1.6)	‡	15.4	(0.9)	‡	13.0	(0.9)	‡	26.7	(1.3)	‡	44.3	(1.7)	‡	15.9	(1.0)	‡
	Georgia	9.0	(0.5)		21.3	(0.7)		45.7	(0.8)		24.1	(0.8)		9.1	(0.5)		22.3	(0.7)		44.9	(0.8)		23.7	(0.8)
	Hong Kong (China)*	4.3	(0.3)		30.5	(0.9)		55.2	(0.8)		10.0	(0.5)		4.8	(0.3)		29.6	(0.8)		54.7	(0.9)		10.9	(0.5)
	Indonesia	2.7	(0.3)		21.9	(0.6)		57.3	(0.6)		18.2	(0.6)		3.1	(0.3)		22.0	(0.7)		56.1	(0.8)		18.8	(0.6)
	Jordan	8.7	(0.4)		31.9	(0.7)		38.5	(0.6)		20.9	(0.7)		10.0	(0.5)		26.2	(0.7)		42.3	(0.6)		21.5	(0.6)
	Kazakhstan	6.0	(0.2)		19.7	(0.5)		56.6	(0.6)		17.7	(0.6)		6.0	(0.2)		19.3	(0.5)		56.6	(0.6)		18.1	(0.5)
	Kosovo	4.1	(0.3)		17.8	(0.7)		49.7	(0.9)		28.4	(0.6)		3.9	(0.3)		16.5	(0.7)		50.9	(0.8)		28.7	(0.6)
	Lebanon	8.7	(0.6)		35.2	(1.1)		39.2	(1.1)		16.9	(0.8)		10.4	(0.6)		28.4	(0.8)		42.1	(0.9)		19.1	(0.8)
	Macao (China)	4.3	(0.4)		31.3	(0.8)		52.8	(0.9)		11.6	(0.5)		5.3	(0.4)		32.2	(0.8)		49.9	(0.9)		12.6	(0.5)
	Malaysia	2.1	(0.2)		16.8	(0.8)		53.1	(0.8)		28.0	(0.8)		2.9	(0.2)		17.4	(0.7)		53.3	(0.7)		26.4	(0.9)
	Malta	7.6	(0.6)		35.1	(0.9)		46.6	(0.9)		10.7	(0.6)		7.7	(0.6)		34.4	(0.9)		46.7	(0.9)		11.1	(0.6)
	Moldova	3.5	(0.3)		25.7	(0.7)		56.1	(0.7)		14.7	(0.6)		4.6	(0.3)		28.0	(0.8)		53.9	(0.9)		13.5	(0.6)
	Montenegro	5.9	(0.3)		31.2	(0.7)		43.7	(0.8)		19.2	(0.6)		6.9	(0.3)		30.4	(0.7)		43.1	(0.7)		19.6	(0.6)
	Morocco	12.6	(0.7)	‡	31.4	(0.9)	‡	44.1	(0.9)	‡	11.9	(0.6)	‡	13.3	(0.6)	‡	29.9	(1.0)	‡	43.9	(1.1)	‡	12.8	(0.5)	‡
	North Macedonia	3.7	(0.3)		19.4	(0.6)		48.8	(0.7)		28.0	(0.7)		4.5	(0.3)		19.7	(0.7)		49.7	(0.9)		26.1	(0.7)
	Panama	8.4	(0.7)	‡	36.9	(1.1)	‡	39.1	(1.3)	‡	15.5	(0.9)	‡	9.6	(0.8)	‡	35.0	(1.2)	‡	39.9	(1.4)	‡	15.5	(1.2)	‡
	Peru	4.7	(0.4)	‡	31.9	(1.0)	‡	52.0	(1.0)	‡	11.4	(0.8)	‡	5.1	(0.5)	‡	31.4	(1.2)	‡	51.4	(1.1)	‡	12.1	(0.7)	‡
	Philippines	4.0	(0.3)		30.5	(0.8)		48.9	(0.8)		16.6	(0.6)		4.2	(0.3)		28.1	(0.7)		49.9	(0.7)		17.8	(0.5)
	Qatar	8.2	(0.3)		33.8	(0.4)		40.4	(0.5)		17.6	(0.3)		9.3	(0.3)		32.6	(0.4)		40.0	(0.6)		18.1	(0.4)
	Romania	4.8	(0.4)		26.2	(0.8)		53.9	(0.9)		15.1	(0.7)		7.1	(0.5)		28.3	(0.7)		50.4	(0.8)		14.2	(0.6)
	Russia	7.4	(0.4)		30.8	(0.8)		50.4	(0.9)		11.5	(0.6)		8.3	(0.4)		30.3	(0.7)		50.1	(0.9)		11.4	(0.6)
	Saudi Arabia	10.7	(0.6)		36.3	(0.8)		32.8	(0.7)		20.2	(0.8)		12.9	(0.6)		31.4	(0.7)		35.4	(0.6)		20.3	(0.8)
	Serbia	8.1	(0.5)	†	37.6	(0.8)	†	39.1	(0.7)	†	15.2	(0.6)	†	9.2	(0.4)	†	36.6	(0.7)	†	39.1	(0.8)	†	15.1	(0.6)	†
	Singapore	2.6	(0.2)		29.1	(0.6)		53.0	(0.7)		15.2	(0.5)		3.5	(0.2)		28.3	(0.6)		51.7	(0.6)		16.5	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	4.1	(0.2)		24.4	(0.6)		51.4	(0.7)		20.1	(0.7)		4.8	(0.3)		24.8	(0.6)		50.0	(0.7)		20.5	(0.6)
	Thailand	4.4	(0.3)		29.3	(0.8)		54.5	(0.7)		11.9	(0.6)		3.9	(0.3)		28.2	(0.7)		54.6	(0.7)		13.3	(0.6)
	Ukraine	5.2	(0.3)		32.0	(0.7)		42.2	(0.7)		20.6	(0.8)		7.0	(0.4)		31.6	(0.8)		41.5	(0.8)		19.9	(0.6)
	United Arab Emirates	6.4	(0.2)		29.1	(0.6)		42.0	(0.5)		22.5	(0.5)		7.8	(0.3)		28.3	(0.6)		41.7	(0.5)		22.2	(0.6)
	Uruguay	10.2	(0.6)	†	37.9	(1.0)	†	42.7	(0.9)	†	9.3	(0.8)	†	10.7	(0.7)	†	37.2	(1.1)	†	42.2	(1.0)	†	10.0	(0.7)	†
	Viet Nam	4.4	(0.4)		37.6	(0.9)		48.4	(1.0)		9.6	(0.7)		5.5	(0.4)		36.0	(0.9)		45.6	(0.8)		12.9	(0.8)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		Students feel that they are encouraged to co-operate with others
		Not at all true			Slightly true			Very true			Extremely true
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	4.6	(0.2)	†	28.8	(0.5)	†	52.1	(0.5)	†	14.4	(0.5)	†
	Austria	6.2	(0.4)		22.1	(0.8)		48.0	(0.8)		23.7	(0.6)
	Belgium	12.1	(0.5)		33.8	(0.7)		45.2	(0.7)		8.8	(0.4)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	8.4	(0.5)	†	39.4	(0.8)	†	37.7	(0.8)	†	14.5	(0.6)	†
	Colombia	9.1	(0.6)	†	31.2	(0.8)	†	48.0	(0.9)	†	11.7	(0.6)	†
	Czech Republic	9.4	(0.5)		43.7	(1.0)		36.7	(0.8)		10.3	(0.5)
	Denmark	3.1	(0.3)		22.9	(0.6)		57.5	(0.9)		16.4	(0.6)
	Estonia	7.1	(0.4)		39.6	(0.8)		42.0	(0.9)		11.3	(0.5)
	Finland	4.9	(0.3)		27.4	(0.7)		57.1	(0.7)		10.6	(0.5)
	France	13.6	(0.5)	†	40.8	(0.7)	†	35.1	(0.8)	†	10.5	(0.5)	†
	Germany	8.9	(0.7)	‡	31.4	(1.1)	‡	45.5	(1.1)	‡	14.2	(0.8)	‡
	Greece	8.2	(0.3)		33.9	(0.6)		39.4	(0.7)		18.5	(0.6)
	Hungary	9.1	(0.6)		38.6	(0.8)		40.2	(1.0)		12.2	(0.6)
	Iceland	6.5	(0.5)	†	16.3	(0.8)	†	58.0	(1.0)	†	19.2	(0.8)	†
	Ireland	7.1	(0.5)		35.0	(0.8)		47.1	(0.9)		10.8	(0.6)
	Israel	8.4	(0.4)		26.5	(0.7)		43.3	(0.7)		21.8	(0.9)
	Italy	10.8	(0.5)		40.5	(1.0)		37.2	(0.9)		11.5	(0.5)
	Japan	7.1	(0.4)		33.2	(0.7)		41.8	(0.7)		17.9	(0.7)
	Korea	7.7	(0.4)		23.2	(0.7)		49.3	(0.8)		19.7	(0.8)
	Latvia	7.4	(0.4)		40.2	(0.9)		42.0	(0.8)		10.4	(0.5)
	Lithuania	7.2	(0.4)		25.1	(0.7)		44.8	(0.7)		23.0	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	10.3	(0.4)		32.1	(0.6)		44.4	(0.7)		13.2	(0.5)
	Mexico	6.3	(0.4)	‡	33.1	(0.9)	‡	46.9	(0.9)	‡	13.6	(0.6)	‡
	Netherlands*	5.7	(0.5)		34.8	(1.0)		48.9	(1.0)		10.6	(0.7)
	New Zealand	4.4	(0.4)		31.9	(0.9)		51.4	(0.9)		12.3	(0.5)
	Norway	3.6	(0.3)		17.2	(0.7)		57.4	(0.8)		21.8	(0.7)
	Poland	8.9	(0.5)		28.8	(0.7)		49.6	(0.7)		12.7	(0.5)
	Portugal*	6.1	(0.5)		37.1	(0.9)		45.8	(0.8)		11.0	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	9.4	(0.4)		40.4	(0.8)		36.6	(0.7)		13.6	(0.5)
	Slovenia	5.6	(0.4)		36.6	(0.8)		43.2	(0.9)		14.6	(0.7)
	Spain	9.2	(0.3)	†	33.7	(0.5)	†	43.4	(0.5)	†	13.8	(0.4)	†
	Sweden	7.8	(0.5)		33.7	(0.8)		46.3	(1.0)		12.1	(0.5)
	Switzerland	8.7	(0.6)	†	28.2	(1.0)	†	45.7	(1.0)	†	17.4	(0.8)	†
	Turkey	13.2	(0.4)		28.0	(0.6)		39.5	(0.5)		19.2	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	6.9	(0.3)		36.4	(0.6)		46.7	(0.7)		10.0	(0.5)
	United States*	7.5	(0.5)		34.7	(0.9)		45.9	(1.0)		11.9	(0.6)
	OECD average	7.8	(0.1)		32.2	(0.1)		45.6	(0.1)		14.4	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	2.5	(0.3)		13.5	(0.5)		49.6	(0.8)		34.3	(0.9)
	Argentina	14.4	(0.6)	†	44.2	(0.8)	†	28.9	(0.7)	†	12.5	(0.6)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	8.4	(0.4)	†	26.7	(0.8)	†	43.3	(1.0)	†	21.6	(0.8)	†
	Belarus	9.7	(0.4)		38.9	(0.8)		40.8	(0.8)		10.7	(0.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	6.8	(0.5)		30.3	(0.7)		42.6	(0.7)		20.4	(0.6)
	Brazil	16.1	(0.6)	†	33.0	(0.7)	†	40.8	(0.8)	†	10.1	(0.4)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	5.7	(0.3)	†	31.5	(0.7)	†	47.1	(0.7)	†	15.7	(0.5)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	4.4	(0.3)		28.4	(0.7)		44.9	(0.7)		22.3	(0.7)
	Bulgaria	15.2	(0.6)	†	38.6	(0.8)	†	30.6	(0.8)	†	15.6	(0.6)	†
	Costa Rica	9.7	(0.5)		35.9	(0.8)		39.3	(0.7)		15.0	(0.6)
	Croatia	7.6	(0.4)		36.3	(0.8)		39.9	(0.7)		16.3	(0.5)
	Cyprus	9.6	(0.5)	†	37.1	(0.7)	†	36.0	(0.9)	†	17.3	(0.6)	†
	Dominican Republic	12.0	(0.9)	‡	25.5	(1.4)	‡	41.5	(1.7)	‡	21.0	(1.1)	‡
	Georgia	11.4	(0.6)		21.6	(0.8)		43.6	(0.9)		23.5	(0.7)
	Hong Kong (China)*	5.3	(0.3)		29.5	(0.8)		54.1	(0.7)		11.0	(0.5)
	Indonesia	5.0	(0.3)		22.1	(0.7)		54.1	(0.8)		18.8	(0.7)
	Jordan	9.8	(0.4)		22.8	(0.7)		38.3	(0.6)		29.1	(0.7)
	Kazakhstan	6.7	(0.3)		19.4	(0.4)		54.7	(0.5)		19.2	(0.5)
	Kosovo	4.8	(0.4)		17.9	(0.6)		48.8	(0.8)		28.5	(0.7)
	Lebanon	11.2	(0.6)		25.0	(0.8)		37.7	(0.9)		26.1	(0.9)
	Macao (China)	4.6	(0.3)		25.0	(0.8)		51.9	(0.9)		18.5	(0.6)
	Malaysia	2.8	(0.2)		14.7	(0.7)		52.1	(0.7)		30.5	(0.9)
	Malta	7.4	(0.5)		29.7	(0.9)		48.6	(1.0)		14.3	(0.7)
	Moldova	5.1	(0.3)		24.9	(0.7)		52.5	(0.8)		17.4	(0.7)
	Montenegro	7.0	(0.4)		30.9	(0.6)		40.4	(0.7)		21.6	(0.6)
	Morocco	13.4	(0.8)	‡	24.9	(0.8)	‡	44.3	(0.9)	‡	17.4	(0.8)	‡
	North Macedonia	5.2	(0.4)		20.1	(0.6)		48.5	(0.8)		26.2	(0.7)
	Panama	9.4	(0.8)	‡	33.1	(1.0)	‡	38.1	(1.4)	‡	19.4	(1.2)	‡
	Peru	4.8	(0.5)	‡	30.4	(1.0)	‡	51.7	(1.1)	‡	13.1	(0.9)	‡
	Philippines	4.4	(0.3)		26.3	(0.7)		49.7	(0.7)		19.6	(0.5)
	Qatar	9.7	(0.3)		29.4	(0.5)		39.2	(0.5)		21.6	(0.3)
	Romania	7.2	(0.5)		25.0	(0.8)		50.2	(0.8)		17.6	(0.7)
	Russia	10.1	(0.4)		29.8	(0.6)		47.1	(0.7)		13.0	(0.7)
	Saudi Arabia	12.6	(0.5)		29.0	(0.7)		33.5	(0.8)		24.9	(0.7)
	Serbia	9.5	(0.4)	†	35.2	(0.7)	†	37.8	(0.7)	†	17.6	(0.6)	†
	Singapore	3.3	(0.3)		24.8	(0.6)		52.7	(0.6)		19.3	(0.4)
	Chinese Taipei	4.7	(0.3)		24.0	(0.5)		50.2	(0.6)		21.1	(0.6)
	Thailand	3.9	(0.3)		26.7	(0.6)		55.8	(0.7)		13.6	(0.6)
	Ukraine	6.6	(0.4)		31.1	(0.8)		40.9	(0.7)		21.4	(0.7)
	United Arab Emirates	7.5	(0.2)		25.9	(0.7)		40.7	(0.5)		26.0	(0.5)
	Uruguay	11.9	(0.7)	†	35.2	(0.9)	†	39.9	(0.9)	†	13.1	(0.8)	†
	Viet Nam	4.1	(0.3)		30.3	(0.9)		49.1	(0.9)		16.6	(0.7)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. The index of student co-operation is based on the following statements: "Students seem to value co-operation"; "It seems that students are co-operating with each other"; and "Students seem to share the feeling that co-operating with each other is important".

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.8.2. Student competition

Based on students' reports

		Index of student competition1						Percentage of students who reported the following:
		Average			Variability			Students seem to value competition
								Not at all true			Slightly true			Very true			Extremely true
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	0.35	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		3.5	(0.2)		29.7	(0.5)		48.0	(0.5)		18.8	(0.5)
	Austria	- 0.03	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		12.0	(0.5)		43.9	(0.8)		35.4	(0.7)		8.8	(0.5)
	Belgium	- 0.31	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		12.7	(0.4)		49.8	(0.7)		31.6	(0.7)		5.9	(0.4)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	- 0.02	(0.02)	†	1.00	(0.01)	†	10.2	(0.5)	†	47.1	(0.8)	†	31.1	(0.7)	†	11.6	(0.5)	†
	Colombia	0.12	(0.02)	†	0.87	(0.01)	†	11.8	(0.5)	†	34.7	(0.8)	†	45.7	(0.9)	†	7.8	(0.4)	†
	Czech Republic	- 0.51	(0.01)		0.92	(0.01)		17.8	(0.5)		56.0	(0.7)		20.2	(0.6)		6.0	(0.4)
	Denmark	- 0.20	(0.02)		0.90	(0.01)		5.9	(0.3)		45.3	(1.0)		40.0	(0.9)		8.7	(0.5)
	Estonia	- 0.31	(0.01)		0.86	(0.01)		8.9	(0.5)		57.4	(0.7)		27.4	(0.7)		6.3	(0.4)
	Finland	0.10	(0.02)		0.86	(0.01)		4.8	(0.3)		40.8	(0.9)		47.0	(0.9)		7.4	(0.4)
	France	- 0.18	(0.02)		1.11	(0.01)		11.8	(0.4)		44.9	(0.8)		29.6	(0.7)		13.7	(0.5)
	Germany	- 0.40	(0.02)	‡	0.94	(0.01)	‡	16.4	(0.8)	‡	50.4	(1.0)	‡	28.3	(1.0)	‡	4.9	(0.5)	‡
	Greece	- 0.06	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		13.6	(0.6)		50.5	(0.7)		26.8	(0.6)		9.1	(0.4)
	Hungary	- 0.20	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		11.3	(0.6)		48.2	(0.8)		30.8	(0.9)		9.8	(0.5)
	Iceland	0.09	(0.02)	†	0.99	(0.01)	†	8.5	(0.5)		30.0	(0.9)		48.4	(1.0)		13.2	(0.6)
	Ireland	0.20	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		4.5	(0.3)		34.5	(0.8)		44.6	(0.8)		16.4	(0.5)
	Israel	- 0.08	(0.02)		1.07	(0.01)		16.6	(0.6)		40.6	(0.7)		30.9	(0.7)		11.9	(0.6)
	Italy	- 0.21	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		12.6	(0.5)		46.0	(0.8)		31.0	(0.9)		10.4	(0.5)
	Japan	- 0.37	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		21.1	(0.7)		54.4	(0.7)		17.6	(0.6)		6.9	(0.4)
	Korea	0.52	(0.02)		1.11	(0.01)		8.9	(0.5)		25.2	(0.6)		41.6	(0.6)		24.3	(0.7)
	Latvia	- 0.07	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		8.3	(0.4)		53.4	(0.8)		30.8	(0.7)		7.6	(0.4)
	Lithuania	0.10	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		9.2	(0.4)		41.0	(0.7)		36.5	(0.6)		13.2	(0.4)
	Luxembourg	- 0.15	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		12.1	(0.5)		48.2	(0.7)		31.3	(0.6)		8.3	(0.5)
	Mexico	0.01	(0.02)	†	0.87	(0.01)	†	6.1	(0.5)	†	41.0	(0.9)	†	44.0	(0.8)	†	9.0	(0.6)	†
	Netherlands*	- 0.45	(0.02)		0.83	(0.01)		12.3	(0.6)		64.8	(0.8)		20.4	(0.6)		2.5	(0.3)
	New Zealand	0.34	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		3.1	(0.3)		30.0	(0.7)		48.4	(0.9)		18.5	(0.5)
	Norway	0.43	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		3.3	(0.3)		15.5	(0.5)		57.1	(0.7)		24.1	(0.7)
	Poland	0.18	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		10.3	(0.6)		34.8	(0.7)		45.2	(0.8)		9.8	(0.4)
	Portugal*	0.19	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		5.1	(0.3)		37.6	(0.8)		43.2	(0.9)		14.1	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	- 0.09	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		11.9	(0.5)		47.6	(0.8)		30.3	(0.7)		10.3	(0.5)
	Slovenia	- 0.16	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		11.0	(0.5)		54.1	(0.9)		25.9	(0.8)		9.0	(0.4)
	Spain	- 0.05	(0.01)	†	1.01	(0.01)	†	9.9	(0.3)	†	36.2	(0.4)	†	41.7	(0.5)	†	12.3	(0.3)	†
	Sweden	0.10	(0.02)		1.02	(0.01)		4.9	(0.4)		35.2	(0.9)		43.2	(0.7)		16.8	(0.7)
	Switzerland	- 0.16	(0.02)	†	0.96	(0.01)	†	13.3	(0.6)	†	46.2	(1.0)	†	31.7	(0.8)	†	8.8	(0.5)	†
	Turkey	0.34	(0.02)		1.10	(0.01)		10.1	(0.4)		29.9	(0.6)		36.9	(0.6)		23.2	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	0.30	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		4.4	(0.2)		37.8	(0.6)		42.6	(0.6)		15.1	(0.5)
	United States*	0.39	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		3.2	(0.3)		29.8	(0.8)		44.8	(0.9)		22.1	(0.9)
	OECD average	- 0.01	(0.00)		0.96	(0.00)		9.8	(0.1)		42.0	(0.1)		36.4	(0.1)		11.8	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	0.63	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		5.3	(0.3)		20.2	(0.6)		50.5	(0.7)		24.0	(0.7)
	Argentina	- 0.38	(0.01)	†	0.94	(0.01)	†	20.4	(0.6)	†	55.0	(0.8)	†	17.8	(0.6)	†	6.9	(0.5)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.29	(0.02)	†	1.04	(0.01)	†	9.3	(0.6)	†	32.5	(0.8)	†	38.6	(1.0)	†	19.6	(0.7)	†
	Belarus	- 0.30	(0.01)		0.88	(0.01)		11.4	(0.4)		59.0	(0.7)		24.0	(0.6)		5.6	(0.3)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.26	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		9.5	(0.5)		35.1	(0.7)		38.0	(0.8)		17.5	(0.5)
	Brazil	0.09	(0.02)	†	1.03	(0.01)	†	14.2	(0.5)	†	30.2	(0.7)	†	43.6	(0.7)	†	12.1	(0.5)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	0.27	(0.01)	†	0.90	(0.01)	†	6.0	(0.3)	†	40.2	(0.7)	†	40.6	(0.6)	†	13.2	(0.5)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.18	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		9.0	(0.3)		52.2	(0.8)		27.7	(0.7)		11.1	(0.5)
	Bulgaria	- 0.03	(0.02)	†	1.02	(0.01)	†	16.5	(0.6)	†	41.0	(1.0)	†	29.8	(0.8)	†	12.7	(0.5)	†
	Costa Rica	0.05	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		13.0	(0.5)		38.8	(0.7)		35.5	(0.6)		12.6	(0.5)
	Croatia	- 0.31	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		21.4	(0.6)		49.8	(0.7)		20.8	(0.5)		8.0	(0.4)
	Cyprus	0.00	(0.02)	†	0.97	(0.01)	†	15.5	(0.6)		45.1	(0.8)		27.8	(0.7)		11.5	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	0.15	(0.03)	‡	1.04	(0.02)	‡	16.8	(1.0)	‡	25.8	(1.2)	‡	42.8	(1.6)	‡	14.6	(0.9)	‡
	Georgia	- 0.12	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		18.6	(0.7)		36.9	(0.7)		31.9	(0.8)		12.6	(0.5)
	Hong Kong (China)*	0.42	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		4.5	(0.3)		32.9	(0.8)		43.0	(0.7)		19.6	(0.6)
	Indonesia	0.11	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		10.2	(0.7)		37.6	(0.9)		43.2	(0.9)		9.1	(0.5)
	Jordan	0.37	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		18.4	(0.9)		27.0	(0.8)		36.3	(0.8)		18.3	(0.6)
	Kazakhstan	- 0.01	(0.01)		1.05	(0.01)		14.2	(0.4)		33.3	(0.6)		42.1	(0.5)		10.4	(0.3)
	Kosovo	0.29	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		9.3	(0.6)		31.9	(0.7)		43.4	(0.8)		15.5	(0.5)
	Lebanon	0.10	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		19.1	(1.0)		31.8	(0.9)		33.1	(1.1)		16.0	(0.8)
	Macao (China)	0.16	(0.01)		0.94	(0.01)		4.5	(0.4)		43.1	(0.9)		39.3	(0.8)		13.1	(0.5)
	Malaysia	0.39	(0.02)		0.85	(0.01)		6.0	(0.4)		35.0	(0.7)		48.0	(0.7)		11.0	(0.5)
	Malta	0.36	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		6.6	(0.4)		28.8	(0.9)		44.9	(0.9)		19.7	(0.6)
	Moldova	0.11	(0.01)		0.80	(0.01)		4.9	(0.3)		38.3	(0.8)		48.8	(0.7)		8.0	(0.5)
	Montenegro	0.26	(0.01)		1.02	(0.01)		9.9	(0.4)		33.6	(0.6)		37.2	(0.8)		19.4	(0.5)
	Morocco	0.23	(0.02)	‡	0.95	(0.01)	‡	15.1	(0.9)	‡	27.0	(0.9)	‡	47.0	(1.0)	‡	10.9	(0.6)	‡
	North Macedonia	0.24	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		7.5	(0.4)		36.3	(0.7)		42.7	(0.7)		13.4	(0.5)
	Panama	0.03	(0.03)	‡	1.04	(0.02)	‡	12.8	(0.9)	‡	40.9	(1.1)	‡	32.8	(1.2)	‡	13.5	(0.9)	‡
	Peru	0.25	(0.02)	‡	0.84	(0.01)	‡	5.1	(0.5)	‡	35.4	(1.0)	‡	50.7	(1.0)	‡	8.8	(0.6)	‡
	Philippines	0.24	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		5.7	(0.4)		34.7	(0.8)		45.8	(0.7)		13.8	(0.6)
	Qatar	0.20	(0.01)		1.04	(0.01)		9.9	(0.3)		37.1	(0.4)		35.4	(0.4)		17.5	(0.4)
	Romania	0.13	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		8.4	(0.6)		31.8	(0.7)		47.8	(0.8)		12.0	(0.6)
	Russia	- 0.09	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		11.7	(0.5)		41.7	(0.9)		37.7	(0.6)		8.8	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	0.23	(0.02)		1.07	(0.01)		15.2	(0.8)		33.0	(0.8)		32.9	(0.8)		18.9	(0.8)
	Serbia	- 0.01	(0.02)	†	1.04	(0.01)	†	14.5	(0.5)		43.9	(0.8)		27.1	(0.8)		14.5	(0.5)
	Singapore	0.61	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		2.0	(0.2)		28.9	(0.6)		46.5	(0.7)		22.6	(0.6)
	Chinese Taipei	0.35	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		5.9	(0.3)		34.9	(0.8)		41.2	(0.7)		18.1	(0.7)
	Thailand	0.19	(0.02)		0.86	(0.01)		4.5	(0.4)		31.5	(0.6)		51.8	(0.7)		12.1	(0.5)
	Ukraine	- 0.22	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		12.7	(0.6)		48.7	(0.7)		29.2	(0.7)		9.4	(0.5)
	United Arab Emirates	0.24	(0.01)		1.03	(0.01)		10.1	(0.3)		36.7	(0.6)		35.5	(0.4)		17.7	(0.4)
	Uruguay	- 0.22	(0.02)	†	1.05	(0.01)	†	15.7	(0.7)	†	40.6	(1.0)	†	33.4	(0.9)	†	10.4	(0.5)	†
	Viet Nam	- 0.30	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		15.5	(0.7)		54.4	(0.9)		24.7	(1.0)		5.4	(0.4)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		It seems that students are competing with each other												Students seem to share the feeling that competing with each other is important
		Not at all true			Slightly true			Very true			Extremely true			Not at all true			Slightly true			Very true			Extremely true
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	5.2	(0.2)		30.6	(0.5)		44.2	(0.5)		20.0	(0.5)		8.8	(0.3)		35.6	(0.6)		40.8	(0.5)		14.8	(0.4)
	Austria	11.6	(0.5)		35.9	(0.8)		41.3	(0.8)		11.2	(0.5)		13.6	(0.5)		40.7	(0.8)		37.0	(0.7)		8.7	(0.4)
	Belgium	19.5	(0.5)		39.9	(0.7)		33.4	(0.7)		7.2	(0.3)		25.9	(0.6)		38.8	(0.7)		29.2	(0.6)		6.0	(0.4)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	10.9	(0.5)	†	41.5	(0.9)	†	32.8	(0.7)	†	14.8	(0.6)	†	14.6	(0.7)	†	42.5	(0.8)	†	30.5	(0.7)	†	12.4	(0.6)	†
	Colombia	9.4	(0.6)	†	30.6	(0.7)	†	49.0	(1.0)	†	11.0	(0.6)	†	10.7	(0.6)	†	31.9	(0.8)	†	47.3	(0.9)	†	10.0	(0.5)	†
	Czech Republic	21.2	(0.6)		51.2	(0.8)		21.6	(0.6)		6.0	(0.4)		27.6	(0.7)		49.0	(0.7)		19.1	(0.5)		4.3	(0.4)
	Denmark	12.2	(0.4)		45.2	(0.7)		34.3	(0.8)		8.4	(0.4)		24.6	(0.7)		45.8	(0.8)		24.2	(0.7)		5.4	(0.3)
	Estonia	14.4	(0.5)		52.1	(0.8)		26.6	(0.8)		6.8	(0.4)		18.7	(0.6)		51.2	(0.8)		24.7	(0.6)		5.5	(0.4)
	Finland	6.2	(0.4)		35.2	(0.8)		47.9	(0.8)		10.6	(0.5)		9.3	(0.4)		42.8	(0.8)		41.6	(0.8)		6.3	(0.3)
	France	18.6	(0.6)		40.4	(0.8)		27.2	(0.7)		13.8	(0.6)		25.1	(0.7)		38.6	(0.7)		25.0	(0.6)		11.4	(0.4)
	Germany	21.5	(0.9)	‡	45.2	(1.1)	‡	27.4	(0.9)	‡	5.9	(0.5)	‡	24.0	(0.9)	‡	44.1	(1.1)	‡	26.2	(0.8)	‡	5.7	(0.5)	‡
	Greece	9.0	(0.4)		40.3	(0.7)		35.4	(0.6)		15.3	(0.6)		15.1	(0.5)		44.5	(0.7)		31.2	(0.6)		9.2	(0.3)
	Hungary	13.5	(0.6)		47.1	(0.7)		30.4	(0.8)		9.0	(0.5)		19.0	(0.6)		46.2	(0.8)		26.5	(0.7)		8.3	(0.4)
	Iceland	10.0	(0.6)		37.0	(0.8)		40.9	(0.8)		12.1	(0.7)		12.3	(0.6)		40.5	(0.9)		38.0	(0.8)		9.3	(0.5)
	Ireland	8.0	(0.5)		34.8	(0.8)		40.0	(0.9)		17.1	(0.6)		12.1	(0.5)		37.5	(0.8)		37.5	(0.8)		12.9	(0.6)
	Israel	13.5	(0.6)		37.6	(0.7)		33.5	(0.6)		15.4	(0.6)		20.5	(0.8)		37.9	(0.7)		29.9	(0.7)		11.7	(0.6)
	Italy	15.7	(0.5)		46.5	(0.7)		29.0	(0.7)		8.8	(0.5)		18.7	(0.6)		43.5	(0.8)		29.6	(0.8)		8.2	(0.5)
	Japan	16.7	(0.7)		49.1	(0.8)		26.0	(0.8)		8.2	(0.5)		19.0	(0.7)		49.0	(0.7)		24.9	(0.7)		7.1	(0.5)
	Korea	7.0	(0.4)		20.3	(0.6)		40.7	(0.7)		32.0	(0.9)		10.8	(0.5)		23.8	(0.5)		40.6	(0.7)		24.8	(0.8)
	Latvia	8.2	(0.4)		45.6	(0.7)		35.7	(0.7)		10.6	(0.5)		12.5	(0.5)		46.7	(0.8)		32.0	(0.8)		8.8	(0.5)
	Lithuania	8.2	(0.4)		40.3	(0.6)		36.7	(0.7)		14.8	(0.6)		11.3	(0.5)		39.7	(0.7)		35.0	(0.6)		14.0	(0.5)
	Luxembourg	13.5	(0.6)		41.7	(0.7)		35.3	(0.7)		9.6	(0.5)		18.0	(0.6)		41.9	(0.7)		31.7	(0.7)		8.4	(0.4)
	Mexico	9.8	(0.5)	†	42.0	(0.9)	†	39.7	(0.9)	†	8.5	(0.5)	†	11.7	(0.6)	†	41.0	(0.7)	†	38.5	(0.8)	†	8.8	(0.4)	†
	Netherlands*	16.4	(0.7)		49.9	(0.9)		28.3	(0.7)		5.4	(0.4)		25.8	(0.8)		48.4	(1.0)		22.2	(0.8)		3.5	(0.4)
	New Zealand	4.5	(0.3)		31.1	(0.7)		45.8	(0.8)		18.6	(0.6)		8.3	(0.4)		36.2	(0.7)		42.1	(0.7)		13.3	(0.5)
	Norway	4.3	(0.3)		26.4	(0.6)		51.2	(0.8)		18.1	(0.6)		7.0	(0.4)		35.9	(0.8)		45.3	(0.8)		11.8	(0.5)
	Poland	7.3	(0.4)		31.0	(0.7)		48.3	(0.9)		13.5	(0.5)		8.3	(0.5)		35.0	(0.7)		47.3	(0.8)		9.4	(0.4)
	Portugal*	7.2	(0.5)		35.8	(0.7)		40.9	(0.8)		16.1	(0.5)		9.5	(0.4)		38.2	(0.7)		40.5	(0.8)		11.8	(0.4)
	Slovak Republic	9.7	(0.5)		45.8	(0.9)		34.2	(0.7)		10.2	(0.5)		13.5	(0.5)		45.9	(0.7)		32.2	(0.8)		8.4	(0.4)
	Slovenia	11.8	(0.6)		48.0	(0.8)		29.8	(0.7)		10.4	(0.5)		14.2	(0.6)		47.1	(0.8)		29.5	(0.7)		9.2	(0.5)
	Spain	15.9	(0.4)	†	37.4	(0.4)	†	33.5	(0.4)	†	13.3	(0.3)	†	18.4	(0.4)	†	38.4	(0.4)	†	33.2	(0.4)	†	10.1	(0.3)	†
	Sweden	9.1	(0.5)		38.9	(0.8)		37.7	(0.6)		14.3	(0.7)		15.8	(0.7)		41.0	(0.7)		30.8	(0.6)		12.4	(0.7)
	Switzerland	14.3	(0.6)	†	39.4	(0.8)	†	37.4	(0.9)	†	8.9	(0.5)	†	18.2	(0.7)	†	42.0	(1.0)	†	31.8	(0.9)	†	8.0	(0.5)	†
	Turkey	8.4	(0.3)		28.1	(0.6)		40.3	(0.6)		23.2	(0.6)		10.9	(0.4)		30.1	(0.6)		39.0	(0.6)		20.0	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	4.0	(0.2)		29.7	(0.7)		46.8	(0.6)		19.5	(0.7)		9.7	(0.4)		35.9	(0.8)		40.3	(0.7)		14.1	(0.6)
	United States*	5.9	(0.4)		30.4	(0.8)		41.1	(0.9)		22.6	(0.9)		8.4	(0.5)		34.5	(0.7)		39.0	(0.9)		18.1	(0.8)
	OECD average	11.2	(0.1)		38.9	(0.1)		36.8	(0.1)		13.1	(0.1)		15.3	(0.1)		40.6	(0.1)		33.7	(0.1)		10.3	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	3.5	(0.3)		18.1	(0.6)		50.9	(0.7)		27.4	(0.8)		5.4	(0.3)		23.9	(0.6)		48.3	(0.7)		22.4	(0.7)
	Argentina	19.1	(0.6)	†	45.4	(0.8)	†	26.0	(0.7)	†	9.4	(0.5)	†	24.3	(0.7)	†	43.3	(0.7)	†	24.3	(0.6)	†	8.0	(0.5)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	6.2	(0.4)	†	35.0	(0.9)	†	40.6	(0.9)	†	18.2	(0.7)	†	8.0	(0.5)	†	33.8	(0.8)	†	40.7	(0.9)	†	17.6	(0.7)	†
	Belarus	12.9	(0.5)		52.9	(0.6)		28.0	(0.6)		6.2	(0.4)		14.3	(0.4)		54.6	(0.7)		25.8	(0.6)		5.2	(0.4)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	7.0	(0.4)		33.3	(0.6)		42.1	(0.8)		17.6	(0.7)		8.3	(0.4)		34.8	(0.7)		40.9	(0.6)		16.0	(0.6)
	Brazil	13.3	(0.5)	†	29.7	(0.5)	†	42.7	(0.6)	†	14.4	(0.5)	†	15.9	(0.5)	†	30.1	(0.6)	†	40.8	(0.6)	†	13.2	(0.5)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	4.7	(0.3)	†	32.1	(0.7)	†	42.5	(0.7)	†	20.7	(0.5)	†	9.0	(0.4)	†	36.5	(0.8)	†	39.7	(0.7)	†	14.8	(0.5)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	3.6	(0.2)		33.7	(0.8)		45.2	(0.8)		17.5	(0.7)		8.6	(0.4)		38.6	(0.7)		38.6	(0.8)		14.1	(0.6)
	Bulgaria	10.7	(0.6)	†	42.6	(0.8)	†	33.3	(0.6)	†	13.4	(0.6)	†	13.5	(0.5)	†	40.3	(0.7)	†	33.8	(0.7)	†	12.3	(0.5)	†
	Costa Rica	11.5	(0.5)		32.6	(0.8)		39.9	(0.9)		16.0	(0.5)		16.7	(0.6)		36.0	(0.7)		35.1	(0.8)		12.2	(0.4)
	Croatia	15.3	(0.5)		46.8	(0.7)		27.9	(0.6)		10.0	(0.4)		20.6	(0.6)		46.3	(0.7)		24.5	(0.6)		8.6	(0.4)
	Cyprus	9.4	(0.5)	†	40.5	(0.7)	†	35.4	(0.7)	†	14.8	(0.6)	†	11.3	(0.6)		42.0	(0.8)		35.2	(0.8)		11.6	(0.6)
	Dominican Republic	14.5	(0.9)	‡	29.2	(1.1)	‡	40.9	(1.3)	‡	15.5	(1.0)	‡	14.1	(0.9)	‡	26.8	(1.1)	‡	42.9	(1.4)	‡	16.2	(1.1)	‡
	Georgia	18.0	(0.7)		39.0	(0.9)		31.5	(0.8)		11.6	(0.6)		17.0	(0.7)		36.9	(0.8)		34.3	(0.9)		11.8	(0.5)
	Hong Kong (China)*	4.2	(0.3)		28.4	(0.7)		46.2	(0.8)		21.2	(0.6)		5.6	(0.3)		31.4	(0.8)		45.5	(0.8)		17.5	(0.6)
	Indonesia	10.2	(0.7)		32.4	(0.9)		46.0	(0.9)		11.4	(0.6)		10.0	(0.6)		34.2	(0.8)		44.9	(0.8)		10.9	(0.7)
	Jordan	6.9	(0.4)		28.0	(0.7)		41.1	(0.6)		24.0	(0.8)		8.5	(0.4)		24.1	(0.7)		44.7	(0.7)		22.7	(0.7)
	Kazakhstan	13.9	(0.4)		33.8	(0.5)		42.2	(0.5)		10.2	(0.3)		16.5	(0.4)		33.5	(0.6)		40.3	(0.6)		9.8	(0.3)
	Kosovo	7.5	(0.5)		33.4	(0.8)		43.4	(0.7)		15.7	(0.5)		7.7	(0.5)		26.8	(0.8)		47.7	(0.8)		17.9	(0.6)
	Lebanon	10.9	(0.6)		35.9	(0.9)		36.5	(0.9)		16.7	(0.8)		13.0	(0.6)		32.3	(0.9)		38.5	(0.9)		16.2	(0.8)
	Macao (China)	5.7	(0.4)		35.5	(0.8)		42.3	(0.8)		16.5	(0.5)		11.0	(0.5)		42.5	(0.8)		35.0	(0.8)		11.6	(0.5)
	Malaysia	4.2	(0.3)		24.1	(1.0)		49.9	(0.8)		21.9	(0.8)		6.4	(0.4)		28.4	(0.8)		50.3	(0.8)		14.9	(0.6)
	Malta	5.9	(0.4)		29.9	(0.8)		42.8	(0.8)		21.3	(0.7)		8.3	(0.6)		31.8	(0.9)		43.8	(0.9)		16.0	(0.6)
	Moldova	6.5	(0.4)		36.9	(0.9)		46.0	(0.9)		10.6	(0.5)		10.2	(0.5)		40.7	(0.8)		41.3	(0.8)		7.8	(0.5)
	Montenegro	8.5	(0.4)		35.9	(0.7)		37.3	(0.7)		18.3	(0.5)		7.5	(0.4)		33.9	(0.7)		40.2	(0.7)		18.5	(0.5)
	Morocco	8.2	(0.5)	‡	28.1	(0.9)	‡	47.4	(1.0)	‡	16.3	(0.8)	‡	10.6	(0.6)	‡	29.5	(0.8)	‡	45.7	(0.9)	‡	14.2	(0.8)	‡
	North Macedonia	7.6	(0.4)		33.8	(0.7)		41.2	(0.7)		17.5	(0.5)		8.4	(0.4)		33.7	(0.7)		42.6	(0.8)		15.3	(0.6)
	Panama	12.8	(1.0)	‡	36.7	(1.4)	‡	35.2	(1.4)	‡	15.3	(1.0)	‡	15.5	(1.0)	‡	34.2	(1.2)	‡	34.9	(1.4)	‡	15.3	(1.0)	‡
	Peru	4.5	(0.5)	‡	32.5	(1.0)	‡	50.4	(1.0)	‡	12.5	(0.7)	‡	5.9	(0.4)	‡	35.1	(1.3)	‡	47.2	(1.2)	‡	11.8	(0.8)	‡
	Philippines	5.9	(0.4)		37.4	(0.6)		42.6	(0.6)		14.0	(0.5)		6.1	(0.3)		36.0	(0.6)		44.6	(0.7)		13.3	(0.5)
	Qatar	8.5	(0.3)		35.5	(0.4)		37.1	(0.5)		18.9	(0.3)		10.9	(0.3)		35.2	(0.5)		36.8	(0.4)		17.1	(0.4)
	Romania	9.4	(0.5)		32.9	(0.8)		43.2	(0.8)		14.5	(0.7)		13.8	(0.6)		35.3	(0.8)		40.3	(0.8)		10.6	(0.5)
	Russia	11.9	(0.5)		41.7	(0.7)		38.0	(0.7)		8.3	(0.4)		15.1	(0.6)		41.3	(0.7)		36.3	(0.7)		7.3	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	8.1	(0.4)		33.9	(0.7)		35.7	(0.7)		22.2	(0.8)		12.6	(0.5)		31.2	(0.6)		35.5	(0.6)		20.8	(0.7)
	Serbia	10.7	(0.5)		41.5	(0.8)		32.5	(0.9)		15.3	(0.5)		13.9	(0.6)		41.8	(0.8)		31.2	(0.7)		13.0	(0.5)
	Singapore	2.1	(0.2)		21.6	(0.5)		44.0	(0.7)		32.3	(0.7)		5.5	(0.3)		29.4	(0.6)		44.0	(0.7)		21.2	(0.6)
	Chinese Taipei	4.6	(0.3)		29.2	(0.8)		45.5	(0.7)		20.7	(0.7)		7.8	(0.4)		35.4	(0.7)		39.8	(0.7)		16.9	(0.6)
	Thailand	7.5	(0.4)		38.3	(0.7)		43.9	(0.7)		10.4	(0.5)		6.6	(0.4)		36.1	(0.7)		46.9	(0.7)		10.4	(0.5)
	Ukraine	13.6	(0.5)		46.3	(0.8)		30.4	(0.7)		9.7	(0.5)		21.1	(0.6)		43.8	(0.7)		27.0	(0.8)		8.1	(0.4)
	United Arab Emirates	8.0	(0.3)		34.0	(0.4)		38.3	(0.6)		19.8	(0.4)		10.3	(0.3)		33.9	(0.4)		37.7	(0.5)		18.1	(0.4)
	Uruguay	21.8	(0.8)	†	38.2	(0.9)	†	29.6	(0.9)	†	10.5	(0.6)	†	22.4	(0.8)	†	37.2	(0.9)	†	30.2	(1.0)	†	10.2	(0.5)	†
	Viet Nam	14.0	(0.7)		41.8	(1.0)		36.2	(1.0)		8.0	(0.5)		24.1	(0.8)		44.1	(0.8)		25.7	(0.7)		6.1	(0.4)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		Students feel that they are being compared with others
		Not at all true			Slightly true			Very true			Extremely true
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	6.0	(0.3)		25.7	(0.4)		39.3	(0.5)		29.0	(0.5)
	Austria	11.5	(0.5)		35.0	(0.7)		37.9	(0.8)		15.6	(0.5)
	Belgium	12.7	(0.4)		31.2	(0.6)		38.9	(0.7)		17.3	(0.5)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	13.9	(0.5)	†	39.8	(0.9)	†	29.0	(0.7)	†	17.3	(0.7)	†
	Colombia	17.1	(0.7)	†	30.9	(0.8)	†	39.0	(0.8)	†	13.0	(0.7)	†
	Czech Republic	13.3	(0.4)		43.5	(0.6)		30.1	(0.7)		13.2	(0.5)
	Denmark	13.6	(0.5)		39.1	(0.7)		33.3	(0.6)		14.0	(0.6)
	Estonia	10.2	(0.5)		41.5	(0.7)		32.8	(0.7)		15.5	(0.6)
	Finland	9.6	(0.4)		37.9	(0.9)		38.6	(0.7)		13.9	(0.5)
	France	13.2	(0.5)		32.2	(0.6)		32.5	(0.6)		22.1	(0.6)
	Germany	12.8	(0.8)	‡	34.5	(0.9)	‡	37.0	(0.8)	‡	15.7	(0.9)	‡
	Greece	8.9	(0.4)		31.3	(0.6)		34.7	(0.7)		25.1	(0.7)
	Hungary	15.2	(0.6)		39.4	(0.8)		30.5	(0.7)		14.8	(0.7)
	Iceland	10.3	(0.6)		32.4	(0.9)		42.8	(0.9)		14.5	(0.7)
	Ireland	8.6	(0.4)		26.3	(0.8)		35.9	(0.9)		29.2	(0.8)
	Israel	16.7	(0.7)		34.5	(0.7)		28.1	(0.7)		20.6	(0.7)
	Italy	13.2	(0.5)		39.2	(0.7)		32.4	(0.7)		15.2	(0.6)
	Japan	19.2	(0.6)		44.9	(0.8)		24.3	(0.7)		11.6	(0.5)
	Korea	12.3	(0.5)		24.0	(0.6)		38.3	(0.6)		25.5	(0.8)
	Latvia	8.6	(0.4)		37.8	(0.8)		35.3	(0.8)		18.3	(0.6)
	Lithuania	9.7	(0.4)		34.8	(0.6)		34.1	(0.7)		21.4	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	11.4	(0.5)		34.7	(0.6)		36.8	(0.6)		17.2	(0.5)
	Mexico	14.6	(0.6)	†	37.4	(0.9)	†	37.1	(0.9)	†	10.9	(0.6)	†
	Netherlands*	13.9	(0.6)		42.3	(0.9)		33.2	(0.8)		10.6	(0.6)
	New Zealand	6.1	(0.4)		26.3	(0.7)		38.3	(0.7)		29.3	(0.7)
	Norway	6.8	(0.3)		27.2	(0.7)		44.7	(0.6)		21.3	(0.6)
	Poland	7.6	(0.5)		24.0	(0.6)		44.8	(0.8)		23.5	(0.7)
	Portugal*	8.5	(0.4)		32.0	(0.8)		37.4	(0.8)		22.1	(0.6)
	Slovak Republic	10.8	(0.5)		39.5	(0.8)		32.0	(0.8)		17.7	(0.7)
	Slovenia	11.5	(0.5)		43.5	(0.7)		31.5	(0.7)		13.5	(0.5)
	Spain	14.3	(0.3)	†	31.4	(0.5)	†	33.9	(0.5)	†	20.4	(0.3)	†
	Sweden	8.2	(0.5)		32.1	(0.7)		39.2	(0.8)		20.4	(0.8)
	Switzerland	13.0	(0.6)	†	35.3	(1.0)	†	37.4	(0.9)	†	14.3	(0.6)	†
	Turkey	10.0	(0.5)		25.5	(0.7)		37.7	(0.7)		26.8	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	5.9	(0.3)		26.1	(0.7)		35.6	(0.7)		32.3	(0.7)
	United States*	7.0	(0.5)		24.9	(0.7)		35.6	(0.7)		32.5	(1.0)
	OECD average	11.3	(0.1)		33.8	(0.1)		35.6	(0.1)		19.3	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	8.3	(0.5)		21.5	(0.6)		45.0	(0.7)		25.2	(0.7)
	Argentina	19.9	(0.7)	†	40.4	(0.8)	†	24.6	(0.7)	†	15.1	(0.6)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	7.5	(0.5)	†	30.9	(0.8)	†	40.2	(0.9)	†	21.4	(0.6)	†
	Belarus	12.0	(0.4)		46.5	(0.7)		30.9	(0.8)		10.6	(0.4)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	8.3	(0.4)		30.6	(0.6)		38.6	(0.6)		22.5	(0.6)
	Brazil	15.2	(0.6)	†	25.2	(0.6)	†	40.7	(0.6)	†	18.9	(0.5)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	5.2	(0.3)	†	24.4	(0.7)	†	35.7	(0.6)	†	34.6	(0.6)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	12.6	(0.4)		36.8	(0.6)		31.4	(0.6)		19.2	(0.5)
	Bulgaria	12.0	(0.6)	†	34.4	(0.7)	†	32.2	(0.7)	†	21.5	(0.8)	†
	Costa Rica	19.9	(0.7)		33.0	(0.6)		31.5	(0.6)		15.5	(0.5)
	Croatia	13.8	(0.5)		38.2	(0.7)		29.7	(0.6)		18.3	(0.5)
	Cyprus	9.6	(0.5)	†	32.9	(0.9)	†	32.6	(0.9)	†	24.9	(0.8)	†
	Dominican Republic	19.1	(0.9)	‡	24.7	(1.2)	‡	36.6	(1.3)	‡	19.6	(1.0)	‡
	Georgia	19.1	(0.6)		29.5	(0.7)		32.8	(0.7)		18.6	(0.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	6.1	(0.4)		27.8	(0.7)		42.6	(0.7)		23.5	(0.7)
	Indonesia	14.4	(0.7)		35.1	(0.6)		39.0	(0.7)		11.6	(0.6)
	Jordan	11.6	(0.5)		24.9	(0.6)		35.3	(0.7)		28.2	(0.7)
	Kazakhstan	16.3	(0.4)		31.2	(0.5)		40.4	(0.6)		12.1	(0.4)
	Kosovo	7.9	(0.5)		28.6	(0.8)		43.9	(0.8)		19.6	(0.6)
	Lebanon	20.4	(0.8)		27.4	(0.8)		28.2	(0.8)		24.0	(0.9)
	Macao (China)	9.3	(0.5)		33.9	(0.8)		34.6	(0.8)		22.2	(0.7)
	Malaysia	7.1	(0.3)		27.8	(0.7)		44.4	(0.7)		20.7	(0.6)
	Malta	5.6	(0.5)		23.0	(0.8)		38.9	(0.9)		32.5	(0.8)
	Moldova	10.4	(0.6)		34.5	(0.7)		41.1	(0.8)		14.0	(0.6)
	Montenegro	9.3	(0.4)		31.7	(0.7)		36.4	(0.6)		22.6	(0.6)
	Morocco	9.9	(0.6)	‡	24.5	(0.8)	‡	45.6	(0.9)	‡	20.0	(0.8)	‡
	North Macedonia	12.0	(0.5)		29.2	(0.6)		38.3	(0.8)		20.4	(0.6)
	Panama	14.2	(0.8)	‡	30.1	(1.2)	‡	33.2	(1.2)	‡	22.6	(1.0)	‡
	Peru	9.4	(0.6)	‡	38.8	(1.0)	‡	40.4	(1.0)	‡	11.4	(0.6)	‡
	Philippines	7.0	(0.4)		33.9	(0.7)		41.4	(0.7)		17.7	(0.8)
	Qatar	11.4	(0.3)		31.0	(0.4)		32.5	(0.4)		25.1	(0.4)
	Romania	13.5	(0.7)		28.7	(0.7)		38.2	(0.8)		19.6	(0.8)
	Russia	11.8	(0.4)		35.0	(0.6)		39.3	(0.6)		13.8	(0.5)
	Saudi Arabia	16.0	(0.6)		29.0	(0.6)		31.2	(0.7)		23.8	(0.6)
	Serbia	13.4	(0.6)		36.7	(0.7)		30.2	(0.6)		19.8	(0.5)
	Singapore	2.9	(0.2)		18.5	(0.5)		37.7	(0.5)		40.9	(0.6)
	Chinese Taipei	6.8	(0.3)		32.9	(0.7)		41.7	(0.7)		18.6	(0.6)
	Thailand	9.8	(0.5)		36.5	(0.7)		41.6	(0.8)		12.0	(0.5)
	Ukraine	15.2	(0.5)		41.4	(0.7)		29.5	(0.6)		13.9	(0.5)
	United Arab Emirates	12.1	(0.4)		32.3	(0.5)		32.4	(0.5)		23.1	(0.6)
	Uruguay	20.5	(0.9)	†	33.0	(1.0)	†	31.2	(1.0)	†	15.3	(0.7)	†
	Viet Nam	13.2	(0.6)		33.6	(0.8)		34.8	(0.7)		18.3	(0.8)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. The index of student competition is based on the following statements: "Students seem to value competition"; "It seems that students are competing with each other"; and "Students seem to share the feeling that competing with each other is important".

