OECD Employment Outlook 2022

Annex A. Statistical annex

Sources and definitions

The tables of the statistical annex show data for all 38 OECD countries where available. Data for Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa are compiled and included in a number of tables and in the Employment database (http://www.oecd.org/employment/database).

In general, Tables A to K and Table M report annual averages of monthly and quarterly estimates based on labour force surveys. Data for the remaining Tables L, N, O, P and Q are from a combination of survey and administrative sources. Those shown for a number of European countries in Tables B, C, D, H, I, J, K and Table M are data from the European Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS), which are more comparable and sometime more consistent over time than national LFS results.

Data on employment, unemployment and the labour force are not necessarily the same as the series used for analyses and forecasting by the OECD Economics Department that are reported in the OECD Economic Outlook.

Data and indicators shown in the tables can also be found in the OECD central data repository OECD.Stat (http://stats.oecd.org) accessible from the web page dedicated to employment statistics (www.oecd.org/employment/database).

The OECD Employment database contains both raw data and indicators. It includes longer time series and more detailed datasets by individual characteristics such as age group, gender, educational attainment and employment characteristics on the main job such as employee job tenure, part time employment, involuntary part time employment, temporary employment, duration of unemployment. The database includes more data series than those shown in this annex, such as, the distribution of employment by weekly usual hours worked intervals, potential labour force, including so-called people marginally attached to the labour force, etc. The datasets are documented with information on definitions, notes and sources used by member countries. The online database also contains additional series on working time, earnings and features of institutional and regulatory environments affecting the functioning of labour markets. Among these are the following:

• Annual hours actually worked per person in employment for comparisons of trends over time

• Average gross annual wages per dependent employee in full time equivalent unit

• Distribution of gross earnings of full-time workers by upper earnings decile limits and by gender and earnings dispersion measures and gaps (by gender and age)

• Statutory minimum wages – levels and ratio of minimum to mean and median wages

• Public expenditure on labour market programmes, number of beneficiaries and inflows into the labour market

• Trade union density and collective bargaining coverage

• Synthetic indicators of employment protection

Major breaks in series

Table A: Data series have been break-corrected in most countries to ensure that unemployment rates are consistent over time.

Tables B to K and Table M: Most of the breaks in series in the tables occurred for any of the following reasons: changes in survey design, survey questionnaire, survey frequency and administration, revisions of data series based on updated population census results. These changes have affected the comparability over time of employment and/or unemployment levels and to a certain extent the ratios reported in the aforementioned tables:

• Change in the measurement of the labour force status and methodology in the European Labour Force Survey since 2021: Data between 2020 and 2021 are affected by a break in series in Table B, C, D, H, I, J, K, M. The size and direction of the breaks vary by country and statistics as reported in the national documentations on Eurostat website. See: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=EU_Labour_Force_Survey_-_new_methodology_from_2021_onwards.

• Introduction of a continuous survey producing quarterly results: Austria (2003/04), Brazil (2011/12), France (2002/03), Germany (2004/05), Hungary (2005/06, monthly results), Iceland (2002/03), Italy (2003/04), Luxembourg (2002/03, quarterly results as of 2007) and Türkiye (2013/14).

• Redesign of labour force survey: Introduction of a new survey in Chile since April 2010 (see below), Germany (2010/11), Hungary (2002/03), Poland (2004/05), Portugal (2010/11) and Türkiye (2004/05 from quarterly to monthly results). Israel (2011/12), change from quarterly to monthly survey results and a change from “civilian” to “total” labour force (including those who are in compulsory or permanent military service). New Zealand (2015/16), the survey includes non-civilian personnel. Annual results for Colombia in 2020 are averaged over three‑quarters (Q1, Q3 and Q4) as a result of the COVID‑19 pandemic outburst and suspension of the survey in the 2^nd quarter. Since July 2020, a new edition of the continuous quarterly survey was re‑introduced in Mexico (Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo, New edition ENOE^N) after its suspension in April 2020 following the COVID‑19 pandemic outburst and lockdown measures. It was replaced in Q2 by a telephone interview survey (ETOE) with partial results. The annual results are averages of three‑quarters (Q1, Q3 and Q4). For the United Kingdom (2003/2004), data for Tables B to D are annual averages of quarterly estimates from the Annual Population Survey (APS); prior to 2004, they refer to the spring quarter (April-June) Labour Force Survey (LFS). Data for Tables H, I, J, K and M are annual averages of quarterly estimates from APS from 2016 onwards.

• Change in the operational definition of employment:

  • Neat application of the criterion of “at least one hour worked in a gainful job” in the Chilean Nueva Encuesta Nacional de Empleo (NENE), a quarterly continuous survey, from April 2010 onward.

• Change in the operational definition of usual working time:

  • In Israel, the Labour Force Survey questionnaire was expanded and changed since January 2018. Workers absent from work are asked “how many hours they usually work”. This affects the number of workers reporting usual weekly hours worked in their main job prior and after 2018 notably Table H on the incidence and composition of part-time employment according to a common 30‑hour threshold-based definition.

• Change in the operational definition of unemployment regarding:

  • Active job-search methods: in particular a change from registration to contact with the public employment service: France (2002/03) and Spain (2000/01).