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.9.1. Students' sense of belonging at school

Based on students’ reports

		Index of sense of belonging						I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school
		Average			Variability			Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	- 0.19	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		24.5	(0.5)		48.4	(0.5)		20.2	(0.4)		6.8	(0.3)
	Austria	0.40	(0.02)		1.22	(0.01)		57.3	(0.8)		27.3	(0.7)		9.4	(0.4)		6.0	(0.4)
	Belgium	0.06	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		41.9	(0.7)		43.3	(0.6)		10.5	(0.4)		4.3	(0.2)
	Canada	- 0.18	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		26.8	(0.5)		46.7	(0.5)		19.4	(0.4)		7.0	(0.3)
	Chile	- 0.10	(0.01)		1.00	(0.01)		33.1	(0.6)		44.0	(0.7)		15.9	(0.5)		7.0	(0.4)
	Colombia	- 0.18	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		26.6	(0.8)		50.3	(0.7)		16.7	(0.5)		6.4	(0.4)
	Czech Republic	- 0.28	(0.01)		0.78	(0.01)		20.3	(0.7)		55.7	(0.8)		17.4	(0.6)		6.7	(0.4)
	Denmark	0.21	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		51.1	(0.8)		37.5	(0.8)		8.3	(0.4)		3.0	(0.3)
	Estonia	- 0.13	(0.01)		0.85	(0.01)		33.7	(0.8)		50.7	(0.8)		11.7	(0.5)		3.8	(0.3)
	Finland	0.01	(0.01)		1.00	(0.01)		42.6	(0.6)		42.2	(0.6)		11.2	(0.5)		4.0	(0.3)
	France	- 0.07	(0.01)		0.78	(0.01)		22.2	(0.6)		47.3	(0.7)		23.3	(0.6)		7.2	(0.4)
	Germany	0.28	(0.02)	†	1.01	(0.01)	†	54.0	(0.9)	†	30.1	(0.8)	†	11.7	(0.5)	†	4.2	(0.4)	†
	Greece	0.02	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		33.7	(0.7)		46.4	(0.7)		13.1	(0.5)		6.8	(0.4)
	Hungary	0.07	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		37.4	(0.7)		43.0	(0.7)		14.6	(0.4)		5.0	(0.3)
	Iceland	0.10	(0.02)		1.25	(0.02)		44.2	(0.8)		35.9	(1.0)		12.0	(0.6)		7.9	(0.5)
	Ireland	- 0.15	(0.01)		0.85	(0.01)		26.6	(0.6)		51.4	(0.7)		16.7	(0.6)		5.3	(0.3)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	0.04	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		43.4	(0.8)		42.9	(0.7)		9.0	(0.4)		4.7	(0.4)
	Japan	0.02	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		42.0	(0.8)		45.5	(0.8)		9.2	(0.4)		3.3	(0.3)
	Korea	0.28	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		49.1	(0.7)		40.3	(0.7)		9.1	(0.4)		1.5	(0.2)
	Latvia	- 0.26	(0.01)		0.86	(0.02)		29.6	(0.7)		51.4	(0.8)		12.7	(0.5)		6.3	(0.4)
	Lithuania	- 0.13	(0.01)		1.02	(0.01)		48.5	(0.6)		25.2	(0.5)		14.1	(0.5)		12.2	(0.5)
	Luxembourg	0.09	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		47.7	(0.6)		33.8	(0.7)		11.9	(0.5)		6.6	(0.4)
	Mexico	- 0.02	(0.02)	†	1.03	(0.01)	†	34.4	(0.7)	†	44.9	(0.7)	†	14.3	(0.6)	†	6.4	(0.4)	†
	Netherlands*	0.20	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		50.6	(0.8)		40.2	(0.7)		6.7	(0.4)		2.6	(0.3)
	New Zealand	- 0.21	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		24.8	(0.6)		49.1	(0.7)		19.9	(0.6)		6.2	(0.3)
	Norway	0.36	(0.02)		1.20	(0.01)		56.6	(0.8)		30.9	(0.7)		8.4	(0.4)		4.1	(0.3)
	Poland	- 0.24	(0.01)		0.87	(0.02)		28.0	(0.6)		50.5	(0.7)		14.1	(0.5)		7.4	(0.4)
	Portugal*	0.12	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		42.6	(0.8)		44.2	(0.8)		10.0	(0.4)		3.2	(0.3)
	Slovak Republic	- 0.28	(0.01)		0.87	(0.02)		25.6	(0.6)		46.2	(0.8)		17.6	(0.7)		10.5	(0.5)
	Slovenia	- 0.11	(0.01)		0.84	(0.01)		29.4	(0.8)		50.1	(0.9)		14.9	(0.6)		5.7	(0.3)
	Spain	0.46	(0.01)		1.17	(0.01)		58.5	(0.5)		30.0	(0.4)		7.0	(0.2)		4.5	(0.2)
	Sweden	0.03	(0.02)		1.12	(0.02)		39.5	(0.7)		40.7	(0.6)		12.3	(0.4)		7.5	(0.4)
	Switzerland	0.30	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		52.1	(0.8)		31.9	(0.8)		11.1	(0.4)		4.9	(0.3)
	Turkey	- 0.14	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		35.5	(0.7)		40.9	(0.7)		14.4	(0.5)		9.2	(0.4)
	United Kingdom	- 0.19	(0.01)		0.90	(0.01)		25.6	(0.7)		49.0	(0.7)		18.9	(0.5)		6.4	(0.4)
	United States*	- 0.24	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		22.0	(0.6)		47.0	(0.8)		23.1	(0.8)		7.9	(0.4)
	OECD average	0.00	(0.00)		0.97	(0.00)		37.8	(0.1)		42.6	(0.1)		13.6	(0.1)		5.9	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	0.40	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		60.2	(0.9)		28.6	(0.8)		6.4	(0.4)		4.8	(0.4)
	Argentina	- 0.11	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		29.3	(0.7)		43.2	(0.7)		18.2	(0.7)		9.3	(0.4)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	- 0.21	(0.02)	†	1.03	(0.02)	†	32.4	(0.8)	†	36.1	(0.8)	†	19.2	(0.6)	†	12.2	(0.5)	†
	Belarus	- 0.10	(0.02)		0.86	(0.02)		44.4	(0.8)		44.1	(0.8)		7.2	(0.4)		4.3	(0.3)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	- 0.03	(0.01)		0.99	(0.01)		32.5	(0.7)		47.0	(0.7)		12.3	(0.4)		8.2	(0.4)
	Brazil	- 0.19	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		25.4	(0.7)		46.7	(0.8)		19.0	(0.5)		8.8	(0.4)
	Brunei Darussalam	- 0.44	(0.01)		0.67	(0.01)		15.9	(0.4)		47.1	(0.6)		29.8	(0.6)		7.1	(0.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	- 0.19	(0.02)		0.87	(0.02)		23.4	(0.7)		58.1	(0.8)		14.4	(0.5)		4.1	(0.3)
	Bulgaria	- 0.30	(0.02)		0.92	(0.02)		33.5	(0.8)		34.2	(0.7)		18.6	(0.6)		13.7	(0.7)
	Costa Rica	0.05	(0.02)		1.10	(0.01)		38.2	(0.8)		41.2	(0.7)		14.2	(0.5)		6.4	(0.4)
	Croatia	0.06	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		39.1	(0.7)		45.8	(0.6)		10.1	(0.4)		5.1	(0.3)
	Cyprus	- 0.07	(0.01)		0.99	(0.02)		30.6	(0.7)		44.9	(0.8)		15.0	(0.5)		9.5	(0.4)
	Dominican Republic	- 0.26	(0.02)	†	1.02	(0.03)	†	25.5	(0.9)	†	39.4	(1.1)	†	22.0	(0.9)	†	13.1	(0.8)	†
	Georgia	- 0.10	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		43.1	(0.8)		38.6	(0.8)		9.1	(0.5)		9.2	(0.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	- 0.39	(0.01)		0.70	(0.01)		14.1	(0.6)		57.0	(0.8)		23.0	(0.7)		5.9	(0.3)
	Indonesia	- 0.14	(0.01)		0.79	(0.01)		24.8	(0.7)		55.4	(0.8)		14.5	(0.6)		5.2	(0.4)
	Jordan	- 0.17	(0.02)		0.93	(0.02)		25.7	(0.7)		40.3	(0.8)		19.5	(0.5)		14.5	(0.7)
	Kazakhstan	- 0.21	(0.01)		0.92	(0.01)		29.8	(0.5)		49.0	(0.5)		13.3	(0.4)		7.9	(0.3)
	Kosovo	0.00	(0.02)		0.83	(0.01)		42.8	(0.9)		40.4	(0.8)		10.3	(0.4)		6.5	(0.5)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	- 0.40	(0.01)		0.68	(0.01)		19.6	(0.7)		57.0	(0.9)		18.7	(0.6)		4.7	(0.3)
	Malaysia	- 0.19	(0.01)		0.75	(0.01)		26.8	(0.9)		52.5	(0.8)		16.6	(0.7)		4.1	(0.3)
	Malta	- 0.24	(0.01)		0.86	(0.02)		24.3	(0.8)		44.1	(0.9)		22.7	(0.8)		8.9	(0.5)
	Moldova	- 0.06	(0.02)		0.90	(0.02)		33.8	(0.7)		51.3	(0.7)		10.9	(0.5)		4.0	(0.3)
	Montenegro	- 0.10	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		38.3	(0.7)		41.4	(0.7)		11.4	(0.4)		8.8	(0.3)
	Morocco	- 0.31	(0.02)	†	0.81	(0.02)	†	22.9	(0.8)	†	48.0	(0.8)	†	17.5	(0.6)	†	11.6	(0.6)	†
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	- 0.21	(0.02)	†	0.95	(0.02)	†	30.1	(0.8)	†	39.8	(0.9)	†	18.6	(0.7)	†	11.4	(0.6)	†
	Peru	- 0.12	(0.01)	†	0.83	(0.01)	†	36.8	(0.9)	†	46.5	(0.9)	†	10.6	(0.5)	†	6.1	(0.4)	†
	Philippines	- 0.26	(0.01)		0.83	(0.02)		24.7	(0.8)		48.5	(0.7)		20.6	(0.6)		6.3	(0.4)
	Qatar	- 0.20	(0.01)		0.92	(0.01)		29.3	(0.4)		40.9	(0.5)		19.6	(0.4)		10.2	(0.3)
	Romania	- 0.03	(0.02)		0.94	(0.02)		32.4	(0.8)		50.8	(0.9)		12.3	(0.5)		4.6	(0.5)
	Russia	- 0.39	(0.02)		0.83	(0.02)		21.9	(0.8)		52.3	(0.6)		17.7	(0.5)		8.1	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	0.03	(0.02)		1.01	(0.02)		36.7	(1.0)		40.1	(0.8)		12.6	(0.6)		10.6	(0.6)
	Serbia	0.03	(0.02)		1.07	(0.01)		35.1	(0.8)		43.4	(0.7)		13.0	(0.5)		8.5	(0.4)
	Singapore	- 0.17	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		25.7	(0.5)		51.2	(0.5)		17.4	(0.5)		5.7	(0.3)
	Chinese Taipei	- 0.05	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		37.3	(0.6)		48.8	(0.7)		10.7	(0.4)		3.2	(0.2)
	Thailand	- 0.40	(0.02)		0.65	(0.02)		20.9	(0.8)		51.6	(0.8)		23.1	(0.8)		4.4	(0.3)
	Ukraine	- 0.24	(0.01)		0.81	(0.02)		26.0	(0.7)		54.6	(0.8)		12.6	(0.5)		6.8	(0.4)
	United Arab Emirates	- 0.10	(0.01)		0.97	(0.01)		33.9	(0.5)		39.1	(0.5)		18.4	(0.4)		8.6	(0.3)
	Uruguay	- 0.03	(0.03)		1.05	(0.02)		29.2	(0.9)		48.5	(0.8)		14.2	(0.6)		8.2	(0.5)
	Viet Nam	- 0.34	(0.02)		0.60	(0.02)		15.0	(1.0)		57.3	(0.9)		22.7	(0.7)		4.9	(0.3)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		I make friends easily at school												I feel like I belong at school
		Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree			Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	5.0	(0.2)		19.3	(0.4)		57.1	(0.5)		18.5	(0.4)		8.0	(0.3)		23.8	(0.4)		53.5	(0.5)		14.8	(0.4)
	Austria	5.9	(0.4)		17.1	(0.5)		44.8	(0.7)		32.2	(0.7)		8.1	(0.4)		18.0	(0.6)		43.5	(0.7)		30.4	(0.7)
	Belgium	3.8	(0.2)		17.0	(0.5)		58.1	(0.6)		21.1	(0.5)		11.5	(0.5)		30.2	(0.6)		47.1	(0.6)		11.1	(0.4)
	Canada	5.1	(0.2)		20.5	(0.3)		53.0	(0.4)		21.5	(0.4)		8.7	(0.3)		23.9	(0.4)		52.8	(0.4)		14.7	(0.3)
	Chile	9.3	(0.4)		22.5	(0.6)		46.0	(0.7)		22.1	(0.6)		7.8	(0.4)		17.6	(0.5)		50.4	(0.8)		24.2	(0.6)
	Colombia	6.3	(0.4)		19.4	(0.6)		52.2	(0.8)		22.1	(0.6)		5.4	(0.3)		14.0	(0.5)		55.8	(0.8)		24.8	(0.7)
	Czech Republic	5.2	(0.4)		21.9	(0.7)		58.8	(0.6)		14.1	(0.5)		7.0	(0.4)		23.6	(0.7)		58.1	(0.7)		11.3	(0.5)
	Denmark	3.5	(0.3)		17.5	(0.5)		56.8	(0.7)		22.3	(0.7)		6.0	(0.3)		22.0	(0.6)		53.4	(0.9)		18.6	(0.6)
	Estonia	4.8	(0.3)		23.9	(0.7)		56.2	(0.9)		15.1	(0.7)		6.2	(0.3)		20.3	(0.7)		57.7	(0.7)		15.9	(0.6)
	Finland	5.1	(0.3)		20.2	(0.5)		56.0	(0.7)		18.7	(0.6)		5.9	(0.3)		18.7	(0.5)		56.8	(0.8)		18.6	(0.6)
	France	5.0	(0.3)		14.1	(0.5)		50.9	(0.6)		30.0	(0.6)		22.2	(0.7)		39.7	(0.7)		29.6	(0.7)		8.5	(0.3)
	Germany	6.4	(0.4)	†	21.7	(0.7)	†	49.6	(0.8)	†	22.3	(0.7)	†	7.0	(0.5)	†	18.0	(0.5)	†	47.7	(0.8)	†	27.3	(0.8)	†
	Greece	5.0	(0.3)		20.2	(0.5)		52.9	(0.7)		21.9	(0.7)		3.9	(0.3)		15.4	(0.6)		58.1	(0.6)		22.6	(0.6)
	Hungary	4.6	(0.3)		16.2	(0.5)		52.7	(0.7)		26.5	(0.7)		6.4	(0.4)		20.4	(0.7)		53.1	(0.9)		20.1	(0.7)
	Iceland	9.0	(0.6)		21.2	(0.8)		46.1	(0.9)		23.7	(0.7)		8.5	(0.4)		16.6	(0.8)		50.3	(0.9)		24.6	(0.7)
	Ireland	3.9	(0.3)		19.8	(0.5)		59.7	(0.6)		16.6	(0.5)		8.2	(0.4)		25.1	(0.6)		55.7	(0.8)		11.0	(0.4)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	5.0	(0.3)		15.8	(0.6)		53.1	(0.8)		26.1	(0.7)		8.9	(0.4)		24.9	(0.6)		51.7	(0.8)		14.5	(0.5)
	Japan	6.7	(0.3)		24.3	(0.6)		46.8	(0.8)		22.3	(0.7)		5.1	(0.3)		14.6	(0.6)		60.0	(0.8)		20.3	(0.6)
	Korea	4.0	(0.3)		18.9	(0.6)		51.9	(0.8)		25.2	(0.7)		6.6	(0.3)		15.8	(0.5)		53.8	(0.7)		23.7	(0.7)
	Latvia	5.2	(0.4)		23.4	(0.6)		57.0	(0.8)		14.4	(0.6)		4.6	(0.3)		21.1	(0.6)		60.5	(0.8)		13.8	(0.5)
	Lithuania	9.9	(0.4)		18.8	(0.5)		43.2	(0.7)		28.2	(0.7)		18.9	(0.6)		25.4	(0.6)		36.5	(0.7)		19.2	(0.5)
	Luxembourg	5.7	(0.3)		19.2	(0.6)		50.3	(0.7)		24.8	(0.5)		11.2	(0.4)		24.9	(0.6)		43.3	(0.7)		20.6	(0.5)
	Mexico	7.2	(0.4)	†	19.2	(0.6)	†	50.2	(0.8)	†	23.4	(0.7)	†	5.4	(0.4)	†	15.4	(0.4)	†	54.4	(0.7)	†	24.8	(0.6)	†
	Netherlands*	2.8	(0.3)		15.9	(0.6)		61.8	(0.8)		19.4	(0.7)		5.9	(0.5)		18.2	(0.6)		62.0	(0.9)		13.9	(0.6)
	New Zealand	4.7	(0.3)		20.9	(0.6)		56.4	(0.7)		18.0	(0.5)		8.6	(0.4)		23.4	(0.6)		54.8	(0.7)		13.1	(0.5)
	Norway	4.7	(0.3)		13.0	(0.5)		50.1	(0.8)		32.2	(0.8)		7.2	(0.4)		15.8	(0.5)		49.2	(0.7)		27.7	(0.8)
	Poland	7.0	(0.3)		23.0	(0.6)		52.7	(0.7)		17.3	(0.6)		9.1	(0.4)		31.1	(0.8)		48.1	(0.8)		11.7	(0.4)
	Portugal*	4.8	(0.3)		19.4	(0.5)		51.8	(0.6)		24.1	(0.6)		3.6	(0.3)		16.2	(0.5)		58.5	(0.8)		21.7	(0.7)
	Slovak Republic	5.6	(0.3)		22.6	(0.6)		55.5	(0.8)		16.4	(0.5)		7.1	(0.4)		23.7	(0.6)		56.4	(0.7)		12.8	(0.5)
	Slovenia	4.4	(0.3)		16.8	(0.6)		58.4	(0.8)		20.4	(0.7)		5.0	(0.4)		21.4	(0.7)		58.7	(0.7)		14.9	(0.6)
	Spain	4.5	(0.2)		14.5	(0.3)		50.6	(0.4)		30.4	(0.4)		4.2	(0.2)		9.3	(0.3)		48.7	(0.5)		37.8	(0.5)
	Sweden	5.7	(0.4)		17.3	(0.6)		53.2	(0.8)		23.9	(0.7)		9.0	(0.4)		24.1	(0.7)		48.8	(0.7)		18.1	(0.6)
	Switzerland	4.9	(0.4)		16.4	(0.7)		50.8	(0.9)		27.8	(0.7)		9.5	(0.5)		21.0	(0.9)		43.8	(1.0)		25.7	(0.8)
	Turkey	6.9	(0.3)		20.6	(0.5)		49.7	(0.7)		22.8	(0.6)		7.5	(0.4)		21.0	(0.5)		49.2	(0.6)		22.3	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	5.0	(0.3)		21.9	(0.5)		56.7	(0.7)		16.4	(0.5)		9.7	(0.5)		28.1	(0.6)		50.8	(0.7)		11.4	(0.5)
	United States*	6.2	(0.3)		21.7	(0.7)		51.5	(0.8)		20.5	(0.6)		7.9	(0.4)		24.6	(0.7)		52.3	(0.9)		15.2	(0.6)
	OECD average	5.5	(0.1)		19.3	(0.1)		52.9	(0.1)		22.3	(0.1)		7.9	(0.1)		21.3	(0.1)		51.8	(0.1)		18.9	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	5.4	(0.3)		11.2	(0.4)		49.1	(0.7)		34.3	(0.8)		5.6	(0.3)		7.8	(0.4)		40.7	(0.8)		45.9	(0.8)
	Argentina	6.7	(0.3)		20.0	(0.6)		50.6	(0.8)		22.7	(0.6)		6.5	(0.4)		17.1	(0.6)		53.6	(0.6)		22.8	(0.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	11.4	(0.6)	†	17.0	(0.5)	†	47.7	(0.7)	†	23.9	(0.7)	†	10.9	(0.5)	†	16.2	(0.6)	†	48.4	(0.9)	†	24.6	(0.7)	†
	Belarus	3.4	(0.2)		22.1	(0.6)		56.4	(0.7)		18.2	(0.6)		6.6	(0.3)		35.2	(0.8)		48.3	(0.8)		9.9	(0.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	5.5	(0.4)		12.9	(0.5)		55.5	(0.8)		26.1	(0.6)		6.1	(0.3)		13.6	(0.5)		56.9	(0.6)		23.4	(0.6)
	Brazil	7.3	(0.3)		22.8	(0.5)		46.4	(0.6)		23.5	(0.5)		5.7	(0.3)		20.4	(0.5)		51.4	(0.6)		22.5	(0.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	4.3	(0.3)		20.8	(0.6)		57.0	(0.7)		17.9	(0.5)		7.2	(0.4)		32.6	(0.6)		50.2	(0.8)		10.0	(0.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	3.0	(0.2)		17.8	(0.5)		58.6	(0.7)		20.5	(0.7)		5.7	(0.4)		29.3	(0.6)		53.0	(0.6)		12.1	(0.6)
	Bulgaria	6.6	(0.5)		19.1	(0.7)		53.2	(0.8)		21.1	(0.5)		9.7	(0.5)		25.7	(0.7)		47.7	(0.8)		16.9	(0.5)
	Costa Rica	7.2	(0.4)		18.6	(0.6)		46.2	(0.8)		28.0	(0.7)		6.2	(0.3)		14.3	(0.5)		50.0	(0.8)		29.5	(0.7)
	Croatia	3.6	(0.2)		14.4	(0.4)		59.4	(0.5)		22.6	(0.5)		4.1	(0.3)		15.9	(0.5)		60.7	(0.7)		19.3	(0.6)
	Cyprus	6.3	(0.4)		18.7	(0.6)		51.1	(0.9)		23.9	(0.7)		7.3	(0.4)		18.6	(0.5)		51.7	(0.7)		22.5	(0.6)
	Dominican Republic	10.2	(0.6)	†	16.3	(0.8)	†	43.7	(1.1)	†	29.8	(0.9)	†	9.0	(0.7)	†	14.0	(0.6)	†	47.6	(1.1)	†	29.4	(0.9)	†
	Georgia	6.1	(0.5)		15.2	(0.6)		54.4	(0.9)		24.3	(0.8)		12.0	(0.5)		32.0	(0.9)		39.8	(0.8)		16.3	(0.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	3.7	(0.2)		20.7	(0.6)		60.7	(0.7)		15.0	(0.6)		7.4	(0.4)		26.9	(0.8)		55.5	(0.7)		10.2	(0.5)
	Indonesia	3.3	(0.3)		9.4	(0.5)		63.5	(0.8)		23.8	(0.6)		4.3	(0.3)		13.8	(0.6)		61.9	(0.8)		20.0	(0.7)
	Jordan	6.5	(0.4)		15.4	(0.4)		48.3	(0.5)		29.8	(0.6)		7.7	(0.4)		16.9	(0.5)		45.4	(0.8)		30.0	(0.6)
	Kazakhstan	6.5	(0.3)		17.5	(0.4)		55.3	(0.5)		20.6	(0.4)		6.9	(0.2)		24.2	(0.4)		52.5	(0.5)		16.4	(0.5)
	Kosovo	4.2	(0.3)		16.2	(0.6)		58.4	(0.7)		21.2	(0.6)		4.7	(0.3)		11.1	(0.5)		56.6	(0.8)		27.6	(0.8)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	3.3	(0.3)		26.3	(0.7)		56.9	(0.8)		13.5	(0.6)		9.2	(0.5)		34.8	(0.9)		47.5	(0.9)		8.5	(0.4)
	Malaysia	2.3	(0.2)		13.4	(0.5)		58.3	(0.7)		26.1	(0.7)		3.1	(0.3)		23.5	(0.7)		61.5	(0.8)		11.9	(0.5)
	Malta	7.1	(0.5)		21.6	(0.7)		51.3	(0.9)		20.1	(0.7)		10.4	(0.5)		25.8	(0.9)		48.9	(1.0)		14.9	(0.6)
	Moldova	3.4	(0.3)		15.9	(0.6)		57.6	(0.8)		23.1	(0.7)		3.6	(0.3)		18.3	(0.7)		56.9	(0.9)		21.2	(0.6)
	Montenegro	5.9	(0.3)		13.0	(0.5)		51.8	(0.7)		29.3	(0.5)		12.9	(0.5)		33.2	(0.6)		38.8	(0.6)		15.1	(0.5)
	Morocco	8.2	(0.5)	†	16.8	(0.6)	†	51.7	(0.7)	†	23.3	(0.6)	†	7.5	(0.4)	†	16.4	(0.6)	†	52.8	(0.8)	†	23.4	(0.6)	†
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	9.2	(0.5)	†	19.5	(0.8)	†	43.6	(0.9)	†	27.7	(1.0)	†	8.3	(0.5)	†	18.8	(0.7)	†	45.7	(0.8)	†	27.2	(0.9)	†
	Peru	4.8	(0.4)	†	18.7	(0.7)	†	55.2	(0.8)	†	21.3	(0.6)	†	6.3	(0.4)	†	26.5	(0.7)	†	53.7	(0.8)	†	13.5	(0.6)	†
	Philippines	3.6	(0.2)		13.1	(0.4)		59.5	(0.7)		23.8	(0.7)		4.2	(0.3)		11.1	(0.4)		54.8	(0.9)		29.9	(0.8)
	Qatar	6.9	(0.2)		19.2	(0.3)		50.7	(0.5)		23.2	(0.4)		9.1	(0.2)		22.5	(0.4)		48.8	(0.5)		19.5	(0.4)
	Romania	3.7	(0.3)		13.7	(0.5)		54.8	(0.8)		27.9	(0.7)		10.8	(0.5)		33.8	(0.8)		39.1	(0.8)		16.3	(0.6)
	Russia	6.0	(0.3)		26.4	(0.7)		54.0	(0.7)		13.6	(0.5)		5.4	(0.3)		23.5	(0.7)		56.9	(0.7)		14.2	(0.6)
	Saudi Arabia	8.0	(0.4)		18.2	(0.6)		47.6	(0.7)		26.2	(0.7)		8.1	(0.3)		18.2	(0.7)		46.5	(0.8)		27.2	(0.8)
	Serbia	6.0	(0.4)		15.3	(0.6)		51.1	(0.8)		27.6	(0.7)		7.1	(0.4)		16.8	(0.6)		52.7	(0.8)		23.3	(0.7)
	Singapore	4.1	(0.2)		17.8	(0.4)		57.8	(0.6)		20.3	(0.5)		6.9	(0.3)		19.9	(0.4)		58.1	(0.5)		15.2	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	3.3	(0.2)		18.6	(0.5)		57.5	(0.7)		20.7	(0.5)		3.4	(0.2)		11.9	(0.4)		64.5	(0.6)		20.2	(0.5)
	Thailand	2.7	(0.2)		17.2	(0.5)		63.4	(0.7)		16.7	(0.6)		3.1	(0.2)		21.2	(0.6)		63.7	(0.7)		12.0	(0.6)
	Ukraine	5.2	(0.3)		19.6	(0.5)		55.7	(0.7)		19.5	(0.6)		4.3	(0.3)		17.7	(0.6)		60.2	(0.5)		17.8	(0.6)
	United Arab Emirates	7.1	(0.2)		17.2	(0.3)		48.8	(0.5)		27.0	(0.4)		9.5	(0.4)		19.7	(0.4)		46.9	(0.5)		24.0	(0.5)
	Uruguay	8.4	(0.5)		21.8	(0.7)		46.8	(0.8)		23.1	(0.8)		5.2	(0.4)	†	14.1	(0.6)	†	55.8	(1.0)	†	24.9	(0.9)	†
	Viet Nam	2.5	(0.3)		17.5	(0.7)		65.5	(1.0)		14.5	(0.7)		3.1	(0.3)		23.2	(0.8)		64.4	(0.8)		9.4	(0.8)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		I feel awkward and out of place in my school												Other students seem to like me
		Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree			Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	24.0	(0.5)		51.2	(0.5)		18.7	(0.4)		6.1	(0.2)		3.6	(0.2)		11.1	(0.4)		70.2	(0.5)		15.1	(0.5)
	Austria	56.4	(0.8)		25.9	(0.7)		10.9	(0.4)		6.7	(0.3)		4.8	(0.4)		10.5	(0.4)		49.6	(0.6)		35.1	(0.7)
	Belgium	35.6	(0.6)		47.7	(0.6)		12.8	(0.4)		4.0	(0.2)		2.5	(0.2)		10.4	(0.3)		73.6	(0.6)		13.5	(0.5)
	Canada	24.8	(0.5)		49.6	(0.5)		19.4	(0.4)		6.2	(0.2)		3.6	(0.2)		10.8	(0.3)		67.9	(0.5)		17.7	(0.3)
	Chile	33.4	(0.7)		46.7	(0.7)		14.4	(0.5)		5.4	(0.4)		6.8	(0.4)		18.0	(0.5)		57.2	(0.7)		18.0	(0.6)
	Colombia	25.1	(0.7)		53.0	(0.8)		16.1	(0.5)		5.7	(0.4)		5.5	(0.4)		19.2	(0.6)		60.1	(0.7)		15.2	(0.5)
	Czech Republic	21.7	(0.5)		59.0	(0.7)		14.8	(0.6)		4.5	(0.3)		4.6	(0.4)		15.1	(0.6)		66.5	(0.7)		13.8	(0.6)
	Denmark	44.2	(0.9)		43.1	(0.8)		9.3	(0.5)		3.5	(0.3)		5.1	(0.4)		11.1	(0.5)		59.4	(0.8)		24.4	(0.7)
	Estonia	27.4	(0.8)		53.8	(0.8)		15.2	(0.5)		3.6	(0.3)		5.3	(0.3)		23.7	(0.7)		61.4	(0.8)		9.6	(0.5)
	Finland	33.2	(0.6)		45.1	(0.6)		16.1	(0.6)		5.7	(0.3)		4.1	(0.3)		17.7	(0.5)		65.0	(0.7)		13.2	(0.5)
	France	36.0	(0.7)		45.2	(0.8)		13.6	(0.5)		5.2	(0.3)		3.2	(0.3)		9.1	(0.4)		69.0	(0.7)		18.7	(0.5)
	Germany	51.8	(0.9)	†	32.4	(0.8)	†	11.1	(0.5)	†	4.6	(0.4)	†	3.2	(0.3)	†	10.9	(0.5)	†	56.4	(0.8)	†	29.5	(0.8)	†
	Greece	35.5	(0.7)		47.2	(0.7)		12.6	(0.5)		4.8	(0.3)		3.3	(0.3)		13.0	(0.4)		65.1	(0.6)		18.5	(0.6)
	Hungary	41.9	(0.9)		41.5	(0.8)		12.6	(0.5)		4.0	(0.3)		3.5	(0.3)		13.7	(0.6)		65.0	(0.7)		17.8	(0.7)
	Iceland	41.7	(0.7)		36.5	(0.9)		13.5	(0.6)		8.3	(0.5)		6.4	(0.5)		13.3	(0.6)		58.5	(0.9)		21.9	(0.7)
	Ireland	24.3	(0.7)		53.9	(0.7)		17.0	(0.5)		4.8	(0.3)		2.1	(0.2)		8.9	(0.3)		75.6	(0.5)		13.3	(0.4)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	37.3	(0.8)		47.5	(0.8)		11.1	(0.5)		4.1	(0.3)		5.9	(0.4)		17.9	(0.5)		64.9	(0.7)		11.3	(0.5)
	Japan	31.4	(0.7)		48.6	(0.7)		15.6	(0.5)		4.4	(0.3)		4.0	(0.3)		22.1	(0.6)		62.9	(0.8)		10.9	(0.4)
	Korea	49.3	(0.7)		38.2	(0.7)		10.0	(0.5)		2.5	(0.2)		3.3	(0.2)		16.0	(0.5)		61.0	(0.6)		19.7	(0.6)
	Latvia	20.8	(0.5)		50.7	(0.7)		21.4	(0.6)		7.1	(0.4)		6.5	(0.4)		28.3	(0.6)		55.8	(0.9)		9.4	(0.5)
	Lithuania	40.2	(0.7)		32.0	(0.7)		16.7	(0.5)		11.1	(0.5)		9.1	(0.4)		22.2	(0.6)		53.9	(0.6)		14.8	(0.5)
	Luxembourg	41.8	(0.7)		38.1	(0.7)		13.9	(0.5)		6.2	(0.3)		4.1	(0.3)		14.6	(0.5)		60.5	(0.6)		20.8	(0.5)
	Mexico	33.2	(0.7)	†	47.0	(0.7)	†	14.0	(0.6)	†	5.8	(0.4)	†	5.5	(0.4)	†	17.4	(0.6)	†	58.7	(0.7)	†	18.4	(0.7)	†
	Netherlands*	42.7	(0.9)		46.5	(0.8)		8.0	(0.5)		2.8	(0.3)		1.6	(0.2)		6.5	(0.4)		74.0	(0.9)		18.0	(0.7)
	New Zealand	24.5	(0.6)		51.5	(0.7)		18.8	(0.5)		5.2	(0.3)		2.9	(0.2)		12.0	(0.5)		71.7	(0.6)		13.4	(0.4)
	Norway	49.9	(0.8)		32.2	(0.7)		12.7	(0.5)		5.3	(0.4)		6.2	(0.4)		11.5	(0.5)		55.0	(0.8)		27.2	(0.7)
	Poland	26.4	(0.6)		51.1	(0.7)		15.7	(0.6)		6.8	(0.3)		6.8	(0.3)		20.1	(0.6)		59.1	(0.7)		14.0	(0.5)
	Portugal*	32.2	(0.8)		46.4	(0.7)		17.4	(0.7)		4.0	(0.4)		1.9	(0.2)		9.5	(0.4)		70.8	(0.6)		17.9	(0.6)
	Slovak Republic	26.7	(0.6)		49.4	(0.8)		16.4	(0.7)		7.5	(0.4)		5.9	(0.4)		19.6	(0.5)		62.4	(0.7)		12.1	(0.5)
	Slovenia	29.6	(0.9)		52.1	(0.9)		13.6	(0.6)		4.7	(0.3)		4.1	(0.3)		17.6	(0.5)		66.4	(0.7)		11.9	(0.5)
	Spain	51.5	(0.4)		34.7	(0.4)		9.0	(0.3)		4.8	(0.2)		3.3	(0.1)		9.8	(0.2)		59.6	(0.5)		27.2	(0.5)
	Sweden	40.8	(0.7)		42.4	(0.6)		10.7	(0.4)		6.2	(0.3)		5.2	(0.3)		15.5	(0.5)		60.6	(0.8)		18.7	(0.7)
	Switzerland	48.6	(0.9)		34.6	(0.7)		11.8	(0.5)		5.0	(0.4)		3.0	(0.3)		9.4	(0.5)		59.5	(0.9)		28.1	(0.8)
	Turkey	34.5	(0.7)		40.3	(0.7)		16.0	(0.5)		9.1	(0.3)		6.8	(0.3)		20.6	(0.6)		55.8	(0.8)		16.8	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	25.4	(0.7)		50.8	(0.7)		17.7	(0.5)		6.1	(0.3)		3.5	(0.3)		11.4	(0.4)		70.0	(0.7)		15.2	(0.5)
	United States*	22.7	(0.8)		49.7	(0.8)		21.4	(0.6)		6.2	(0.3)		3.2	(0.3)		11.7	(0.5)		66.3	(0.7)		18.7	(0.6)
	OECD average	35.2	(0.1)		44.9	(0.1)		14.4	(0.1)		5.5	(0.1)		4.5	(0.1)		14.7	(0.1)		63.0	(0.1)		17.8	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	49.6	(0.8)		32.6	(0.7)		11.9	(0.5)		5.9	(0.4)		7.6	(0.4)		12.7	(0.5)		55.7	(0.8)		24.0	(0.7)
	Argentina	31.9	(0.7)		48.3	(0.7)		13.6	(0.5)		6.3	(0.4)		5.7	(0.3)		13.8	(0.5)		60.9	(0.6)		19.6	(0.5)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	32.8	(0.8)	†	38.8	(0.8)	†	18.3	(0.6)	†	10.1	(0.5)	†	10.5	(0.5)	†	13.9	(0.5)	†	51.3	(0.8)	†	24.3	(0.7)	†
	Belarus	29.1	(0.8)		54.8	(0.7)		12.1	(0.5)		4.1	(0.2)		4.7	(0.3)		25.4	(0.7)		59.7	(0.7)		10.3	(0.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	35.7	(0.7)		45.6	(0.7)		12.5	(0.5)		6.3	(0.4)		6.2	(0.4)		17.1	(0.6)		60.7	(0.8)		16.0	(0.6)
	Brazil	30.5	(0.6)		46.7	(0.7)		16.4	(0.4)		6.3	(0.3)		5.2	(0.3)		17.0	(0.5)		61.1	(0.7)		16.7	(0.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	14.7	(0.4)		46.1	(0.6)		32.4	(0.6)		6.8	(0.3)		5.6	(0.3)		27.5	(0.6)		59.4	(0.6)		7.5	(0.3)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	28.0	(0.8)		55.3	(0.7)		13.5	(0.4)		3.2	(0.2)		3.9	(0.3)		30.1	(0.6)		54.6	(0.6)		11.4	(0.5)
	Bulgaria	26.6	(0.7)		43.7	(0.8)		19.7	(0.6)		10.1	(0.5)		9.5	(0.5)		22.6	(0.8)		52.9	(0.9)		15.0	(0.6)
	Costa Rica	34.9	(0.8)		46.5	(0.7)		13.1	(0.4)		5.5	(0.4)		5.7	(0.3)		15.3	(0.4)		55.7	(0.7)		23.3	(0.6)
	Croatia	37.5	(0.7)		46.3	(0.7)		12.4	(0.5)		3.8	(0.3)		4.0	(0.2)		15.3	(0.4)		67.5	(0.6)		13.2	(0.4)
	Cyprus	32.7	(0.6)		43.9	(0.7)		16.6	(0.5)		6.8	(0.3)		5.9	(0.4)		13.9	(0.5)		61.5	(0.7)		18.6	(0.6)
	Dominican Republic	25.2	(0.9)	†	41.3	(1.0)	†	22.2	(0.8)	†	11.3	(0.6)	†	9.9	(0.6)	†	16.1	(0.8)	†	49.5	(1.1)	†	24.5	(0.9)	†
	Georgia	36.9	(0.8)		45.3	(0.8)		11.8	(0.6)		5.9	(0.4)		9.0	(0.6)		27.3	(0.6)		49.7	(0.8)		14.0	(0.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	17.2	(0.6)		59.4	(0.6)		19.2	(0.5)		4.1	(0.3)		5.2	(0.3)		22.9	(0.5)		63.3	(0.6)		8.6	(0.4)
	Indonesia	29.6	(0.8)		53.9	(0.7)		12.9	(0.6)		3.6	(0.3)		4.2	(0.4)		19.2	(0.6)		64.7	(0.7)		12.0	(0.5)
	Jordan	29.3	(0.7)		39.4	(0.6)		21.4	(0.6)		9.9	(0.4)		7.5	(0.4)		12.9	(0.4)		50.1	(0.6)		29.6	(0.6)
	Kazakhstan	24.6	(0.4)		53.8	(0.5)		15.1	(0.4)		6.5	(0.2)		6.3	(0.2)		22.7	(0.4)		58.3	(0.5)		12.6	(0.3)
	Kosovo	31.0	(0.8)		42.9	(0.9)		19.1	(0.6)		7.0	(0.5)		5.9	(0.3)		16.7	(0.6)		61.4	(0.9)		16.0	(0.6)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	17.8	(0.6)		57.2	(0.7)		21.3	(0.7)		3.7	(0.3)		5.7	(0.3)		32.4	(0.7)		55.0	(0.8)		6.9	(0.4)
	Malaysia	25.4	(0.8)		54.0	(0.6)		17.3	(0.7)		3.3	(0.2)		4.0	(0.2)		24.9	(0.7)		62.0	(0.6)		9.2	(0.4)
	Malta	24.9	(0.6)		49.4	(0.8)		19.5	(0.7)		6.2	(0.4)		4.8	(0.4)		12.0	(0.6)		66.9	(0.9)		16.3	(0.7)
	Moldova	31.1	(0.8)		51.5	(0.8)		13.6	(0.5)		3.7	(0.3)		3.3	(0.2)		16.7	(0.5)		64.6	(0.7)		15.4	(0.6)
	Montenegro	32.7	(0.6)		45.5	(0.7)		14.0	(0.4)		7.8	(0.4)		7.1	(0.4)		16.2	(0.5)		58.3	(0.7)		18.4	(0.5)
	Morocco	23.9	(0.7)	†	48.9	(0.9)	†	19.4	(0.7)	†	7.8	(0.5)	†	9.5	(0.5)	†	18.0	(0.6)	†	55.2	(0.8)	†	17.3	(0.6)	†
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	25.3	(1.0)	†	45.4	(1.1)	†	20.0	(0.9)	†	9.3	(0.6)	†	6.9	(0.5)	†	17.0	(0.8)	†	52.6	(1.0)	†	23.5	(0.9)	†
	Peru	25.5	(0.8)	†	54.4	(0.9)	†	15.2	(0.6)	†	4.9	(0.3)	†	4.2	(0.3)	†	15.4	(0.6)	†	65.6	(0.8)	†	14.8	(0.6)	†
	Philippines	19.8	(0.7)		49.3	(0.7)		24.3	(0.6)		6.6	(0.3)		4.3	(0.3)		20.6	(0.6)		63.6	(0.7)		11.6	(0.5)
	Qatar	28.6	(0.4)		43.7	(0.5)		19.9	(0.4)		7.7	(0.3)		5.8	(0.2)		13.1	(0.3)		58.6	(0.4)		22.4	(0.4)
	Romania	32.5	(0.9)		49.5	(0.8)		13.8	(0.6)		4.2	(0.4)		3.4	(0.3)		11.8	(0.5)		66.5	(0.8)		18.3	(0.6)
	Russia	18.0	(0.8)		49.9	(0.7)		25.4	(0.7)		6.7	(0.3)		7.6	(0.4)		30.1	(0.8)		51.8	(0.8)		10.4	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	40.7	(0.9)		39.2	(0.9)		13.5	(0.6)		6.6	(0.4)		4.9	(0.4)		10.2	(0.5)		58.1	(0.7)		26.9	(0.6)
	Serbia	34.8	(0.7)		46.8	(0.7)		12.7	(0.5)		5.6	(0.4)		7.4	(0.4)		10.9	(0.5)		54.8	(0.8)		26.9	(0.6)
	Singapore	24.8	(0.5)		51.0	(0.6)		18.8	(0.5)		5.3	(0.3)		3.5	(0.2)		14.7	(0.4)		69.5	(0.5)		12.2	(0.4)
	Chinese Taipei	29.7	(0.6)		50.1	(0.5)		16.5	(0.5)		3.7	(0.2)		5.3	(0.2)		32.2	(0.6)		53.7	(0.6)		8.8	(0.3)
	Thailand	12.8	(0.6)		50.2	(0.7)		32.2	(0.7)		4.8	(0.3)		5.5	(0.3)		33.4	(0.6)		55.0	(0.6)		6.1	(0.3)
	Ukraine	25.1	(0.6)		54.4	(0.7)		14.3	(0.5)		6.3	(0.4)		5.4	(0.3)		23.5	(0.6)		59.2	(0.6)		11.9	(0.4)
	United Arab Emirates	32.2	(0.5)		41.8	(0.5)		18.4	(0.4)		7.6	(0.3)		7.4	(0.3)		14.4	(0.4)		54.5	(0.6)		23.7	(0.4)
	Uruguay	31.5	(1.0)	†	49.3	(0.9)	†	13.7	(0.6)	†	5.5	(0.4)	†	4.5	(0.3)	†	7.4	(0.5)	†	55.1	(0.9)	†	33.0	(1.0)	†
	Viet Nam	13.8	(0.7)		62.9	(0.9)		20.0	(0.6)		3.3	(0.3)		8.8	(0.4)		54.4	(0.8)		33.5	(0.8)		3.4	(0.3)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		I feel lonely at school
		Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	35.1	(0.5)		45.6	(0.5)		13.7	(0.4)		5.6	(0.2)
	Austria	64.1	(0.7)		21.8	(0.5)		8.3	(0.5)		5.9	(0.3)
	Belgium	52.6	(0.7)		37.5	(0.6)		7.0	(0.3)		3.0	(0.2)
	Canada	34.9	(0.5)		45.1	(0.5)		14.1	(0.4)		5.9	(0.3)
	Chile	40.3	(0.7)		38.0	(0.7)		14.6	(0.6)		7.1	(0.4)
	Colombia	33.0	(0.9)		47.4	(0.9)		13.2	(0.5)		6.4	(0.3)
	Czech Republic	29.8	(0.8)		51.2	(0.7)		13.6	(0.5)		5.4	(0.4)
	Denmark	52.5	(0.8)		36.5	(0.8)		8.1	(0.5)		3.0	(0.3)
	Estonia	37.7	(0.7)		46.0	(0.6)		12.3	(0.6)		4.0	(0.3)
	Finland	44.6	(0.6)		41.3	(0.7)		10.3	(0.5)		3.8	(0.3)
	France	53.6	(0.8)		34.4	(0.7)		8.1	(0.4)		3.9	(0.3)
	Germany	66.3	(0.7)	†	21.8	(0.7)	†	8.4	(0.5)	†	3.5	(0.3)	†
	Greece	48.1	(0.7)		37.9	(0.7)		9.7	(0.5)		4.3	(0.3)
	Hungary	47.2	(0.8)		38.2	(0.6)		10.7	(0.5)		3.8	(0.3)
	Iceland	48.8	(0.8)		34.1	(0.9)		9.1	(0.5)		8.0	(0.5)
	Ireland	37.9	(0.7)		48.4	(0.7)		10.4	(0.4)		3.3	(0.3)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	54.1	(0.8)		33.7	(0.7)		8.4	(0.5)		3.8	(0.3)
	Japan	45.4	(0.7)		43.0	(0.7)		8.4	(0.4)		3.3	(0.3)
	Korea	54.2	(0.7)		36.1	(0.7)		8.1	(0.4)		1.5	(0.1)
	Latvia	32.3	(0.7)		49.3	(0.8)		12.5	(0.6)		5.9	(0.4)
	Lithuania	49.2	(0.7)		27.1	(0.6)		13.2	(0.5)		10.5	(0.4)
	Luxembourg	54.6	(0.7)		30.5	(0.7)		9.9	(0.4)		4.9	(0.3)
	Mexico	42.8	(0.8)	†	40.7	(0.7)	†	10.6	(0.5)	†	5.9	(0.4)	†
	Netherlands*	56.1	(0.9)		36.3	(0.9)		5.5	(0.4)		2.0	(0.2)
	New Zealand	31.3	(0.6)		51.0	(0.6)		13.1	(0.3)		4.5	(0.3)
	Norway	56.9	(0.8)		28.9	(0.8)		9.4	(0.4)		4.8	(0.3)
	Poland	34.1	(0.6)		46.6	(0.6)		12.8	(0.5)		6.5	(0.4)
	Portugal*	53.5	(0.8)		36.7	(0.8)		7.5	(0.4)		2.2	(0.2)
	Slovak Republic	30.3	(0.7)		48.2	(0.7)		14.6	(0.6)		6.9	(0.4)
	Slovenia	42.0	(0.8)		44.8	(0.8)		8.9	(0.4)		4.3	(0.3)
	Spain	63.8	(0.4)		26.4	(0.4)		6.0	(0.2)		3.8	(0.2)
	Sweden	44.3	(0.7)		39.6	(0.8)		9.8	(0.5)		6.3	(0.4)
	Switzerland	62.5	(0.9)		26.2	(0.8)		7.5	(0.4)		3.9	(0.3)
	Turkey	35.9	(0.7)		40.3	(0.6)		14.7	(0.5)		9.1	(0.4)
	United Kingdom	37.6	(0.7)		46.3	(0.7)		11.2	(0.3)		4.8	(0.3)
	United States*	31.6	(0.7)		44.8	(0.8)		16.8	(0.6)		6.8	(0.3)
	OECD average	45.5	(0.1)		38.9	(0.1)		10.6	(0.1)		5.0	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	67.1	(0.7)		22.9	(0.6)		6.2	(0.4)		3.8	(0.3)
	Argentina	42.7	(0.9)		38.9	(0.6)		10.6	(0.4)		7.8	(0.4)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	36.0	(0.9)	†	36.4	(0.8)	†	17.4	(0.5)	†	10.2	(0.5)	†
	Belarus	36.9	(0.8)		48.5	(0.8)		10.4	(0.5)		4.2	(0.3)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	42.0	(0.7)		41.8	(0.7)		10.4	(0.4)		5.8	(0.3)
	Brazil	31.1	(0.7)		45.5	(0.8)		16.8	(0.4)		6.6	(0.3)
	Brunei Darussalam	34.7	(0.5)		42.5	(0.5)		16.5	(0.5)		6.3	(0.3)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	29.4	(0.6)		50.9	(0.5)		15.7	(0.4)		4.0	(0.3)
	Bulgaria	33.6	(0.8)		39.6	(0.7)		17.3	(0.7)		9.5	(0.4)
	Costa Rica	42.1	(0.7)		41.7	(0.7)		10.8	(0.4)		5.5	(0.3)
	Croatia	42.5	(0.7)		44.1	(0.6)		9.5	(0.4)		3.8	(0.2)
	Cyprus	46.0	(0.7)		37.1	(0.7)		11.5	(0.5)		5.5	(0.3)
	Dominican Republic	32.7	(1.2)	†	39.0	(1.1)	†	16.6	(0.8)	†	11.7	(0.7)	†
	Georgia	42.1	(0.9)		40.7	(0.9)		10.4	(0.6)		6.8	(0.4)
	Hong Kong (China)*	21.6	(0.6)		56.5	(0.7)		17.1	(0.5)		4.7	(0.3)
	Indonesia	31.1	(0.8)		51.9	(0.8)		13.0	(0.6)		4.0	(0.3)
	Jordan	45.5	(0.8)		32.2	(0.6)		14.1	(0.5)		8.2	(0.4)
	Kazakhstan	31.6	(0.5)		48.0	(0.5)		13.4	(0.4)		7.1	(0.3)
	Kosovo	54.5	(0.9)		32.7	(0.8)		8.8	(0.5)		4.0	(0.4)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	23.8	(0.7)		52.8	(0.8)		18.5	(0.6)		4.9	(0.3)
	Malaysia	33.9	(0.8)		47.8	(0.7)		14.7	(0.6)		3.6	(0.3)
	Malta	40.1	(0.9)		41.5	(1.0)		12.9	(0.7)		5.5	(0.5)
	Moldova	35.2	(0.9)		43.0	(0.7)		15.6	(0.6)		6.2	(0.4)
	Montenegro	44.4	(0.7)		39.9	(0.7)		9.3	(0.4)		6.4	(0.4)
	Morocco	28.9	(0.8)	†	45.7	(0.8)	†	16.7	(0.6)	†	8.6	(0.4)	†
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	36.7	(0.9)	†	40.2	(0.9)	†	14.2	(0.7)	†	8.9	(0.6)	†
	Peru	41.8	(0.9)	†	42.9	(0.9)	†	9.8	(0.5)	†	5.5	(0.4)	†
	Philippines	27.4	(0.7)		46.6	(0.6)		19.4	(0.5)		6.6	(0.3)
	Qatar	39.0	(0.4)		37.9	(0.5)		15.6	(0.3)		7.4	(0.2)
	Romania	42.5	(0.8)		42.4	(0.8)		10.8	(0.5)		4.2	(0.3)
	Russia	22.9	(0.9)		49.9	(0.8)		20.3	(0.7)		6.9	(0.3)
	Saudi Arabia	50.4	(0.9)		31.8	(0.7)		10.2	(0.5)		7.6	(0.5)
	Serbia	41.8	(0.8)		41.5	(0.7)		10.4	(0.5)		6.2	(0.4)
	Singapore	34.9	(0.6)		47.8	(0.6)		12.6	(0.4)		4.7	(0.3)
	Chinese Taipei	38.0	(0.6)		47.3	(0.6)		11.2	(0.5)		3.5	(0.2)
	Thailand	26.2	(0.8)		49.6	(0.7)		20.0	(0.7)		4.2	(0.3)
	Ukraine	27.9	(0.6)		49.7	(0.7)		15.5	(0.5)		7.0	(0.4)
	United Arab Emirates	43.5	(0.5)		35.4	(0.4)		14.3	(0.3)		6.8	(0.2)
	Uruguay	36.8	(1.1)	†	44.4	(1.0)	†	12.3	(0.6)	†	6.5	(0.4)	†
	Viet Nam	28.7	(1.1)		58.7	(1.1)		9.4	(0.5)		3.3	(0.3)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.10.1. Parental involvement in school-related activities