  • Duration of active job search: In Australia (2014/15), the duration of unemployment has been replaced by duration of job search. In Belgium (2010/11), the duration of job search has been changed from an unlimited duration to previous four weeks including the survey reference week. In Chile (2009/10), the duration of active job search has been shortened from last two months to previous four weeks including the survey reference week.

  • Availability to work criterion: In Sweden (2004/05), the work availability criterion changed from the reference week to two weeks from the reference week to be consistent with the operational definition in other EU countries. In Chile, the work availability criterion did not exist prior to 2010 in the Encuesta Nacional de Empleo (ENE) and was introduced in the Nueva Encuesta Nacional de Empleo (NENE) since April 2010. It has been fixed to two weeks from the end of the reference week.

  • Persons on lay off considered as employed instead of unemployed: Norway (2005/06).

  • Other minor changes: Australia (2000/01) and Poland (2003/04).

• Changes in the questionnaire with impact on employment and unemployment estimates: Germany (2010/11): new questionnaire design ensures better coverage of small jobs. This lead to a higher than normal annual employment increase. Impact on employment and unemployment statistics in New Zealand (2015/16) with the inclusion of army personnel. Spain (2004/05): impact on employment and unemployment and impact on unemployment estimates in Norway (2005/06) and Sweden (2004/05).

• Change from seasonal to calendar quarters: Switzerland (2009/10) and the United Kingdom (2005/06). However, there is no break in series between 2005 and 2006 for the United Kingdom as calendar quarter based historical series are available since 1992.

• Introduction of new EU harmonised questionnaire: Sweden (2004/05) and Türkiye (2003/04).

• Change in lower age limit from 16 to 15 years: Iceland (2008/09), Norway (2005/06) and Sweden (2006/07).

• Change in lower age limit from 15 to 16 years: Italy (2007/08).

• Change in data collector in Denmark since the first quarter of 2017: the LFS response rate increased and resulted in a significant break in series between 2016 and 2017.

• In Norway, as of 2006 age is defined as years reached at the survey reference week, instead of completed years at the end of the year, as in previous years.

• Inclusion of population controls based on census results in the estimation process: Mexico (2009/10) and Türkiye (2006/07).

• In Japan, data for Table J on temporary employees has a break in series between 2013 and 2017.

Table A. OECD unemployment rates

As a percentage of civilian labour force

	1991	1995	2000	2007	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Australia	9.6	8.5	6.3	4.4	5.1	5.2	5.7	6.1	6.1	5.7	5.6	5.3	5.2	6.5	5.1
Austria	..	4.2	3.9	5.2	4.9	5.2	5.7	6.0	6.2	6.5	5.9	5.2	4.8	6.0	6.2
Belgium	6.4	9.7	6.9	7.5	7.2	7.6	8.6	8.7	8.7	7.9	7.2	6.0	5.4	5.8	6.3
Canada	10.3	9.5	6.8	6.1	7.6	7.3	7.1	6.9	6.9	7.1	6.4	5.9	5.7	9.6	7.5
Chile	8.2	7.3	9.7	7.1	7.1	6.5	6.1	6.5	6.3	6.7	7.0	7.4	7.2	10.8	8.9
Colombia	..	..	..	11.3	11.0	10.5	9.7	9.2	9.0	9.2	9.3	9.5	10.4	15.9	13.8
Costa Rica	..	..	..	..	10.3	10.2	9.4	9.6	9.6	9.5	9.1	10.3	11.8	19.6	16.4
Czech Republic	..	4.0	8.8	5.3	6.7	7.0	7.0	6.1	5.1	4.0	2.9	2.3	2.0	2.6	2.8
Denmark	7.9	6.7	4.3	3.8	7.8	7.8	7.4	6.9	6.3	6.0	5.8	5.1	5.1	5.7	5.1
Estonia	..	..	14.5	4.6	12.4	9.9	8.5	7.3	6.4	6.8	5.8	5.4	4.5	6.9	6.2
Finland	6.6	15.4	9.8	6.9	8.0	7.8	8.3	8.8	9.5	8.9	8.8	7.4	6.7	7.7	7.7
France	9.6	12.0	9.6	8.0	9.2	9.8	10.3	10.3	10.4	10.1	9.4	9.0	8.4	8.0	7.9
Germany	5.5	8.3	8.0	8.5	5.5	5.1	5.0	4.7	4.4	3.9	3.6	3.2	3.0	3.6	3.6
Greece	..	..	11.2	8.4	18.1	24.8	27.8	26.7	25.0	23.9	21.8	19.7	17.9	17.6	14.8
Hungary	..	..	6.3	7.4	10.7	10.7	9.9	7.5	6.6	5.0	4.1	3.6	3.3	4.1	4.1
Iceland	..	..	..	2.5	7.7	6.6	5.8	5.4	4.5	3.3	3.3	3.1	3.9	6.4	6.0
Ireland	14.8	12.3	4.4	5.0	15.4	15.5	13.8	11.9	9.9	8.4	6.7	5.8	5.0	5.9	6.3
Israel	..	6.9	8.8	7.3	5.6 |	6.9	6.2	5.9	5.2	4.8	4.2	4.0	3.8	4.3	5.0
Italy	8.5 p	11.2	10.1	6.2	8.5	10.9	12.4	12.8	12.0	11.8	11.3	10.6	9.9	9.3	9.6
Japan	2.1	3.2	4.7	3.8	4.6	4.4	4.0	3.6	3.4	3.1	2.8	2.4	2.4	2.8	2.8
Korea	2.5	2.1	4.4	3.3	3.4	3.2	3.1	3.5	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.7
Latvia	..	..	14.3	6.1	16.2	15.0	11.9	10.8	9.9	9.6	8.7	7.4	6.3	8.1	7.6
Lithuania	..	..	16.4	4.3	15.4	13.4	11.8	10.7	9.1	7.9	7.1	6.2	6.3	8.5	7.1
Luxembourg	1.7	2.9	2.2	4.2	4.8	5.1	5.9	6.1	6.5	6.3	5.6	5.5	5.6	6.7	5.4
Mexico	2.7	6.3	2.5	3.7	5.2	5.0	4.9	4.8	4.4	3.9	3.4	3.3	3.5	4.4 |	4.1
Netherlands	5.7	8.4	3.7	5.3	6.1	6.8	8.2	8.4	7.9	7.0	5.9	4.9	4.4	4.9	4.2
New Zealand	10.6	6.5	6.2	3.6	6.0	6.5	5.9	5.4	5.4	5.1	4.7	4.3	4.1	4.6	3.8
Norway	5.5	4.9 |	3.2	2.7	3.6	3.5	3.9	3.8	4.7	4.9	4.4	4.0	3.9	4.8	4.5
Poland	..	..	16.1	9.6	10.0	10.4	10.6	9.2	7.7	6.3	5.0	3.9	3.3	3.2	3.4
Portugal	4.2	7.2	5.3	9.6	13.5	16.6	17.2	14.7	13.0	11.5	9.2	7.2	6.7	7.1	6.6
Slovak Republic	..	..	18.9	11.2	13.6	13.9	14.1	13.1	11.5	9.7	8.1	6.5	5.7	6.7	6.8
Slovenia	..	..	6.7	4.9	8.2	8.9	10.1	9.7	9.0	8.0	6.6	5.1	4.4	5.0	4.8
Spain	15.5	20.8	11.9	8.2	21.4	24.8	26.1	24.5	22.1	19.7	17.2	15.3	14.1	15.5	14.8
Sweden	3.1	8.8	5.6 |	6.3	8.0	8.2	8.2	8.1	7.6	7.2	6.9	6.5 |	7.0	8.5	8.8
Switzerland	..	..	..	..	4.4	4.5	4.7	4.8	4.8	4.9	4.8	4.7	4.4	4.8 |	5.1
Türkiye	..	..	..	9.2	9.1	8.4	9.1 |	9.9	10.3	10.9	10.9	10.9	13.7	13.1	12.0
United Kingdom	8.6	8.7	5.5	5.3	8.1	8.0	7.6	6.2	5.4	4.9	4.4	4.1	3.8	4.6	4.5
United States	6.8	5.6	4.0	4.6	9.0	8.1	7.4	6.2	5.3	4.9	4.4	3.9	3.7	8.1	5.4
OECD1	..	..	..	5.9 e	8.1 e	8.1 e	8.0 e	7.5 e	6.9 e	6.5 e	5.9 e	5.5 e	5.4 e	7.2 e	6.2 e

.. Not available; e Estimated value; p Provisional data; | Break in series

Note: The OECD unemployment rates are compiled for 38 OECD member countries and conform to the International Labour Office (ILO) guidelines. In so far as possible, the data have been adjusted to improve international comparability and ensure consistency over time. All series are benchmarked to labour-force-survey-based estimates. Data for the European Union member countries, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Türkiye are produced by the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) and data for the remaining OECD countries are produced by the OECD. Methodological notes: www.oecd.org/std/labourstatistics/44743407.pdf.