Based on principals' and parents' reports

		During the previous academic year, percentage of students’ parents who participated in the following school-related activities:
		Based on principals' reports												Based on parents' reports
		Discussed their child’s progress with a teacher on their own initiative			Discussed their child’s progress on the initiative of one of their child’s teachers			Participated in local school government			Volunteered in physical or extracurricular activities			Discussed child's behaviour with a teacher on own initiative			Discussed child's behaviour on the initiative of teachers			Discussed child’s progress with a teacher on own initiative
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	41.7	(1.0)		54.3	(1.1)		7.2	(0.4)		10.1	(0.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belgium1	34.8	(1.7)		52.1	(1.9)		4.7	(0.5)		4.2	(0.5)	‡	35.7	(0.9)		41.9	(1.1)		36.9	(1.0)
	Canada	44.2	(1.2)		52.4	(1.3)		7.4	(0.5)		10.9	(0.7)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	40.7	(2.2)		60.3	(2.2)		36.3	(2.6)		22.8	(2.2)	†	61.6	(0.7)		57.6	(1.1)		58.3	(0.8)
	Colombia	54.2	(2.0)		68.3	(1.4)		46.6	(2.6)		15.5	(1.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Czech Republic	35.6	(1.8)		49.3	(1.8)		11.0	(1.3)		9.4	(1.3)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Denmark	34.8	(1.8)	†	84.1	(2.1)		9.9	(0.7)	†	18.0	(2.6)	‡	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Estonia	39.1	(1.3)		50.0	(1.4)		16.7	(0.8)		19.0	(0.9)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Finland	40.7	(1.9)		68.9	(2.2)		7.5	(0.8)		7.9	(1.2)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	France	38.5	(1.8)		55.7	(1.9)		10.5	(1.0)		3.6	(0.9)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Germany	34.6	(1.5)		50.0	(2.0)		10.1	(0.9)		10.1	(1.6)	†	49.3	(1.1)	‡	29.4	(1.1)	‡	45.0	(1.1)	‡
	Greece	63.8	(1.8)		47.0	(2.4)		23.3	(1.7)		10.2	(1.3)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Hungary	31.5	(1.7)		26.0	(1.2)		8.5	(1.1)		12.8	(1.6)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Iceland	37.2	(0.1)		82.3	(0.2)		7.7	(0.1)		14.0	(0.1)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Ireland	32.0	(2.2)		43.5	(2.6)		8.2	(0.7)		7.9	(1.1)	†	34.8	(0.7)		24.0	(0.7)		38.3	(0.9)
	Israel	45.2	(2.3)		66.6	(2.2)		19.5	(2.1)		14.8	(1.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	58.9	(1.7)		49.2	(1.7)		34.0	(1.9)		8.3	(1.4)	†	54.7	(1.0)		35.6	(0.8)		56.1	(1.0)
	Japan	12.6	(1.8)		78.3	(2.6)		20.2	(2.2)		18.3	(1.8)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Korea	41.8	(2.1)		46.3	(2.8)		32.6	(2.2)		12.0	(1.5)		47.8	(0.8)		74.6	(0.6)		39.0	(0.9)
	Latvia	43.1	(1.1)		48.2	(1.0)		13.2	(0.6)		12.5	(0.8)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lithuania	43.8	(0.9)		55.6	(1.1)		14.0	(0.8)		12.5	(0.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Luxembourg	38.1	(0.1)		48.0	(0.1)		5.9	(0.0)	†	6.0	(0.0)	‡	45.9	(0.8)	†	29.9	(0.9)	†	47.3	(0.9)	†
	Mexico	32.3	(1.7)		46.9	(2.2)		49.8	(2.4)		27.8	(2.7)		62.7	(0.7)		46.0	(0.7)		64.1	(0.7)
	Netherlands*	43.1	(2.2)		58.8	(2.8)		3.6	(0.3)		5.5	(1.2)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	New Zealand	39.8	(1.8)		55.2	(2.2)		5.0	(0.8)		14.2	(1.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Norway	28.8	(1.8)		87.9	(2.0)		11.1	(1.0)		17.2	(1.7)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	46.1	(2.0)		63.3	(1.9)		22.1	(1.3)		18.1	(1.4)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Portugal*	53.9	(1.6)		61.5	(1.5)		10.8	(0.9)		14.8	(1.9)	†	73.6	(0.7)		48.2	(1.0)		70.9	(0.6)
	Slovak Republic	39.3	(1.6)		39.5	(1.5)		33.9	(1.6)		10.6	(0.8)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Slovenia	51.1	(0.3)		33.3	(0.4)		14.9	(0.2)		1.7	(0.1)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Spain	50.0	(1.1)		68.0	(1.0)		20.1	(0.9)		9.9	(0.9)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Sweden	42.4	(2.6)		85.9	(1.8)		10.3	(1.1)	†	11.7	(2.6)	‡	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Switzerland	28.5	(2.0)		66.1	(1.9)		4.9	(0.5)	†	5.2	(0.9)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Turkey	48.3	(2.1)		47.2	(2.1)		36.6	(2.3)		17.8	(1.8)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Kingdom	41.1	(2.2)	†	68.7	(2.2)	†	4.6	(0.9)	†	5.8	(1.0)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	United States*	45.0	(1.8)		49.9	(2.5)		14.5	(1.7)		22.7	(1.9)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	OECD average	41.0	(0.3)		57.5	(0.3)		16.6	(0.2)		12.3	(0.2)		51.8	(0.3)		43.0	(0.3)		50.7	(0.3)
Partners	Albania	61.6	(1.5)		69.4	(1.7)		59.6	(1.9)		36.6	(1.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Argentina	26.2	(1.6)		34.8	(1.6)		12.1	(1.2)		11.6	(1.4)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	61.8	(2.4)	†	54.8	(2.9)	†	52.3	(3.4)	‡	43.5	(3.7)	‡	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	66.6	(1.9)		54.4	(2.3)		36.2	(2.1)		50.0	(1.9)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	54.5	(2.1)		43.9	(2.0)		28.2	(2.7)		13.3	(2.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	29.9	(1.2)		43.0	(1.4)		27.1	(1.6)		15.1	(1.4)	†	38.4	(0.7)		32.3	(0.7)		33.0	(0.7)
	Brunei Darussalam	35.4	(0.1)		44.1	(0.1)		15.6	(0.0)		10.7	(0.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	69.3	(1.9)		66.7	(2.1)		41.0	(2.6)		32.2	(2.3)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	37.7	(2.0)		51.1	(2.0)		20.3	(2.0)		16.9	(1.9)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Costa Rica	38.6	(2.5)		51.0	(2.3)		21.3	(1.9)		16.8	(1.8)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Croatia	50.0	(2.1)		33.7	(1.6)		21.2	(2.2)		5.4	(1.2)	†	66.4	(0.7)		26.5	(0.8)		62.6	(0.7)
	Cyprus	58.6	(0.2)		50.1	(0.4)		17.9	(0.2)		11.7	(0.3)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	34.0	(2.2)		51.1	(2.4)		60.6	(2.0)		21.4	(2.3)		74.5	(0.8)		66.9	(0.9)		74.3	(0.7)
	Georgia	51.6	(2.0)		49.1	(2.0)		23.2	(1.6)		24.1	(1.6)		74.7	(0.7)		65.3	(0.8)		74.3	(0.7)
	Hong Kong (China)*	41.2	(2.8)		71.3	(3.5)		20.0	(3.4)	†	12.9	(1.7)	†	52.4	(0.8)		61.4	(0.7)		52.7	(0.9)
	Indonesia	40.2	(3.2)		42.7	(3.4)		43.8	(3.0)		24.1	(2.7)	†	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Jordan	33.0	(2.1)		31.4	(2.3)		33.3	(2.4)		19.3	(2.1)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kazakhstan	65.2	(1.3)		59.0	(1.5)		54.7	(1.8)		56.3	(1.4)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kosovo	45.8	(0.7)		51.8	(0.8)		52.2	(1.1)		25.8	(0.9)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	48.5	(2.0)		46.5	(2.1)		27.9	(2.2)		13.8	(1.5)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	34.6	(0.0)		84.5	(0.0)		28.8	(0.0)		15.8	(0.0)		41.7	(0.7)		59.8	(0.7)		37.3	(0.8)
	Malaysia	34.4	(2.1)		38.4	(2.2)		27.1	(2.2)		20.5	(1.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	47.1	(0.1)		42.5	(0.1)		7.9	(0.0)		15.6	(0.1)		62.9	(0.8)		51.3	(0.9)		58.2	(0.9)
	Moldova	57.2	(2.2)		61.9	(2.3)		35.5	(2.3)		37.0	(2.1)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Montenegro	61.3	(0.3)		42.0	(0.2)		19.0	(0.2)		9.8	(0.3)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Morocco	24.9	(2.0)		27.8	(1.9)		33.7	(2.8)		24.0	(2.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	57.4	(0.1)		43.9	(0.1)		21.7	(0.1)		5.0	(0.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	49.5	(1.7)		50.0	(1.5)		43.0	(2.2)		31.6	(2.2)	†	82.8	(1.1)		60.7	(1.3)		79.1	(1.1)
	Peru	40.7	(1.6)		54.1	(1.7)		49.4	(1.7)		35.4	(2.1)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Philippines	65.6	(2.1)		75.8	(2.0)		81.7	(1.5)		70.1	(2.2)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	51.3	(0.0)		53.6	(0.0)		25.8	(0.0)		18.9	(0.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Romania	36.3	(2.1)		42.4	(2.6)		27.7	(2.9)		16.0	(1.9)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Russia	55.0	(1.8)		59.0	(2.0)		31.0	(1.7)		44.3	(1.5)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Saudi Arabia	42.3	(2.0)		36.4	(2.5)		52.6	(2.6)		17.2	(2.1)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	45.9	(2.1)		50.3	(1.8)		23.6	(2.3)		5.8	(1.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	43.4	(0.9)		75.3	(0.5)		11.7	(0.1)		12.4	(0.3)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	44.2	(2.0)		45.2	(2.2)		32.7	(2.2)		25.8	(2.1)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Thailand	48.3	(2.5)		63.8	(2.2)		49.2	(2.7)		42.8	(2.9)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Ukraine	57.0	(1.8)		55.2	(2.1)		23.6	(1.7)		31.5	(1.7)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	54.8	(0.7)		60.0	(0.7)		38.3	(0.6)		34.4	(1.4)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Uruguay	23.3	(1.6)		34.1	(1.9)		8.0	(1.1)		8.8	(1.3)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Viet Nam	69.0	(3.4)		64.1	(3.3)		25.1	(2.9)		18.9	(2.4)		m	m		m	m		m	m
		During the previous academic year, percentage of students’ parents who participated in the following school-related activities:
		Based on parents' reports
		Discussed child’s progress on the initiative of teachers			Participated in local school government			Volunteered in physical or extracurricular activities			Volunteered to support school activities			Attended a scheduled meeting or conferences for parents			Talked about how to support learning at home and homework with child’s teachers			Exchanged ideas on parenting, family support, or the child’s development with child’s teachers
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belgium1	52.9	(1.1)		4.6	(0.4)		4.1	(0.4)		2.8	(0.3)		83.0	(0.8)		43.7	(1.0)		25.6	(0.9)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	56.9	(1.1)		25.6	(0.7)		15.0	(0.6)		11.3	(0.5)		87.3	(0.5)		66.3	(0.8)		50.9	(0.9)
	Colombia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Czech Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Denmark	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Estonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Finland	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	France	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Germany	27.4	(1.2)	‡	17.3	(0.7)	‡	19.8	(0.8)	‡	10.1	(0.8)	‡	91.3	(0.6)	‡	43.3	(1.1)	‡	26.1	(1.0)	‡
	Greece	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Hungary	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Iceland	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Ireland	36.8	(0.8)		8.7	(0.5)		9.6	(0.5)		7.6	(0.4)		87.7	(0.5)		59.8	(0.9)		30.4	(0.7)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	42.4	(0.9)		14.7	(0.6)		14.9	(0.6)		4.4	(0.3)		65.6	(0.8)		44.4	(0.9)		37.2	(0.9)
	Japan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Korea	66.1	(0.6)		16.1	(0.6)		34.6	(0.9)		14.2	(0.6)		63.2	(0.9)		31.3	(0.7)		46.1	(0.8)
	Latvia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lithuania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Luxembourg	35.5	(1.0)	†	7.5	(0.5)	†	9.5	(0.6)	†	5.5	(0.4)	†	70.8	(1.1)	†	43.4	(1.1)	†	26.7	(0.9)	†
	Mexico	48.3	(0.8)		50.5	(0.9)		30.9	(0.9)		19.6	(0.6)		89.1	(0.5)		70.6	(0.8)		45.5	(0.7)
	Netherlands*	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	New Zealand	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Portugal*	53.0	(0.8)		9.9	(0.5)		8.1	(0.4)		5.3	(0.4)		76.2	(0.8)		60.9	(0.8)		57.6	(0.9)
	Slovak Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Slovenia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Spain	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Sweden	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Switzerland	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Turkey	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Kingdom	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United States*	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	OECD average	46.6	(0.3)		17.2	(0.2)		16.3	(0.2)		9.0	(0.2)		79.3	(0.2)		51.5	(0.3)		38.5	(0.3)
Partners	Albania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Argentina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	30.2	(0.7)		34.6	(0.7)		10.4	(0.5)		13.3	(0.5)		71.7	(0.8)		41.9	(0.7)		39.0	(0.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Costa Rica	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Croatia	29.6	(0.7)		16.2	(0.6)		19.8	(0.6)		9.6	(0.5)		98.9	(0.1)		50.6	(0.9)		48.3	(0.7)
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	67.8	(0.8)		49.8	(0.9)		29.2	(0.9)		31.7	(1.0)		92.6	(0.5)		78.6	(0.7)		68.0	(0.9)
	Georgia	71.9	(0.8)		19.6	(0.7)		17.3	(0.8)		9.7	(0.7)		88.2	(0.6)		62.4	(0.9)		47.8	(0.9)
	Hong Kong (China)*	63.7	(0.7)		7.2	(0.4)		8.9	(0.5)		8.7	(0.4)		29.1	(1.1)		46.5	(0.9)		42.1	(0.7)
	Indonesia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Jordan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kazakhstan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	57.4	(0.7)		39.2	(0.7)		22.2	(0.7)		19.7	(0.7)		66.2	(0.6)		53.8	(0.9)		50.6	(0.8)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	53.6	(0.9)		4.4	(0.4)		9.0	(0.6)		6.8	(0.5)		85.3	(0.7)		59.4	(0.9)		39.4	(1.0)
	Moldova	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Montenegro	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	56.1	(1.0)		48.3	(1.2)		31.8	(1.1)		24.8	(1.0)		90.7	(0.7)		71.9	(1.2)		60.5	(1.2)
	Peru	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Romania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Russia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Thailand	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Uruguay	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. Only the Flemish Community distributed the parent questionnaire.

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.11.1. Students' life satisfaction

Based on students' reports

		Average life satisfaction
		All students		Variability
		Mean index	S.E.	S.D.	S.E.
OECD	Australia	m	m	m	m
	Austria	7.14	(0.04)	2.60	(0.03)
	Belgium	m	m	m	m
	Canada	m	m	m	m
	Chile	7.03	(0.05)	2.72	(0.03)
	Colombia	7.62	(0.05)	2.66	(0.03)
	Czech Republic	6.91	(0.05)	2.66	(0.03)
	Denmark	m	m	m	m
	Estonia	7.19	(0.04)	2.41	(0.03)
	Finland	7.61	(0.03)	2.18	(0.03)
	France	7.19	(0.03)	2.23	(0.03)
	Germany	7.02	(0.04)	2.56	(0.03)
	Greece	6.99	(0.04)	2.48	(0.03)
	Hungary	7.12	(0.05)	2.51	(0.03)
	Iceland	7.34	(0.04)	2.37	(0.04)
	Ireland	6.74	(0.05)	2.47	(0.03)
	Israel	m	m	m	m
	Italy	6.91	(0.04)	2.43	(0.03)
	Japan	6.18	(0.04)	2.60	(0.02)
	Korea	6.52	(0.04)	2.61	(0.02)
	Latvia	7.16	(0.04)	2.38	(0.03)
	Lithuania	7.61	(0.04)	2.42	(0.03)
	Luxembourg	7.04	(0.04)	2.49	(0.03)
	Mexico	8.11	(0.04)	2.21	(0.04)
	Netherlands*	7.50	(0.03)	1.70	(0.03)
	New Zealand	m	m	m	m
	Norway	m	m	m	m
	Poland	6.74	(0.05)	2.65	(0.03)
	Portugal*	7.13	(0.04)	2.21	(0.03)
	Slovak Republic	7.22	(0.04)	2.60	(0.03)
	Slovenia	6.86	(0.04)	2.74	(0.03)
	Spain	7.35	(0.02)	2.30	(0.02)
	Sweden	7.01	(0.04)	2.53	(0.03)
	Switzerland	7.38	(0.04)	2.26	(0.04)
	Turkey	5.62	(0.06)	3.06	(0.03)
	United Kingdom	6.16	(0.04)	2.66	(0.02)
	United States*	6.75	(0.05)	2.56	(0.03)
	OECD average	7.04	(0.01)	2.47	(0.01)
		Average life satisfaction
		All students			Variability
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.
Partners	Albania	8.61	(0.03)		2.08	(0.04)
	Argentina	7.26	(0.04)		2.72	(0.03)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	7.24	(0.05)		3.12	(0.03)
	Belarus	8.10	(0.04)		2.04	(0.03)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	7.84	(0.04)		2.54	(0.03)
	Brazil	7.05	(0.03)		2.87	(0.02)
	Brunei Darussalam	5.80	(0.03)		2.41	(0.02)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	6.64	(0.04)		2.51	(0.02)
	Bulgaria	7.15	(0.05)		2.89	(0.03)
	Costa Rica	7.96	(0.04)		2.29	(0.03)
	Croatia	7.69	(0.03)		2.45	(0.03)
	Cyprus	6.81	(0.04)		2.72	(0.03)
	Dominican Republic	8.09	(0.05)	†	2.69	(0.04)	†
	Georgia	7.60	(0.05)		2.67	(0.04)
	Hong Kong (China)*	6.27	(0.04)		2.25	(0.02)
	Indonesia	7.47	(0.06)		2.55	(0.03)
	Jordan	6.88	(0.06)		3.20	(0.04)
	Kazakhstan	8.76	(0.02)		2.04	(0.02)
	Kosovo	8.30	(0.04)		2.40	(0.04)
	Lebanon	6.67	(0.07)		2.73	(0.05)
	Macao (China)	6.07	(0.04)		2.34	(0.03)
	Malaysia	7.04	(0.05)		2.41	(0.03)
	Malta	6.56	(0.05)		2.63	(0.03)
	Moldova	7.68	(0.05)		2.52	(0.04)
	Montenegro	7.69	(0.03)		2.83	(0.02)
	Morocco	6.95	(0.05)		3.05	(0.03)
	North Macedonia	8.16	(0.03)		2.33	(0.04)
	Panama	7.92	(0.05)	†	2.51	(0.04)	†
	Peru	7.31	(0.04)		2.53	(0.03)
	Philippines	7.21	(0.04)		2.62	(0.03)
	Qatar	6.84	(0.03)		2.89	(0.02)
	Romania	7.87	(0.04)		2.32	(0.04)
	Russia	7.32	(0.05)		2.70	(0.03)
	Saudi Arabia	7.95	(0.04)		2.66	(0.03)
	Serbia	7.61	(0.04)		2.64	(0.03)
	Singapore	m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	6.52	(0.03)		2.40	(0.02)
	Thailand	7.64	(0.04)		2.25	(0.02)
	Ukraine	8.03	(0.03)		2.15	(0.04)
	United Arab Emirates	6.88	(0.04)		2.83	(0.02)
	Uruguay	7.54	(0.05)		2.51	(0.04)
	Viet Nam	7.47	(0.04)		2.11	(0.03)
		Percentage of students who reported the following levels of life satisfaction:
		0-Not at all satisfied		1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10-Completely satisfied
		%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Austria	2.3	(0.2)	2.4	(0.2)	3.2	(0.3)	3.9	(0.2)	5.1	(0.3)	6.4	(0.4)	7.1	(0.3)	13.3	(0.5)	19.1	(0.5)	19.6	(0.5)	17.7	(0.6)
	Belgium	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Canada	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Chile	3.0	(0.3)	2.4	(0.2)	2.9	(0.2)	3.7	(0.2)	5.7	(0.3)	10.3	(0.4)	7.8	(0.3)	11.5	(0.5)	15.5	(0.5)	14.6	(0.5)	22.6	(0.7)
	Colombia	2.5	(0.2)	1.9	(0.2)	2.3	(0.2)	2.8	(0.2)	4.1	(0.3)	7.8	(0.4)	5.7	(0.3)	9.2	(0.4)	15.4	(0.5)	13.8	(0.5)	34.5	(0.9)
	Czech Republic	2.7	(0.2)	3.0	(0.2)	3.1	(0.2)	4.1	(0.3)	5.2	(0.3)	8.7	(0.4)	8.6	(0.4)	13.3	(0.5)	18.6	(0.5)	15.8	(0.5)	17.1	(0.7)
	Denmark	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Estonia	1.7	(0.2)	1.7	(0.2)	2.5	(0.3)	3.2	(0.3)	5.4	(0.4)	7.1	(0.3)	8.6	(0.4)	15.0	(0.5)	20.2	(0.6)	18.5	(0.6)	16.1	(0.6)
	Finland	1.1	(0.1)	1.3	(0.2)	1.5	(0.2)	2.8	(0.2)	3.7	(0.2)	5.4	(0.3)	6.5	(0.3)	11.4	(0.5)	23.4	(0.5)	27.8	(0.6)	15.0	(0.5)
	France	1.2	(0.1)	1.5	(0.2)	1.8	(0.2)	2.7	(0.2)	4.6	(0.3)	8.7	(0.4)	9.9	(0.4)	17.7	(0.5)	21.4	(0.6)	16.2	(0.5)	14.3	(0.4)
	Germany	2.1	(0.2)	2.3	(0.2)	2.7	(0.2)	4.9	(0.3)	4.7	(0.3)	8.7	(0.4)	8.1	(0.5)	14.0	(0.5)	18.8	(0.7)	16.9	(0.6)	16.9	(0.7)
	Greece	2.2	(0.2)	2.0	(0.2)	2.4	(0.2)	3.7	(0.2)	5.0	(0.3)	8.9	(0.4)	10.3	(0.4)	16.0	(0.4)	19.0	(0.5)	14.2	(0.4)	16.4	(0.7)
	Hungary	2.3	(0.3)	1.7	(0.2)	2.5	(0.3)	3.9	(0.3)	5.3	(0.3)	7.8	(0.4)	8.6	(0.5)	14.3	(0.5)	19.7	(0.5)	15.7	(0.6)	18.3	(0.6)
	Iceland	1.6	(0.2)	1.5	(0.2)	2.5	(0.3)	3.2	(0.3)	4.4	(0.3)	5.6	(0.4)	8.9	(0.5)	14.4	(0.7)	21.5	(0.8)	18.8	(0.7)	17.8	(0.7)
	Ireland	2.2	(0.2)	2.0	(0.2)	2.9	(0.2)	4.4	(0.2)	7.0	(0.3)	9.4	(0.4)	10.8	(0.4)	16.0	(0.4)	19.0	(0.6)	14.7	(0.5)	11.7	(0.5)
	Israel	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Italy	2.4	(0.3)	2.4	(0.2)	2.2	(0.2)	3.2	(0.2)	5.2	(0.3)	8.5	(0.4)	9.0	(0.4)	17.2	(0.6)	23.3	(0.6)	14.7	(0.4)	11.9	(0.5)
	Japan	2.7	(0.2)	3.1	(0.2)	4.2	(0.2)	6.8	(0.4)	8.0	(0.4)	13.0	(0.5)	12.0	(0.5)	15.8	(0.5)	14.6	(0.5)	8.8	(0.4)	11.0	(0.5)
	Korea	2.1	(0.2)	2.5	(0.2)	4.1	(0.3)	6.8	(0.3)	7.3	(0.3)	10.2	(0.4)	10.3	(0.4)	14.8	(0.5)	15.9	(0.4)	12.8	(0.4)	13.3	(0.6)
	Latvia	1.7	(0.2)	1.8	(0.2)	2.1	(0.2)	3.3	(0.3)	4.3	(0.3)	8.8	(0.4)	9.2	(0.4)	15.4	(0.5)	20.1	(0.6)	17.7	(0.6)	15.6	(0.6)
	Lithuania	1.6	(0.2)	1.8	(0.2)	1.9	(0.2)	2.5	(0.2)	3.9	(0.3)	6.8	(0.3)	6.1	(0.4)	12.1	(0.5)	17.7	(0.5)	21.0	(0.6)	24.7	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	2.2	(0.2)	2.0	(0.2)	2.4	(0.2)	4.0	(0.3)	5.3	(0.3)	8.5	(0.4)	7.4	(0.4)	15.9	(0.5)	19.9	(0.5)	17.6	(0.5)	14.9	(0.5)
	Mexico	1.0	(0.2)	1.2	(0.2)	1.5	(0.2)	1.8	(0.2)	2.8	(0.3)	5.6	(0.3)	3.5	(0.2)	7.6	(0.4)	19.1	(0.5)	24.0	(0.7)	31.9	(0.8)
	Netherlands*	0.3	(0.1)	0.4	(0.1)	1.0	(0.2)	1.7	(0.2)	2.3	(0.2)	4.5	(0.4)	10.4	(0.6)	22.9	(0.8)	29.8	(0.7)	17.4	(0.6)	9.4	(0.5)
	New Zealand	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Norway	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Poland	3.1	(0.3)	2.5	(0.2)	3.4	(0.3)	4.5	(0.3)	5.8	(0.4)	8.8	(0.4)	9.9	(0.4)	15.0	(0.6)	17.5	(0.5)	14.4	(0.5)	15.0	(0.6)
	Portugal*	1.1	(0.2)	1.6	(0.2)	1.5	(0.2)	3.2	(0.2)	4.8	(0.4)	9.5	(0.5)	9.4	(0.4)	17.1	(0.5)	23.0	(0.6)	16.2	(0.5)	12.5	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	2.5	(0.2)	2.3	(0.2)	2.4	(0.2)	3.0	(0.3)	4.8	(0.3)	8.3	(0.4)	7.1	(0.4)	14.1	(0.5)	17.6	(0.5)	15.5	(0.5)	22.3	(0.6)
	Slovenia	3.4	(0.3)	3.1	(0.3)	3.0	(0.2)	4.5	(0.3)	5.6	(0.3)	8.0	(0.5)	8.3	(0.4)	12.7	(0.5)	17.2	(0.6)	17.4	(0.6)	16.7	(0.5)
	Spain	1.7	(0.1)	1.5	(0.1)	1.9	(0.1)	2.7	(0.1)	3.8	(0.2)	6.7	(0.2)	8.2	(0.2)	16.4	(0.3)	22.0	(0.3)	18.6	(0.3)	16.5	(0.4)
	Sweden	2.4	(0.3)	1.8	(0.2)	3.1	(0.2)	4.2	(0.3)	5.2	(0.3)	7.4	(0.4)	9.2	(0.4)	14.8	(0.5)	19.4	(0.6)	16.3	(0.6)	16.3	(0.6)
	Switzerland	1.3	(0.3)	1.1	(0.2)	2.2	(0.3)	3.0	(0.3)	4.4	(0.4)	6.1	(0.4)	8.5	(0.4)	15.4	(0.5)	21.3	(0.6)	20.8	(0.6)	15.8	(0.6)
	Turkey	8.2	(0.4)	5.5	(0.3)	5.2	(0.3)	6.4	(0.3)	8.5	(0.3)	13.4	(0.5)	9.3	(0.4)	11.6	(0.5)	11.2	(0.4)	8.4	(0.4)	12.4	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	3.6	(0.2)	3.3	(0.2)	4.7	(0.2)	6.3	(0.4)	8.5	(0.4)	9.9	(0.4)	11.3	(0.4)	15.7	(0.5)	16.6	(0.5)	11.3	(0.4)	8.9	(0.4)
	United States*	2.0	(0.2)	2.5	(0.2)	3.3	(0.2)	4.7	(0.3)	6.7	(0.4)	10.1	(0.5)	10.1	(0.4)	14.1	(0.5)	18.1	(0.6)	13.7	(0.5)	14.8	(0.6)
	OECD average	2.3	(0.0)	2.1	(0.0)	2.7	(0.0)	3.9	(0.0)	5.2	(0.1)	8.3	(0.1)	8.7	(0.1)	14.5	(0.1)	19.2	(0.1)	16.4	(0.1)	16.7	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	0.9	(0.1)	0.9	(0.1)	0.8	(0.1)	1.1	(0.1)	1.6	(0.2)	4.9	(0.3)	3.4	(0.3)	6.8	(0.4)	11.5	(0.5)	16.9	(0.6)	51.2	(0.8)
	Argentina	3.9	(0.3)	1.8	(0.2)	2.4	(0.2)	3.1	(0.2)	3.6	(0.3)	8.8	(0.4)	6.6	(0.3)	10.8	(0.4)	18.6	(0.5)	15.2	(0.5)	25.1	(0.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	5.9	(0.4)	3.0	(0.2)	2.4	(0.2)	2.9	(0.2)	4.5	(0.4)	8.8	(0.4)	5.6	(0.3)	8.9	(0.4)	9.7	(0.5)	10.6	(0.5)	37.6	(0.7)
	Belarus	0.7	(0.1)	0.9	(0.1)	0.8	(0.1)	1.6	(0.2)	2.3	(0.2)	5.2	(0.3)	5.1	(0.3)	12.4	(0.5)	19.3	(0.7)	21.1	(0.6)	30.7	(0.7)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	2.3	(0.2)	1.5	(0.2)	1.7	(0.2)	2.5	(0.2)	3.1	(0.3)	6.5	(0.3)	5.9	(0.4)	9.5	(0.4)	14.3	(0.6)	16.6	(0.5)	36.1	(0.8)
	Brazil	4.0	(0.2)	2.7	(0.2)	2.7	(0.2)	4.0	(0.2)	5.0	(0.3)	10.2	(0.3)	6.5	(0.3)	10.2	(0.4)	14.8	(0.4)	13.6	(0.3)	26.4	(0.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	2.4	(0.2)	2.9	(0.2)	4.3	(0.3)	7.0	(0.3)	9.7	(0.4)	21.2	(0.5)	10.4	(0.4)	15.0	(0.4)	14.1	(0.4)	6.9	(0.3)	6.1	(0.3)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	2.4	(0.2)	2.3	(0.2)	3.2	(0.3)	4.5	(0.2)	6.4	(0.3)	11.6	(0.4)	10.5	(0.4)	15.5	(0.4)	18.7	(0.6)	12.6	(0.4)	12.4	(0.6)
	Bulgaria	3.6	(0.3)	2.7	(0.2)	2.8	(0.3)	4.7	(0.3)	4.8	(0.3)	8.6	(0.4)	7.6	(0.4)	10.1	(0.5)	12.1	(0.5)	12.5	(0.6)	30.5	(0.9)
	Costa Rica	0.9	(0.1)	1.1	(0.1)	1.4	(0.2)	2.3	(0.2)	3.5	(0.3)	6.9	(0.3)	5.1	(0.4)	10.0	(0.4)	15.8	(0.5)	19.7	(0.7)	33.2	(0.9)
	Croatia	2.1	(0.2)	1.6	(0.2)	1.8	(0.1)	2.4	(0.2)	3.4	(0.2)	6.4	(0.3)	6.1	(0.4)	11.3	(0.4)	17.4	(0.5)	20.5	(0.5)	27.2	(0.7)
	Cyprus	3.9	(0.3)	2.7	(0.2)	2.7	(0.2)	3.6	(0.3)	6.2	(0.4)	8.7	(0.4)	9.7	(0.4)	14.1	(0.5)	17.4	(0.6)	13.0	(0.4)	18.1	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	3.3	(0.3) †	1.5	(0.2) †	1.6	(0.3) †	2.3	(0.2) †	2.8	(0.3) †	5.9	(0.4) †	4.0	(0.3) †	6.5	(0.5) †	9.9	(0.6) †	14.0	(0.6) †	48.2	(1.1) †
	Georgia	3.4	(0.3)	1.7	(0.2)	1.5	(0.2)	2.7	(0.2)	3.2	(0.2)	8.3	(0.4)	5.6	(0.3)	10.0	(0.5)	15.0	(0.5)	16.1	(0.6)	32.4	(0.8)
	Hong Kong (China)*	2.0	(0.2)	1.7	(0.2)	2.7	(0.2)	5.3	(0.3)	8.4	(0.4)	12.7	(0.4)	15.1	(0.5)	21.0	(0.5)	17.2	(0.5)	7.1	(0.3)	6.8	(0.4)
	Indonesia	1.7	(0.2)	1.7	(0.2)	2.1	(0.2)	3.1	(0.3)	4.4	(0.3)	10.2	(0.5)	6.4	(0.5)	10.3	(0.5)	17.6	(0.7)	12.5	(0.5)	29.9	(1.2)
	Jordan	8.2	(0.5)	2.5	(0.2)	2.4	(0.2)	3.2	(0.2)	4.3	(0.3)	11.4	(0.5)	6.4	(0.3)	9.3	(0.4)	10.8	(0.4)	9.1	(0.4)	32.5	(0.8)
	Kazakhstan	0.7	(0.1)	0.7	(0.1)	0.7	(0.1)	1.3	(0.1)	1.9	(0.1)	4.4	(0.2)	3.4	(0.2)	6.8	(0.3)	9.1	(0.3)	11.4	(0.3)	59.6	(0.6)
	Kosovo	1.5	(0.2)	1.6	(0.2)	1.3	(0.2)	1.8	(0.2)	2.4	(0.3)	5.4	(0.3)	4.1	(0.3)	6.9	(0.4)	11.6	(0.5)	15.3	(0.7)	48.1	(0.8)
	Lebanon	4.1	(0.5)	3.0	(0.3)	2.7	(0.3)	3.2	(0.3)	4.8	(0.4)	14.5	(0.7)	9.0	(0.4)	12.8	(0.6)	17.1	(0.7)	11.2	(0.6)	17.5	(0.7)
	Macao (China)	2.4	(0.2)	2.7	(0.3)	3.5	(0.3)	6.1	(0.4)	7.8	(0.4)	14.1	(0.6)	13.3	(0.6)	19.8	(0.6)	17.6	(0.5)	7.7	(0.5)	4.8	(0.3)
	Malaysia	1.2	(0.2)	1.7	(0.2)	1.9	(0.2)	3.8	(0.3)	5.6	(0.3)	13.8	(0.5)	8.8	(0.5)	13.5	(0.5)	17.0	(0.5)	14.8	(0.5)	17.9	(0.7)
	Malta	3.1	(0.3)	2.8	(0.3)	3.9	(0.3)	5.0	(0.4)	5.6	(0.4)	10.0	(0.5)	9.9	(0.5)	16.0	(0.7)	18.5	(0.7)	13.1	(0.6)	12.1	(0.6)
	Moldova	2.7	(0.3)	1.6	(0.2)	1.7	(0.2)	2.4	(0.3)	2.5	(0.2)	6.8	(0.4)	5.6	(0.3)	10.9	(0.4)	18.2	(0.7)	18.7	(0.6)	28.7	(0.9)
	Montenegro	3.5	(0.2)	2.6	(0.2)	2.4	(0.2)	2.6	(0.2)	3.5	(0.2)	6.6	(0.3)	4.2	(0.2)	9.1	(0.4)	12.2	(0.4)	13.6	(0.4)	39.8	(0.7)
	Morocco	5.0	(0.3)	3.7	(0.2)	3.1	(0.2)	3.4	(0.3)	4.8	(0.3)	11.1	(0.5)	6.5	(0.4)	8.4	(0.4)	11.6	(0.5)	13.2	(0.4)	29.0	(0.8)
	North Macedonia	1.9	(0.2)	0.9	(0.1)	1.1	(0.1)	1.6	(0.2)	1.7	(0.2)	7.1	(0.4)	4.6	(0.3)	9.4	(0.5)	15.2	(0.6)	14.3	(0.6)	42.2	(0.8)
	Panama	1.8	(0.2) †	1.4	(0.2) †	1.6	(0.2) †	2.6	(0.3) †	4.0	(0.3) †	6.9	(0.4) †	5.3	(0.4) †	9.1	(0.5) †	13.0	(0.5) †	14.6	(0.5) †	39.8	(1.1) †
	Peru	1.5	(0.2)	1.9	(0.2)	2.4	(0.2)	3.1	(0.2)	5.1	(0.3)	10.5	(0.4)	7.4	(0.4)	12.2	(0.4)	16.7	(0.6)	13.4	(0.5)	25.9	(0.8)
	Philippines	2.1	(0.2)	1.9	(0.2)	2.6	(0.2)	3.3	(0.3)	4.5	(0.3)	14.0	(0.5)	6.1	(0.3)	9.8	(0.4)	16.9	(0.5)	12.6	(0.4)	26.3	(0.8)
	Qatar	4.2	(0.2)	2.8	(0.2)	3.3	(0.1)	4.3	(0.2)	5.7	(0.2)	10.7	(0.3)	7.6	(0.2)	10.9	(0.3)	14.2	(0.3)	12.6	(0.3)	23.7	(0.3)
	Romania	1.9	(0.2)	1.1	(0.2)	1.3	(0.2)	2.2	(0.2)	2.4	(0.2)	6.5	(0.4)	5.0	(0.3)	11.4	(0.5)	19.1	(0.7)	19.8	(0.7)	29.4	(0.9)
	Russia	2.6	(0.2)	2.3	(0.2)	2.4	(0.2)	3.6	(0.2)	4.9	(0.3)	7.8	(0.4)	7.1	(0.3)	12.2	(0.4)	14.6	(0.4)	13.6	(0.5)	28.7	(0.8)
	Saudi Arabia	0.0	(0.0)	0.2	(0.1)	5.0	(0.3)	5.0	(0.3)	4.4	(0.3)	8.7	(0.4)	5.2	(0.3)	5.9	(0.3)	7.0	(0.4)	5.8	(0.3)	52.8	(0.8)
	Serbia	2.6	(0.2)	2.0	(0.2)	1.9	(0.2)	3.2	(0.2)	3.5	(0.2)	6.7	(0.4)	5.5	(0.3)	11.0	(0.4)	15.0	(0.5)	17.3	(0.5)	31.2	(0.8)
	Singapore	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Chinese Taipei	1.7	(0.2)	2.2	(0.2)	2.6	(0.2)	4.8	(0.3)	7.2	(0.4)	14.5	(0.5)	11.1	(0.4)	16.9	(0.4)	17.9	(0.5)	9.8	(0.4)	11.2	(0.4)
	Thailand	0.8	(0.1)	0.9	(0.1)	1.2	(0.2)	2.2	(0.2)	3.7	(0.3)	11.8	(0.5)	6.1	(0.3)	11.8	(0.5)	19.0	(0.6)	16.0	(0.5)	26.5	(0.9)
	Ukraine	1.1	(0.2)	0.8	(0.1)	0.9	(0.1)	2.1	(0.2)	2.5	(0.2)	5.7	(0.3)	5.4	(0.3)	11.7	(0.5)	19.7	(0.6)	17.6	(0.5)	32.6	(0.7)
	United Arab Emirates	3.4	(0.2)	3.0	(0.2)	2.8	(0.2)	4.3	(0.2)	6.4	(0.3)	10.8	(0.4)	8.0	(0.2)	11.7	(0.3)	14.2	(0.3)	10.8	(0.3)	24.7	(0.5)
	Uruguay	2.3	(0.2)	1.5	(0.2)	2.1	(0.3)	2.4	(0.2)	4.4	(0.3)	6.9	(0.4)	7.0	(0.4)	10.8	(0.5)	18.2	(0.6)	18.3	(0.6)	26.1	(0.8)
	Viet Nam	1.3	(0.2)	0.7	(0.2)	1.1	(0.2)	1.4	(0.1)	2.7	(0.3)	10.7	(0.5)	8.8	(0.5)	17.3	(0.7)	22.3	(0.8)	14.3	(0.5)	19.4	(0.9)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.11.14. Students' sense of meaning in life

Based on students’ reports

		Index of meaning in life						Percentage of students who reported the following:
		Average			Variability			My life has clear meaning or purpose
								Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	- 0.09	(0.01)		1.04	(0.01)		10.2	(0.4)		27.9	(0.4)		44.4	(0.6)		17.5	(0.4)
	Austria	0.16	(0.02)		1.08	(0.01)		9.7	(0.4)		21.1	(0.6)		39.3	(0.7)		29.8	(0.6)
	Belgium (Flemish)	0.00	(0.02)		0.91	(0.01)		5.4	(0.3)		24.0	(0.6)		54.4	(0.8)		16.2	(0.6)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	0.18	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		7.1	(0.3)		18.3	(0.6)		46.6	(0.6)		27.9	(0.7)
	Colombia	0.47	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		4.0	(0.3)		8.3	(0.5)		51.5	(0.9)		36.2	(0.8)
	Czech Republic	- 0.22	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		8.8	(0.4)		32.2	(0.8)		43.1	(0.7)		15.9	(0.5)
	Denmark	- 0.02	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		8.1	(0.4)		29.9	(0.8)		44.5	(0.8)		17.5	(0.7)
	Estonia	- 0.06	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		6.7	(0.4)		26.6	(0.6)		49.3	(0.7)		17.4	(0.5)
	Finland	0.06	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		7.3	(0.4)		26.5	(0.6)		48.5	(0.6)		17.7	(0.6)
	France	0.10	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		7.2	(0.4)		21.2	(0.6)		48.3	(0.7)		23.2	(0.7)
	Germany	0.11	(0.02)	†	1.03	(0.01)	†	8.3	(0.4)		24.1	(0.8)		41.1	(0.9)		26.4	(0.8)
	Greece	0.03	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		7.0	(0.4)		30.0	(0.7)		45.1	(0.7)		17.9	(0.6)
	Hungary	- 0.17	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		4.8	(0.3)		21.2	(0.6)		48.8	(0.7)		25.2	(0.6)
	Iceland	- 0.08	(0.02)		1.11	(0.01)		10.3	(0.5)		25.0	(0.7)		41.6	(0.8)		23.0	(0.7)
	Ireland	- 0.18	(0.01)		0.94	(0.01)		8.3	(0.4)		31.7	(0.6)		44.3	(0.7)		15.7	(0.6)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	- 0.11	(0.01)		0.94	(0.01)		8.0	(0.3)		25.3	(0.6)		47.1	(0.7)		19.5	(0.6)
	Japan	- 0.40	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		9.7	(0.5)		34.5	(0.7)		39.7	(0.7)		16.1	(0.6)
	Korea	0.09	(0.01)		0.97	(0.01)		4.5	(0.3)		28.6	(0.7)		46.1	(0.6)		20.7	(0.6)
	Latvia	- 0.07	(0.01)		0.94	(0.01)		7.5	(0.4)		28.5	(0.7)		47.9	(0.8)		16.0	(0.6)
	Lithuania	0.12	(0.01)		1.09	(0.01)		8.6	(0.4)		19.7	(0.5)		44.9	(0.6)		26.8	(0.5)
	Luxembourg	0.09	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		8.7	(0.4)		22.7	(0.6)		44.1	(0.6)		24.5	(0.5)
	Mexico	0.49	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		4.0	(0.4)		10.3	(0.5)		50.4	(0.7)		35.3	(0.7)
	Netherlands*	- 0.18	(0.02)		0.86	(0.01)		6.5	(0.4)		30.0	(0.9)		50.6	(1.0)		12.8	(0.6)
	New Zealand	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	- 0.07	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		7.7	(0.3)		26.1	(0.6)		48.6	(0.7)		17.6	(0.6)
	Portugal*	0.09	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		5.7	(0.4)		24.4	(0.7)		50.7	(0.8)		19.2	(0.6)
	Slovak Republic	- 0.04	(0.01)		0.94	(0.01)		7.7	(0.4)		26.0	(0.7)		47.7	(0.7)		18.6	(0.6)
	Slovenia	0.03	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		7.4	(0.4)		24.1	(0.7)		49.5	(0.8)		19.0	(0.6)
	Spain	0.10	(0.01)		0.97	(0.01)		6.1	(0.2)		23.6	(0.4)		48.0	(0.5)		22.4	(0.4)
	Sweden	- 0.11	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		9.8	(0.4)		30.4	(0.8)		42.1	(0.8)		17.7	(0.6)
	Switzerland	0.22	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		7.6	(0.4)		19.7	(0.7)		44.5	(0.9)		28.2	(0.7)
	Turkey	0.15	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		6.9	(0.3)		12.3	(0.4)		49.2	(0.7)		31.6	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	- 0.25	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		12.0	(0.5)		30.8	(0.8)		42.8	(0.7)		14.3	(0.5)
	United States*	0.12	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		7.0	(0.4)		21.8	(0.8)		45.9	(0.9)		25.4	(0.7)
	OECD average	0.02	(0.00)		0.98	(0.00)		7.5	(0.1)		24.5	(0.1)		46.4	(0.1)		21.6	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	0.59	(0.01)		0.88	(0.01)		2.7	(0.3)		7.2	(0.4)		50.3	(0.9)		39.7	(0.9)
	Argentina	0.06	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		7.1	(0.3)		21.7	(0.7)		50.1	(0.6)		21.2	(0.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.43	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		8.7	(0.5)		7.3	(0.4)		44.8	(0.9)		39.2	(0.9)
	Belarus	0.36	(0.01)		0.84	(0.01)		2.3	(0.2)		9.9	(0.4)		62.3	(0.7)		25.4	(0.6)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.32	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		5.4	(0.3)		12.9	(0.5)		55.5	(0.7)		26.2	(0.6)
	Brazil	0.08	(0.01)		0.94	(0.01)		6.1	(0.3)		18.0	(0.5)		53.9	(0.7)		22.0	(0.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	0.08	(0.01)		0.82	(0.01)		4.5	(0.2)		19.8	(0.5)		58.7	(0.6)		17.0	(0.5)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.08	(0.02)		0.90	(0.01)		2.4	(0.2)		20.6	(0.7)		56.3	(0.7)		20.7	(0.6)
	Bulgaria	0.04	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		9.6	(0.5)		14.9	(0.5)		52.5	(0.9)		23.1	(0.8)
	Costa Rica	0.46	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		4.5	(0.3)		10.6	(0.4)		44.5	(0.7)		40.4	(0.8)
	Croatia	0.17	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		5.3	(0.3)		18.1	(0.5)		51.6	(0.7)		25.0	(0.7)
	Cyprus	- 0.02	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		10.2	(0.5)		27.4	(0.7)		45.9	(0.6)		16.5	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	0.51	(0.02)	†	1.02	(0.01)	†	7.8	(0.5)	†	7.1	(0.5)	†	46.4	(0.9)	†	38.8	(0.9)	†
	Georgia	0.09	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		7.2	(0.4)		14.7	(0.6)		58.1	(0.8)		19.9	(0.7)
	Hong Kong (China)*	- 0.03	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		6.2	(0.3)		25.1	(0.7)		54.3	(0.7)		14.4	(0.5)
	Indonesia	0.54	(0.01)		0.78	(0.01)		2.8	(0.3)		4.1	(0.4)		58.0	(0.9)		35.1	(0.8)
	Jordan	0.39	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		9.1	(0.6)		9.0	(0.4)		43.7	(0.8)		38.1	(0.9)
	Kazakhstan	0.42	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		5.5	(0.2)		6.1	(0.2)		52.6	(0.5)		35.8	(0.5)
	Kosovo	0.47	(0.01)		0.83	(0.01)		3.7	(0.3)		6.9	(0.4)		61.1	(0.7)		28.3	(0.7)
	Lebanon	0.22	(0.03)		0.97	(0.01)		14.4	(0.9)		13.9	(0.7)		42.7	(1.1)		29.0	(1.1)
	Macao (China)	- 0.23	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		5.7	(0.4)		34.7	(0.8)		47.4	(0.8)		12.2	(0.5)
	Malaysia	0.11	(0.01)		0.78	(0.01)		2.5	(0.2)		13.0	(0.6)		61.6	(0.8)		22.9	(0.7)
	Malta	- 0.05	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		8.9	(0.6)		24.6	(0.9)		50.7	(0.9)		15.7	(0.6)
	Moldova	0.32	(0.01)		0.83	(0.01)		2.3	(0.2)		12.7	(0.4)		57.3	(0.7)		27.6	(0.7)
	Montenegro	0.32	(0.01)		1.00	(0.01)		5.4	(0.3)		13.9	(0.5)		48.5	(0.7)		32.2	(0.6)
	Morocco	0.36	(0.01)	†	0.89	(0.01)	†	5.5	(0.4)	†	10.2	(0.5)	†	51.6	(0.8)	†	32.7	(0.8)	†
	North Macedonia	0.53	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		4.3	(0.3)		10.3	(0.5)		50.0	(0.9)		35.4	(0.8)
	Panama	0.60	(0.02)	†	0.98	(0.02)	†	5.7	(0.4)	†	8.1	(0.6)	†	42.3	(0.9)	†	44.0	(1.0)	†
	Peru	0.50	(0.02)	†	0.90	(0.01)	†	3.1	(0.2)		9.8	(0.5)		53.6	(0.7)		33.5	(0.8)
	Philippines	0.39	(0.02)		0.87	(0.01)		5.0	(0.3)		11.2	(0.5)		55.9	(0.7)		28.0	(0.7)
	Qatar	0.25	(0.01)		1.00	(0.01)		8.2	(0.2)		15.7	(0.3)		49.6	(0.4)		26.5	(0.4)
	Romania	0.23	(0.01)		0.88	(0.01)		3.8	(0.3)		17.3	(0.6)		50.8	(0.8)		28.0	(0.7)
	Russia	0.11	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		6.8	(0.3)		19.7	(0.6)		52.2	(0.7)		21.2	(0.7)
	Saudi Arabia	0.35	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		6.6	(0.6)		8.7	(0.4)		46.6	(0.8)		38.1	(0.9)
	Serbia	0.17	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		6.9	(0.5)		17.4	(0.6)		51.0	(0.7)		24.7	(0.6)
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	- 0.27	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		5.7	(0.3)		30.5	(0.7)		48.2	(0.8)		15.7	(0.4)
	Thailand	0.38	(0.01)		0.76	(0.01)		1.6	(0.2)		12.8	(0.5)		65.6	(0.8)		20.0	(0.8)
	Ukraine	0.01	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		4.2	(0.3)		20.2	(0.6)		52.9	(0.6)		22.7	(0.6)
	United Arab Emirates	0.36	(0.01)		1.02	(0.01)		6.4	(0.2)		14.1	(0.4)		46.5	(0.5)		33.0	(0.6)
	Uruguay	0.07	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		8.2	(0.5)		23.0	(0.7)		47.7	(0.8)		21.2	(0.6)
	Viet Nam	0.34	(0.01)		0.69	(0.01)		1.8	(0.2)		10.7	(0.6)		71.4	(0.9)		16.2	(0.8)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		I have discovered a satisfactory meaning in life												I have a clear sense of what gives meaning to my life
		Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree			Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	9.8	(0.4)		31.5	(0.5)		44.3	(0.5)		14.4	(0.4)		9.8	(0.3)		26.3	(0.4)		45.7	(0.4)		18.1	(0.4)
	Austria	9.1	(0.5)		25.4	(0.7)		42.4	(0.8)		23.1	(0.7)		9.8	(0.4)		20.4	(0.6)		38.4	(0.8)		31.3	(0.7)
	Belgium (Flemish)	5.2	(0.3)		29.8	(0.7)		51.9	(0.9)		13.1	(0.5)		5.6	(0.3)		26.7	(0.7)		53.9	(0.8)		13.9	(0.5)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	8.3	(0.4)		24.4	(0.7)		46.1	(0.6)		21.2	(0.6)		8.6	(0.4)		21.2	(0.6)		41.7	(0.6)		28.5	(0.7)
	Colombia	3.8	(0.3)		16.5	(0.5)		53.8	(0.7)		25.9	(0.6)		3.9	(0.4)		13.0	(0.5)		50.8	(0.9)		32.4	(0.7)
	Czech Republic	9.6	(0.4)		38.7	(0.7)		41.0	(0.7)		10.7	(0.3)		9.5	(0.4)		33.9	(0.8)		42.1	(0.7)		14.5	(0.5)
	Denmark	7.3	(0.4)		30.2	(0.7)		47.7	(0.8)		14.9	(0.6)		6.6	(0.4)		25.1	(0.6)		48.8	(0.8)		19.4	(0.6)
	Estonia	6.5	(0.3)		32.7	(0.7)		48.4	(0.8)		12.4	(0.5)		7.3	(0.4)		28.8	(0.7)		47.8	(0.7)		16.1	(0.5)
	Finland	6.0	(0.3)		23.7	(0.6)		54.5	(0.7)		15.8	(0.5)		6.0	(0.4)		23.4	(0.5)		50.9	(0.7)		19.7	(0.6)
	France	6.1	(0.3)		24.8	(0.5)		50.5	(0.7)		18.7	(0.6)		7.8	(0.3)		27.4	(0.6)		40.8	(0.7)		24.0	(0.6)
	Germany	7.9	(0.5)		27.5	(0.7)		45.2	(0.9)		19.4	(0.7)		8.9	(0.5)		22.8	(0.6)		39.3	(0.8)		29.0	(0.8)
	Greece	5.7	(0.3)		28.8	(0.6)		49.4	(0.7)		16.2	(0.5)		5.6	(0.4)		26.9	(0.6)		46.0	(0.6)		21.5	(0.6)
	Hungary	11.2	(0.4)		38.8	(0.8)		36.9	(0.7)		13.1	(0.5)		14.0	(0.4)		37.9	(0.9)		32.4	(0.6)		15.8	(0.6)
	Iceland	11.1	(0.6)		34.8	(0.8)		36.6	(1.0)		17.6	(0.7)		11.1	(0.6)		28.9	(0.8)		39.7	(1.0)		20.3	(0.7)
	Ireland	8.3	(0.3)		39.2	(0.7)		41.8	(0.8)		10.7	(0.4)		8.0	(0.4)		31.8	(0.7)		46.0	(0.7)		14.2	(0.4)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	9.0	(0.4)		35.1	(0.7)		45.2	(0.7)		10.7	(0.5)		10.0	(0.4)		28.2	(0.6)		43.2	(0.7)		18.6	(0.5)
	Japan	12.1	(0.5)		46.7	(0.7)		30.1	(0.7)		11.1	(0.5)		14.5	(0.5)		45.9	(0.8)		27.8	(0.7)		11.8	(0.5)
	Korea	5.4	(0.3)		29.7	(0.6)		45.3	(0.6)		19.6	(0.5)		4.5	(0.3)		27.2	(0.6)		46.1	(0.6)		22.2	(0.5)
	Latvia	7.1	(0.4)		31.8	(0.8)		48.9	(0.8)		12.2	(0.5)		7.7	(0.4)		27.2	(0.7)		48.1	(0.7)		17.0	(0.5)
	Lithuania	11.2	(0.4)		26.0	(0.5)		42.1	(0.6)		20.7	(0.5)		9.7	(0.4)		19.4	(0.6)		42.6	(0.7)		28.3	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	8.0	(0.4)		25.6	(0.7)		47.2	(0.7)		19.2	(0.5)		8.7	(0.4)		23.8	(0.5)		42.8	(0.7)		24.7	(0.7)
	Mexico	3.8	(0.3)		15.3	(0.5)		52.9	(0.7)		28.0	(0.6)		4.2	(0.3)		12.5	(0.5)		48.4	(0.6)		34.9	(0.7)
	Netherlands*	7.0	(0.4)		39.8	(0.9)		45.7	(0.8)		7.5	(0.4)		6.1	(0.5)		30.0	(0.8)		52.8	(0.9)		11.1	(0.5)
	New Zealand	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	7.8	(0.4)		36.0	(0.6)		43.2	(0.6)		13.1	(0.5)		7.2	(0.4)		27.3	(0.7)		47.7	(0.8)		17.8	(0.6)
	Portugal*	5.2	(0.4)		26.6	(0.7)		51.7	(0.8)		16.5	(0.6)		5.2	(0.4)		24.3	(0.7)		50.2	(0.9)		20.3	(0.7)
	Slovak Republic	6.8	(0.4)		34.5	(0.8)		45.9	(0.7)		12.8	(0.4)		6.7	(0.3)		27.3	(0.7)		47.1	(0.8)		18.9	(0.5)
	Slovenia	6.7	(0.4)		28.5	(0.7)		48.9	(0.7)		15.9	(0.6)		7.1	(0.4)		26.0	(0.6)		48.0	(0.8)		18.9	(0.6)
	Spain	6.5	(0.2)		27.2	(0.3)		48.7	(0.4)		17.5	(0.3)		7.0	(0.2)		24.7	(0.3)		44.9	(0.4)		23.5	(0.4)
	Sweden	9.9	(0.4)		33.6	(0.6)		41.3	(0.7)		15.3	(0.6)		9.7	(0.5)		27.8	(0.7)		43.8	(0.7)		18.8	(0.7)
	Switzerland	5.9	(0.4)		22.8	(0.7)		48.4	(0.8)		22.8	(0.6)		7.1	(0.4)		21.6	(0.6)		42.7	(0.8)		28.6	(0.7)
	Turkey	8.1	(0.3)		27.7	(0.6)		43.2	(0.6)		20.9	(0.5)		8.3	(0.4)		25.7	(0.6)		41.6	(0.7)		24.4	(0.5)
	United Kingdom	12.4	(0.5)		36.0	(0.7)		40.9	(0.7)		10.8	(0.4)		11.9	(0.5)		30.2	(0.6)		43.4	(0.6)		14.5	(0.5)
	United States*	7.0	(0.4)		28.4	(0.9)		44.7	(0.9)		19.9	(0.7)		7.1	(0.4)		23.9	(0.7)		45.1	(0.8)		23.9	(0.8)
	OECD average	7.7	(0.1)		30.2	(0.1)		45.6	(0.1)		16.4	(0.1)		8.0	(0.1)		26.3	(0.1)		44.6	(0.1)		21.1	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	2.8	(0.3)		16.8	(0.6)		50.3	(0.8)		30.1	(0.8)		2.1	(0.2)		11.6	(0.5)		46.3	(0.8)		39.9	(0.8)
	Argentina	7.9	(0.4)		34.2	(0.8)		42.3	(0.7)		15.6	(0.5)		7.1	(0.4)		21.2	(0.5)		43.5	(0.7)		28.3	(0.7)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	7.8	(0.4)		16.2	(0.6)		46.8	(0.8)		29.2	(0.7)		7.6	(0.4)		10.3	(0.5)		47.2	(0.8)		34.9	(0.8)
	Belarus	2.6	(0.2)		14.0	(0.6)		63.0	(0.7)		20.5	(0.7)		2.8	(0.3)		16.6	(0.5)		58.2	(0.7)		22.4	(0.7)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	4.8	(0.3)		18.5	(0.6)		53.7	(0.7)		23.0	(0.6)		4.7	(0.3)		14.7	(0.5)		54.3	(0.8)		26.3	(0.6)
	Brazil	5.8	(0.3)		26.7	(0.6)		50.7	(0.6)		16.8	(0.5)		9.0	(0.4)		26.4	(0.5)		43.5	(0.6)		21.1	(0.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	4.8	(0.3)		28.3	(0.6)		55.5	(0.6)		11.4	(0.4)		4.1	(0.2)		20.2	(0.5)		59.8	(0.6)		15.9	(0.5)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	3.8	(0.2)		38.7	(0.9)		42.5	(0.7)		14.9	(0.6)		3.5	(0.2)		26.0	(0.8)		49.8	(0.8)		20.7	(0.6)
	Bulgaria	9.6	(0.6)		30.8	(0.7)		42.1	(0.8)		17.5	(0.7)		9.0	(0.6)		23.7	(0.7)		45.4	(0.8)		21.9	(0.7)
	Costa Rica	5.3	(0.3)		19.9	(0.6)		46.4	(0.7)		28.3	(0.8)		5.7	(0.3)		15.2	(0.6)		41.8	(0.6)		37.3	(0.8)
	Croatia	5.2	(0.3)		26.9	(0.6)		48.4	(0.7)		19.4	(0.6)		5.0	(0.3)		23.5	(0.6)		49.4	(0.7)		22.1	(0.6)
	Cyprus	8.5	(0.4)		27.5	(0.6)		48.0	(0.7)		16.0	(0.5)		8.1	(0.4)		23.9	(0.7)		48.2	(0.7)		19.7	(0.6)
	Dominican Republic	6.8	(0.5)	†	14.5	(0.7)	†	47.4	(1.0)	†	31.3	(0.8)	†	6.7	(0.4)	†	11.0	(0.6)	†	42.9	(1.0)	†	39.5	(1.1)	†
	Georgia	6.9	(0.4)		32.2	(0.8)		46.5	(0.8)		14.3	(0.6)		6.2	(0.5)		18.5	(0.5)		50.7	(0.7)		24.6	(0.7)
	Hong Kong (China)*	6.9	(0.4)		29.6	(0.8)		50.8	(0.7)		12.7	(0.5)		6.6	(0.4)		26.2	(0.7)		52.5	(0.7)		14.8	(0.6)
	Indonesia	2.0	(0.2)		8.4	(0.5)		65.0	(0.8)		24.7	(0.7)		2.5	(0.2)		8.6	(0.5)		62.9	(0.8)		26.0	(0.7)
	Jordan	6.2	(0.4)		20.4	(0.5)		48.5	(0.8)		25.0	(0.7)		6.2	(0.3)		12.2	(0.4)		48.7	(0.7)		32.9	(0.7)
	Kazakhstan	5.3	(0.2)		18.2	(0.4)		52.3	(0.5)		24.3	(0.4)		4.9	(0.2)		10.6	(0.3)		55.0	(0.5)		29.5	(0.5)
	Kosovo	3.2	(0.3)		16.8	(0.6)		57.2	(0.7)		22.9	(0.6)		2.6	(0.2)		10.5	(0.5)		53.1	(0.7)		33.8	(0.7)
	Lebanon	6.7	(0.5)		25.0	(0.9)		45.9	(0.9)		22.4	(0.9)		6.7	(0.5)		16.4	(0.7)		47.6	(0.9)		29.3	(0.9)
	Macao (China)	8.1	(0.4)		43.7	(0.8)		38.0	(0.8)		10.2	(0.5)		7.6	(0.4)		36.9	(0.8)		41.7	(0.8)		13.8	(0.6)
	Malaysia	3.8	(0.3)		35.9	(0.8)		50.2	(0.8)		10.1	(0.4)		3.0	(0.3)		21.3	(0.7)		58.1	(0.8)		17.6	(0.6)
	Malta	8.2	(0.5)		28.9	(1.0)		50.0	(0.9)		12.9	(0.7)		8.0	(0.6)		25.4	(0.7)		49.4	(0.8)		17.2	(0.7)
	Moldova	3.1	(0.3)		22.7	(0.6)		56.2	(0.7)		18.0	(0.6)		2.3	(0.2)		16.7	(0.5)		55.2	(0.8)		25.8	(0.7)
	Montenegro	5.2	(0.2)		21.5	(0.5)		49.4	(0.7)		23.9	(0.6)		6.0	(0.2)		17.7	(0.5)		45.7	(0.8)		30.7	(0.6)
	Morocco	6.2	(0.4)	†	19.4	(0.6)	†	51.6	(0.8)	†	22.8	(0.6)	†	4.9	(0.3)	†	13.3	(0.5)	†	51.6	(0.7)	†	30.2	(0.7)	†
	North Macedonia	3.6	(0.3)		15.8	(0.5)		51.1	(0.8)		29.6	(0.7)		3.6	(0.3)		10.2	(0.4)		48.8	(0.9)		37.3	(0.8)
	Panama	5.1	(0.5)	†	13.0	(0.7)	†	49.0	(1.0)	†	33.0	(0.8)	†	5.3	(0.5)	†	9.8	(0.6)	†	42.6	(0.9)	†	42.2	(0.9)	†
	Peru	2.9	(0.3)	†	14.1	(0.7)	†	56.1	(0.8)	†	26.8	(0.7)	†	3.0	(0.3)	†	12.7	(0.6)	†	50.2	(0.8)	†	34.1	(0.8)	†
	Philippines	4.1	(0.3)		12.9	(0.5)		61.3	(0.7)		21.7	(0.6)		4.3	(0.3)		10.3	(0.5)		58.8	(0.7)		26.6	(0.7)
	Qatar	6.9	(0.3)		20.8	(0.4)		48.6	(0.5)		23.7	(0.4)		6.7	(0.2)		16.5	(0.3)		48.9	(0.5)		27.9	(0.4)
	Romania	3.6	(0.3)		22.1	(0.7)		57.6	(0.8)		16.7	(0.7)		5.4	(0.3)		20.6	(0.7)		50.6	(0.8)		23.4	(0.6)
	Russia	5.8	(0.3)		26.7	(0.6)		50.0	(0.6)		17.5	(0.6)		6.2	(0.3)		20.9	(0.5)		52.9	(0.6)		20.0	(0.6)
	Saudi Arabia	9.7	(0.4)		25.3	(0.6)		43.6	(0.7)		21.4	(0.6)		5.0	(0.3)		9.3	(0.4)		49.5	(0.7)		36.2	(0.7)
	Serbia	6.6	(0.4)		24.9	(0.7)		48.7	(0.8)		19.8	(0.6)		6.6	(0.4)		20.3	(0.7)		49.4	(0.7)		23.7	(0.6)
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	9.8	(0.4)		47.0	(0.7)		34.0	(0.7)		9.1	(0.4)		9.1	(0.4)		38.5	(0.7)		39.9	(0.7)		12.5	(0.4)
	Thailand	1.7	(0.2)		14.8	(0.5)		65.2	(0.7)		18.2	(0.7)		1.7	(0.1)		9.3	(0.4)		64.7	(0.7)		24.3	(0.7)
	Ukraine	6.4	(0.4)		40.1	(0.7)		40.3	(0.6)		13.2	(0.5)		5.4	(0.3)		26.2	(0.5)		50.1	(0.6)		18.3	(0.5)
	United Arab Emirates	5.9	(0.2)		20.2	(0.7)		46.4	(0.5)		27.5	(0.5)		5.9	(0.2)		16.2	(0.5)		45.6	(0.4)		32.4	(0.5)
	Uruguay	7.5	(0.5)		27.9	(0.7)		47.0	(0.8)		17.6	(0.6)		7.8	(0.5)		22.1	(0.7)		46.0	(0.9)		24.1	(0.7)
	Viet Nam	1.7	(0.2)		17.9	(0.6)		64.8	(0.8)		15.6	(0.6)		1.6	(0.2)		8.8	(0.5)		66.0	(0.8)		23.7	(0.7)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.12.1. Students' positive feelings