1. Weighted average.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm.

Statlink

Table B1. Employment/population ratios by selected age groups - Total

As a percentage of the population in each age group

	Total (15-64)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	69.1	72.8	72.7	75.0	61.7	64.1	56.8	60.8	76.2	79.9	80.1	81.9	46.1	56.5	63.6	65.4
Austria	68.3	69.9	72.4	72.4	52.8	53.8	50.2	50.2	82.5	82.9	83.9	83.8	28.3	36.0	54.7	55.4
Belgium	60.5	62.0	64.7	65.3	29.1	27.5	24.1	24.7	77.4	79.7	80.3	80.7	26.3	34.4	53.3	54.5
Canada	70.9	73.3	70.0	73.2	56.2	60.2	49.5	55.2	79.9	81.9	79.5	82.3	48.1	56.2	60.4	62.7
Chile1	54.5	57.6	55.8	58.5	29.0	29.0	20.0	21.3	65.6	70.1	67.1	70.2	47.7	54.8	56.2	57.4
Colombia	..	60.2	57.5	60.7	..	38.0	34.2	36.6	..	72.0	68.0	71.8	..	51.9	54.3	55.5
Costa Rica	59.6	64.1	54.8	57.2	44.9	46.3	25.9	27.4	69.1	74.6	67.3	70.2	46.4	54.8	50.2	51.6
Czech Republic	65.2	66.1	74.4	74.4	38.3	28.5	25.1	24.8	81.6	83.5	86.5	86.3	36.3	46.0	68.2	69.8
Denmark	76.4	77.3	74.5	75.6	66.0	65.3	53.2	53.9	84.2	86.4	82.2	83.5	55.9	59.2	71.5	72.4
Estonia	60.6	69.6	73.8	74.0	34.9	34.6	34.7	33.5	74.4	84.6	83.0	83.9	42.8	59.4	73.5	71.6
Finland	67.5	70.5	72.2	72.8	42.9	46.4	43.0	45.4	80.9	83.3	82.4	82.3	42.3	55.0	67.5	68.3
France	62.7	63.8	65.3	67.2	30.4	30.6	28.5	32.2	79.6	81.4	80.8	82.1	29.9	38.2	53.8	55.9
Germany	65.6	69.0	75.4	75.8	47.2	45.9	48.1	48.7	79.3	80.3	84.0	84.5	37.6	51.3	71.6	71.8
Greece	56.5	60.9	56.3	57.2	27.6	24.0	13.8	13.4	70.5	75.4	70.4	71.1	39.0	42.7	44.6	48.3
Hungary	56.0	57.0	69.7	73.1	32.5	21.1	27.2	27.5	73.0	74.7	82.9	87.0	21.9	32.2	59.6	62.8
Iceland2	84.6	84.2	77.9	79.8	68.2	72.5	62.2	65.6	90.6	87.9	82.6	83.5	84.2	83.2	76.8	80.2
Ireland	65.4	71.8	68.1	70.3	50.4	63.0	37.0	42.9	75.4	78.6	79.1	80.3	45.9	54.4	62.9	64.1
Israel3	62.1	64.5	66.8	66.6	48.1	46.4	38.9	39.9	71.3	74.0	78.3	77.8	46.5	57.1	67.9	67.4
Italy2	53.9	58.6	58.1	58.2	27.8	24.5	16.8	17.5	68.0	73.4	69.6	70.2	27.7	33.7	54.2	53.4
Japan	68.9	70.7	77.3	77.7	42.7	41.4	46.4	46.6	78.6	80.2	85.4	85.8	62.8	66.1	76.7	76.9
Korea	61.5	64.1	65.9	66.5	29.4	26.3	25.2	27.0	72.3	74.1	74.9	75.3	57.8	60.6	66.6	66.3
Latvia	57.3	68.1	71.6	69.9	29.2	38.1	29.6	27.9	73.5	82.1	82.2	80.4	35.9	58.0	68.6	67.8
Lithuania	58.8	65.0	71.6	72.4	25.2	24.8	29.4	31.1	75.0	82.2	83.7	84.3	40.3	53.2	67.6	68.0
Luxembourg	62.7	64.2	67.2	69.4	31.8	22.5	24.9	29.4	78.2	81.9	84.0	85.4	27.2	32.0	44.0	46.6
Mexico	60.1	61.0	59.4	61.0	48.9	44.9	38.9	40.8	67.4	70.0	69.6	71.3	51.7	54.5	52.3	53.1
Netherlands	72.1	73.6	77.8	80.1	66.5	63.1	62.5	71.7	81.0	84.1	85.1	85.9	37.6	47.8	71.0	71.4
New Zealand	70.3	75.1	76.8	78.3	54.2	58.0	55.1	58.1	78.2	81.8	83.7	84.8	56.9	71.8	76.8	77.9
Norway2	77.5	76.8	74.7	76.3	57.6	54.5	49.3	53.3	85.3	85.7	82.7	83.5	65.2	69.0	72.8	74.6
Poland	55.0	57.0	68.7	70.3	24.5	25.8	28.4	27.3	70.9	74.9	83.3	84.8	28.4	29.7	51.8	54.7
Portugal	68.3	67.6	69.7	71.3	41.8	34.4	26.0	25.2	81.8	80.9	84.0	85.3	50.8	51.0	59.0	63.4
Slovak Republic	56.8	60.7	67.5	69.4	29.0	27.6	22.7	20.8	74.7	78.0	80.6	83.2	21.3	35.7	58.3	60.6
Slovenia	62.8	67.8	70.9	71.4	32.8	37.6	27.0	29.5	82.6	85.3	88.1	88.3	22.7	33.5	50.5	52.7
Spain2	57.4	66.8	61.9	63.8	36.3	43.0	20.7	23.0	68.4	77.1	73.1	75.4	37.0	44.5	54.7	55.8
Sweden2	74.3	74.2	75.5	75.4	46.7	42.1	39.4	40.6	83.8	86.1	85.0	84.7	65.1	70.1	77.8	77.0
Switzerland	78.3	78.6	79.9	79.3	65.0	62.6	59.4	59.6	85.4	86.1	87.0	86.3	63.3	67.2	73.5	72.3
Türkiye	48.9	44.6	47.5	50.2	37.0	30.2	29.2	32.2	56.7	53.2	57.4	60.2	36.4	27.1	31.1	33.4
United Kingdom2	72.3	72.4	75.1	74.7	61.4	57.3	52.3	51.3	80.3	81.0	84.2	84.1	50.8	57.4	65.4	64.5
United States2	74.1	71.8	67.1	69.4	59.7	53.1	45.9	50.1	81.5	79.9	75.6	77.6	57.8	61.8	60.3	61.9
OECD4	65.5	66.2	66.3	67.8	45.6	43.1	39.0	41.4	75.9	76.8	76.2	77.7	47.5	53.4	60.4	61.4
Brazil	..	67.4	57.4	59.0	..	52.9	35.4	37.8	..	76.1	68.1	69.4	..	53.8	44.6	45.8
China5	79.3	..	..	..	61.9	..	..	..	88.0	..	..	..	59.2	..	..	..
India	58.2	..	49.0	..	41.3	..	22.0	..	67.4	..	60.9	..	54.1	..	50.1	..
Indonesia	65.0	62.0	..	..	41.5	39.5	..	..	75.6	71.4	..	..	67.8	66.9	..	..
South Africa	..	44.4	38.5	37.0	..	15.7	8.5	7.6	..	60.6	51.2	49.2	..	42.2	37.2	35.6