Based on students’ reports

		Index of positive feelings1						Percentage of students who reported feeling the following:
		Average			Variability			Happy
								Never			Rarely			Sometimes			Always
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	0.11	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		1.5	(0.2)		7.0	(0.4)		48.8	(0.7)		42.6	(0.8)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	- 0.06	(0.01)		1.02	(0.00)		1.3	(0.1)		5.5	(0.2)		46.0	(0.5)		47.2	(0.6)
	Chile	0.17	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		1.1	(0.2)		5.2	(0.3)		46.4	(0.7)		47.3	(0.7)
	Colombia	0.25	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		0.8	(0.1)		6.5	(0.3)		43.7	(0.6)		49.0	(0.6)
	Czech Republic	- 0.13	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		2.2	(0.2)		11.3	(0.5)		53.7	(0.8)		32.8	(0.7)
	Denmark	0.24	(0.01)		0.88	(0.01)		1.4	(0.2)		7.4	(0.4)		56.5	(0.8)		34.6	(0.7)
	Estonia	- 0.18	(0.02)		1.02	(0.01)		1.5	(0.2)		9.3	(0.5)		50.7	(0.8)		38.5	(0.8)
	Finland	- 0.12	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		1.5	(0.2)		7.7	(0.4)		59.3	(0.6)		31.5	(0.6)
	France	0.27	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		1.2	(0.1)		5.2	(0.3)		43.6	(0.7)		49.9	(0.7)
	Germany	0.07	(0.02)	†	0.96	(0.01)	†	0.9	(0.2)		7.3	(0.5)		52.7	(0.9)		39.1	(0.8)
	Greece	- 0.05	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		2.3	(0.2)		8.3	(0.4)		54.7	(0.7)		34.6	(0.7)
	Hungary	0.19	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		1.6	(0.2)		6.3	(0.4)		40.3	(0.8)		51.7	(0.8)
	Iceland	- 0.09	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		2.0	(0.2)		7.0	(0.5)		52.1	(0.9)		38.8	(0.9)
	Ireland	- 0.09	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		0.4	(0.1)		3.8	(0.3)		50.5	(0.7)		45.3	(0.8)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	m	m		m	m		1.7	(0.2)		7.0	(0.4)		52.0	(0.7)		39.2	(0.8)
	Japan	- 0.13	(0.02)		0.96	(0.01)		2.2	(0.2)		6.6	(0.3)		56.1	(0.7)		35.1	(0.8)
	Korea	0.03	(0.01)		1.05	(0.01)		1.6	(0.2)		11.6	(0.4)		42.8	(0.6)		43.9	(0.6)
	Latvia	0.03	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		1.7	(0.2)		11.2	(0.5)		50.4	(0.7)		36.7	(0.7)
	Lithuania	0.08	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		1.8	(0.2)		7.9	(0.4)		46.6	(0.7)		43.7	(0.7)
	Luxembourg	0.07	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		1.7	(0.2)		7.0	(0.3)		48.4	(0.7)		42.9	(0.7)
	Mexico	0.36	(0.01)	†	0.92	(0.01)	†	0.8	(0.2)		3.6	(0.2)		39.6	(0.6)		56.0	(0.7)
	Netherlands*	0.08	(0.02)		0.87	(0.01)		0.5	(0.1)		2.7	(0.3)		46.8	(1.1)		50.0	(1.1)
	New Zealand	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	- 0.08	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		1.9	(0.2)		11.2	(0.5)		52.4	(0.8)		34.5	(0.7)
	Portugal*	0.22	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		0.8	(0.1)		3.4	(0.2)		48.5	(0.7)		47.3	(0.7)
	Slovak Republic	- 0.02	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		2.3	(0.2)		10.7	(0.4)		47.0	(0.7)		39.9	(0.7)
	Slovenia	- 0.61	(0.01)		0.90	(0.01)		1.7	(0.2)		15.6	(0.5)		64.5	(0.7)		18.3	(0.5)
	Spain	0.30	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		0.7	(0.1)		3.1	(0.1)		44.5	(0.5)		51.6	(0.5)
	Sweden	- 0.05	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		2.1	(0.2)		9.5	(0.5)		55.2	(0.7)		33.2	(0.7)
	Switzerland	0.22	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		0.9	(0.2)		4.3	(0.4)		47.3	(0.8)		47.5	(0.8)
	Turkey	- 0.26	(0.02)		1.12	(0.01)		3.9	(0.2)		14.7	(0.5)		49.1	(0.7)		32.3	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	- 0.29	(0.01)		0.97	(0.01)		1.3	(0.1)		6.1	(0.4)		57.5	(0.6)		35.1	(0.6)
	United States*	- 0.13	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		1.2	(0.2)		6.0	(0.4)		49.8	(0.8)		43.1	(0.8)
	OECD average	0.01	(0.00)		0.98	(0.00)		1.5	(0.0)		7.5	(0.1)		49.9	(0.1)		41.0	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	0.52	(0.01)		0.83	(0.01)		0.8	(0.1)		4.0	(0.3)		27.1	(0.7)		68.1	(0.7)
	Argentina	0.08	(0.01)		0.99	(0.01)		2.3	(0.2)		5.8	(0.3)		51.3	(0.6)		40.6	(0.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.07	(0.02)		1.08	(0.01)		3.7	(0.3)		11.6	(0.5)		40.5	(0.7)		44.3	(0.8)
	Belarus	0.18	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		0.7	(0.1)		7.3	(0.5)		42.9	(0.7)		49.1	(0.7)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.35	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		2.1	(0.2)		5.7	(0.3)		33.8	(0.7)		58.4	(0.7)
	Brazil	0.06	(0.01)		1.00	(0.01)		2.2	(0.2)		7.6	(0.3)		39.6	(0.7)		50.6	(0.7)
	Brunei Darussalam	- 0.01	(0.01)		0.99	(0.01)		0.9	(0.1)		5.7	(0.3)		45.6	(0.6)		47.8	(0.6)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.11	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		0.5	(0.1)		1.3	(0.2)		35.7	(0.7)		62.5	(0.7)
	Bulgaria	0.16	(0.03)		1.13	(0.02)		4.7	(0.5)		8.7	(0.5)		36.7	(0.8)		49.9	(1.0)
	Costa Rica	0.32	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		0.6	(0.1)		4.0	(0.3)		39.7	(0.8)		55.7	(0.8)
	Croatia	0.26	(0.01)		0.99	(0.01)		1.1	(0.1)		4.7	(0.3)		37.8	(0.6)		56.4	(0.6)
	Cyprus	- 0.09	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		3.6	(0.3)		8.1	(0.4)		50.8	(0.8)		37.5	(0.7)
	Dominican Republic	0.39	(0.02)	†	1.01	(0.02)	†	3.2	(0.3)	†	5.0	(0.5)	†	32.0	(1.0)	†	59.9	(1.0)	†
	Georgia	- 0.13	(0.02)		1.02	(0.01)		5.8	(0.5)		20.2	(0.6)		49.4	(0.8)		24.6	(0.8)
	Hong Kong (China)*	- 0.06	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		1.4	(0.2)		3.0	(0.2)		54.3	(0.8)		41.3	(0.8)
	Indonesia	0.33	(0.01)		0.94	(0.01)		0.8	(0.1)		8.0	(0.4)		37.9	(0.7)		53.3	(0.7)
	Jordan	- 0.22	(0.02)		1.15	(0.01)		9.1	(0.6)		10.3	(0.4)		42.1	(0.8)		38.5	(0.8)
	Kazakhstan	0.57	(0.01)		0.90	(0.01)		1.0	(0.1)		6.3	(0.2)		26.7	(0.6)		66.0	(0.6)
	Kosovo	0.46	(0.01)		0.88	(0.01)		1.5	(0.2)		4.3	(0.4)		28.5	(0.7)		65.6	(0.7)
	Lebanon	- 0.32	(0.03)		1.13	(0.02)		6.2	(0.6)		12.0	(0.7)		43.3	(1.0)		38.5	(0.9)
	Macao (China)	- 0.08	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		0.8	(0.1)		9.8	(0.5)		47.2	(0.9)		42.2	(1.0)
	Malaysia	0.27	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		1.0	(0.2)		5.2	(0.4)		29.0	(0.7)		64.8	(0.9)
	Malta	- 0.04	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		1.6	(0.2)		4.8	(0.4)		51.0	(0.8)		42.6	(0.8)
	Moldova	0.23	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		0.9	(0.2)		6.7	(0.3)		46.3	(0.7)		46.0	(0.8)
	Montenegro	0.40	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		2.1	(0.2)		5.1	(0.3)		30.9	(0.7)		61.9	(0.7)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		3.3	(0.3)	†	8.3	(0.4)	†	47.7	(0.8)	†	40.7	(0.8)	†
	North Macedonia	0.37	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		1.6	(0.2)		4.1	(0.3)		30.8	(0.7)		63.5	(0.7)
	Panama	0.39	(0.02)	†	0.92	(0.02)	†	1.6	(0.3)	†	3.6	(0.4)	†	38.1	(0.9)	†	56.7	(0.8)	†
	Peru	0.37	(0.02)	†	0.90	(0.01)	†	0.8	(0.1)	†	3.4	(0.3)	†	42.5	(0.9)	†	53.3	(0.9)	†
	Philippines	0.25	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		1.1	(0.2)		3.4	(0.3)		35.6	(0.7)		59.9	(0.9)
	Qatar	0.01	(0.01)		1.10	(0.01)		4.4	(0.2)		8.1	(0.2)		40.1	(0.4)		47.4	(0.4)
	Romania	0.19	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		1.5	(0.3)		5.2	(0.3)		46.4	(0.8)		46.9	(0.9)
	Russia	- 0.07	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		2.5	(0.2)		12.8	(0.5)		42.7	(0.7)		41.9	(0.8)
	Saudi Arabia	0.03	(0.02)		1.10	(0.02)		7.5	(0.7)		7.1	(0.4)		39.4	(0.8)		45.9	(0.9)
	Serbia	0.23	(0.02)		1.05	(0.01)		2.7	(0.3)		7.5	(0.4)		35.5	(0.7)		54.3	(0.7)
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	0.12	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		0.7	(0.1)		5.4	(0.3)		44.5	(0.6)		49.4	(0.7)
	Thailand	0.32	(0.02)		0.98	(0.01)		0.9	(0.1)		7.0	(0.4)		33.1	(0.7)		59.0	(0.8)
	Ukraine	0.31	(0.01)		0.94	(0.01)		1.1	(0.2)		8.0	(0.3)		44.0	(0.7)		46.8	(0.7)
	United Arab Emirates	0.04	(0.01)		1.08	(0.01)		3.5	(0.2)		6.7	(0.3)		39.8	(0.6)		50.1	(0.6)
	Uruguay	0.19	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		1.6	(0.2)		4.3	(0.3)		46.6	(0.9)		47.4	(0.9)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		1.3	(0.2)		14.0	(0.5)		46.2	(0.6)		38.5	(0.7)
		Percentage of students who reported feeling the following:
		Lively												Proud
		Never			Rarely			Sometimes			Always			Never			Rarely			Sometimes			Always
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	3.2	(0.3)		12.8	(0.5)		43.8	(0.6)		40.2	(0.7)		4.4	(0.3)		21.5	(0.6)		55.8	(0.6)		18.3	(0.5)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	3.9	(0.2)		15.9	(0.4)		50.7	(0.5)		29.5	(0.5)		3.9	(0.2)		19.9	(0.4)		55.6	(0.4)		20.6	(0.4)
	Chile	2.1	(0.2)		11.1	(0.5)		47.8	(0.8)		39.0	(0.8)		7.4	(0.4)		22.2	(0.5)		46.9	(0.8)		23.4	(0.6)
	Colombia	1.2	(0.2)		8.3	(0.5)		44.5	(0.7)		46.1	(0.8)		8.4	(0.4)		19.3	(0.6)		42.2	(0.8)		30.2	(1.0)
	Czech Republic	4.1	(0.3)		18.5	(0.6)		47.3	(0.8)		30.1	(0.7)		7.0	(0.4)		29.2	(0.7)		47.1	(0.9)		16.6	(0.6)
	Denmark	1.6	(0.2)		8.2	(0.4)		56.3	(0.7)		34.0	(0.7)		2.2	(0.2)		13.9	(0.6)		66.9	(0.8)		16.9	(0.6)
	Estonia	2.5	(0.2)		18.1	(0.6)		50.8	(0.7)		28.7	(0.8)		6.9	(0.4)		32.5	(0.8)		50.4	(0.8)		10.3	(0.5)
	Finland	2.7	(0.2)		17.1	(0.5)		63.1	(0.7)		17.1	(0.5)		4.2	(0.3)		25.7	(0.6)		60.9	(0.7)		9.2	(0.4)
	France	9.6	(0.4)		21.5	(0.7)		46.2	(0.8)		22.7	(0.7)		5.3	(0.3)		21.6	(0.5)		50.5	(0.7)		22.6	(0.6)
	Germany	2.6	(0.3)	†	14.1	(0.6)	†	45.5	(1.0)	†	37.8	(0.8)	†	3.9	(0.3)	†	23.9	(0.7)	†	56.1	(0.8)	†	16.1	(0.7)	†
	Greece	2.1	(0.2)		12.2	(0.4)		45.1	(0.7)		40.7	(0.7)		3.4	(0.2)		17.5	(0.6)		52.4	(0.7)		26.6	(0.7)
	Hungary	3.2	(0.3)		14.5	(0.5)		42.3	(0.6)		40.0	(0.7)		5.9	(0.4)		21.8	(0.7)		50.9	(0.9)		21.5	(0.7)
	Iceland	1.9	(0.2)		8.2	(0.5)		54.1	(0.9)		35.8	(0.9)		3.6	(0.3)		18.5	(0.7)		57.5	(0.9)		20.4	(0.8)
	Ireland	1.1	(0.2)		10.0	(0.4)		53.1	(0.7)		35.8	(0.7)		3.7	(0.3)		22.7	(0.6)		58.4	(0.7)		15.2	(0.5)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	14.5	(0.5)		33.4	(0.6)		38.2	(0.7)		13.9	(0.6)		5.5	(0.3)		21.3	(0.5)		49.6	(0.8)		23.6	(0.7)
	Japan	2.4	(0.2)		7.5	(0.4)		45.8	(0.7)		44.3	(0.8)		10.8	(0.4)		37.4	(0.8)		44.0	(0.8)		7.7	(0.4)
	Korea	2.9	(0.2)		15.0	(0.4)		40.8	(0.6)		41.3	(0.6)		7.3	(0.4)		26.7	(0.6)		43.5	(0.6)		22.5	(0.5)
	Latvia	3.2	(0.2)		19.4	(0.7)		48.2	(0.9)		29.1	(0.6)		8.9	(0.4)		35.0	(0.7)		45.6	(0.8)		10.6	(0.5)
	Lithuania	2.7	(0.3)		15.1	(0.4)		49.1	(0.6)		33.0	(0.6)		4.4	(0.3)		22.7	(0.5)		53.7	(0.7)		19.2	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	3.6	(0.3)		12.9	(0.5)		41.9	(0.8)		41.7	(0.7)		3.8	(0.3)		21.1	(0.6)		54.7	(0.7)		20.4	(0.6)
	Mexico	1.4	(0.2)		6.4	(0.4)		47.0	(0.8)		45.2	(0.7)		4.9	(0.3)		15.7	(0.5)		47.1	(0.7)		32.3	(0.7)
	Netherlands*	1.6	(0.3)		7.8	(0.5)		54.3	(0.8)		36.3	(0.9)		1.9	(0.2)		14.7	(0.5)		64.4	(0.8)		19.0	(0.7)
	New Zealand	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	2.8	(0.2)		16.7	(0.5)		48.0	(0.6)		32.5	(0.7)		4.6	(0.3)		28.1	(0.6)		55.4	(0.8)		11.9	(0.5)
	Portugal*	2.3	(0.2)		12.1	(0.5)		54.6	(0.7)		31.0	(0.7)		4.4	(0.3)		24.9	(0.7)		55.8	(0.7)		14.9	(0.6)
	Slovak Republic	4.7	(0.3)		21.3	(0.6)		51.8	(0.8)		22.2	(0.6)		10.4	(0.4)		32.0	(0.8)		45.3	(0.8)		12.3	(0.5)
	Slovenia	2.5	(0.3)		18.6	(0.6)		55.1	(0.7)		23.8	(0.5)		4.6	(0.3)		38.6	(0.8)		47.4	(0.8)		9.4	(0.4)
	Spain	0.9	(0.1)		6.2	(0.2)		51.3	(0.4)		41.7	(0.4)		4.3	(0.1)		19.3	(0.4)		53.4	(0.5)		23.1	(0.4)
	Sweden	3.1	(0.3)		16.1	(0.6)		55.8	(0.8)		25.0	(0.6)		4.1	(0.3)		21.6	(0.7)		56.8	(0.9)		17.5	(0.6)
	Switzerland	3.8	(0.4)		13.1	(0.6)		45.9	(0.8)		37.1	(0.8)		3.3	(0.2)		19.5	(0.7)		58.5	(0.9)		18.7	(0.8)
	Turkey	9.4	(0.4)		20.9	(0.5)		38.1	(0.7)		31.6	(0.7)		5.0	(0.3)		14.5	(0.4)		40.6	(0.7)		39.9	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	2.1	(0.2)		15.3	(0.5)		53.4	(0.6)		29.2	(0.6)		5.8	(0.4)		29.3	(0.8)		53.0	(0.8)		11.9	(0.4)
	United States*	3.1	(0.3)		15.6	(0.5)		50.4	(0.7)		31.0	(0.8)		3.3	(0.3)		18.5	(0.6)		53.9	(0.8)		24.3	(0.8)
	OECD average	3.4	(0.0)		14.5	(0.1)		48.8	(0.1)		33.3	(0.1)		5.2	(0.1)		23.5	(0.1)		52.3	(0.1)		19.0	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	1.3	(0.2)		4.0	(0.3)		16.2	(0.5)		78.5	(0.6)		1.2	(0.1)		5.2	(0.3)		34.9	(0.8)		58.6	(0.8)
	Argentina	3.0	(0.2)		9.1	(0.4)		43.7	(0.7)		44.2	(0.6)		7.9	(0.3)		17.5	(0.6)		47.0	(0.8)		27.6	(0.7)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	4.4	(0.3)		11.7	(0.4)		30.7	(0.7)		53.3	(0.8)		22.0	(0.7)		19.7	(0.6)		29.1	(0.7)		29.2	(0.6)
	Belarus	1.1	(0.2)		8.4	(0.4)		35.1	(0.6)		55.4	(0.8)		7.0	(0.4)		26.7	(0.6)		52.5	(0.6)		13.7	(0.4)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	2.6	(0.2)		9.0	(0.4)		39.2	(0.7)		49.3	(0.6)		2.9	(0.2)		10.7	(0.4)		52.0	(0.6)		34.4	(0.6)
	Brazil	3.1	(0.2)		12.3	(0.4)		37.9	(0.7)		46.6	(0.7)		13.9	(0.4)		22.3	(0.5)		40.9	(0.7)		22.9	(0.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	2.9	(0.2)		16.3	(0.4)		50.0	(0.6)		30.8	(0.6)		4.1	(0.2)		25.3	(0.5)		57.0	(0.7)		13.6	(0.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	1.0	(0.1)		4.8	(0.2)		41.2	(0.9)		53.0	(0.9)		3.2	(0.2)		15.3	(0.4)		65.6	(0.5)		15.9	(0.5)
	Bulgaria	5.4	(0.4)		13.8	(0.6)		38.9	(0.8)		41.9	(0.7)		6.3	(0.5)		20.6	(0.5)		47.0	(0.9)		26.1	(0.7)
	Costa Rica	1.3	(0.1)		7.9	(0.3)		44.6	(0.8)		46.2	(0.8)		2.3	(0.2)		11.1	(0.4)		57.1	(0.8)		29.5	(0.8)
	Croatia	3.0	(0.2)		13.4	(0.5)		46.8	(0.6)		36.8	(0.6)		2.6	(0.2)		16.3	(0.5)		61.2	(0.6)		19.9	(0.6)
	Cyprus	3.9	(0.3)		11.6	(0.5)		48.0	(0.8)		36.4	(0.7)		4.5	(0.3)		17.5	(0.6)		53.7	(0.8)		24.3	(0.7)
	Dominican Republic	11.4	(0.7)	†	13.5	(0.7)	†	36.4	(0.9)	†	38.6	(0.9)	†	8.3	(0.5)	†	13.7	(0.7)	†	35.0	(1.1)	†	43.0	(1.1)	†
	Georgia	5.4	(0.5)		11.5	(0.5)		28.4	(0.8)		54.7	(0.9)		16.3	(0.7)		26.4	(0.7)		38.2	(0.8)		19.2	(0.7)
	Hong Kong (China)*	2.5	(0.3)		12.6	(0.5)		55.9	(0.8)		28.9	(0.8)		6.3	(0.3)		29.0	(0.7)		55.6	(0.7)		9.2	(0.5)
	Indonesia	0.8	(0.1)		7.5	(0.4)		35.9	(0.8)		55.8	(0.8)		1.8	(0.2)		12.6	(0.5)		49.9	(1.0)		35.7	(0.9)
	Jordan	5.9	(0.3)		12.4	(0.5)		44.2	(0.8)		37.5	(0.7)		5.5	(0.4)		9.8	(0.4)		33.9	(0.7)		50.8	(0.8)
	Kazakhstan	1.4	(0.1)		9.4	(0.3)		36.7	(0.5)		52.4	(0.6)		16.7	(0.4)		29.3	(0.4)		38.5	(0.5)		15.5	(0.4)
	Kosovo	1.8	(0.2)		5.9	(0.4)		30.6	(0.8)		61.7	(0.8)		1.3	(0.2)		6.1	(0.4)		34.6	(0.8)		58.0	(0.8)
	Lebanon	9.1	(0.6)		20.2	(0.7)		41.6	(0.9)		29.1	(0.8)		7.5	(0.5)		17.1	(0.7)		41.7	(0.9)		33.7	(0.9)
	Macao (China)	2.9	(0.3)		17.1	(0.5)		45.8	(0.8)		34.2	(0.8)		5.7	(0.3)		32.2	(0.8)		48.3	(0.8)		13.8	(0.5)
	Malaysia	2.4	(0.2)		16.2	(0.6)		45.5	(0.7)		35.9	(0.8)		4.1	(0.3)		22.3	(0.7)		54.6	(0.8)		18.9	(0.7)
	Malta	3.2	(0.3)		13.6	(0.7)		47.4	(0.9)		35.9	(0.9)		5.1	(0.4)		22.1	(0.7)		55.0	(0.9)		17.8	(0.7)
	Moldova	1.5	(0.2)		9.7	(0.5)		37.2	(0.8)		51.6	(0.8)		8.4	(0.4)		24.3	(0.7)		49.5	(0.7)		17.8	(0.6)
	Montenegro	23.1	(0.6)		25.5	(0.6)		33.9	(0.6)		17.5	(0.5)		2.8	(0.2)		9.0	(0.4)		49.1	(0.6)		39.1	(0.6)
	Morocco	4.5	(0.4)	†	11.5	(0.5)	†	40.2	(0.7)	†	43.9	(0.8)	†	6.2	(0.4)	†	14.7	(0.5)	†	50.0	(0.7)	†	29.1	(0.7)	†
	North Macedonia	2.1	(0.3)		6.0	(0.3)		32.3	(0.6)		59.6	(0.7)		3.5	(0.3)		9.3	(0.4)		46.4	(0.8)		40.8	(0.8)
	Panama	3.2	(0.4)	†	7.5	(0.6)	†	32.3	(0.8)	†	57.0	(1.1)	†	11.0	(0.7)	†	13.4	(0.6)	†	37.1	(0.9)	†	38.5	(1.0)	†
	Peru	1.2	(0.1)	†	4.8	(0.3)	†	42.7	(0.8)	†	51.3	(0.9)	†	6.7	(0.4)	†	16.8	(0.5)	†	44.2	(0.8)	†	32.2	(0.7)	†
	Philippines	1.4	(0.2)		6.7	(0.3)		45.4	(0.7)		46.5	(0.8)		2.5	(0.2)		9.6	(0.4)		47.2	(0.7)		40.7	(0.9)
	Qatar	5.1	(0.2)		14.4	(0.3)		45.3	(0.5)		35.2	(0.4)		6.2	(0.2)		15.9	(0.3)		40.9	(0.4)		37.0	(0.4)
	Romania	1.4	(0.2)		9.3	(0.5)		39.8	(0.7)		49.5	(0.8)		5.1	(0.4)		20.9	(0.6)		52.3	(0.8)		21.6	(0.8)
	Russia	3.9	(0.3)		17.1	(0.5)		45.5	(0.7)		33.6	(0.8)		12.4	(0.4)		30.8	(0.5)		39.8	(0.6)		17.0	(0.5)
	Saudi Arabia	4.3	(0.5)		8.2	(0.4)		38.3	(0.7)		49.2	(0.8)		6.1	(0.4)		10.4	(0.4)		31.1	(0.7)		52.4	(0.7)
	Serbia	6.3	(0.3)		14.1	(0.6)		40.7	(0.7)		38.9	(0.7)		3.2	(0.3)		11.5	(0.5)		50.6	(0.7)		34.7	(0.6)
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	1.8	(0.2)		11.6	(0.4)		43.1	(0.7)		43.6	(0.7)		13.2	(0.4)		43.6	(0.7)		37.1	(0.6)		6.2	(0.3)
	Thailand	1.3	(0.2)		8.0	(0.5)		34.9	(0.7)		55.8	(0.8)		1.2	(0.1)		16.5	(0.6)		56.4	(0.8)		25.9	(0.8)
	Ukraine	2.5	(0.2)		11.8	(0.4)		45.1	(0.6)		40.6	(0.7)		12.8	(0.5)		28.7	(0.7)		44.0	(0.8)		14.4	(0.5)
	United Arab Emirates	3.9	(0.2)		12.6	(0.4)		45.3	(0.5)		38.1	(0.4)		5.2	(0.2)		14.5	(0.4)		40.6	(0.6)		39.7	(0.7)
	Uruguay	2.2	(0.2)		9.4	(0.5)		47.1	(0.8)		41.2	(0.9)		5.6	(0.4)		16.5	(0.6)		52.4	(0.9)		25.5	(0.8)
	Viet Nam	1.9	(0.2)		16.9	(0.6)		48.5	(0.8)		32.8	(0.9)		2.9	(0.3)		23.3	(0.6)		57.0	(0.8)		16.7	(0.7)
		Percentage of students who reported feeling the following:
		Joyful												Cheerful
		Never			Rarely			Sometimes			Always			Never			Rarely			Sometimes			Always
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	1.5	(0.2)		7.7	(0.4)		46.3	(0.7)		44.4	(0.7)		1.4	(0.2)		7.0	(0.4)		43.7	(0.7)		48.0	(0.8)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	2.2	(0.2)		11.6	(0.3)		52.1	(0.4)		34.1	(0.5)		2.6	(0.2)		12.6	(0.3)		49.8	(0.4)		35.0	(0.5)
	Chile	1.3	(0.2)		6.3	(0.3)		41.1	(0.7)		51.2	(0.8)		2.0	(0.2)		9.3	(0.4)		44.9	(0.7)		43.8	(0.7)
	Colombia	0.8	(0.1)		7.0	(0.4)		37.5	(0.7)		54.6	(0.8)		0.9	(0.1)		7.3	(0.4)		42.5	(0.8)		49.3	(0.7)
	Czech Republic	1.7	(0.2)		9.7	(0.5)		54.7	(0.9)		33.9	(0.8)		2.0	(0.2)		9.7	(0.4)		50.7	(0.9)		37.6	(0.8)
	Denmark	0.7	(0.1)		2.3	(0.2)		42.4	(0.9)		54.6	(0.9)		0.7	(0.1)		2.6	(0.3)		39.2	(0.8)		57.5	(0.8)
	Estonia	4.2	(0.3)		17.8	(0.6)		48.7	(0.7)		29.2	(0.7)		1.8	(0.2)		9.3	(0.5)		46.3	(0.8)		42.7	(0.8)
	Finland	1.2	(0.1)		6.7	(0.3)		60.2	(0.6)		31.9	(0.7)		1.4	(0.1)		8.1	(0.4)		56.9	(0.6)		33.7	(0.5)
	France	1.4	(0.2)		6.2	(0.4)		41.0	(0.6)		51.5	(0.7)		1.2	(0.2)		5.3	(0.3)		38.2	(0.7)		55.4	(0.7)
	Germany	1.2	(0.2)	†	7.7	(0.4)	†	49.5	(0.7)	†	41.6	(0.7)	†	1.0	(0.2)	†	6.7	(0.4)	†	44.8	(0.9)	†	47.5	(1.0)	†
	Greece	1.4	(0.2)		5.8	(0.3)		47.8	(0.8)		45.0	(0.7)		3.5	(0.3)		13.8	(0.5)		48.8	(0.7)		33.9	(0.6)
	Hungary	1.2	(0.2)		6.9	(0.4)		36.4	(0.7)		55.5	(0.8)		3.5	(0.3)		13.4	(0.4)		39.5	(0.8)		43.6	(0.8)
	Iceland	1.9	(0.2)		10.3	(0.5)		57.1	(0.9)		30.7	(0.8)		1.7	(0.2)		6.5	(0.4)		53.2	(0.9)		38.7	(0.8)
	Ireland	1.3	(0.2)		11.6	(0.5)		59.8	(0.7)		27.3	(0.7)		1.1	(0.2)		10.1	(0.4)		56.8	(0.8)		32.0	(0.8)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	1.7	(0.2)		7.4	(0.4)		46.7	(0.7)		44.2	(0.8)		10.3	(0.5)		23.6	(0.6)		43.2	(0.7)		22.8	(0.5)
	Japan	1.7	(0.2)		4.1	(0.2)		56.4	(0.7)		37.8	(0.7)		5.5	(0.3)		15.6	(0.4)		49.0	(0.7)		29.9	(0.7)
	Korea	1.3	(0.2)		8.4	(0.4)		45.4	(0.5)		44.9	(0.6)		1.9	(0.2)		11.5	(0.5)		46.1	(0.5)		40.6	(0.5)
	Latvia	1.4	(0.2)		7.7	(0.4)		48.1	(0.8)		42.8	(0.8)		1.8	(0.2)		8.9	(0.4)		40.6	(0.8)		48.7	(0.8)
	Lithuania	1.6	(0.2)		8.1	(0.4)		48.5	(0.6)		41.7	(0.7)		1.4	(0.2)		7.6	(0.4)		44.3	(0.6)		46.7	(0.7)
	Luxembourg	1.9	(0.2)		8.0	(0.4)		48.3	(0.7)		41.8	(0.6)		1.7	(0.2)		7.5	(0.4)		44.3	(0.8)		46.5	(0.7)
	Mexico	0.9	(0.2)	†	4.9	(0.3)	†	34.1	(0.7)	†	60.1	(0.7)	†	1.4	(0.2)	†	6.2	(0.4)	†	42.4	(0.7)	†	50.0	(0.7)	†
	Netherlands*	0.6	(0.1)		3.3	(0.3)		44.8	(0.9)		51.3	(0.9)		3.5	(0.3)		15.5	(0.8)		58.7	(0.8)		22.4	(0.9)
	New Zealand	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	2.0	(0.2)		10.8	(0.4)		49.1	(0.8)		38.1	(0.8)		1.6	(0.2)		9.7	(0.4)		47.7	(0.9)		41.0	(0.9)
	Portugal*	0.7	(0.1)		4.7	(0.3)		46.2	(0.8)		48.4	(0.8)		0.7	(0.1)		5.1	(0.3)		46.5	(0.9)		47.7	(0.9)
	Slovak Republic	1.9	(0.2)		11.0	(0.5)		48.1	(0.7)		39.0	(0.7)		1.9	(0.2)		9.2	(0.5)		44.7	(0.7)		44.2	(0.7)
	Slovenia	4.7	(0.3)		31.4	(0.8)		51.4	(0.8)		12.6	(0.5)		1.3	(0.2)		11.7	(0.5)		55.8	(0.7)		31.2	(0.7)
	Spain	1.2	(0.1)		5.1	(0.2)		41.9	(0.5)		51.8	(0.5)		0.7	(0.1)		4.1	(0.2)		42.4	(0.5)		52.8	(0.5)
	Sweden	1.5	(0.2)		6.7	(0.4)		53.1	(0.8)		38.7	(0.7)		1.9	(0.3)		8.3	(0.4)		50.0	(0.8)		39.8	(0.7)
	Switzerland	1.0	(0.1)		5.4	(0.4)		46.5	(0.8)		47.1	(0.8)		0.8	(0.1)		4.9	(0.4)		44.0	(0.8)		50.2	(0.8)
	Turkey	4.9	(0.3)		14.4	(0.5)		48.5	(0.7)		32.2	(0.6)		4.6	(0.3)		13.1	(0.5)		43.8	(0.7)		38.5	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	2.2	(0.2)		16.0	(0.6)		59.0	(0.7)		22.8	(0.6)		2.4	(0.2)		13.7	(0.4)		57.4	(0.7)		26.4	(0.6)
	United States*	2.1	(0.2)		12.9	(0.5)		52.7	(0.8)		32.3	(0.8)		2.6	(0.2)		14.7	(0.5)		51.7	(0.8)		31.0	(0.8)
	OECD average	1.7	(0.0)		9.0	(0.1)		48.2	(0.1)		41.0	(0.1)		2.2	(0.0)		9.8	(0.1)		47.1	(0.1)		40.9	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	0.6	(0.1)		3.4	(0.3)		29.7	(0.7)		66.2	(0.7)		1.3	(0.1)		7.2	(0.4)		33.7	(0.7)		57.8	(0.8)
	Argentina	2.7	(0.2)		6.3	(0.4)		48.0	(0.6)		43.0	(0.6)		2.8	(0.2)		6.0	(0.3)		44.4	(0.7)		46.8	(0.7)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	3.3	(0.3)		9.1	(0.4)		34.4	(0.7)		53.1	(0.8)		4.4	(0.4)		12.7	(0.5)		37.3	(0.8)		45.6	(0.6)
	Belarus	0.4	(0.1)		4.8	(0.3)		38.7	(0.8)		56.1	(0.8)		2.9	(0.2)		13.5	(0.5)		45.2	(0.7)		38.4	(0.7)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1.7	(0.2)		6.0	(0.3)		38.7	(0.8)		53.6	(0.8)		1.5	(0.2)		4.6	(0.3)		32.3	(0.7)		61.6	(0.8)
	Brazil	2.0	(0.2)		8.3	(0.3)		36.2	(0.7)		53.4	(0.7)		5.7	(0.3)		15.7	(0.4)		46.3	(0.6)		32.3	(0.7)
	Brunei Darussalam	2.5	(0.2)		11.9	(0.4)		47.6	(0.6)		38.0	(0.6)		2.5	(0.2)		11.9	(0.5)		46.9	(0.6)		38.7	(0.7)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.9	(0.1)		4.5	(0.3)		59.5	(0.7)		35.2	(0.8)		2.7	(0.2)		11.3	(0.4)		55.5	(0.6)		30.4	(0.6)
	Bulgaria	4.2	(0.4)		8.4	(0.5)		38.8	(0.8)		48.6	(1.0)		3.3	(0.4)		7.4	(0.4)		33.2	(0.8)		56.1	(0.9)
	Costa Rica	0.8	(0.1)		5.8	(0.3)		36.0	(0.8)		57.5	(0.8)		1.3	(0.2)		7.3	(0.4)		42.3	(0.8)		49.1	(0.8)
	Croatia	1.5	(0.2)		7.5	(0.4)		45.2	(0.6)		45.8	(0.7)		1.1	(0.2)		5.8	(0.3)		37.1	(0.6)		56.0	(0.7)
	Cyprus	2.7	(0.2)		7.0	(0.4)		47.9	(0.7)		42.4	(0.7)		5.6	(0.3)		14.4	(0.5)		47.0	(0.7)		33.0	(0.8)
	Dominican Republic	2.8	(0.3)	†	6.0	(0.5)	†	30.5	(0.9)	†	60.6	(1.0)	†	2.3	(0.3)	†	6.9	(0.5)	†	32.0	(0.8)	†	58.8	(0.8)	†
	Georgia	3.5	(0.3)		11.0	(0.4)		45.0	(0.7)		40.6	(0.7)		2.4	(0.3)		7.8	(0.4)		34.8	(0.8)		55.0	(0.8)
	Hong Kong (China)*	1.5	(0.2)		4.9	(0.3)		62.1	(0.8)		31.4	(0.8)		2.4	(0.3)		9.1	(0.4)		55.0	(0.8)		33.5	(0.7)
	Indonesia	0.8	(0.1)		6.6	(0.4)		37.3	(0.7)		55.3	(0.7)		0.8	(0.1)		6.1	(0.3)		33.3	(0.7)		59.8	(0.8)
	Jordan	7.4	(0.4)		14.5	(0.5)		39.0	(0.7)		39.1	(0.8)		8.9	(0.4)		13.3	(0.4)		30.9	(0.6)		46.9	(0.7)
	Kazakhstan	0.9	(0.1)		4.9	(0.2)		28.5	(0.5)		65.7	(0.5)		0.9	(0.1)		3.8	(0.2)		22.5	(0.4)		72.8	(0.5)
	Kosovo	1.3	(0.2)		6.8	(0.4)		34.6	(0.7)		57.3	(0.7)		0.8	(0.1)		3.3	(0.3)		30.8	(0.8)		65.1	(0.8)
	Lebanon	12.5	(0.9)		11.1	(0.6)		41.4	(1.1)		35.1	(1.0)		6.7	(0.5)		15.9	(0.7)		46.0	(0.9)		31.4	(1.0)
	Macao (China)	1.2	(0.2)		12.3	(0.5)		50.0	(0.8)		36.5	(0.8)		2.2	(0.3)		15.7	(0.5)		44.9	(0.7)		37.1	(0.7)
	Malaysia	3.0	(0.3)		13.6	(0.6)		36.5	(0.7)		46.9	(0.9)		1.5	(0.2)		7.3	(0.4)		29.0	(0.8)		62.3	(1.0)
	Malta	1.9	(0.2)		11.3	(0.5)		51.8	(0.9)		35.0	(0.8)		2.4	(0.3)		9.8	(0.5)		48.6	(0.8)		39.3	(0.9)
	Moldova	0.9	(0.1)		6.5	(0.4)		36.9	(0.7)		55.7	(0.8)		1.2	(0.2)		8.4	(0.4)		42.2	(0.8)		48.2	(0.8)
	Montenegro	1.8	(0.2)		6.1	(0.3)		36.4	(0.7)		55.7	(0.7)		1.8	(0.2)		5.6	(0.3)		28.1	(0.6)		64.6	(0.6)
	Morocco	19.9	(0.7)	†	29.8	(0.8)	†	36.7	(0.9)	†	13.6	(0.6)	†	19.6	(0.7)	†	28.5	(0.7)	†	37.4	(0.8)	†	14.6	(0.6)	†
	North Macedonia	2.3	(0.2)		3.7	(0.3)		36.7	(0.7)		57.3	(0.7)		3.4	(0.3)		7.0	(0.4)		36.8	(0.8)		52.8	(0.8)
	Panama	1.7	(0.3)	†	4.6	(0.4)	†	33.7	(0.9)	†	60.1	(0.9)	†	1.9	(0.3)	†	4.6	(0.5)	†	37.5	(1.0)	†	56.0	(1.0)	†
	Peru	0.7	(0.1)	†	3.8	(0.4)	†	36.2	(0.8)	†	59.3	(0.8)	†	1.1	(0.2)	†	4.8	(0.3)	†	40.8	(0.7)	†	53.3	(0.7)	†
	Philippines	1.7	(0.2)		6.8	(0.4)		38.9	(0.7)		52.6	(0.9)		2.3	(0.2)		9.3	(0.4)		46.5	(0.7)		41.8	(0.8)
	Qatar	3.7	(0.2)		10.3	(0.3)		43.3	(0.4)		42.7	(0.4)		4.1	(0.2)		11.1	(0.3)		41.4	(0.4)		43.4	(0.4)
	Romania	1.0	(0.2)		6.9	(0.4)		45.1	(0.8)		46.9	(0.8)		1.4	(0.2)		6.5	(0.3)		40.8	(0.8)		51.2	(0.8)
	Russia	2.2	(0.2)		8.8	(0.4)		41.2	(0.7)		47.8	(0.8)		5.7	(0.3)		18.5	(0.5)		43.0	(0.6)		32.8	(0.8)
	Saudi Arabia	5.6	(0.5)		8.9	(0.4)		34.4	(0.7)		51.1	(0.7)		6.6	(0.4)		10.5	(0.4)		36.2	(0.8)		46.7	(0.7)
	Serbia	2.7	(0.3)		7.8	(0.3)		40.3	(0.6)		49.2	(0.7)		2.3	(0.3)		6.8	(0.3)		34.0	(0.7)		56.9	(0.7)
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	1.3	(0.1)		7.5	(0.3)		47.8	(0.7)		43.4	(0.7)		1.4	(0.1)		9.6	(0.4)		44.3	(0.6)		44.7	(0.6)
	Thailand	1.4	(0.2)		9.3	(0.5)		40.8	(0.7)		48.5	(0.8)		1.1	(0.2)		5.5	(0.4)		28.6	(0.6)		64.8	(0.7)
	Ukraine	1.1	(0.2)		5.9	(0.3)		36.3	(0.7)		56.7	(0.7)		1.1	(0.2)		4.9	(0.3)		33.5	(0.8)		60.6	(0.8)
	United Arab Emirates	4.3	(0.2)		11.2	(0.3)		41.7	(0.6)		42.8	(0.6)		3.8	(0.2)		10.1	(0.5)		39.3	(0.5)		46.9	(0.6)
	Uruguay	1.8	(0.3)		5.2	(0.4)		44.0	(0.8)		49.1	(0.9)		1.6	(0.2)		6.4	(0.4)		47.3	(0.9)		44.7	(0.9)
	Viet Nam	6.4	(0.4)		29.5	(0.9)		49.8	(0.9)		14.3	(0.6)		0.5	(0.1)		9.0	(0.4)		45.7	(0.7)		44.9	(0.7)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. The index of positive feelings is based on three items: "happy", "joyful" and "cheerful".

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.12.2. Students' negative feelings

Based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who reported feeling the following:
		Scared												Miserable
		Never			Rarely			Sometimes			Always			Never			Rarely			Sometimes			Always
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	18.3	(0.6)		49.4	(0.9)		28.5	(0.8)		3.8	(0.3)		11.5	(0.5)		48.3	(0.8)		35.1	(0.8)		5.2	(0.3)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	15.1	(0.4)		46.5	(0.5)		33.0	(0.5)		5.4	(0.2)		16.8	(0.4)		42.1	(0.5)		34.9	(0.5)		6.1	(0.3)
	Chile	28.7	(0.7)		46.7	(0.9)		21.2	(0.6)		3.3	(0.3)		16.1	(0.5)		33.3	(0.6)		41.6	(0.7)		9.0	(0.4)
	Colombia	11.6	(0.5)		50.6	(0.7)		33.9	(0.7)		3.9	(0.3)		34.1	(0.8)		40.7	(0.7)		21.8	(0.6)		3.4	(0.3)
	Czech Republic	8.2	(0.4)		37.2	(0.7)		46.0	(0.7)		8.6	(0.5)		10.4	(0.5)		46.0	(0.6)		38.0	(0.7)		5.6	(0.4)
	Denmark	13.5	(0.5)		52.0	(0.9)		32.2	(0.7)		2.3	(0.2)		20.8	(0.5)		50.6	(0.7)		26.5	(0.7)		2.2	(0.2)
	Estonia	11.4	(0.5)		55.0	(0.8)		30.4	(0.8)		3.2	(0.3)		16.1	(0.6)		40.8	(0.7)		35.9	(0.7)		7.2	(0.4)
	Finland	14.8	(0.4)		59.1	(0.6)		23.7	(0.5)		2.3	(0.2)		16.5	(0.5)		51.7	(0.7)		29.2	(0.6)		2.7	(0.2)
	France	20.7	(0.5)		50.9	(0.8)		25.1	(0.7)		3.2	(0.2)		16.8	(0.5)		46.3	(0.7)		33.1	(0.6)		3.8	(0.3)
	Germany	18.5	(0.7)	†	53.3	(0.8)	†	25.4	(0.7)	†	2.9	(0.3)	†	9.7	(0.5)	†	49.3	(0.8)	†	36.8	(0.9)	†	4.3	(0.3)	†
	Greece	13.7	(0.5)		48.0	(0.8)		33.0	(0.6)		5.2	(0.3)		17.3	(0.5)		46.6	(0.7)		30.8	(0.6)		5.2	(0.3)
	Hungary	20.9	(0.7)		49.5	(0.8)		26.2	(0.7)		3.4	(0.3)		13.5	(0.5)		45.0	(0.8)		34.7	(0.8)		6.7	(0.4)
	Iceland	24.2	(0.8)		49.4	(1.0)		23.4	(0.8)		2.9	(0.3)		17.7	(0.6)		43.1	(0.9)		33.2	(0.8)		6.1	(0.4)
	Ireland	12.1	(0.4)		51.7	(0.7)		33.8	(0.7)		2.4	(0.2)		16.2	(0.6)		47.7	(0.7)		33.3	(0.8)		2.9	(0.2)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	12.7	(0.5)		46.7	(0.7)		36.3	(0.6)		4.3	(0.3)		11.4	(0.4)		42.4	(0.6)		39.7	(0.7)		6.4	(0.4)
	Japan	9.2	(0.4)		30.1	(0.7)		50.7	(0.8)		9.9	(0.4)		16.2	(0.5)		38.3	(0.7)		37.4	(0.6)		8.1	(0.4)
	Korea	15.7	(0.5)		36.4	(0.7)		38.3	(0.7)		9.5	(0.4)		35.0	(0.6)		35.3	(0.5)		24.3	(0.6)		5.4	(0.3)
	Latvia	9.9	(0.5)		53.5	(0.8)		32.3	(0.8)		4.3	(0.3)		17.9	(0.7)		44.1	(0.8)		31.3	(0.7)		6.7	(0.4)
	Lithuania	17.2	(0.6)		52.1	(0.7)		27.7	(0.6)		3.0	(0.2)		31.9	(0.6)		38.6	(0.7)		24.1	(0.6)		5.4	(0.3)
	Luxembourg	16.8	(0.5)		47.9	(0.7)		30.5	(0.6)		4.8	(0.3)		11.0	(0.4)		45.0	(0.7)		38.0	(0.7)		5.9	(0.4)
	Mexico	23.0	(0.7)	†	47.9	(0.6)	†	26.4	(0.7)	†	2.7	(0.3)	†	19.4	(0.5)		37.2	(0.8)		37.0	(0.8)		6.4	(0.4)
	Netherlands*	20.4	(0.7)		50.9	(0.8)		26.6	(0.8)		2.1	(0.2)		22.1	(0.8)		47.1	(0.9)		28.4	(0.8)		2.4	(0.3)
	New Zealand	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	14.7	(0.5)		54.6	(0.7)		27.0	(0.6)		3.8	(0.3)		9.0	(0.4)		46.6	(0.7)		37.2	(0.7)		7.2	(0.4)
	Portugal*	15.3	(0.6)		55.0	(0.7)		27.9	(0.7)		1.8	(0.2)		13.4	(0.5)		48.9	(0.8)		35.1	(0.8)		2.5	(0.3)
	Slovak Republic	13.3	(0.5)		52.4	(0.6)		30.3	(0.7)		4.0	(0.3)		11.0	(0.5)		42.4	(0.8)		37.8	(0.7)		8.8	(0.5)
	Slovenia	15.1	(0.6)		63.9	(0.8)		18.2	(0.6)		2.8	(0.2)		11.9	(0.6)		52.4	(0.8)		29.1	(0.8)		6.6	(0.4)
	Spain	17.1	(0.3)		51.9	(0.3)		29.0	(0.3)		2.0	(0.1)		17.7	(0.4)		44.2	(0.4)		34.1	(0.4)		4.0	(0.2)
	Sweden	16.7	(0.7)		50.0	(0.7)		30.0	(0.7)		3.3	(0.3)		15.4	(0.7)		44.9	(0.8)		34.6	(0.7)		5.1	(0.3)
	Switzerland	17.8	(0.7)		52.4	(0.7)		27.1	(0.7)		2.6	(0.3)		10.7	(0.4)		51.1	(0.8)		35.0	(0.8)		3.2	(0.3)
	Turkey	23.8	(0.7)		49.9	(0.7)		22.5	(0.6)		3.7	(0.2)		40.1	(0.6)		35.6	(0.6)		18.0	(0.5)		6.3	(0.4)
	United Kingdom	13.6	(0.4)		47.6	(0.7)		33.8	(0.7)		5.0	(0.3)		10.2	(0.4)		37.4	(0.7)		44.7	(0.6)		7.7	(0.4)
	United States*	14.3	(0.6)		41.1	(0.8)		39.0	(0.9)		5.6	(0.4)		20.1	(0.7)		39.6	(0.8)		34.2	(0.7)		6.1	(0.5)
	OECD average	16.2	(0.1)		49.5	(0.1)		30.3	(0.1)		4.0	(0.1)		17.4	(0.1)		43.8	(0.1)		33.3	(0.1)		5.5	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	19.6	(0.6)		42.7	(0.6)		33.0	(0.7)		4.7	(0.3)		73.7	(0.6)		15.8	(0.5)		7.4	(0.3)		3.0	(0.3)
	Argentina	18.6	(0.7)		41.7	(0.7)		33.9	(0.7)		5.8	(0.3)		28.2	(0.6)		35.8	(0.8)		30.1	(0.6)		5.9	(0.3)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	22.6	(0.7)		42.7	(0.7)		29.4	(0.6)		5.2	(0.4)		51.7	(0.8)		24.6	(0.7)		17.4	(0.6)		6.3	(0.4)
	Belarus	11.8	(0.4)		59.3	(0.7)		26.8	(0.7)		2.1	(0.2)		20.0	(0.5)		53.3	(0.6)		23.8	(0.6)		2.9	(0.2)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	20.0	(0.7)		44.2	(0.9)		30.8	(0.8)		5.0	(0.3)		17.8	(0.5)		46.9	(0.7)		29.5	(0.7)		5.8	(0.4)
	Brazil	15.5	(0.5)		43.2	(0.6)		35.7	(0.5)		5.5	(0.3)		26.5	(0.6)		33.3	(0.6)		31.0	(0.6)		9.2	(0.4)
	Brunei Darussalam	6.0	(0.3)		34.1	(0.6)		46.8	(0.6)		13.1	(0.4)		9.5	(0.4)		38.0	(0.7)		42.2	(0.7)		10.3	(0.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	6.4	(0.4)		35.0	(0.7)		53.1	(0.6)		5.6	(0.3)		8.1	(0.4)		33.7	(0.5)		51.2	(0.6)		7.1	(0.4)
	Bulgaria	17.9	(0.7)		49.2	(0.7)		27.1	(0.8)		5.8	(0.4)		16.0	(0.6)		44.4	(0.7)		30.0	(0.7)		9.5	(0.5)
	Costa Rica	22.2	(0.6)		53.4	(0.6)		22.1	(0.6)		2.2	(0.2)		21.5	(0.7)		47.8	(0.7)		27.1	(0.8)		3.6	(0.3)
	Croatia	15.2	(0.5)		47.6	(0.6)		33.5	(0.7)		3.8	(0.3)		11.5	(0.5)		48.2	(0.6)		34.7	(0.7)		5.5	(0.3)
	Cyprus	19.9	(0.6)		50.9	(0.7)		25.2	(0.6)		4.1	(0.3)		31.9	(0.7)		39.0	(0.7)		23.0	(0.6)		6.0	(0.4)
	Dominican Republic	30.5	(1.1)	†	40.8	(1.1)	†	23.5	(0.8)	†	5.3	(0.5)	†	35.3	(0.9)	†	35.4	(0.9)	†	22.6	(0.8)	†	6.8	(0.5)	†
	Georgia	23.6	(0.6)		49.2	(0.8)		21.6	(0.6)		5.6	(0.4)		41.5	(0.9)		34.4	(0.7)		16.5	(0.6)		7.5	(0.5)
	Hong Kong (China)*	6.3	(0.4)		28.3	(0.7)		55.9	(0.7)		9.5	(0.4)		6.9	(0.4)		31.6	(0.6)		51.4	(0.6)		10.1	(0.4)
	Indonesia	2.8	(0.3)		34.3	(0.8)		54.2	(0.9)		8.8	(0.7)		31.4	(0.9)		41.4	(0.8)		22.0	(0.6)		5.2	(0.5)
	Jordan	20.9	(0.6)		43.6	(0.7)		28.4	(0.6)		7.1	(0.3)		32.5	(0.7)		36.5	(0.8)		22.5	(0.6)		8.5	(0.4)
	Kazakhstan	23.0	(0.5)		44.8	(0.5)		28.9	(0.5)		3.2	(0.2)		47.2	(0.6)		35.5	(0.4)		14.5	(0.4)		2.7	(0.2)
	Kosovo	21.3	(0.7)		43.5	(1.0)		32.7	(0.8)		2.5	(0.3)		64.5	(0.7)		24.3	(0.7)		8.3	(0.4)		2.9	(0.3)
	Lebanon	17.5	(0.7)		40.8	(1.0)		33.9	(0.8)		7.9	(0.5)		25.5	(0.8)		33.7	(0.8)		30.3	(0.7)		10.5	(0.6)
	Macao (China)	8.6	(0.5)		53.4	(0.7)		31.7	(0.8)		6.3	(0.4)		7.7	(0.4)		45.4	(0.8)		36.2	(0.7)		10.7	(0.5)
	Malaysia	9.9	(0.5)		52.7	(0.7)		32.6	(0.7)		4.8	(0.3)		21.6	(0.7)		45.8	(0.6)		26.6	(0.8)		6.0	(0.3)
	Malta	10.3	(0.5)		41.5	(0.9)		41.6	(0.9)		6.5	(0.5)		17.2	(0.6)		42.1	(0.8)		34.0	(0.9)		6.7	(0.5)
	Moldova	17.1	(0.6)		58.9	(0.8)		22.0	(0.6)		1.9	(0.2)		24.3	(0.7)		48.2	(0.7)		24.7	(0.6)		2.8	(0.3)
	Montenegro	32.7	(0.7)		44.3	(0.6)		18.9	(0.5)		4.1	(0.2)		58.2	(0.5)		25.9	(0.5)		11.9	(0.4)		3.9	(0.3)
	Morocco	17.0	(0.6)	†	40.3	(0.9)	†	34.8	(0.8)	†	7.9	(0.4)	†	22.9	(0.7)	†	37.2	(0.8)	†	31.4	(0.8)	†	8.5	(0.5)	†
	North Macedonia	33.7	(0.7)		43.5	(0.7)		20.3	(0.7)		2.5	(0.3)		63.5	(0.6)		22.5	(0.6)		10.8	(0.4)		3.2	(0.3)
	Panama	25.4	(0.9)	†	43.4	(0.9)	†	27.1	(0.8)	†	4.1	(0.4)	†	20.2	(0.7)	†	30.2	(0.9)	†	42.1	(0.9)	†	7.5	(0.5)	†
	Peru	25.3	(0.7)	†	47.3	(0.7)	†	25.2	(0.7)	†	2.2	(0.2)	†	16.3	(0.7)	†	37.5	(0.7)	†	40.3	(0.7)	†	5.9	(0.4)	†
	Philippines	7.9	(0.4)		31.0	(0.7)		55.5	(0.7)		5.5	(0.4)		15.8	(0.5)		37.0	(0.6)		41.0	(0.6)		6.2	(0.3)
	Qatar	18.9	(0.4)		42.8	(0.5)		30.7	(0.5)		7.6	(0.2)		21.0	(0.4)		40.0	(0.4)		29.9	(0.4)		9.0	(0.2)
	Romania	14.5	(0.6)		52.2	(0.8)		30.3	(0.8)		3.0	(0.3)		14.4	(0.6)		50.7	(0.7)		30.8	(0.7)		4.1	(0.3)
	Russia	17.8	(0.5)		54.7	(0.7)		24.3	(0.5)		3.3	(0.2)		55.5	(1.1)		26.6	(0.7)		12.7	(0.4)		5.2	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	24.0	(0.8)		45.1	(0.8)		26.3	(0.7)		4.7	(0.3)		36.3	(0.7)		38.9	(0.7)		19.6	(0.6)		5.3	(0.4)
	Serbia	30.7	(0.7)		44.0	(0.7)		19.9	(0.5)		5.4	(0.4)		48.5	(0.8)		28.9	(0.8)		17.2	(0.6)		5.5	(0.3)
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	10.4	(0.4)		63.2	(0.7)		23.8	(0.5)		2.7	(0.2)		15.3	(0.5)		50.7	(0.6)		28.7	(0.5)		5.3	(0.3)
	Thailand	10.9	(0.5)		43.3	(0.7)		40.4	(0.7)		5.5	(0.4)		4.4	(0.4)		37.2	(0.6)		46.3	(0.7)		12.1	(0.5)
	Ukraine	19.1	(0.6)		54.1	(0.8)		24.8	(0.6)		1.9	(0.2)		53.9	(0.7)		31.9	(0.6)		11.9	(0.5)		2.3	(0.2)
	United Arab Emirates	23.4	(0.5)		39.8	(0.5)		28.7	(0.4)		8.1	(0.5)		27.6	(0.4)		36.9	(0.5)		27.3	(0.5)		8.2	(0.3)
	Uruguay	31.7	(0.8)		45.8	(0.9)		19.8	(0.6)		2.8	(0.3)		36.2	(0.8)		36.4	(0.7)		23.3	(0.7)		4.2	(0.3)
	Viet Nam	6.3	(0.4)		52.6	(0.6)		32.7	(0.7)		8.4	(0.5)		21.1	(0.6)		55.2	(0.7)		19.0	(0.6)		4.8	(0.3)
		Percentage of students who reported feeling the following:
		Afraid												Sad
		Never			Rarely			Sometimes			Always			Never			Rarely			Sometimes			Always
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	8.0	(0.4)		36.0	(0.8)		45.4	(0.7)		10.7	(0.5)		9.8	(0.5)		46.3	(0.8)		38.4	(0.9)		5.4	(0.3)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	16.4	(0.4)		42.1	(0.5)		34.0	(0.5)		7.4	(0.2)		8.2	(0.3)		35.4	(0.4)		47.4	(0.5)		9.0	(0.3)
	Chile	27.5	(0.8)		46.3	(0.8)		22.7	(0.6)		3.5	(0.3)		9.6	(0.4)		36.1	(0.6)		46.4	(0.7)		7.9	(0.4)
	Colombia	5.2	(0.4)		35.8	(0.8)		48.4	(0.7)		10.6	(0.6)		7.3	(0.4)		42.7	(0.8)		44.2	(0.7)		5.7	(0.3)
	Czech Republic	7.2	(0.4)		34.1	(0.8)		46.2	(0.7)		12.5	(0.6)		6.8	(0.4)		41.3	(0.7)		45.3	(0.7)		6.6	(0.4)
	Denmark	44.4	(0.7)		32.5	(0.6)		18.9	(0.5)		4.2	(0.3)		9.1	(0.4)		43.3	(0.7)		44.4	(0.7)		3.2	(0.2)
	Estonia	7.0	(0.4)		40.1	(0.7)		42.7	(0.8)		10.1	(0.5)		5.5	(0.4)		43.2	(0.7)		42.2	(0.8)		9.1	(0.4)
	Finland	6.0	(0.3)		43.1	(0.6)		43.5	(0.6)		7.4	(0.4)		6.8	(0.4)		47.5	(0.6)		42.0	(0.5)		3.7	(0.3)
	France	8.5	(0.4)		33.9	(0.6)		42.8	(0.6)		14.8	(0.5)		10.1	(0.4)		44.1	(0.7)		41.0	(0.7)		4.8	(0.3)
	Germany	7.2	(0.5)	†	38.3	(0.8)	†	44.6	(0.8)	†	10.0	(0.5)	†	8.6	(0.5)	†	48.3	(0.8)	†	39.3	(0.9)	†	3.8	(0.4)	†
	Greece	6.9	(0.4)		32.8	(0.6)		45.6	(0.7)		14.8	(0.4)		7.0	(0.3)		41.9	(0.7)		45.5	(0.7)		5.5	(0.3)
	Hungary	17.1	(0.7)		41.9	(0.8)		30.4	(0.7)		10.6	(0.6)		10.2	(0.4)		44.9	(0.9)		39.5	(0.9)		5.3	(0.4)
	Iceland	23.6	(0.8)		48.2	(0.8)		24.2	(0.7)		4.1	(0.3)		13.0	(0.5)		42.7	(1.0)		38.5	(1.0)		5.8	(0.4)
	Ireland	14.3	(0.5)		51.7	(0.7)		31.0	(0.7)		2.9	(0.2)		4.4	(0.2)		37.5	(0.8)		53.1	(0.7)		5.0	(0.3)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	19.9	(0.6)		49.0	(0.7)		27.4	(0.7)		3.7	(0.3)		6.9	(0.4)		37.9	(0.7)		49.1	(0.8)		6.2	(0.4)
	Japan	4.2	(0.3)		12.6	(0.5)		54.8	(0.6)		28.4	(0.6)		6.7	(0.4)		27.7	(0.6)		54.3	(0.7)		11.3	(0.5)
	Korea	7.8	(0.4)		23.4	(0.6)		44.7	(0.6)		24.1	(0.7)		11.8	(0.5)		35.8	(0.6)		42.5	(0.6)		9.8	(0.5)
	Latvia	9.1	(0.4)		46.1	(0.8)		36.6	(0.8)		8.1	(0.4)		6.2	(0.4)		43.4	(0.8)		42.5	(0.8)		7.9	(0.5)
	Lithuania	22.1	(0.6)		46.5	(0.7)		26.6	(0.6)		4.8	(0.3)		12.8	(0.5)		42.5	(0.8)		38.6	(0.7)		6.0	(0.3)
	Luxembourg	7.6	(0.4)		32.9	(0.6)		46.9	(0.7)		12.6	(0.5)		8.6	(0.4)		42.4	(0.7)		42.7	(0.7)		6.3	(0.4)
	Mexico	22.3	(0.7)	†	48.4	(0.8)	†	26.4	(0.8)	†	2.9	(0.2)	†	11.7	(0.4)	†	38.3	(0.7)	†	43.8	(0.8)	†	6.2	(0.3)	†
	Netherlands*	7.8	(0.5)		34.4	(0.8)		50.1	(0.9)		7.7	(0.5)		9.7	(0.6)		45.2	(0.8)		42.5	(0.8)		2.6	(0.3)
	New Zealand	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	18.0	(0.5)		56.8	(0.7)		21.4	(0.6)		3.8	(0.3)		6.3	(0.3)		43.3	(0.7)		42.6	(0.8)		7.8	(0.4)
	Portugal*	2.4	(0.2)		20.2	(0.6)		59.5	(0.7)		17.9	(0.5)		6.6	(0.4)		45.0	(0.8)		45.3	(0.8)		3.1	(0.3)
	Slovak Republic	8.9	(0.4)		40.3	(0.7)		39.9	(0.7)		10.8	(0.5)		6.5	(0.3)		38.4	(0.8)		45.6	(0.8)		9.5	(0.5)
	Slovenia	4.5	(0.3)		43.1	(0.7)		41.4	(0.7)		11.0	(0.5)		6.5	(0.4)		58.8	(0.7)		29.7	(0.7)		5.0	(0.3)
	Spain	4.2	(0.2)		24.6	(0.4)		58.3	(0.5)		12.8	(0.3)		6.9	(0.2)		39.1	(0.4)		50.4	(0.4)		3.6	(0.2)
	Sweden	8.6	(0.5)		37.9	(0.8)		43.7	(0.8)		9.8	(0.5)		10.3	(0.6)		39.7	(0.7)		44.6	(0.7)		5.4	(0.3)
	Switzerland	8.0	(0.4)		38.3	(0.7)		44.8	(0.8)		8.8	(0.4)		8.9	(0.4)		47.3	(0.8)		40.3	(0.7)		3.5	(0.3)
	Turkey	13.4	(0.5)		42.4	(0.7)		32.3	(0.6)		11.8	(0.4)		6.8	(0.4)		35.4	(0.6)		44.8	(0.6)		13.0	(0.5)
	United Kingdom	6.8	(0.3)		27.3	(0.7)		45.9	(0.7)		19.9	(0.6)		6.9	(0.4)		33.3	(0.6)		51.1	(0.7)		8.7	(0.4)
	United States*	17.9	(0.6)		39.6	(0.6)		36.4	(0.8)		6.1	(0.4)		7.5	(0.4)		29.2	(0.6)		52.4	(0.8)		11.0	(0.5)
	OECD average	12.3	(0.1)		38.2	(0.1)		39.3	(0.1)		10.3	(0.1)		8.3	(0.1)		41.2	(0.1)		44.1	(0.1)		6.5	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	24.4	(0.6)		36.6	(0.7)		29.3	(0.6)		9.7	(0.4)		14.3	(0.5)		43.1	(0.7)		38.8	(0.8)		3.8	(0.2)
	Argentina	25.4	(0.7)		37.3	(0.7)		30.5	(0.7)		6.8	(0.3)		11.4	(0.5)		28.5	(0.6)		48.9	(0.8)		11.2	(0.5)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	13.8	(0.5)		32.0	(0.6)		39.8	(0.7)		14.3	(0.5)		12.5	(0.5)		36.7	(0.7)		40.3	(0.7)		10.5	(0.4)
	Belarus	18.5	(0.6)		52.6	(0.7)		26.0	(0.8)		2.9	(0.2)		7.7	(0.4)		47.3	(0.8)		39.3	(0.8)		5.7	(0.4)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	13.7	(0.6)		39.3	(0.7)		38.8	(0.8)		8.2	(0.4)		12.8	(0.6)		44.3	(0.7)		37.6	(0.8)		5.3	(0.4)
	Brazil	19.5	(0.6)		32.5	(0.6)		36.1	(0.6)		12.0	(0.5)		7.7	(0.3)		28.4	(0.6)		50.6	(0.7)		13.3	(0.4)
	Brunei Darussalam	6.4	(0.3)		33.7	(0.6)		45.0	(0.6)		15.0	(0.4)		3.4	(0.2)		28.4	(0.6)		49.0	(0.6)		19.1	(0.5)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	2.1	(0.2)		11.3	(0.4)		70.3	(0.5)		16.2	(0.5)		2.2	(0.2)		14.7	(0.4)		71.7	(0.5)		11.4	(0.4)
	Bulgaria	10.5	(0.6)		33.8	(0.8)		41.0	(0.8)		14.7	(0.5)		11.3	(0.6)		43.9	(0.8)		36.9	(0.9)		7.9	(0.4)
	Costa Rica	14.7	(0.5)		54.5	(0.7)		27.6	(0.7)		3.2	(0.2)		7.2	(0.4)		39.0	(0.6)		47.3	(0.7)		6.5	(0.4)
	Croatia	5.3	(0.3)		36.5	(0.7)		47.4	(0.7)		10.8	(0.4)		8.4	(0.5)		45.9	(0.7)		40.4	(0.8)		5.4	(0.3)
	Cyprus	24.4	(0.6)		48.1	(0.8)		22.9	(0.5)		4.5	(0.3)		9.7	(0.4)		40.7	(0.8)		42.7	(0.8)		6.9	(0.4)
	Dominican Republic	20.7	(0.9)	†	41.7	(0.9)	†	31.0	(0.8)	†	6.6	(0.5)	†	11.5	(0.7)	†	32.2	(1.1)	†	46.2	(1.1)	†	10.2	(0.6)	†
	Georgia	32.0	(0.8)		43.6	(0.8)		19.5	(0.6)		5.0	(0.4)		13.3	(0.5)		45.3	(0.9)		32.9	(0.7)		8.6	(0.5)
	Hong Kong (China)*	3.8	(0.4)		13.6	(0.7)		60.6	(0.8)		21.9	(0.8)		3.5	(0.3)		19.3	(0.6)		64.1	(0.7)		13.1	(0.4)
	Indonesia	2.8	(0.3)		35.3	(0.7)		50.4	(0.8)		11.5	(0.7)		4.2	(0.3)		40.1	(0.9)		47.7	(0.9)		8.0	(0.5)
	Jordan	18.0	(0.5)		41.0	(0.6)		31.3	(0.5)		9.7	(0.5)		17.3	(0.5)		39.7	(0.9)		32.9	(0.6)		10.0	(0.5)
	Kazakhstan	19.4	(0.4)		43.3	(0.4)		31.1	(0.5)		6.2	(0.2)		21.0	(0.5)		43.7	(0.4)		30.4	(0.5)		4.9	(0.2)
	Kosovo	25.3	(0.7)		42.5	(0.9)		28.5	(0.8)		3.6	(0.3)		16.3	(0.6)		45.1	(0.8)		34.8	(0.8)		3.7	(0.3)
	Lebanon	12.6	(0.6)		35.6	(1.0)		42.4	(1.0)		9.4	(0.6)		12.0	(0.6)		37.1	(0.8)		42.4	(0.8)		8.5	(0.5)
	Macao (China)	7.4	(0.4)		45.5	(0.9)		37.9	(0.8)		9.2	(0.5)		5.1	(0.4)		35.0	(0.7)		44.2	(0.8)		15.8	(0.7)
	Malaysia	6.2	(0.4)		41.2	(0.7)		40.5	(0.7)		12.0	(0.4)		3.2	(0.2)		35.5	(0.7)		45.2	(0.8)		16.1	(0.6)
	Malta	12.4	(0.5)		43.0	(0.9)		37.0	(0.9)		7.6	(0.4)		4.8	(0.4)		32.6	(0.7)		53.3	(0.9)		9.3	(0.5)
	Moldova	10.8	(0.5)		45.8	(0.7)		35.9	(0.7)		7.5	(0.4)		7.7	(0.5)		47.6	(0.7)		39.7	(0.7)		5.1	(0.4)
	Montenegro	30.9	(0.6)		43.9	(0.7)		21.1	(0.5)		4.1	(0.2)		13.5	(0.5)		42.9	(0.7)		37.7	(0.6)		5.9	(0.3)
	Morocco	8.5	(0.5)	†	33.0	(0.7)	†	46.5	(0.7)	†	12.1	(0.5)	†	11.6	(0.5)	†	34.8	(0.8)	†	43.7	(0.8)	†	9.9	(0.5)	†
	North Macedonia	15.9	(0.5)		41.8	(0.8)		38.4	(0.8)		3.9	(0.3)		11.9	(0.5)		43.9	(0.8)		40.2	(0.8)		4.0	(0.3)
	Panama	21.3	(0.9)	†	39.9	(0.9)	†	34.3	(1.0)	†	4.5	(0.4)	†	12.1	(0.6)	†	29.5	(0.9)	†	51.4	(0.9)	†	7.1	(0.5)	†
	Peru	23.1	(0.7)	†	47.0	(0.8)	†	26.9	(0.7)	†	2.9	(0.3)	†	9.5	(0.4)	†	37.0	(0.7)	†	47.3	(0.7)	†	6.1	(0.4)	†
	Philippines	5.0	(0.4)		25.5	(0.6)		56.7	(0.7)		12.8	(0.6)		5.6	(0.3)		25.3	(0.5)		60.7	(0.6)		8.4	(0.5)
	Qatar	18.8	(0.3)		41.0	(0.4)		32.2	(0.4)		8.1	(0.2)		8.3	(0.2)		33.6	(0.4)		46.3	(0.4)		11.9	(0.3)
	Romania	22.9	(0.8)		47.0	(0.7)		25.7	(0.7)		4.5	(0.3)		11.0	(0.5)		49.3	(0.7)		35.3	(0.7)		4.3	(0.3)
	Russia	17.8	(0.6)		46.7	(0.7)		28.2	(0.5)		7.3	(0.3)		10.8	(0.4)		40.4	(0.7)		39.3	(0.6)		9.5	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	42.7	(0.8)		37.1	(0.7)		16.4	(0.6)		3.7	(0.3)		21.9	(0.6)		39.4	(0.7)		30.6	(0.7)		8.1	(0.4)
	Serbia	25.0	(0.7)		44.3	(0.7)		24.8	(0.6)		5.8	(0.3)		13.4	(0.6)		39.3	(0.7)		40.1	(0.7)		7.2	(0.4)
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	9.0	(0.3)		45.7	(0.7)		38.1	(0.6)		7.2	(0.3)		7.2	(0.4)		45.0	(0.6)		40.5	(0.7)		7.3	(0.3)
	Thailand	4.8	(0.4)		35.3	(0.7)		46.8	(0.7)		13.1	(0.5)		5.0	(0.4)		38.1	(0.8)		45.3	(0.8)		11.5	(0.5)
	Ukraine	13.7	(0.6)		51.6	(0.7)		30.2	(0.6)		4.5	(0.3)		8.7	(0.4)		43.7	(0.7)		41.2	(0.7)		6.4	(0.4)
	United Arab Emirates	25.3	(0.5)		38.4	(0.6)		28.4	(0.4)		7.8	(0.6)		14.5	(0.4)		33.4	(0.5)		42.0	(0.5)		10.1	(0.4)
	Uruguay	25.2	(0.6)		44.7	(0.7)		26.2	(0.6)		3.9	(0.3)		10.7	(0.6)		36.6	(0.9)		45.3	(0.8)		7.4	(0.4)
	Viet Nam	6.7	(0.3)		49.0	(0.8)		33.8	(0.7)		10.5	(0.5)		4.4	(0.4)		47.7	(0.9)		34.5	(0.9)		13.4	(0.6)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.13.1. Students' self-efficacy