.. Not available

Note: Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. New labour force survey since April 2010. To remove the break, data prior to 2010 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients based on data of the fourth quarter of 2009.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Redesigned monthly labour force survey since January 2012. To remove the break, data prior to 2012 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients between monthly and quarterly surveys based on data of the fourth quarter of 2011.

4. Weighted average.

5. Data up to 2010 for China can be found in the database.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table B2. Employment/population ratios by selected age groups - Men

As a percentage of the male population in each age group

	Men (15-64)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	76.9	79.5	76.9	78.8	62.6	65.0	55.9	59.5	85.6	88.1	85.6	86.9	57.6	65.7	69.3	70.8
Austria	77.3	76.3	76.5	76.7	57.6	57.0	52.7	54.6	91.4	89.0	86.9	86.9	40.5	46.0	62.7	62.7
Belgium	69.5	68.7	68.4	68.7	32.8	29.9	25.6	25.8	87.3	87.0	84.2	84.6	36.4	42.9	58.7	59.3
Canada	76.2	77.1	73.2	76.3	56.7	59.8	49.3	54.6	85.8	86.1	83.1	85.7	57.4	63.3	66.1	68.4
Chile1	72.4	72.9	65.1	68.0	37.5	36.0	23.4	24.7	86.4	88.0	76.5	79.9	70.6	76.0	73.1	74.3
Colombia	..	75.2	70.8	74.4	..	47.9	42.9	45.2	..	88.9	82.2	86.3	..	72.8	72.4	75.3
Costa Rica	80.1	81.4	67.9	70.1	58.6	58.3	32.6	32.8	92.5	94.1	81.9	85.4	74.3	79.3	69.0	72.7
Czech Republic	73.6	74.8	81.4	81.3	42.8	32.8	30.4	29.4	89.3	91.7	93.8	93.8	51.7	59.6	75.2	76.5
Denmark	80.9	81.1	77.4	78.5	68.5	66.5	52.5	54.4	88.6	90.3	85.9	86.9	64.4	65.3	75.8	76.3
Estonia	64.1	73.2	76.0	75.6	40.8	39.1	35.9	33.1	75.8	89.4	87.5	86.6	51.0	58.1	68.4	70.1
Finland	70.5	72.4	73.7	73.8	45.7	47.9	44.4	46.6	84.1	85.9	84.7	83.7	43.7	55.1	66.6	67.9
France	69.5	68.7	68.5	70.1	33.9	33.7	30.4	33.8	88.0	87.7	85.0	86.0	34.1	40.6	56.0	57.7
Germany	72.9	74.7	78.9	79.3	49.7	48.2	49.6	51.1	87.2	86.4	88.0	88.2	46.4	59.4	75.5	75.9
Greece	71.5	74.2	65.2	66.4	32.7	29.1	15.9	15.6	88.5	90.1	79.7	80.8	55.2	59.1	57.0	60.7
Hungary	62.7	63.7	77.0	77.9	36.0	24.4	31.1	30.9	79.2	81.6	89.8	90.4	32.8	40.1	71.6	74.1
Iceland2	88.2	88.3	80.2	82.5	66.1	71.6	58.9	63.2	95.1	93.2	85.3	87.2	94.2	88.5	82.5	84.2
Ireland	76.5	80.5	73.5	74.6	54.2	66.8	37.5	43.1	88.2	87.8	85.6	85.6	64.4	68.3	70.4	71.0
Israel3	68.9	70.1	68.7	68.1	51.2	49.3	38.2	39.0	79.6	80.6	80.8	79.8	56.9	65.1	73.7	72.5
Italy2	68.2	70.6	67.2	67.1	33.2	29.4	20.5	21.3	84.9	87.4	80.1	80.2	40.9	45.0	64.5	63.4
Japan	80.9	81.7	83.8	83.9	42.5	41.3	45.6	45.6	93.4	92.8	92.7	92.7	78.4	81.5	87.1	87.0
Korea	73.2	74.9	74.8	75.2	24.6	21.3	21.8	22.8	88.0	87.3	85.1	85.2	68.6	74.8	77.7	77.3