Based on students’ reports

		Index of self-efficacy						Percentage of students who reported the following:
		Average			Variability			I usually manage one way or another
								Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	0.03	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		1.3	(0.1)		5.4	(0.3)		72.4	(0.5)		20.9	(0.4)
	Austria	0.08	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		3.4	(0.3)		12.1	(0.5)		64.2	(0.7)		20.3	(0.6)
	Belgium (Flemish)	- 0.21	(0.02)		0.82	(0.01)		1.8	(0.2)		9.3	(0.4)		70.8	(0.6)		18.1	(0.6)
	Canada	0.13	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		1.5	(0.1)		5.5	(0.2)		66.8	(0.5)		26.3	(0.4)
	Chile	0.29	(0.02)		1.13	(0.01)		2.2	(0.3)		5.6	(0.3)		61.2	(0.7)		31.0	(0.7)
	Colombia	0.30	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		2.5	(0.3)		8.2	(0.4)		70.3	(0.8)		19.0	(0.7)
	Czech Republic	- 0.28	(0.01)		0.88	(0.01)		2.1	(0.3)		6.6	(0.4)		75.0	(0.7)		16.2	(0.6)
	Denmark	0.05	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		1.6	(0.2)		7.5	(0.4)		69.2	(0.7)		21.7	(0.7)
	Estonia	- 0.03	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		2.4	(0.2)		5.7	(0.3)		70.2	(0.7)		21.7	(0.6)
	Finland	- 0.03	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		1.6	(0.2)		4.9	(0.3)		68.3	(0.7)		25.2	(0.7)
	France	- 0.10	(0.01)		1.00	(0.01)		2.0	(0.2)		5.6	(0.4)		63.3	(0.7)		29.1	(0.7)
	Germany	- 0.02	(0.02)	†	0.95	(0.02)	†	3.0	(0.3)	†	12.2	(0.6)	†	66.3	(0.9)	†	18.5	(0.6)	†
	Greece	0.05	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		3.4	(0.4)		8.1	(0.4)		70.9	(0.7)		17.5	(0.6)
	Hungary	0.17	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		2.1	(0.3)		6.7	(0.3)		71.4	(0.8)		19.8	(0.6)
	Iceland	0.10	(0.02)		1.17	(0.02)		2.5	(0.3)		6.3	(0.4)		60.2	(0.7)		31.0	(0.7)
	Ireland	- 0.04	(0.01)		0.88	(0.01)		0.9	(0.1)		5.4	(0.2)		76.8	(0.6)		16.9	(0.5)
	Israel	0.17	(0.02)		1.14	(0.01)		6.4	(0.4)		9.5	(0.5)		58.8	(0.8)		25.4	(0.7)
	Italy	- 0.03	(0.01)		0.94	(0.01)		4.2	(0.3)		11.2	(0.5)		66.8	(0.7)		17.7	(0.6)
	Japan	- 0.61	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		5.1	(0.3)		30.1	(0.6)		52.0	(0.8)		12.9	(0.5)
	Korea	- 0.04	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		1.4	(0.2)		13.0	(0.5)		69.7	(0.6)		15.9	(0.5)
	Latvia	- 0.19	(0.01)		0.87	(0.01)		3.4	(0.3)		14.0	(0.5)		70.6	(0.7)		12.1	(0.4)
	Lithuania	0.23	(0.01)		1.05	(0.01)		3.2	(0.3)		7.2	(0.4)		64.5	(0.7)		25.1	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	- 0.01	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		4.0	(0.3)		9.4	(0.4)		62.5	(0.8)		24.1	(0.6)
	Mexico	0.36	(0.01)	†	1.02	(0.01)	†	1.9	(0.3)	†	6.9	(0.4)	†	65.4	(0.8)	†	25.8	(0.7)	†
	Netherlands*	- 0.11	(0.02)		0.84	(0.02)		1.2	(0.2)		8.7	(0.5)		73.6	(0.8)		16.5	(0.6)
	New Zealand	- 0.02	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		1.0	(0.2)		5.4	(0.3)		74.6	(0.6)		19.0	(0.6)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	- 0.06	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		3.2	(0.3)		8.3	(0.4)		71.4	(0.7)		17.1	(0.5)
	Portugal*	- 0.01	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		1.2	(0.2)		8.2	(0.4)		71.0	(0.6)		19.7	(0.6)
	Slovak Republic	- 0.28	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		5.6	(0.4)		14.6	(0.5)		65.9	(0.8)		13.8	(0.5)
	Slovenia	- 0.05	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		2.4	(0.2)		8.5	(0.5)		69.7	(0.7)		19.5	(0.6)
	Spain	0.17	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		2.9	(0.2)		12.3	(0.3)		62.0	(0.4)		22.7	(0.4)
	Sweden	- 0.06	(0.02)		1.04	(0.02)		1.7	(0.2)		5.2	(0.4)		63.2	(0.8)		29.9	(0.7)
	Switzerland	0.02	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		2.8	(0.3)		9.6	(0.5)		65.7	(1.0)		21.9	(0.8)
	Turkey	0.36	(0.02)		1.14	(0.01)		3.7	(0.4)		9.2	(0.4)		62.5	(0.7)		24.6	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	- 0.17	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		1.5	(0.1)		8.2	(0.3)		73.0	(0.6)		17.3	(0.6)
	United States*	0.17	(0.02)		1.00	(0.01)		1.4	(0.2)		5.0	(0.4)		70.4	(0.8)		23.3	(0.7)
	OECD average	0.01	(0.00)		0.98	(0.00)		2.6	(0.0)		8.9	(0.1)		67.5	(0.1)		21.0	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	0.60	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		2.1	(0.2)		4.5	(0.3)		58.1	(0.8)		35.4	(0.8)
	Argentina	0.01	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		5.1	(0.3)		7.5	(0.4)		66.9	(0.7)		20.6	(0.5)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.31	(0.02)	†	1.29	(0.02)	†	6.8	(0.5)	†	8.7	(0.5)	†	56.0	(0.8)	†	28.4	(0.8)	†
	Belarus	- 0.22	(0.01)		0.81	(0.01)		2.2	(0.2)		12.2	(0.5)		77.4	(0.6)		8.2	(0.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.25	(0.02)		1.07	(0.02)		5.2	(0.3)		8.8	(0.4)		63.1	(0.7)		22.9	(0.5)
	Brazil	- 0.16	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		4.5	(0.3)		19.0	(0.6)		61.4	(0.7)		15.0	(0.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	- 0.18	(0.01)		0.81	(0.01)		2.0	(0.2)		10.7	(0.4)		76.6	(0.5)		10.7	(0.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	- 0.12	(0.02)		0.94	(0.01)		1.3	(0.2)		16.7	(0.6)		69.2	(0.7)		12.8	(0.7)
	Bulgaria	0.05	(0.02)		1.18	(0.02)		8.9	(0.6)		9.5	(0.5)		59.6	(0.9)		22.0	(0.7)
	Costa Rica	0.47	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		2.1	(0.2)		6.4	(0.3)		61.3	(0.7)		30.1	(0.6)
	Croatia	0.24	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		2.1	(0.3)		6.5	(0.3)		69.2	(0.6)		22.2	(0.6)
	Cyprus	0.08	(0.02)		1.10	(0.01)		5.8	(0.4)		9.0	(0.4)		64.7	(0.7)		20.4	(0.6)
	Dominican Republic	0.31	(0.03)	†	1.22	(0.02)	†	6.8	(0.6)	†	7.8	(0.5)	†	58.7	(0.9)	†	26.7	(1.0)	†
	Georgia	- 0.05	(0.02)		1.09	(0.02)		6.6	(0.4)		11.5	(0.5)		62.4	(0.9)		19.4	(0.7)
	Hong Kong (China)*	- 0.28	(0.02)		0.91	(0.01)		2.3	(0.2)		23.5	(0.7)		65.1	(0.7)		9.1	(0.4)
	Indonesia	- 0.02	(0.01)		0.87	(0.01)		3.2	(0.3)		24.8	(0.7)		63.3	(0.8)		8.8	(0.5)
	Jordan	0.24	(0.02)		1.16	(0.01)		11.5	(0.7)		8.3	(0.4)		61.4	(0.8)		18.8	(0.7)
	Kazakhstan	- 0.02	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		5.5	(0.2)		16.5	(0.4)		64.7	(0.4)		13.3	(0.3)
	Kosovo	0.33	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		4.5	(0.3)		7.7	(0.5)		68.6	(0.7)		19.2	(0.6)
	Lebanon	- 0.15	(0.03)		1.14	(0.02)		18.0	(1.0)		15.3	(0.9)		48.6	(1.4)		18.1	(0.8)
	Macao (China)	- 0.34	(0.01)		0.83	(0.01)		1.0	(0.2)		19.8	(0.6)		69.4	(0.8)		9.8	(0.4)
	Malaysia	- 0.22	(0.01)		0.73	(0.01)		2.8	(0.3)		34.6	(1.0)		56.6	(0.9)		5.9	(0.3)
	Malta	0.09	(0.02)		1.02	(0.01)		3.0	(0.3)		6.4	(0.5)		66.2	(0.9)		24.3	(0.7)
	Moldova	0.06	(0.01)		0.88	(0.01)		1.6	(0.2)		11.2	(0.5)		74.2	(0.6)		13.1	(0.5)
	Montenegro	0.37	(0.01)		1.11	(0.01)		4.9	(0.3)		8.0	(0.4)		61.3	(0.7)		25.8	(0.6)
	Morocco	0.02	(0.02)	†	1.03	(0.01)	†	7.6	(0.6)	†	11.9	(0.5)	†	66.2	(0.9)	†	14.3	(0.5)	†
	North Macedonia	0.52	(0.02)		1.13	(0.01)		5.8	(0.3)		10.0	(0.5)		56.4	(0.7)		27.8	(0.7)
	Panama	0.42	(0.02)	†	1.08	(0.02)	†	4.0	(0.4)	†	9.0	(0.6)	†	57.4	(1.0)	†	29.5	(0.9)	†
	Peru	0.27	(0.02)	†	0.95	(0.01)	†	1.9	(0.2)	†	9.3	(0.5)	†	70.3	(0.7)	†	18.5	(0.6)	†
	Philippines	0.02	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		3.3	(0.3)		12.4	(0.5)		73.1	(0.6)		11.2	(0.5)
	Qatar	0.07	(0.01)		1.09	(0.01)		8.4	(0.3)		11.5	(0.3)		56.9	(0.5)		23.3	(0.4)
	Romania	0.14	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		2.7	(0.4)		4.7	(0.4)		74.4	(0.8)		18.1	(0.6)
	Russia	- 0.30	(0.01)		0.92	(0.01)		4.3	(0.3)		28.8	(0.6)		58.2	(0.5)		8.6	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	0.28	(0.02)		1.16	(0.02)		9.0	(0.6)		8.3	(0.4)		58.0	(0.8)		24.7	(0.6)
	Serbia	0.36	(0.02)		1.15	(0.01)		4.6	(0.4)		10.9	(0.4)		56.6	(0.6)		27.9	(0.6)
	Singapore	0.06	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		0.8	(0.1)		5.1	(0.3)		76.4	(0.5)		17.7	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	- 0.20	(0.01)		0.93	(0.01)		2.1	(0.2)		12.6	(0.4)		72.5	(0.6)		12.8	(0.5)
	Thailand	0.03	(0.02)		0.83	(0.01)		2.0	(0.2)		9.5	(0.4)		76.9	(0.6)		11.7	(0.5)
	Ukraine	- 0.03	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		2.7	(0.2)		7.0	(0.5)		74.9	(0.7)		15.4	(0.5)
	United Arab Emirates	0.31	(0.01)		1.15	(0.01)		4.7	(0.2)		7.6	(0.2)		61.7	(0.5)		26.0	(0.4)
	Uruguay	0.14	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		3.8	(0.3)		6.2	(0.4)		67.2	(0.7)		22.9	(0.6)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		2.4	(0.2)		10.1	(0.6)		78.9	(0.7)		8.6	(0.7)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		I feel proud that I have accomplished things												I feel that I can handle many things at a time
		Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree			Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	1.4	(0.1)		6.7	(0.3)		59.2	(0.5)		32.6	(0.5)		3.9	(0.2)		23.5	(0.4)		56.7	(0.5)		15.8	(0.4)
	Austria	2.6	(0.2)		12.5	(0.5)		47.2	(0.7)		37.7	(0.8)		4.0	(0.2)		25.1	(0.6)		52.4	(0.7)		18.5	(0.5)
	Belgium (Flemish)	1.0	(0.3)		7.9	(0.4)		64.4	(0.8)		26.7	(0.8)		2.8	(0.3)		33.6	(0.8)		54.2	(0.7)		9.4	(0.5)
	Canada	1.4	(0.1)		7.3	(0.3)		56.4	(0.5)		34.9	(0.5)		4.0	(0.2)		23.4	(0.4)		52.5	(0.5)		20.1	(0.4)
	Chile	2.1	(0.2)		7.0	(0.3)		50.4	(0.8)		40.6	(0.8)		2.7	(0.3)		18.9	(0.7)		55.1	(0.8)		23.3	(0.6)
	Colombia	1.6	(0.2)		5.1	(0.3)		56.4	(0.8)		37.0	(0.8)		2.0	(0.2)		23.4	(0.8)		56.2	(0.9)		18.5	(0.6)
	Czech Republic	4.1	(0.3)		25.5	(0.6)		56.3	(0.6)		14.0	(0.4)		3.7	(0.3)		28.1	(0.7)		57.6	(0.8)		10.6	(0.4)
	Denmark	1.3	(0.2)		11.4	(0.5)		65.2	(0.8)		22.0	(0.7)		2.4	(0.3)		19.9	(0.5)		60.0	(0.7)		17.7	(0.6)
	Estonia	1.9	(0.2)		13.2	(0.5)		61.6	(0.7)		23.3	(0.7)		2.3	(0.3)		26.2	(0.8)		58.2	(0.8)		13.2	(0.6)
	Finland	1.9	(0.2)		9.2	(0.4)		61.6	(0.7)		27.3	(0.7)		3.8	(0.2)		27.9	(0.7)		55.9	(0.7)		12.4	(0.5)
	France	2.2	(0.2)		11.1	(0.4)		57.9	(0.7)		28.7	(0.7)		4.0	(0.3)		29.0	(0.7)		49.8	(0.7)		17.3	(0.4)
	Germany	2.5	(0.3)	†	15.2	(0.5)	†	51.5	(1.0)	†	30.8	(0.8)	†	3.3	(0.3)	†	27.4	(0.7)	†	53.7	(0.9)	†	15.6	(0.6)	†
	Greece	2.5	(0.2)		13.3	(0.5)		57.9	(0.7)		26.3	(0.6)		2.4	(0.3)		22.7	(0.7)		55.8	(0.8)		19.1	(0.6)
	Hungary	1.6	(0.2)		7.6	(0.4)		56.5	(0.6)		34.4	(0.6)		2.8	(0.2)		23.3	(0.6)		55.6	(0.8)		18.3	(0.6)
	Iceland	2.7	(0.3)		14.0	(0.6)		55.4	(0.9)		27.8	(0.9)		3.7	(0.3)		20.8	(0.7)		54.5	(0.9)		21.1	(0.7)
	Ireland	1.0	(0.1)		9.0	(0.4)		62.4	(0.7)		27.7	(0.7)		3.0	(0.3)		24.7	(0.6)		58.7	(0.7)		13.6	(0.4)
	Israel	3.9	(0.3)		13.9	(0.6)		43.1	(0.7)		39.1	(0.8)		6.0	(0.4)		25.2	(0.6)		46.5	(0.8)		22.3	(0.6)
	Italy	2.5	(0.2)		11.3	(0.4)		58.1	(0.7)		28.0	(0.7)		3.5	(0.2)		28.7	(0.6)		53.8	(0.7)		14.0	(0.5)
	Japan	5.3	(0.3)		25.9	(0.6)		51.5	(0.7)		17.3	(0.6)		12.5	(0.4)		46.1	(0.7)		34.7	(0.6)		6.7	(0.3)
	Korea	0.9	(0.1)		7.7	(0.4)		55.4	(0.6)		36.0	(0.7)		5.3	(0.3)		39.8	(0.7)		42.7	(0.8)		12.2	(0.5)
	Latvia	3.1	(0.3)		17.6	(0.6)		59.6	(0.8)		19.6	(0.6)		3.2	(0.3)		27.3	(0.6)		59.0	(0.8)		10.5	(0.4)
	Lithuania	2.0	(0.2)		9.4	(0.4)		45.0	(0.6)		43.6	(0.6)		4.3	(0.3)		23.7	(0.6)		51.1	(0.6)		20.9	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	3.2	(0.3)		13.8	(0.5)		53.5	(0.7)		29.5	(0.6)		3.7	(0.3)		23.5	(0.6)		54.4	(0.7)		18.4	(0.6)
	Mexico	1.2	(0.2)	†	4.1	(0.3)	†	52.5	(0.8)	†	42.2	(0.8)	†	1.8	(0.2)	†	20.5	(0.6)	†	56.8	(0.8)	†	20.8	(0.6)	†
	Netherlands*	1.2	(0.2)		10.1	(0.5)		66.6	(1.0)		22.1	(0.9)		3.0	(0.3)		31.3	(0.8)		55.0	(1.0)		10.7	(0.7)
	New Zealand	0.9	(0.1)		6.2	(0.4)		59.0	(0.7)		33.9	(0.7)		4.3	(0.3)		28.1	(0.7)		53.4	(0.7)		14.1	(0.5)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	2.1	(0.2)		8.3	(0.4)		58.6	(0.8)		31.0	(0.8)		2.8	(0.2)		24.4	(0.6)		59.2	(0.8)		13.7	(0.5)
	Portugal*	1.2	(0.2)		6.4	(0.4)		64.2	(0.8)		28.2	(0.6)		2.7	(0.2)		29.8	(0.7)		54.9	(0.8)		12.6	(0.6)
	Slovak Republic	3.8	(0.3)		19.7	(0.5)		59.5	(0.7)		17.0	(0.5)		4.2	(0.3)		30.4	(0.7)		54.5	(0.7)		10.9	(0.4)
	Slovenia	2.5	(0.3)		18.9	(0.6)		59.0	(0.7)		19.6	(0.7)		2.7	(0.3)		22.7	(0.7)		60.0	(0.8)		14.6	(0.6)
	Spain	1.5	(0.1)		6.0	(0.2)		52.5	(0.4)		40.0	(0.4)		2.2	(0.2)		16.0	(0.3)		58.0	(0.4)		23.8	(0.3)
	Sweden	4.4	(0.3)		21.5	(0.7)		56.9	(0.8)		17.3	(0.6)		3.9	(0.3)		21.6	(0.7)		57.6	(0.8)		16.9	(0.6)
	Switzerland	2.2	(0.2)		11.6	(0.6)		54.0	(0.8)		32.2	(0.8)		2.8	(0.2)		26.0	(0.7)		55.7	(0.8)		15.5	(0.6)
	Turkey	2.8	(0.3)		6.1	(0.3)		43.6	(0.7)		47.6	(0.8)		3.6	(0.2)		17.3	(0.5)		52.3	(0.7)		26.8	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	2.1	(0.2)		11.7	(0.4)		61.9	(0.7)		24.2	(0.6)		5.3	(0.3)		28.5	(0.6)		52.8	(0.6)		13.4	(0.5)
	United States*	1.1	(0.1)		6.6	(0.4)		56.7	(0.8)		35.5	(0.8)		3.5	(0.3)		22.9	(0.6)		53.8	(0.7)		19.9	(0.7)
	OECD average	2.2	(0.0)		11.5	(0.1)		56.4	(0.1)		29.9	(0.1)		3.7	(0.0)		25.9	(0.1)		54.3	(0.1)		16.2	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	1.3	(0.2)		6.4	(0.4)		48.5	(0.9)		43.8	(0.9)		1.8	(0.2)		20.3	(0.6)		53.2	(0.6)		24.7	(0.7)
	Argentina	3.7	(0.3)		12.7	(0.5)		54.2	(0.7)		29.4	(0.7)		5.8	(0.3)		33.0	(0.6)		46.6	(0.8)		14.6	(0.5)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	5.4	(0.3)	†	7.7	(0.4)	†	49.9	(0.8)	†	36.9	(0.8)	†	4.9	(0.3)	†	12.7	(0.5)	†	52.8	(0.9)	†	29.5	(0.8)	†
	Belarus	2.6	(0.2)		24.2	(0.7)		57.9	(0.8)		15.4	(0.6)		2.6	(0.2)		40.9	(0.8)		49.2	(0.7)		7.3	(0.4)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	2.3	(0.2)		7.3	(0.4)		57.5	(0.7)		32.9	(0.7)		3.0	(0.3)		16.1	(0.6)		57.6	(0.8)		23.3	(0.6)
	Brazil	2.4	(0.2)		9.5	(0.4)		57.7	(0.7)		30.4	(0.6)		6.0	(0.3)		37.1	(0.6)		43.4	(0.6)		13.5	(0.4)
	Brunei Darussalam	1.4	(0.2)		12.1	(0.4)		61.7	(0.6)		24.9	(0.5)		5.1	(0.3)		38.5	(0.6)		47.1	(0.7)		9.4	(0.3)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.9	(0.1)		8.6	(0.4)		65.3	(0.7)		25.2	(0.7)		2.0	(0.2)		37.4	(0.9)		48.9	(0.9)		11.7	(0.5)
	Bulgaria	5.4	(0.4)		12.7	(0.6)		51.2	(0.9)		30.7	(0.9)		6.3	(0.4)		20.0	(0.7)		53.8	(0.8)		19.9	(0.7)
	Costa Rica	1.5	(0.2)		3.0	(0.2)		43.1	(0.7)		52.5	(0.7)		2.0	(0.2)		19.1	(0.6)		53.2	(0.7)		25.7	(0.6)
	Croatia	1.2	(0.1)		4.9	(0.3)		55.7	(0.6)		38.1	(0.7)		2.2	(0.2)		20.6	(0.5)		57.5	(0.6)		19.7	(0.5)
	Cyprus	3.4	(0.3)		11.0	(0.4)		54.1	(0.7)		31.4	(0.7)		3.6	(0.3)		21.0	(0.6)		55.6	(0.8)		19.8	(0.6)
	Dominican Republic	4.9	(0.4)	†	7.9	(0.6)	†	46.3	(1.1)	†	40.9	(1.3)	†	4.7	(0.4)	†	18.2	(0.7)	†	50.9	(0.9)	†	26.3	(0.9)	†
	Georgia	5.8	(0.4)		21.8	(0.7)		52.1	(0.8)		20.4	(0.6)		4.8	(0.3)		26.7	(0.7)		52.4	(0.8)		16.1	(0.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	2.3	(0.2)		14.1	(0.5)		63.9	(0.6)		19.7	(0.7)		3.8	(0.2)		30.5	(0.7)		55.1	(0.7)		10.6	(0.4)
	Indonesia	1.4	(0.2)		8.6	(0.5)		69.2	(0.8)		20.8	(0.7)		1.9	(0.2)		27.5	(0.9)		59.2	(0.9)		11.4	(0.6)
	Jordan	3.6	(0.3)		10.7	(0.5)		43.5	(0.8)		42.2	(0.9)		4.5	(0.3)		16.7	(0.5)		51.3	(0.8)		27.6	(0.8)
	Kazakhstan	6.8	(0.2)		32.7	(0.5)		46.7	(0.4)		13.7	(0.3)		3.5	(0.2)		19.7	(0.4)		60.2	(0.4)		16.6	(0.3)
	Kosovo	2.0	(0.2)		7.7	(0.5)		57.9	(0.9)		32.4	(0.7)		2.4	(0.3)		22.0	(0.7)		55.7	(0.8)		19.9	(0.6)
	Lebanon	5.8	(0.5)		18.9	(0.9)		41.2	(1.0)		34.1	(1.1)		8.3	(0.6)		21.2	(0.9)		49.0	(1.0)		21.5	(0.7)
	Macao (China)	1.3	(0.2)		13.7	(0.5)		60.9	(0.7)		24.1	(0.7)		4.6	(0.3)		44.5	(0.8)		42.4	(0.9)		8.5	(0.4)
	Malaysia	1.7	(0.2)		12.8	(0.6)		66.5	(0.6)		18.9	(0.6)		3.5	(0.2)		41.0	(0.9)		48.1	(0.9)		7.4	(0.4)
	Malta	1.8	(0.2)		7.8	(0.5)		52.9	(0.9)		37.5	(0.8)		4.1	(0.4)		26.2	(0.8)		50.1	(0.9)		19.6	(0.8)
	Moldova	1.5	(0.2)		13.8	(0.6)		63.2	(0.8)		21.5	(0.7)		2.0	(0.2)		26.4	(0.6)		57.2	(0.7)		14.4	(0.5)
	Montenegro	2.4	(0.2)		6.3	(0.3)		51.4	(0.8)		39.9	(0.7)		2.9	(0.2)		14.3	(0.5)		54.8	(0.7)		28.0	(0.6)
	Morocco	3.5	(0.3)	†	10.7	(0.6)	†	49.4	(0.8)	†	36.5	(1.0)	†	4.2	(0.4)	†	24.8	(0.7)	†	52.0	(0.8)	†	19.1	(0.6)	†
	North Macedonia	2.7	(0.2)		5.3	(0.3)		47.5	(0.8)		44.5	(0.8)		2.9	(0.2)		12.1	(0.6)		55.0	(0.7)		30.1	(0.7)
	Panama	3.1	(0.4)	†	5.2	(0.4)	†	46.2	(0.9)	†	45.5	(0.9)	†	4.1	(0.3)	†	21.4	(0.7)	†	50.6	(0.9)	†	23.8	(0.8)	†
	Peru	1.4	(0.2)	†	5.4	(0.4)	†	54.9	(0.9)	†	38.4	(0.8)	†	1.6	(0.2)	†	24.4	(0.8)	†	56.9	(0.9)	†	17.1	(0.7)	†
	Philippines	2.9	(0.2)		7.7	(0.4)		56.3	(0.8)		33.2	(0.8)		3.1	(0.2)		20.7	(0.5)		61.5	(0.7)		14.6	(0.6)
	Qatar	3.6	(0.2)		9.8	(0.3)		45.0	(0.5)		41.6	(0.5)		4.9	(0.2)		20.7	(0.4)		50.0	(0.4)		24.4	(0.3)
	Romania	1.9	(0.2)		10.9	(0.5)		61.1	(0.9)		26.1	(0.8)		3.7	(0.3)		28.2	(0.8)		53.0	(0.9)		15.0	(0.6)
	Russia	3.7	(0.2)		20.1	(0.7)		61.6	(0.8)		14.6	(0.5)		3.8	(0.3)		35.0	(0.6)		52.1	(0.7)		9.2	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	3.9	(0.4)		8.7	(0.4)		42.4	(0.7)		45.1	(0.9)		6.2	(0.4)		19.5	(0.6)		47.7	(0.8)		26.6	(0.6)
	Serbia	2.5	(0.3)		6.4	(0.4)		43.9	(0.8)		47.1	(0.9)		3.4	(0.2)		17.1	(0.5)		51.4	(0.6)		28.1	(0.5)
	Singapore	0.9	(0.1)		4.4	(0.3)		56.1	(0.7)		38.6	(0.7)		5.5	(0.3)		32.6	(0.6)		49.3	(0.6)		12.6	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	2.2	(0.1)		12.2	(0.4)		62.1	(0.5)		23.5	(0.6)		4.9	(0.3)		38.2	(0.7)		46.2	(0.6)		10.7	(0.4)
	Thailand	1.2	(0.2)		5.2	(0.4)		61.9	(0.8)		31.6	(1.0)		2.2	(0.2)		30.4	(0.8)		57.8	(0.8)		9.6	(0.4)
	Ukraine	1.8	(0.2)		10.2	(0.4)		61.9	(0.7)		26.1	(0.8)		3.5	(0.3)		37.4	(0.7)		46.3	(0.6)		12.8	(0.5)
	United Arab Emirates	2.8	(0.2)		8.6	(0.3)		46.2	(0.5)		42.4	(0.5)		3.9	(0.2)		19.6	(0.4)		50.0	(0.5)		26.5	(0.4)
	Uruguay	2.9	(0.3)		7.1	(0.4)		55.3	(0.8)		34.7	(0.8)		3.9	(0.4)		22.8	(0.7)		54.9	(0.7)		18.4	(0.6)
	Viet Nam	1.3	(0.2)		5.5	(0.4)		64.2	(1.1)		29.0	(1.1)		5.5	(0.5)		64.3	(0.9)		26.6	(0.7)		3.5	(0.3)
		My belief in myself gets me through hard times
		My belief in myself gets me through hard times												When I’m in a difficult situation, I can usually find my way out of it
		Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree			Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	7.0	(0.3)		26.1	(0.4)		50.1	(0.5)		16.8	(0.4)		2.6	(0.2)		11.6	(0.4)		64.7	(0.5)		21.2	(0.5)
	Austria	6.5	(0.3)		20.9	(0.6)		44.7	(0.7)		28.0	(0.8)		3.1	(0.3)		13.3	(0.5)		55.9	(0.7)		27.7	(0.8)
	Belgium (Flemish)	9.9	(0.5)		32.7	(0.8)		46.0	(0.9)		11.3	(0.4)		2.5	(0.4)		14.6	(0.5)		68.8	(0.7)		14.0	(0.5)
	Canada	6.1	(0.2)		23.3	(0.4)		50.3	(0.5)		20.3	(0.4)		2.0	(0.1)		10.6	(0.3)		61.9	(0.5)		25.5	(0.4)
	Chile	6.3	(0.4)		18.4	(0.5)		44.6	(0.6)		30.7	(0.6)		3.4	(0.3)		12.2	(0.5)		54.1	(0.7)		30.3	(0.6)
	Colombia	2.2	(0.2)		7.0	(0.4)		55.4	(0.9)		35.4	(0.8)		1.8	(0.2)		8.1	(0.5)		60.7	(0.7)		29.4	(0.7)
	Czech Republic	8.0	(0.3)		29.4	(0.7)		48.7	(0.7)		13.9	(0.5)		2.9	(0.2)		15.6	(0.5)		66.8	(0.7)		14.7	(0.6)
	Denmark	4.9	(0.3)		23.8	(0.6)		52.7	(0.7)		18.6	(0.6)		1.3	(0.2)		8.7	(0.5)		65.7	(0.7)		24.2	(0.7)
	Estonia	5.8	(0.4)		22.7	(0.7)		53.5	(0.8)		18.0	(0.6)		2.1	(0.2)		11.3	(0.5)		66.6	(0.7)		19.9	(0.6)
	Finland	5.3	(0.3)		24.1	(0.6)		56.4	(0.7)		14.2	(0.5)		2.5	(0.2)		13.4	(0.5)		66.4	(0.7)		17.7	(0.5)
	France	13.8	(0.5)		27.7	(0.6)		40.0	(0.8)		18.5	(0.5)		4.0	(0.3)		20.5	(0.6)		55.4	(0.7)		20.1	(0.5)
	Germany	6.7	(0.4)	†	25.0	(0.7)	†	44.9	(0.9)	†	23.4	(0.7)	†	2.5	(0.3)	†	13.0	(0.6)	†	58.4	(0.9)	†	26.1	(0.8)	†
	Greece	3.7	(0.2)		17.8	(0.5)		53.7	(0.6)		24.8	(0.6)		2.3	(0.2)		11.8	(0.5)		64.4	(0.7)		21.5	(0.7)
	Hungary	3.6	(0.3)		16.1	(0.6)		55.0	(0.7)		25.4	(0.6)		2.1	(0.2)		8.2	(0.3)		62.5	(0.8)		27.3	(0.7)
	Iceland	6.5	(0.4)		24.2	(0.8)		47.8	(1.0)		21.5	(0.8)		2.7	(0.3)		13.4	(0.6)		60.0	(0.8)		23.9	(0.7)
	Ireland	6.0	(0.4)		27.9	(0.6)		50.6	(0.7)		15.6	(0.6)		2.0	(0.2)		12.6	(0.4)		66.6	(0.7)		18.9	(0.6)
	Israel	5.1	(0.3)		15.4	(0.6)		45.1	(0.7)		34.5	(0.7)		3.9	(0.3)		11.5	(0.4)		54.8	(0.7)		29.8	(0.7)
	Italy	7.9	(0.4)		20.1	(0.5)		48.6	(0.8)		23.4	(0.7)		3.2	(0.2)		11.3	(0.4)		59.6	(0.7)		26.0	(0.7)
	Japan	9.1	(0.4)		34.7	(0.6)		44.0	(0.7)		12.3	(0.5)		6.4	(0.3)		35.1	(0.6)		48.6	(0.7)		9.9	(0.4)
	Korea	3.3	(0.2)		19.7	(0.6)		56.6	(0.7)		20.5	(0.6)		2.2	(0.2)		17.1	(0.6)		62.0	(0.7)		18.7	(0.5)
	Latvia	4.8	(0.3)		23.2	(0.7)		56.6	(0.7)		15.4	(0.5)		2.4	(0.2)		13.6	(0.5)		66.7	(0.8)		17.2	(0.5)
	Lithuania	4.5	(0.3)		14.5	(0.5)		49.0	(0.7)		32.1	(0.6)		2.5	(0.2)		12.3	(0.5)		57.7	(0.7)		27.5	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	7.6	(0.4)		23.9	(0.7)		47.1	(0.8)		21.4	(0.6)		3.9	(0.3)		15.4	(0.5)		56.2	(0.8)		24.5	(0.7)
	Mexico	2.7	(0.2)	†	11.6	(0.4)	†	53.0	(0.7)	†	32.8	(0.7)	†	1.9	(0.2)	†	9.0	(0.5)	†	56.9	(0.7)	†	32.2	(0.7)	†
	Netherlands*	5.1	(0.3)		25.8	(0.8)		55.4	(0.9)		13.7	(0.7)		1.8	(0.2)		10.6	(0.6)		70.0	(0.9)		17.6	(0.6)
	New Zealand	7.0	(0.4)		26.9	(0.7)		50.8	(0.7)		15.3	(0.6)		2.4	(0.2)		12.5	(0.4)		64.9	(0.8)		20.2	(0.5)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	6.4	(0.3)		25.0	(0.6)		52.8	(0.7)		15.8	(0.6)		2.4	(0.2)		14.6	(0.5)		66.5	(0.7)		16.5	(0.6)
	Portugal*	5.3	(0.3)		22.0	(0.6)		51.8	(0.8)		20.9	(0.6)		2.1	(0.2)		12.8	(0.6)		67.2	(0.6)		17.9	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	7.1	(0.4)		27.0	(0.7)		50.7	(0.8)		15.2	(0.6)		4.5	(0.3)		16.0	(0.5)		62.7	(0.7)		16.8	(0.6)
	Slovenia	4.2	(0.3)		19.0	(0.7)		58.5	(0.8)		18.3	(0.6)		2.7	(0.3)		12.7	(0.6)		65.4	(0.6)		19.1	(0.6)
	Spain	5.7	(0.2)		21.0	(0.3)		48.3	(0.4)		25.1	(0.4)		2.9	(0.2)		13.3	(0.3)		58.7	(0.4)		25.2	(0.3)
	Sweden	7.4	(0.5)		26.9	(0.7)		48.8	(0.8)		16.8	(0.7)		2.9	(0.3)		14.1	(0.5)		61.4	(0.8)		21.7	(0.7)
	Switzerland	6.0	(0.3)		22.8	(0.8)		48.6	(0.9)		22.7	(0.6)		2.4	(0.3)		12.6	(0.6)		61.8	(0.9)		23.1	(0.7)
	Turkey	3.8	(0.2)		12.0	(0.5)		51.5	(0.6)		32.7	(0.6)		3.0	(0.2)		11.4	(0.4)		53.7	(0.6)		31.9	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	9.6	(0.4)		31.7	(0.7)		44.4	(0.7)		14.3	(0.5)		3.5	(0.3)		16.2	(0.5)		62.2	(0.6)		18.1	(0.5)
	United States*	5.0	(0.3)		19.9	(0.7)		52.7	(0.8)		22.4	(0.7)		1.7	(0.2)		10.6	(0.4)		61.5	(0.7)		26.2	(0.6)
	OECD average	6.1	(0.1)		22.5	(0.1)		50.2	(0.1)		21.2	(0.1)		2.7	(0.0)		13.4	(0.1)		61.6	(0.1)		22.3	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	1.6	(0.2)		6.1	(0.4)		43.8	(0.9)		48.5	(0.8)		1.0	(0.1)		3.7	(0.3)		54.0	(0.7)		41.3	(0.8)
	Argentina	6.3	(0.3)		15.5	(0.4)		48.0	(0.8)		30.2	(0.7)		5.3	(0.3)		12.3	(0.4)		53.6	(0.8)		28.7	(0.8)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	5.3	(0.4)	†	10.8	(0.4)	†	52.2	(0.8)	†	31.6	(0.8)	†	4.7	(0.3)	†	9.7	(0.4)	†	54.4	(0.9)	†	31.2	(0.8)	†
	Belarus	2.7	(0.2)		18.2	(0.6)		63.4	(0.7)		15.7	(0.6)		1.6	(0.2)		8.3	(0.4)		70.5	(0.7)		19.6	(0.6)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	3.3	(0.3)		10.1	(0.4)		56.3	(0.7)		30.3	(0.7)		2.9	(0.2)		9.7	(0.4)		58.6	(0.6)		28.7	(0.6)
	Brazil	5.6	(0.3)		19.7	(0.6)		55.0	(0.6)		19.7	(0.5)		4.7	(0.3)		18.0	(0.5)		58.8	(0.7)		18.5	(0.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	3.0	(0.2)		20.3	(0.5)		58.7	(0.6)		18.0	(0.5)		3.2	(0.2)		18.5	(0.4)		59.4	(0.6)		18.8	(0.5)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	1.5	(0.2)		17.3	(0.5)		63.4	(0.8)		17.8	(0.7)		1.4	(0.2)		24.2	(0.7)		60.5	(0.8)		13.9	(0.5)
	Bulgaria	6.1	(0.5)		16.4	(0.7)		53.0	(1.0)		24.5	(0.7)		5.4	(0.4)		11.1	(0.6)		56.9	(0.9)		26.6	(0.7)
	Costa Rica	3.6	(0.2)		12.1	(0.4)		47.1	(0.6)		37.2	(0.7)		2.4	(0.2)		8.9	(0.4)		53.7	(0.8)		34.9	(0.7)
	Croatia	3.5	(0.2)		14.0	(0.5)		54.6	(0.7)		27.9	(0.6)		1.7	(0.2)		9.7	(0.4)		64.0	(0.5)		24.6	(0.4)
	Cyprus	5.6	(0.3)		17.1	(0.6)		50.8	(0.7)		26.5	(0.6)		3.7	(0.3)		13.2	(0.5)		58.6	(0.8)		24.6	(0.7)
	Dominican Republic	5.7	(0.5)	†	10.6	(0.6)	†	45.8	(0.9)	†	37.9	(1.0)	†	4.7	(0.5)	†	9.0	(0.6)	†	53.2	(0.9)	†	33.2	(1.0)	†
	Georgia	4.5	(0.3)		11.9	(0.6)		54.9	(0.8)		28.6	(0.7)		3.7	(0.3)		13.6	(0.7)		59.6	(0.9)		23.1	(0.7)
	Hong Kong (China)*	3.7	(0.3)		24.6	(0.7)		60.2	(0.8)		11.5	(0.4)		2.7	(0.2)		24.3	(0.7)		61.3	(0.6)		11.7	(0.5)
	Indonesia	1.6	(0.2)		7.8	(0.4)		65.9	(0.8)		24.7	(0.7)		1.6	(0.2)		9.2	(0.5)		69.3	(0.9)		19.9	(0.7)
	Jordan	4.3	(0.3)		9.0	(0.4)		43.6	(0.7)		43.1	(0.8)		6.5	(0.4)		13.8	(0.6)		48.8	(0.8)		30.9	(0.8)
	Kazakhstan	3.6	(0.2)		11.2	(0.4)		62.0	(0.5)		23.2	(0.4)		3.1	(0.2)		9.0	(0.2)		65.0	(0.4)		22.9	(0.5)
	Kosovo	1.8	(0.2)		7.2	(0.5)		48.0	(0.8)		42.9	(0.7)		1.9	(0.2)		6.0	(0.4)		58.7	(0.7)		33.3	(0.7)
	Lebanon	7.4	(0.6)		22.4	(0.9)		42.2	(0.9)		28.0	(0.9)		10.7	(0.7)		16.8	(0.8)		47.0	(1.1)		25.5	(0.8)
	Macao (China)	4.3	(0.3)		30.3	(0.8)		53.2	(0.8)		12.2	(0.5)		2.5	(0.2)		25.8	(0.7)		59.7	(0.8)		12.0	(0.6)
	Malaysia	1.8	(0.2)		17.8	(0.5)		63.4	(0.7)		17.0	(0.6)		1.6	(0.2)		18.6	(0.6)		66.8	(0.6)		13.0	(0.4)
	Malta	5.5	(0.4)		20.2	(0.6)		51.2	(0.8)		23.0	(0.7)		3.0	(0.3)		14.1	(0.6)		61.0	(0.9)		21.9	(0.7)
	Moldova	2.2	(0.2)		11.6	(0.5)		57.6	(0.7)		28.6	(0.7)		1.7	(0.2)		10.5	(0.4)		62.3	(0.8)		25.5	(0.7)
	Montenegro	4.2	(0.3)		11.7	(0.4)		50.0	(0.7)		34.1	(0.6)		2.7	(0.3)		6.9	(0.4)		56.1	(0.6)		34.3	(0.6)
	Morocco	4.6	(0.4)	†	15.5	(0.6)	†	52.2	(0.7)	†	27.7	(0.8)	†	5.1	(0.4)	†	14.7	(0.5)	†	56.0	(0.9)	†	24.3	(0.7)	†
	North Macedonia	3.1	(0.2)		9.3	(0.5)		47.0	(0.8)		40.6	(0.8)		3.1	(0.3)		7.0	(0.4)		52.6	(0.8)		37.3	(0.8)
	Panama	3.7	(0.4)	†	9.0	(0.6)	†	44.5	(0.9)	†	42.8	(1.0)	†	3.2	(0.3)	†	8.6	(0.6)	†	50.0	(0.9)	†	38.2	(0.8)	†
	Peru	1.8	(0.2)	†	10.4	(0.5)	†	56.4	(0.8)	†	31.4	(0.8)	†	1.4	(0.2)	†	8.3	(0.5)	†	60.3	(0.8)	†	30.0	(0.8)	†
	Philippines	3.1	(0.2)		14.1	(0.5)		64.6	(0.6)		18.3	(0.7)		3.2	(0.2)		13.9	(0.5)		62.7	(0.6)		20.3	(0.6)
	Qatar	7.2	(0.3)		23.4	(0.4)		46.1	(0.4)		23.3	(0.3)		4.8	(0.2)		13.4	(0.3)		53.9	(0.4)		27.9	(0.4)
	Romania	2.7	(0.3)		11.9	(0.6)		55.8	(0.8)		29.6	(0.7)		2.3	(0.3)		6.4	(0.4)		60.5	(0.8)		30.8	(0.7)
	Russia	5.0	(0.3)		19.9	(0.7)		59.0	(0.9)		16.2	(0.4)		3.2	(0.3)		14.7	(0.6)		65.0	(0.6)		17.1	(0.5)
	Saudi Arabia	5.1	(0.4)		8.6	(0.5)		40.2	(0.7)		46.2	(0.8)		7.1	(0.5)		12.8	(0.5)		50.7	(0.7)		29.5	(0.6)
	Serbia	4.2	(0.3)		14.3	(0.5)		47.2	(0.7)		34.3	(0.6)		3.1	(0.3)		9.2	(0.4)		56.4	(0.8)		31.3	(0.7)
	Singapore	4.6	(0.3)		18.7	(0.5)		55.3	(0.6)		21.3	(0.5)		2.2	(0.2)		12.1	(0.4)		64.2	(0.7)		21.5	(0.6)
	Chinese Taipei	4.0	(0.2)		23.1	(0.6)		58.3	(0.7)		14.5	(0.4)		2.4	(0.2)		18.0	(0.5)		65.7	(0.6)		13.9	(0.4)
	Thailand	1.2	(0.2)		8.9	(0.4)		69.9	(0.7)		20.0	(0.7)		1.3	(0.2)		12.7	(0.6)		70.7	(0.7)		15.3	(0.6)
	Ukraine	3.2	(0.2)		16.3	(0.5)		58.3	(0.7)		22.1	(0.7)		2.1	(0.2)		11.6	(0.4)		63.8	(0.6)		22.4	(0.6)
	United Arab Emirates	3.8	(0.2)		13.8	(0.5)		48.1	(0.5)		34.2	(0.5)		3.2	(0.1)		11.5	(0.4)		53.6	(0.4)		31.7	(0.5)
	Uruguay	6.3	(0.5)		17.9	(0.7)		48.8	(0.8)		27.0	(0.7)		3.6	(0.3)		11.1	(0.5)		57.5	(0.8)		27.7	(0.7)
	Viet Nam	1.6	(0.2)		8.8	(0.5)		67.7	(0.7)		21.9	(0.8)		1.9	(0.2)		19.1	(0.6)		64.9	(0.8)		14.1	(0.6)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covere one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage informatio corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.13.2. Students' fear of failure