Latvia	61.1	72.7	73.1	71.9	34.3	43.8	32.5	30.1	74.4	86.0	83.8	82.9	48.1	64.3	69.5	68.5
Lithuania	60.1	68.2	72.2	72.9	28.3	29.4	30.5	32.8	73.8	84.2	84.0	84.6	49.9	60.7	68.4	67.6
Luxembourg	75.0	72.3	70.4	72.6	35.3	26.5	25.3	29.8	92.8	92.2	88.0	89.1	37.9	35.6	47.3	51.4
Mexico	82.8	80.8	75.6	77.3	64.7	58.5	49.9	51.8	93.8	92.7	87.9	89.6	78.1	78.3	71.4	73.3
Netherlands	81.2	80.5	81.6	83.6	67.9	63.9	61.4	69.4	91.4	91.7	89.0	89.7	49.7	58.5	79.4	79.4
New Zealand	77.8	82.0	81.4	82.3	56.2	60.3	56.1	58.4	87.0	90.0	89.6	89.9	67.9	80.7	82.5	83.3
Norway2	81.3	79.5	76.6	78.2	59.4	52.8	48.8	51.5	88.9	89.1	84.9	85.8	71.4	73.8	76.4	78.9
Poland	61.2	63.6	75.9	76.8	27.3	29.2	32.3	31.6	77.6	81.1	89.7	89.9	36.7	41.4	63.7	67.4
Portugal	76.3	73.6	72.3	73.9	47.3	38.5	28.4	28.1	90.0	87.2	86.5	87.5	62.2	58.7	63.3	68.9
Slovak Republic	62.2	68.4	73.3	73.3	29.8	30.9	28.5	25.6	79.6	85.0	86.9	86.8	35.4	52.6	61.7	64.3
Slovenia	67.2	72.7	73.7	74.5	35.7	43.2	29.6	32.2	85.7	88.1	90.4	90.6	32.3	45.3	54.4	57.1
Spain2	72.7	77.3	67.3	68.7	43.2	48.6	22.7	24.4	85.6	87.5	78.8	80.7	55.2	59.6	61.6	62.5
Sweden2	76.3	76.5	77.3	77.4	47.9	41.9	39.0	39.7	85.9	89.0	87.7	87.9	67.7	73.1	79.9	78.6
Switzerland	87.3	85.6	83.9	83.1	66.5	65.4	59.4	60.6	95.2	93.6	91.4	90.5	77.0	76.4	79.2	77.6
Türkiye	71.7	66.8	65.2	68.6	49.7	41.5	38.8	42.8	85.0	80.7	78.5	81.8	51.9	40.5	45.9	49.3
United Kingdom2	79.0	78.6	78.5	78.0	63.6	58.8	51.5	50.8	87.5	87.8	88.5	88.2	60.0	66.4	69.9	69.0
United States2	80.6	77.8	72.1	74.3	61.9	54.4	46.4	50.6	89.0	87.5	81.8	83.6	65.7	67.4	66.2	67.4
OECD4	76.1	75.8	73.7	75.2	50.3	47.4	42.2	44.6	88.2	87.9	84.8	86.0	59.2	64.0	68.9	69.9
Brazil	..	79.7	67.9	70.0	..	63.0	42.6	44.5	..	89.0	79.2	81.3	..	70.1	58.4	60.2
China5	84.6	..	..	..	61.8	..	..	..	94.2	..	..	..	70.4	..	..	..
India	81.1	..	71.9	..	57.2	..	32.8	..	93.8	..	89.8	..	78.7	..	75.7	..
Indonesia	80.7	78.2	..	..	48.8	48.7	..	..	95.0	91.1	..	..	83.6	82.8	..	..
South Africa	..	52.2	43.7	42.3	..	18.8	10.1	9.2	..	71.3	57.5	55.7	..	55.3	44.5	42.6

.. Not available

Note: Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. New labour force survey since April 2010. To remove the break, data prior to 2010 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients based on data of the fourth quarter of 2009.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Redesigned monthly labour force survey since January 2012. To remove the break, data prior to 2012 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients between monthly and quarterly surveys based on data of the fourth quarter of 2011.

4. Weighted average.

5. Data up to 2010 for China can be found in the database.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table B3. Employment/population ratios by selected age groups - Women