Based on students’ reports

		Index of fear of failure1						Percentage of students who reported the following:
		Average			Variability			When I am failing, I worry about what others think of me
								Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		Mean index	S.E.		S.D.	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	0.23	(0.01)		1.00	(0.01)		11.8	(0.3)		26.6	(0.5)		41.4	(0.5)		20.2	(0.4)
	Austria	- 0.26	(0.01)		1.05	(0.01)		18.9	(0.6)		29.6	(0.6)		33.6	(0.6)		17.8	(0.5)
	Belgium (Flemish)	- 0.19	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		15.9	(0.6)		37.0	(0.7)		36.9	(0.8)		10.2	(0.5)
	Canada	0.27	(0.01)		1.04	(0.01)		13.5	(0.4)		24.7	(0.4)		39.6	(0.6)		22.2	(0.4)
	Chile	0.08	(0.01)		1.00	(0.01)		20.3	(0.6)		28.4	(0.6)		35.3	(0.7)		16.0	(0.6)
	Colombia	- 0.19	(0.01)		0.94	(0.01)		17.1	(0.5)		34.5	(0.7)		38.2	(0.7)		10.1	(0.4)
	Czech Republic	- 0.05	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		12.2	(0.5)		29.2	(0.7)		44.4	(0.8)		14.2	(0.6)
	Denmark	- 0.02	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		10.7	(0.4)		31.0	(0.7)		44.2	(0.8)		14.1	(0.5)
	Estonia	- 0.17	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		14.7	(0.6)		38.9	(0.8)		36.6	(0.7)		9.8	(0.5)
	Finland	- 0.19	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		13.2	(0.5)		36.4	(0.7)		38.3	(0.7)		12.0	(0.5)
	France	0.06	(0.01)		1.06	(0.01)		25.9	(0.7)		26.7	(0.6)		31.2	(0.7)		16.3	(0.5)
	Germany	- 0.37	(0.02)		1.02	(0.01)		20.1	(0.8)		32.3	(0.7)		33.0	(0.7)		14.6	(0.6)
	Greece	- 0.09	(0.01)		0.94	(0.01)		16.2	(0.5)		29.1	(0.6)		41.2	(0.7)		13.5	(0.4)
	Hungary	- 0.10	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		14.9	(0.5)		29.6	(0.8)		39.9	(0.8)		15.6	(0.6)
	Iceland	0.00	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		12.2	(0.5)		23.9	(0.9)		44.0	(0.8)		19.9	(0.7)
	Ireland	0.21	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		9.9	(0.4)		26.4	(0.6)		43.5	(0.7)		20.2	(0.6)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	0.04	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		16.3	(0.5)		26.8	(0.7)		40.8	(0.7)		16.2	(0.5)
	Japan	0.38	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		7.0	(0.4)		16.4	(0.5)		47.6	(0.7)		29.1	(0.6)
	Korea	0.19	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		7.0	(0.3)		18.0	(0.5)		52.1	(0.7)		22.9	(0.7)
	Latvia	- 0.10	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		11.9	(0.5)		33.3	(0.6)		42.7	(0.7)		12.1	(0.5)
	Lithuania	- 0.07	(0.01)		1.03	(0.01)		16.9	(0.5)		21.4	(0.6)		40.1	(0.6)		21.5	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	- 0.14	(0.02)		1.06	(0.01)		23.0	(0.6)		27.3	(0.6)		33.4	(0.6)		16.2	(0.6)
	Mexico	0.06	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		16.0	(0.6)		30.2	(0.8)		39.4	(0.7)		14.4	(0.5)
	Netherlands*	- 0.39	(0.02)		0.91	(0.01)		18.8	(0.7)		36.3	(0.8)		34.4	(0.8)		10.5	(0.5)
	New Zealand	0.25	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		11.0	(0.4)		24.4	(0.6)		42.1	(0.6)		22.5	(0.5)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	0.01	(0.02)		0.91	(0.01)		13.8	(0.5)		32.7	(0.7)		40.3	(0.7)		13.3	(0.5)
	Portugal*	- 0.01	(0.01)		0.97	(0.01)		14.1	(0.5)		29.4	(0.6)		40.6	(0.8)		15.9	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	0.01	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		12.7	(0.5)		28.2	(0.6)		46.1	(0.7)		13.0	(0.6)
	Slovenia	0.00	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		11.4	(0.5)		25.5	(0.8)		48.0	(0.8)		15.2	(0.5)
	Spain	- 0.12	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		20.0	(0.4)		29.3	(0.4)		35.7	(0.4)		15.0	(0.3)
	Sweden	0.00	(0.01)		1.02	(0.01)		14.6	(0.5)		32.0	(0.8)		37.7	(0.7)		15.6	(0.6)
	Switzerland	- 0.28	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		24.6	(0.8)		31.9	(0.7)		30.8	(0.8)		12.6	(0.6)
	Turkey	0.12	(0.01)		1.01	(0.01)		14.5	(0.4)		19.1	(0.5)		42.7	(0.6)		23.7	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	0.27	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		12.3	(0.5)		24.9	(0.6)		39.8	(0.7)		23.0	(0.6)
	United States*	0.17	(0.02)		1.08	(0.01)		15.7	(0.6)		25.9	(0.7)		36.8	(0.7)		21.6	(0.7)
	OECD average	- 0.01	(0.00)		0.98	(0.00)		15.1	(0.1)		28.5	(0.1)		39.8	(0.1)		16.6	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	- 0.24	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		18.4	(0.6)		29.9	(0.7)		38.2	(0.8)		13.5	(0.6)
	Argentina	- 0.10	(0.01)		1.00	(0.01)		26.4	(0.7)		32.3	(0.6)		29.0	(0.6)		12.3	(0.4)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.04	(0.02)	†	1.07	(0.01)	†	17.8	(0.5)		18.4	(0.6)		42.2	(0.8)		21.7	(0.6)
	Belarus	- 0.13	(0.01)		0.79	(0.01)		11.8	(0.4)		38.8	(0.6)		41.4	(0.7)		7.9	(0.4)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	- 0.37	(0.02)		0.95	(0.01)		25.8	(0.6)		35.2	(0.7)		30.7	(0.6)		8.3	(0.4)
	Brazil	0.04	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		17.7	(0.5)		27.0	(0.5)		38.4	(0.6)		16.8	(0.4)
	Brunei Darussalam	0.41	(0.01)		0.97	(0.01)		8.5	(0.4)		17.6	(0.5)		45.1	(0.7)		28.8	(0.6)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.00	(0.01)		0.86	(0.01)		6.0	(0.4)		16.0	(0.6)		58.3	(0.8)		19.7	(0.6)
	Bulgaria	- 0.13	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		21.0	(0.6)		25.0	(0.7)		40.2	(0.8)		13.7	(0.6)
	Costa Rica	- 0.23	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		21.1	(0.6)		31.6	(0.7)		32.4	(0.7)		14.9	(0.5)
	Croatia	- 0.22	(0.01)		0.95	(0.01)		17.9	(0.5)		34.9	(0.7)		37.3	(0.6)		9.9	(0.4)
	Cyprus	- 0.21	(0.01)		0.98	(0.01)		21.9	(0.7)		31.9	(0.7)		34.9	(0.7)		11.3	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	- 0.01	(0.02)	†	1.05	(0.01)	†	17.5	(0.7)	†	22.7	(0.7)	†	39.8	(1.0)	†	20.1	(0.9)	†
	Georgia	- 0.32	(0.02)		0.87	(0.01)		21.6	(0.7)		30.2	(0.7)		39.8	(0.8)		8.4	(0.4)
	Hong Kong (China)*	0.39	(0.01)		0.88	(0.01)		4.3	(0.4)		14.2	(0.5)		55.8	(0.7)		25.7	(0.6)
	Indonesia	- 0.19	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		11.2	(0.5)		29.5	(0.8)		46.0	(0.7)		13.3	(0.6)
	Jordan	- 0.21	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		25.0	(0.7)		27.8	(0.7)		31.1	(0.6)		16.2	(0.6)
	Kazakhstan	- 0.33	(0.01)		0.85	(0.01)		16.5	(0.4)		39.0	(0.4)		36.5	(0.4)		8.0	(0.2)
	Kosovo	- 0.07	(0.01)		0.92	(0.01)		19.5	(0.6)		27.9	(0.7)		41.8	(0.7)		10.8	(0.5)
	Lebanon	- 0.20	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		32.1	(0.9)		26.6	(0.8)		27.3	(0.7)		14.0	(0.7)
	Macao (China)	0.44	(0.01)		0.87	(0.01)		4.6	(0.3)		15.3	(0.6)		53.4	(0.9)		26.7	(0.7)
	Malaysia	0.34	(0.01)		0.90	(0.01)		6.0	(0.4)		19.0	(0.4)		49.4	(0.7)		25.6	(0.7)
	Malta	0.24	(0.02)		1.01	(0.01)		16.0	(0.6)		25.6	(0.8)		39.4	(0.8)		19.0	(0.6)
	Moldova	- 0.04	(0.01)		0.82	(0.01)		8.6	(0.4)		26.9	(0.6)		51.7	(0.7)		12.8	(0.5)
	Montenegro	- 0.42	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		29.4	(0.7)		31.4	(0.6)		29.0	(0.5)		10.2	(0.4)
	Morocco	- 0.15	(0.01)	†	0.99	(0.01)	†	26.2	(0.7)		29.5	(0.7)		31.9	(0.7)		12.4	(0.5)
	North Macedonia	- 0.11	(0.02)		0.99	(0.01)		20.2	(0.6)		28.8	(0.7)		35.8	(0.8)		15.3	(0.5)
	Panama	- 0.06	(0.02)	†	1.01	(0.01)	†	20.0	(0.8)	†	27.0	(0.7)	†	35.2	(0.9)	†	17.8	(0.7)	†
	Peru	- 0.20	(0.01)		0.90	(0.01)		16.0	(0.6)		34.5	(0.7)		39.0	(0.6)		10.5	(0.4)
	Philippines	0.15	(0.02)		0.89	(0.01)		7.6	(0.4)		20.1	(0.6)		52.7	(0.8)		19.6	(0.7)
	Qatar	- 0.05	(0.01)		1.06	(0.01)		22.6	(0.4)		27.0	(0.4)		34.2	(0.4)		16.2	(0.3)
	Romania	- 0.27	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		20.6	(0.6)		33.7	(0.8)		36.2	(0.7)		9.5	(0.5)
	Russia	- 0.16	(0.01)		0.88	(0.01)		14.5	(0.6)		33.0	(0.7)		42.1	(0.6)		10.5	(0.3)
	Saudi Arabia	- 0.33	(0.02)		1.03	(0.01)		25.9	(0.7)		27.4	(0.6)		31.8	(0.7)		15.0	(0.5)
	Serbia	- 0.31	(0.01)		0.94	(0.01)		23.8	(0.6)		33.8	(0.7)		32.2	(0.8)		10.2	(0.5)
	Singapore	0.50	(0.01)		0.99	(0.01)		8.1	(0.3)		20.1	(0.5)		43.9	(0.6)		27.9	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	0.67	(0.01)		0.90	(0.01)		2.9	(0.2)		8.6	(0.3)		52.4	(0.6)		36.1	(0.6)
	Thailand	0.16	(0.01)		0.84	(0.01)		7.3	(0.4)		26.9	(0.6)		54.1	(0.8)		11.6	(0.4)
	Ukraine	- 0.22	(0.01)		0.76	(0.01)		13.1	(0.6)		36.4	(0.6)		42.1	(0.7)		8.5	(0.4)
	United Arab Emirates	0.07	(0.01)		1.03	(0.01)		18.7	(0.4)		26.2	(0.4)		37.5	(0.5)		17.6	(0.3)
	Uruguay	- 0.08	(0.01)		0.97	(0.01)		23.4	(0.7)		30.3	(0.8)		33.5	(0.8)		12.9	(0.5)
	Viet Nam	- 0.02	(0.02)		0.78	(0.01)		6.3	(0.4)		26.8	(0.8)		54.2	(0.8)		12.7	(0.5)
		Percentage of students who reported the following:
		When I am failing, I am afraid that I might not have enough talent												When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future
		Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree			Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	9.6	(0.3)		26.6	(0.5)		42.4	(0.5)		21.3	(0.4)		9.5	(0.3)		22.6	(0.5)		40.7	(0.4)		27.2	(0.4)
	Austria	23.1	(0.6)		33.5	(0.7)		29.4	(0.7)		14.1	(0.4)		28.9	(0.6)		30.3	(0.6)		26.8	(0.7)		14.0	(0.4)
	Belgium (Flemish)	15.4	(0.6)		40.3	(0.9)		34.7	(0.8)		9.5	(0.6)		13.2	(0.6)		34.2	(0.7)		39.3	(0.8)		13.4	(0.6)
	Canada	10.8	(0.3)		23.8	(0.5)		40.9	(0.5)		24.5	(0.4)		10.9	(0.3)		20.7	(0.5)		37.3	(0.4)		31.2	(0.5)
	Chile	12.1	(0.5)		24.3	(0.5)		43.1	(0.7)		20.5	(0.6)		17.2	(0.5)		23.6	(0.6)		35.3	(0.6)		23.9	(0.7)
	Colombia	15.2	(0.5)		34.0	(0.8)		39.5	(0.7)		11.3	(0.4)		20.5	(0.7)		36.0	(0.9)		31.8	(0.8)		11.7	(0.4)
	Czech Republic	11.7	(0.4)		36.8	(0.7)		39.8	(0.7)		11.7	(0.4)		13.5	(0.5)		32.0	(0.7)		38.9	(0.7)		15.6	(0.6)
	Denmark	9.7	(0.4)		32.5	(0.7)		44.0	(0.9)		13.8	(0.5)		15.9	(0.6)		37.1	(0.8)		32.9	(0.7)		14.1	(0.5)
	Estonia	13.0	(0.5)		38.5	(0.8)		37.3	(0.8)		11.2	(0.5)		16.1	(0.6)		38.7	(0.8)		33.1	(0.8)		12.0	(0.5)
	Finland	14.7	(0.5)		40.4	(0.7)		33.2	(0.6)		11.7	(0.4)		17.5	(0.5)		41.1	(0.7)		29.5	(0.5)		11.9	(0.4)
	France	15.4	(0.5)		22.8	(0.6)		40.5	(0.6)		21.3	(0.6)		15.5	(0.5)		22.3	(0.6)		36.5	(0.6)		25.7	(0.6)
	Germany	27.0	(0.7)		35.3	(0.8)		26.7	(0.6)		11.0	(0.5)		29.1	(0.7)		33.4	(0.9)		24.9	(0.7)		12.6	(0.6)
	Greece	14.1	(0.5)		32.4	(0.5)		40.3	(0.7)		13.2	(0.4)		17.6	(0.5)		32.3	(0.6)		35.2	(0.6)		14.9	(0.4)
	Hungary	15.4	(0.5)		33.6	(0.8)		36.4	(0.8)		14.6	(0.6)		18.5	(0.6)		34.1	(0.8)		31.9	(0.6)		15.5	(0.6)
	Iceland	15.2	(0.7)		31.0	(0.8)		37.2	(0.8)		16.6	(0.7)		17.9	(0.6)		31.7	(0.9)		33.0	(0.9)		17.3	(0.6)
	Ireland	9.3	(0.4)		28.0	(0.7)		43.0	(0.6)		19.6	(0.5)		9.8	(0.4)		25.3	(0.6)		40.2	(0.6)		24.7	(0.6)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	12.6	(0.4)		28.7	(0.7)		41.6	(0.7)		17.1	(0.6)		14.3	(0.5)		28.2	(0.6)		37.9	(0.7)		19.5	(0.6)
	Japan	7.2	(0.4)		18.8	(0.6)		46.5	(0.7)		27.5	(0.6)		11.0	(0.4)		28.1	(0.7)		39.2	(0.7)		21.7	(0.6)
	Korea	9.8	(0.4)		23.8	(0.5)		47.1	(0.7)		19.3	(0.6)		14.1	(0.5)		32.3	(0.6)		37.5	(0.7)		16.0	(0.5)
	Latvia	12.1	(0.5)		38.2	(0.8)		38.2	(0.7)		11.5	(0.5)		14.3	(0.5)		36.5	(0.8)		35.9	(0.6)		13.2	(0.5)
	Lithuania	18.0	(0.5)		29.3	(0.7)		37.4	(0.7)		15.4	(0.5)		23.3	(0.6)		26.8	(0.6)		32.5	(0.7)		17.4	(0.5)
	Luxembourg	21.0	(0.6)		30.0	(0.7)		33.0	(0.6)		16.0	(0.6)		20.4	(0.6)		25.9	(0.6)		34.7	(0.7)		19.0	(0.6)
	Mexico	10.3	(0.5)		26.9	(0.7)		45.3	(0.7)		17.5	(0.5)		15.5	(0.6)		27.3	(0.6)		38.5	(0.6)		18.6	(0.6)
	Netherlands*	21.4	(0.8)		43.2	(0.9)		27.4	(0.7)		8.0	(0.4)		22.4	(0.7)		41.9	(1.0)		27.1	(0.7)		8.6	(0.5)
	New Zealand	10.3	(0.5)		27.2	(0.6)		41.2	(0.7)		21.3	(0.5)		9.6	(0.4)		22.9	(0.7)		38.5	(0.7)		29.1	(0.7)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	10.2	(0.4)		32.7	(0.7)		43.5	(0.7)		13.6	(0.6)		11.2	(0.4)		30.8	(0.7)		40.7	(0.7)		17.3	(0.6)
	Portugal*	12.8	(0.5)		31.2	(0.7)		41.5	(0.7)		14.5	(0.5)		15.2	(0.5)		30.6	(0.9)		36.3	(0.8)		17.8	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	9.2	(0.4)		30.6	(0.7)		47.5	(0.7)		12.7	(0.5)		13.3	(0.5)		33.9	(0.7)		39.4	(0.8)		13.3	(0.5)
	Slovenia	12.1	(0.5)		33.1	(0.7)		40.4	(0.7)		14.4	(0.5)		14.3	(0.5)		32.0	(0.7)		37.9	(0.9)		15.9	(0.5)
	Spain	16.4	(0.3)		30.8	(0.4)		37.3	(0.5)		15.6	(0.3)		19.9	(0.4)		32.1	(0.3)		31.4	(0.4)		16.7	(0.3)
	Sweden	14.1	(0.5)		29.6	(0.8)		38.7	(0.7)		17.6	(0.6)		15.2	(0.5)		32.3	(0.7)		33.8	(0.7)		18.8	(0.6)
	Switzerland	23.0	(0.7)		33.1	(0.8)		30.9	(0.7)		13.0	(0.5)		23.1	(0.7)		31.7	(0.7)		30.1	(0.7)		15.1	(0.6)
	Turkey	14.9	(0.5)		28.3	(0.5)		38.2	(0.6)		18.5	(0.5)		13.9	(0.5)		21.7	(0.5)		41.0	(0.6)		23.5	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	10.2	(0.4)		26.6	(0.5)		40.2	(0.6)		23.0	(0.6)		9.3	(0.3)		20.3	(0.5)		38.4	(0.6)		32.1	(0.6)
	United States*	13.7	(0.6)		26.0	(0.7)		37.8	(0.7)		22.6	(0.8)		12.7	(0.5)		22.8	(0.6)		36.4	(0.7)		28.1	(0.9)
	OECD average	14.0	(0.1)		30.9	(0.1)		38.9	(0.1)		16.2	(0.1)		16.1	(0.1)		30.1	(0.1)		35.3	(0.1)		18.5	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	20.8	(0.6)		34.7	(0.7)		33.7	(0.7)		10.8	(0.5)		22.5	(0.7)		31.7	(0.7)		31.6	(0.7)		14.2	(0.5)
	Argentina	15.5	(0.5)		27.8	(0.6)		39.5	(0.6)		17.1	(0.5)		20.4	(0.5)		28.6	(0.6)		30.8	(0.6)		20.2	(0.5)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	16.9	(0.5)		26.7	(0.6)		37.8	(0.7)		18.6	(0.5)		18.4	(0.6)		23.8	(0.7)		38.1	(0.8)		19.7	(0.6)
	Belarus	8.9	(0.4)		38.1	(0.7)		46.0	(0.7)		7.0	(0.4)		11.4	(0.4)		40.4	(0.8)		39.5	(0.6)		8.8	(0.4)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	21.0	(0.5)		39.5	(0.7)		31.8	(0.7)		7.8	(0.4)		22.2	(0.6)		31.9	(0.7)		34.6	(0.6)		11.3	(0.5)
	Brazil	13.1	(0.4)		28.0	(0.6)		40.6	(0.5)		18.3	(0.5)		16.0	(0.5)		27.2	(0.5)		37.1	(0.6)		19.8	(0.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	8.6	(0.4)		21.5	(0.6)		43.5	(0.6)		26.4	(0.5)		8.5	(0.4)		18.6	(0.5)		39.3	(0.6)		33.6	(0.6)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	11.7	(0.5)		34.9	(0.6)		42.9	(0.6)		10.5	(0.5)		13.9	(0.5)		35.5	(0.6)		40.4	(0.6)		10.2	(0.5)
	Bulgaria	16.9	(0.5)		32.4	(0.7)		37.4	(0.7)		13.3	(0.5)		20.0	(0.7)		29.2	(0.8)		35.8	(0.8)		15.0	(0.6)
	Costa Rica	19.2	(0.5)		32.8	(0.6)		33.9	(0.6)		14.1	(0.5)		25.8	(0.6)		32.7	(0.5)		27.4	(0.6)		14.1	(0.5)
	Croatia	16.3	(0.5)		36.8	(0.8)		36.9	(0.7)		10.0	(0.4)		19.3	(0.5)		34.4	(0.7)		34.0	(0.7)		12.3	(0.5)
	Cyprus	18.3	(0.6)		35.5	(0.8)		34.1	(0.6)		12.2	(0.5)		19.6	(0.6)		31.7	(0.7)		33.4	(0.7)		15.3	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	16.3	(0.8)	†	28.0	(0.9)	†	36.7	(0.9)	†	19.0	(0.7)	†	21.0	(0.8)	†	28.5	(0.8)	†	32.2	(0.9)	†	18.3	(0.9)	†
	Georgia	18.1	(0.6)		38.0	(0.8)		36.9	(0.8)		6.9	(0.4)		20.0	(0.6)		37.8	(0.8)		33.5	(0.7)		8.7	(0.5)
	Hong Kong (China)*	5.8	(0.3)		23.1	(0.7)		50.1	(0.6)		21.0	(0.6)		5.9	(0.4)		21.8	(0.7)		50.1	(0.7)		22.2	(0.6)
	Indonesia	13.3	(0.6)		40.8	(0.9)		36.5	(0.8)		9.5	(0.5)		18.6	(0.7)		42.7	(1.1)		30.0	(0.9)		8.8	(0.6)
	Jordan	20.1	(0.6)		33.5	(0.7)		32.8	(0.6)		13.6	(0.5)		24.6	(0.6)		26.9	(0.7)		31.1	(0.8)		17.5	(0.6)
	Kazakhstan	14.6	(0.4)		42.4	(0.5)		36.4	(0.5)		6.7	(0.2)		19.6	(0.4)		46.0	(0.4)		27.6	(0.4)		6.8	(0.2)
	Kosovo	14.9	(0.5)		30.0	(0.7)		43.7	(0.8)		11.5	(0.5)		15.0	(0.6)		24.2	(0.7)		43.3	(0.8)		17.5	(0.6)
	Lebanon	17.2	(0.7)		35.4	(0.9)		33.8	(0.9)		13.7	(0.7)		18.3	(0.7)		28.3	(0.9)		36.7	(0.9)		16.6	(0.7)
	Macao (China)	4.4	(0.3)		17.4	(0.7)		52.5	(0.9)		25.7	(0.7)		6.8	(0.4)		27.0	(0.8)		43.8	(0.9)		22.4	(0.7)
	Malaysia	6.0	(0.3)		24.9	(0.5)		48.1	(0.6)		21.0	(0.7)		8.4	(0.4)		24.5	(0.5)		43.2	(0.7)		23.9	(0.7)
	Malta	11.5	(0.5)		23.9	(0.7)		42.1	(0.9)		22.6	(0.8)		9.7	(0.5)		18.2	(0.6)		40.5	(0.8)		31.7	(0.8)
	Moldova	8.9	(0.4)		35.7	(0.7)		45.9	(0.8)		9.6	(0.4)		13.9	(0.4)		36.6	(0.7)		38.7	(0.7)		10.9	(0.5)
	Montenegro	23.6	(0.6)		37.2	(0.5)		31.3	(0.6)		7.9	(0.4)		26.8	(0.6)		33.0	(0.6)		29.1	(0.6)		11.1	(0.4)
	Morocco	18.0	(0.6)	†	28.1	(0.7)	†	40.1	(0.7)	†	13.8	(0.5)	†	19.6	(0.6)	†	26.9	(0.7)	†	36.0	(0.8)	†	17.5	(0.6)	†
	North Macedonia	16.8	(0.5)		35.2	(0.7)		34.2	(0.7)		13.8	(0.5)		16.1	(0.6)		29.3	(0.7)		37.1	(0.8)		17.5	(0.6)
	Panama	15.9	(0.7)	†	28.1	(0.9)	†	39.3	(0.9)	†	16.8	(0.7)	†	21.0	(0.8)	†	29.2	(0.8)	†	30.9	(0.7)	†	19.0	(0.8)	†
	Peru	13.9	(0.5)		36.8	(0.7)		38.6	(0.8)		10.7	(0.4)		20.0	(0.6)		37.9	(0.8)		31.5	(0.7)		10.7	(0.5)
	Philippines	9.1	(0.4)		30.6	(0.7)		44.7	(0.7)		15.6	(0.7)		10.3	(0.4)		26.3	(0.6)		45.9	(0.7)		17.5	(0.6)
	Qatar	18.2	(0.3)		28.4	(0.4)		36.3	(0.5)		17.2	(0.3)		18.5	(0.4)		23.2	(0.4)		34.8	(0.4)		23.5	(0.4)
	Romania	15.1	(0.6)		37.3	(0.8)		38.6	(0.7)		9.0	(0.4)		23.2	(0.7)		35.7	(0.8)		30.6	(0.7)		10.5	(0.5)
	Russia	12.6	(0.4)		38.9	(0.8)		39.3	(0.8)		9.2	(0.3)		14.8	(0.5)		36.2	(0.8)		38.3	(0.8)		10.7	(0.3)
	Saudi Arabia	25.5	(0.6)		31.2	(0.7)		30.6	(0.6)		12.7	(0.5)		31.4	(0.7)		27.6	(0.7)		26.5	(0.7)		14.5	(0.6)
	Serbia	20.0	(0.5)		38.6	(0.6)		32.6	(0.7)		8.7	(0.5)		20.4	(0.5)		31.5	(0.7)		35.0	(0.6)		13.1	(0.5)
	Singapore	8.1	(0.3)		18.8	(0.4)		41.8	(0.6)		31.3	(0.5)		6.7	(0.3)		15.8	(0.4)		40.5	(0.6)		37.0	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	3.7	(0.2)		12.3	(0.4)		50.5	(0.6)		33.5	(0.7)		5.1	(0.3)		18.1	(0.5)		47.8	(0.7)		28.9	(0.6)
	Thailand	6.4	(0.4)		25.4	(0.5)		54.4	(0.6)		13.8	(0.5)		8.9	(0.5)		27.1	(0.6)		50.5	(0.7)		13.5	(0.4)
	Ukraine	10.4	(0.4)		40.1	(0.7)		43.3	(0.7)		6.2	(0.3)		17.1	(0.6)		43.7	(0.7)		31.4	(0.7)		7.8	(0.4)
	United Arab Emirates	15.4	(0.5)		26.8	(0.4)		39.3	(0.4)		18.6	(0.4)		14.4	(0.4)		21.3	(0.4)		38.3	(0.3)		25.9	(0.5)
	Uruguay	14.8	(0.6)		27.9	(0.8)		42.6	(0.7)		14.7	(0.5)		18.0	(0.6)		27.7	(0.7)		36.6	(0.6)		17.8	(0.5)
	Viet Nam	8.3	(0.6)		38.3	(0.9)		44.5	(0.9)		8.9	(0.5)		10.6	(0.6)		36.9	(1.0)		41.4	(1.0)		11.1	(0.6)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. Higher values in the index indicate a greater fear of failure.

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table III.B1.14.1. Growth mindset

Based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who reported that "your intelligence is something about you that you can’t change very much"
		Strongly disagree			Disagree			Agree			Strongly agree
		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.
OECD	Australia	25.3	(0.4)		42.5	(0.5)		25.4	(0.5)		6.8	(0.3)
	Austria	32.1	(0.7)		39.9	(0.7)		20.6	(0.6)		7.4	(0.3)
	Belgium (Flemish)	10.6	(0.5)		45.7	(0.7)		36.4	(0.7)		7.3	(0.4)
	Canada	25.0	(0.4)		42.6	(0.5)		23.5	(0.5)		8.8	(0.3)
	Chile	29.2	(0.7)		31.1	(0.7)		26.3	(0.7)		13.3	(0.5)
	Colombia	28.0	(0.9)		33.4	(0.8)		26.9	(0.9)		11.7	(0.6)
	Czech Republic	11.2	(0.4)		41.2	(0.7)		38.5	(0.7)		9.2	(0.4)
	Denmark	27.1	(0.6)		47.9	(0.7)		20.3	(0.6)		4.7	(0.3)
	Estonia	26.4	(0.6)		50.6	(0.6)		18.8	(0.6)		4.2	(0.3)
	Finland	16.2	(0.5)		50.5	(0.7)		27.0	(0.7)		6.4	(0.3)
	France	16.4	(0.5)		37.4	(0.7)		34.6	(0.7)		11.6	(0.4)
	Germany	30.6	(1.0)		43.4	(0.8)		19.7	(0.6)		6.3	(0.4)
	Greece	12.9	(0.4)		34.6	(0.8)		37.2	(0.6)		15.3	(0.6)
	Hungary	18.0	(0.6)		43.8	(0.7)		29.6	(0.7)		8.5	(0.5)
	Iceland	29.8	(0.8)		43.0	(0.9)		21.9	(0.7)		5.4	(0.4)
	Ireland	28.0	(0.6)		45.9	(0.7)		21.6	(0.6)		4.5	(0.3)
	Israel	24.4	(0.7)		38.1	(0.7)		26.1	(0.7)		11.4	(0.4)
	Italy	16.7	(0.5)		42.1	(0.8)		31.9	(0.6)		9.3	(0.6)
	Japan	17.7	(0.5)		49.3	(0.7)		24.7	(0.6)		8.3	(0.4)
	Korea	15.3	(0.5)		38.0	(0.7)		37.2	(0.6)		9.5	(0.4)
	Latvia	29.2	(0.6)		43.4	(0.6)		21.6	(0.6)		5.8	(0.3)
	Lithuania	39.4	(0.6)		33.0	(0.5)		22.1	(0.5)		5.4	(0.3)
	Luxembourg	22.6	(0.6)		39.8	(0.7)		27.6	(0.6)		10.0	(0.4)
	Mexico	16.2	(0.6)		28.8	(0.6)		40.9	(0.7)		14.1	(0.5)
	Netherlands*	10.7	(0.5)		40.0	(0.9)		39.6	(0.9)		9.6	(0.5)
	New Zealand	24.5	(0.7)		42.7	(0.7)		25.4	(0.6)		7.5	(0.4)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	13.8	(0.5)		26.9	(0.7)		47.1	(0.7)		12.1	(0.5)
	Portugal*	23.1	(0.7)		43.1	(0.8)		26.9	(0.7)		7.0	(0.4)
	Slovak Republic	15.9	(0.5)		41.2	(0.8)		34.1	(0.7)		8.7	(0.4)
	Slovenia	12.5	(0.5)		39.0	(0.8)		37.3	(0.7)		11.2	(0.5)
	Spain	22.0	(0.3)		40.0	(0.4)		28.5	(0.3)		9.5	(0.3)
	Sweden	18.9	(0.8)		44.0	(0.8)		29.7	(0.7)		7.4	(0.4)
	Switzerland	22.1	(0.7)		41.3	(0.9)		27.3	(0.7)		9.3	(0.5)
	Turkey	25.9	(0.6)		33.7	(0.6)		26.8	(0.6)		13.6	(0.4)
	United Kingdom	27.9	(0.6)		42.2	(0.7)		22.4	(0.5)		7.6	(0.3)
	United States*	30.2	(0.7)		38.2	(0.9)		22.4	(0.6)		9.2	(0.5)
	OECD average	22.1	(0.1)		40.5	(0.1)		28.6	(0.1)		8.8	(0.1)
Partners	Albania	15.9	(0.6)		25.0	(0.7)		34.5	(0.7)		24.7	(0.8)
	Argentina	19.6	(0.6)		29.8	(0.6)		35.5	(0.7)		15.1	(0.7)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	27.8	(0.6)		24.2	(0.6)		29.2	(0.7)		18.8	(0.6)
	Belarus	9.9	(0.5)		44.8	(0.7)		40.2	(0.6)		5.1	(0.3)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	17.8	(0.6)		33.2	(0.8)		36.6	(0.7)		12.4	(0.5)
	Brazil	29.9	(0.6)		33.5	(0.6)		25.7	(0.7)		10.9	(0.4)
	Brunei Darussalam	17.3	(0.4)		29.5	(0.6)		41.3	(0.6)		11.9	(0.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	18.9	(0.6)		36.8	(0.7)		35.3	(0.6)		9.0	(0.4)
	Bulgaria	27.3	(0.8)		32.0	(0.8)		28.7	(0.8)		11.9	(0.5)
	Costa Rica	26.3	(0.7)		28.0	(0.8)		29.5	(0.7)		16.1	(0.6)
	Croatia	16.3	(0.5)		40.2	(0.6)		34.0	(0.6)		9.6	(0.4)
	Cyprus	15.9	(0.6)		38.7	(0.8)		33.9	(0.8)		11.5	(0.4)
	Dominican Republic	16.5	(0.7)	†	18.2	(0.7)	†	38.6	(1.1)	†	26.8	(0.9)	†
	Georgia	17.4	(0.6)		32.2	(0.7)		40.8	(0.9)		9.7	(0.5)
	Hong Kong (China)*	9.9	(0.5)		32.9	(0.7)		42.5	(0.7)		14.8	(0.6)
	Indonesia	9.2	(0.5)		19.4	(0.7)		47.6	(0.9)		23.8	(0.7)
	Jordan	18.8	(0.5)		28.2	(0.7)		35.0	(0.7)		18.0	(0.6)
	Kazakhstan	17.9	(0.4)		37.1	(0.5)		32.8	(0.5)		12.2	(0.3)
	Kosovo	6.9	(0.4)		20.7	(0.6)		52.0	(0.7)		20.4	(0.6)
	Lebanon	14.4	(0.6)		26.2	(1.0)		38.7	(0.9)		20.7	(0.9)
	Macao (China)	12.6	(0.5)		36.6	(0.8)		37.4	(0.8)		13.4	(0.5)
	Malaysia	11.0	(0.6)		30.3	(0.6)		46.0	(0.8)		12.8	(0.4)
	Malta	19.3	(0.7)		34.9	(0.9)		33.2	(0.7)		12.6	(0.6)
	Moldova	10.8	(0.4)		32.6	(0.9)		45.3	(0.8)		11.4	(0.5)
	Montenegro	17.6	(0.6)		27.9	(0.5)		35.2	(0.6)		19.3	(0.5)
	Morocco	15.7	(0.7)		25.9	(0.8)		38.7	(1.0)		19.8	(0.6)
	North Macedonia	7.3	(0.4)		16.7	(0.6)		45.5	(0.8)		30.5	(0.7)
	Panama	12.9	(0.7)	†	15.8	(0.8)	†	32.1	(0.8)	†	39.2	(0.9)	†
	Peru	17.7	(0.7)		34.3	(0.9)		35.9	(0.9)		12.2	(0.6)
	Philippines	10.4	(0.6)		20.9	(0.6)		50.6	(0.8)		18.1	(0.5)
	Qatar	19.4	(0.4)		30.6	(0.4)		34.3	(0.4)		15.8	(0.3)
	Romania	12.3	(0.5)		30.9	(1.0)		41.9	(0.9)		14.8	(0.7)
	Russia	20.2	(0.7)		40.1	(0.8)		29.4	(0.7)		10.3	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	20.1	(0.6)		23.0	(0.6)		35.3	(0.7)		21.7	(0.6)
	Serbia	17.6	(0.6)		34.5	(0.7)		34.2	(0.6)		13.6	(0.4)
	Singapore	21.0	(0.5)		38.9	(0.6)		28.5	(0.7)		11.5	(0.4)
	Chinese Taipei	16.5	(0.5)		43.5	(0.6)		31.1	(0.6)		8.8	(0.4)
	Thailand	12.9	(0.8)		29.9	(0.7)		43.7	(0.9)		13.5	(0.5)
	Ukraine	21.1	(0.7)		45.3	(0.7)		26.7	(0.8)		6.9	(0.3)
	United Arab Emirates	18.8	(0.4)		27.1	(0.5)		34.5	(0.5)		19.6	(0.4)
	Uruguay	19.5	(0.7)		34.7	(0.8)		36.5	(0.9)		9.3	(0.5)
	Viet Nam	11.8	(0.7)		41.2	(1.1)		40.0	(1.2)		7.0	(0.4)

* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75 % of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50 % but less than 75 %; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50 % was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

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Annex B1 List of tables available on line

Chapter 2. Bullying

WEB	Table III.B1.2.2	Change between 2015 and 2018 in students' exposure to bullying
WEB	Table III.B1.2.3	Prevalence of exposure to bullying in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.2.4	Students' exposure to bullying, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.2.5	Students' exposure to bullying, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.2.6	Students' exposure to bullying and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.2.7	School-level students' exposure to bullying and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.2.8	Bullying as obstacle to student learning, by prevalence of bullying at school
WEB	Table III.B1.2.9	Students' exposure to bullying, by gender
WEB	Table III.B1.2.10	Students' exposure to bullying, by socio-economic status
WEB	Table III.B1.2.11	Being frequently bullied, by the gender composition at school
WEB	Table III.B1.2.12	Change between 2015 and 2018 in students' exposure to bullying, by time spent on the Internet
WEB	Table III.B1.2.13	Being frequently bullied and students' well-being
WEB	Table III.B1.2.14	School climate, by prevalence of bullying at schools
WEB	Table III.B1.2.16	Students' attitudes towards bullying, by gender
WEB	Table III.B1.2.17	Students' attitudes towards bullying, by socio-economic status
WEB	Table III.B1.2.18	Being bullied, by students' attitudes towards bullying
WEB	Table III.B1.2.19	Exposure to bullying and students' attitudes towards bullying at school
WEB	Table III.B1.2.20	Rate of victimisation of "frequently bullied students"

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Chapter 3. Disciplinary climate

WEB	Table III.B1.3.2	Change between 2009 and 2018 in disciplinary climate
WEB	Table III.B1.3.3	Prevalence of noise and disorder in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.3.4	Disciplinary climate, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.3.5	Disciplinary climate, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.3.6	Disciplinary climate and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.3.7	School-level disciplinary climate and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.3.8	Prevalence of disciplinary problems and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.3.9	Disciplinary climate and reading performance, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.3.10	Index of disciplinary climate, by gender composition at school
WEB	Table III.B1.3.11	Programme orientation and gender composition at school

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Chapter 4. Student truancy and lateness

WEB	Table III.B1.4.2	Change between 2015 and 2018 in student truancy and lateness
WEB	Table III.B1.4.3	Prevalence of student truancy in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.4.4	Prevalence of student lateness in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.4.5	Student truancy, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.4.6	Student lateness, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.4.7	Student truancy, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.4.8	Student lateness, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.4.9	Student truancy and lateness, and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.4.10	School-level truancy and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.4.11	School-level lateness and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.4.12	Repeated student truancy and lateness, and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.4.13	Predictors of student truancy

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Chapter 5. Teacher enthusiasm

WEB	Table III.B1.5.2	Prevalence of teacher enthusiasm in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.5.3	Teacher enthusiasm, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.5.4	Teacher enthusiasm, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.5.5	Teacher enthusiasm and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.5.6	School-level teacher enthusiasm and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.5.7	Prevalence of teacher enthusiasm and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.5.8	How teacher enthusiasm is related to disciplinary climate and motivation to master tasks
WEB	Table III.B1.5.9	Relationship between teacher enthusiasm and reading performance

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Chapter 6. Teachers' support and teaching practices

WEB	Table III.B1.6.4	Prevalence of teacher support in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.6.5	Teacher support, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.6.6	Teacher support, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.6.7	Teacher support and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.6.8	School-level teacher support and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.6.9	Correlations between teaching practices in language-of-instruction lessons
WEB	Table III.B1.6.10	Enjoyment of reading and teaching practices in language-of-instruction lessons
WEB	Table III.B1.6.11	Principals' concern about education staff and teaching practices in language-of-instruction lessons

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Chapter 7. Teacher behaviour and student learning

WEB	Table III.B1.7.2	Change between 2015 and 2018 in teacher behaviour hindering student learning
WEB	Table III.B1.7.3	Teacher behaviour hindering learning, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.7.4	Teacher behaviour hindering learning, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.7.5	Teacher behaviour hindering learning and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.7.6	Parental involvement in school-related activities and teacher behaviour hindering learning

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Chapter 8. Student co-operation and competition

WEB	Table III.B1.8.3	Difference between student co-operation and competition
WEB	Table III.B1.8.4	Prevalence of student co-operation in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.8.5	Prevalence of student competition in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.8.6	Student co-operation, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.8.7	Student competition, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.8.8	Student co-operation, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.8.9	Student competition, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.8.10	Student co-operation and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.8.11	Student competition and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.8.12	School-level co-operation and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.8.13	School-level competition and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.8.14	Students' attitudes towards competition and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.8.15	Association between student competition and student outcomes, by students' attitudes towards competition
WEB	Table III.B1.8.16	Association between student competition and student outcomes, by gender

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Chapter 9. Sense of belonging at school

WEB	Table III.B1.9.2	Change between 2015 and 2018 in sense of belonging
WEB	Table III.B1.9.3	Prevalence of loneliness in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.9.4	Index of sense of belonging, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.9.5	Index of sense of belonging, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.9.6	Sense of belonging and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.9.7	School-level sense of belonging and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.9.8	Student co-operation and competition, and students' sense of belonging
WEB	Table III.B1.9.9	Students' sense of belonging and educational expectations
WEB	Table III.B1.9.10	Grade repetition and students' sense of belonging

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Chapter 10. Parental involvement in school activities

WEB	Table III.B1.10.2	Change between 2015 and 2018 in parental involvement in school-related activities
WEB	Table III.B1.10.3	Discussing child’s progress on parents' initiative, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.10.4	Discussing child’s progress on teachers' initiative, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.10.5	Parental involvement in school government, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.10.6	Parental involvement in extracurricular activities, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.10.7	Parental involvement in school-related activities and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.10.8	Issues hindering parents' participation in school-related activities
WEB	Table III.B1.10.9	Criteria for choosing school
WEB	Table III.B1.10.10	Criteria for choosing school, by socio-economic status
WEB	Table III.B1.10.11	School quality and policies for parental involvement, by proficiency in reading

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Chapter 11. Students' life satisfaction and meaning in life

WEB	Table III.B1.11.2	Change between 2015 and 2018 in students' levels of life satisfaction
WEB	Table III.B1.11.3	Prevalence of students who are not satisfied with life
WEB	Table III.B1.11.4	Satisfied students, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.11.5	Students who are not satisfied with life, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.11.6	Students who are satisfied with life, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.11.7	Students' life satisfaction and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.11.8	School-level life satisfaction and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.11.9	Change between 2015 and 2018 in students' average life satisfaction, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.11.10	Students' satisfaction with life and school climate
WEB	Table III.B1.11.11	Time spent on the Internet outside of school in 2012, 2015, 2018
WEB	Table III.B1.11.12	Change between 2015 and 2018 in the relationship between Internet time and life satisfaction
WEB	Table III.B1.11.13	Students' life satisfaction, by attitudes towards using the Internet
WEB	Table III.B1.11.15	Index of meaning in life, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.11.16	Index of meaning in life, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.11.17	Students' sense of meaning in life and school climate
WEB	Table III.B1.11.18	Students' sense of meaning in life and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.11.19	Individual components of students' sense of meaning in life and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.11.20	Students' sense of meaning in life, by student truancy and lateness
WEB	Table III.B1.11.21	Students' satisfaction with life and sense of meaning in life

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Chapter 12. Students' feelings

WEB	Table III.B1.12.3	Prevalence of happiness in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.12.4	Prevalence of sadness in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.12.5	Index of positive feelings, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.12.6	Feeling sad, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.12.7	Index of positive feelings, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.12.8	Feeling sad, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.12.9	Positive feelings and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.12.10	Intensity of positive feelings and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.12.11	Negative feelings and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.12.12	Intensity of negative feelings and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.12.13	School-level positive feelings and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.12.14	School-level negative feelings and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.12.15	Internet use outside of school and positive feelings
WEB	Table III.B1.12.16	Internet use outside of school and negative feelings
WEB	Table III.B1.12.17	Internet use outside of school and feeling lively
WEB	Table III.B1.12.18	Internet use outside of school and feeling miserable
WEB	Table III.B1.12.19	Predictors of the index of positive feelings
WEB	Table III.B1.12.20	Predictors of sadness
WEB	Table III.B1.12.21	Association between students' satisfaction with different aspects of life and the index of positive feelings
WEB	Table III.B1.12.22	Association between students' satisfaction with different aspects of life and feelings of sadness

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Chapter 13. Students' self-efficacy and fear of failure

WEB	Table III.B1.13.3	Prevalence of self-efficacy in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.13.4	Prevalence of fear of failure in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.13.5	Index of self-efficacy, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.13.6	Index of fear of failure, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.13.7	Index of self-efficacy, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.13.8	Index of fear of failure, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.13.9	Self-efficacy and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.13.10	Fear of failure and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.13.11	School-level self-efficacy and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.13.12	School-level fear of failure and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.13.13	Self-efficacy, fear of failure and test performance, by gender
WEB	Table III.B1.13.14	Fear of failure, by proficiency levels in reading and gender
WEB	Table III.B1.13.15	Fear of failure and life satisfaction

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Chapter 14. Growth mindset

WEB	Table III.B1.14.2	Prevalence of a growth mindset in schools
WEB	Table III.B1.14.3	Growth mindset, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.14.4	Growth mindset, by school characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.14.5	Growth mindset and reading performance
WEB	Table III.B1.14.6	Association between growth mindset and reading performance, by student characteristics
WEB	Table III.B1.14.7	Growth mindset and student attitudes
WEB	Table III.B1.14.8	Growth mindset and educational expectations

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