As a percentage of the female population in each age group

	Women (15-64)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	61.3	66.1	68.6	71.2	60.8	63.2	57.8	62.2	67.0	71.9	74.8	77.0	34.2	47.3	58.2	60.2
Austria	59.4	63.5	68.3	68.1	48.1	50.6	47.8	45.7	73.6	76.7	80.8	80.7	16.8	26.5	47.0	48.3
Belgium	51.5	55.3	61.0	61.8	25.4	25.0	22.5	23.7	67.2	72.3	76.4	76.9	16.6	26.0	48.0	49.6
Canada	65.6	69.6	66.8	70.1	55.7	60.7	49.8	55.9	73.9	77.7	75.9	78.9	39.1	49.3	54.9	57.1
Chile1	36.8	42.3	46.6	49.0	20.2	21.7	16.5	17.7	45.0	52.3	57.6	60.4	26.6	35.1	40.6	41.7
Colombia	..	46.0	44.9	47.6	..	28.2	25.6	28.1	..	56.3	54.3	57.7	..	33.4	38.7	38.8
Costa Rica	38.8	46.3	41.4	43.9	30.2	33.3	18.1	20.8	45.7	55.2	52.5	55.4	20.3	31.2	32.9	31.8
Czech Republic	56.9	57.3	67.1	67.1	33.6	23.9	19.4	19.9	73.7	74.9	78.8	78.4	22.4	33.5	61.3	63.3
Denmark	71.7	73.4	71.4	72.7	63.4	64.0	54.0	53.4	79.9	82.5	78.3	80.1	46.7	53.1	67.2	68.5
Estonia	57.3	66.1	71.6	72.4	28.5	29.8	33.4	34.0	73.2	79.9	78.3	81.1	36.5	60.5	77.9	72.9
Finland	64.5	68.5	70.7	71.7	39.9	44.7	41.5	44.2	77.6	80.7	80.0	80.8	40.9	54.8	68.4	68.8
France	56.2	59.1	62.2	64.5	26.9	27.5	26.5	30.6	71.4	75.3	76.7	78.3	26.0	36.0	51.8	54.3
Germany	58.1	63.2	71.8	72.2	44.6	43.5	46.5	46.1	71.2	74.0	79.9	80.7	29.0	43.4	67.8	67.8
Greece	41.7	47.7	47.5	48.2	22.4	18.8	11.7	11.1	52.7	60.9	61.1	61.3	24.3	27.0	33.5	37.3
Hungary	49.6	50.7	62.3	68.2	28.8	17.7	23.1	23.9	66.9	67.9	75.9	83.4	13.1	25.8	49.2	52.9
Iceland2	81.0	79.7	75.5	76.8	70.5	73.4	65.8	68.1	86.0	82.1	79.5	79.4	74.4	77.7	71.0	76.2
Ireland	54.1	63.0	62.9	66.0	46.6	59.1	36.5	42.8	62.7	69.2	72.7	75.2	27.4	40.3	55.4	57.5
Israel3	55.5	59.0	64.9	65.1	44.8	43.4	39.7	40.8	63.5	67.7	75.8	75.8	36.8	49.3	62.4	62.5
Italy2	39.6	46.6	49.0	49.4	22.1	19.5	12.8	13.5	50.9	59.6	59.1	60.1	15.3	23.0	44.6	44.0
Japan	56.7	59.5	70.6	71.3	43.0	41.5	47.2	47.7	63.6	67.4	77.9	78.6	47.9	51.2	66.4	66.9
Korea	50.1	53.4	56.7	57.7	33.6	30.8	28.3	30.9	56.1	60.5	64.1	64.8	48.0	46.9	55.6	55.5
Latvia	53.8	63.9	70.2	68.0	23.8	32.2	26.7	25.6	72.6	78.4	80.6	77.9	26.8	53.4	67.9	67.1
Lithuania	57.5	62.0	71.0	71.9	22.1	20.0	28.3	29.3	76.1	80.2	83.4	83.9	33.0	47.5	66.9	68.3
Luxembourg	50.0	56.1	63.9	66.0	28.3	18.4	24.4	28.9	63.0	71.7	80.0	81.6	16.8	28.6	40.6	41.4
Mexico	39.6	43.6	44.6	46.2	34.0	32.2	27.7	29.6	44.3	50.6	53.3	55.1	27.7	33.1	35.9	35.8
Netherlands	62.7	66.5	73.9	76.6	65.1	62.2	63.6	74.1	70.3	76.4	81.2	82.1	25.5	37.1	62.6	63.5
New Zealand	63.1	68.6	72.2	74.4	52.1	55.6	54.0	57.7	69.9	74.2	78.0	79.9	46.1	63.2	71.4	72.9
Norway2	73.6	74.0	72.7	74.3	55.9	56.2	49.8	55.3	81.6	82.3	80.4	81.1	58.9	64.0	69.1	70.2
Poland	48.9	50.6	61.5	63.8	21.8	22.4	24.2	22.8	64.3	68.8	76.7	79.6	21.4	19.4	41.0	43.1
Portugal	60.5	61.8	67.3	68.8	36.1	30.2	23.5	22.1	73.9	74.8	81.6	83.3	40.9	44.3	55.3	58.6
Slovak Republic	51.5	53.0	61.7	65.6	28.2	24.1	16.5	15.8	69.8	71.0	74.0	79.4	9.8	21.2	55.2	57.3
Slovenia	58.4	62.6	67.8	68.1	29.7	31.4	24.0	26.6	79.3	82.4	85.6	85.7	13.8	22.2	46.6	48.5
Spain2	42.0	56.0	56.6	58.9	29.0	37.2	18.5	21.5	51.0	66.3	67.4	70.1	20.1	30.2	48.0	49.3
Sweden2	72.2	71.8	73.5	73.3	45.4	42.2	39.9	41.5	81.7	83.0	82.1	81.4	62.4	67.2	75.6	75.3
Switzerland	69.3	71.6	75.9	75.4	63.4	59.7	59.4	58.6	75.6	78.5	82.5	82.1	50.1	58.1	67.8	67.0
Türkiye	26.2	22.8	29.7	31.7	24.8	19.3	19.2	21.2	27.6	25.6	36.2	38.4	21.5	14.6	16.7	18.0
United Kingdom2	65.7	66.4	71.7	71.5	59.1	55.8	53.0	51.8	73.2	74.4	79.9	80.1	41.8	48.8	61.1	60.2
United States2	67.8	65.9	62.2	64.6	57.4	51.8	45.3	49.7	74.2	72.5	69.6	71.7	50.6	56.6	54.8	56.7
OECD4	55.1	56.8	58.9	60.5	40.8	38.8	35.8	38.1	63.9	65.9	67.7	69.4	36.6	43.4	52.4	53.3
Brazil	..	55.9	47.4	48.4	..	42.7	28.1	30.8	..	64.3	57.4	57.9	..	39.5	32.5	33.2
China5	73.8	..	..	..	62.1	..	..	..	81.6	..	..	..	47.1	..	..	..
India	34.5	..	25.9	..	24.1	..	9.9	..	40.4	..	32.8	..	29.5	..	25.2	..
Indonesia	49.5	45.6	..	..	34.4	29.8	..	..	56.3	52.0	..	..	52.4	49.4	..	..
South Africa	..	37.4	33.4	31.9	..	12.6	6.9	6.1	..	51.2	44.8	42.6	..	31.8	31.4	29.9

.. Not available

Note: Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. New labour force survey since April 2010. To remove the break, data prior to 2010 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients based on data of the fourth quarter of 2009.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Redesigned monthly labour force survey since January 2012. To remove the break, data prior to 2012 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients between monthly and quarterly surveys based on data of the fourth quarter of 2011.

4. Weighted average.

5. Data up to 2010 for China can be found in the database.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table C1. Labour force participation rates by selected age groups - Total

As a percentage of the population in each age group

	Total (15-64)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	73.8	76.2	77.9	79.1	70.2	70.8	66.2	68.6	80.3	82.7	84.5	85.4	48.2	58.1	67.1	68.2
Austria	70.8	73.5	76.6	77.2	55.7	59.4	56.1	56.3	85.2	86.5	88.3	89.0	29.8	37.2	57.0	58.4
Belgium	65.1	67.1	68.6	69.7	35.3	33.9	28.4	30.3	82.4	85.3	84.5	85.4	27.1	35.9	55.6	57.1
Canada	76.2	78.1	77.4	79.1	64.4	67.6	61.9	63.8	84.8	86.3	86.2	87.7	50.9	59.3	65.7	67.6
Chile1	61.0	63.0	62.7	64.3	38.6	37.0	26.4	26.6	71.5	75.1	74.9	76.8	51.3	57.6	60.3	61.0
Colombia	..	68.0	68.8	70.7	..	48.8	46.9	48.6	..	79.1	79.8	81.9	..	55.2	60.6	60.9
Costa Rica	62.8	67.2	68.3	68.6	50.4	51.9	44.5	45.3	71.4	76.8	80.7	81.0	47.7	56.0	57.0	56.6
Czech Republic	71.6	69.8	76.4	76.6	46.1	31.9	27.3	27.0	88.4	87.8	88.7	88.7	38.2	48.2	69.6	71.6
Denmark	79.9	80.0	78.9	79.6	70.7	70.6	60.2	60.4	87.9	88.8	86.3	87.0	58.1	60.9	74.5	75.3
Estonia	71.1	73.0	79.4	79.1	44.8	38.4	42.2	40.3	86.6	88.3	88.2	88.8	48.3	61.6	78.6	76.6
Finland	74.9	75.7	78.4	78.9	53.8	55.0	53.8	54.2	87.9	88.0	87.5	87.9	46.6	58.8	73.0	73.8
France	68.6	69.4	71.0	73.0	36.5	38.0	35.6	39.7	86.3	87.5	86.9	88.0	31.8	40.0	57.1	59.7
Germany	71.1	75.6	78.6	78.7	51.5	52.0	51.9	52.3	85.3	87.2	87.3	87.4	42.9	57.2	74.0	74.1
Greece	63.8	66.5	67.4	67.3	39.0	31.0	21.2	20.7	78.1	81.8	84.0	83.1	40.5	44.2	50.8	54.4
Hungary	59.9	61.6	72.8	76.2	37.2	25.7	31.2	31.8	77.3	80.1	86.2	90.1	22.6	33.7	61.4	64.7
Iceland2	86.6	86.3	83.5	85.0	71.6	78.3	70.6	74.4	92.2	89.3	88.0	88.3	85.7	84.1	80.0	83.5
Ireland	68.1	75.5	71.7	74.4	54.2	69.4	43.7	50.2	78.3	82.1	82.4	84.2	45.9	54.7	63.9	65.7
Israel3	69.9	71.2	69.9	70.2	58.2	55.5	42.3	43.2	78.7	80.3	81.5	81.7	50.9	61.2	70.1	70.1
Italy2	60.3	62.4	64.1	64.5	39.5	30.8	23.8	24.9	74.3	77.5	76.5	77.3	29.0	34.5	57.1	56.5
Japan	72.5	73.6	79.6	80.0	47.0	44.9	48.6	48.9	81.9	83.3	87.9	88.2	66.5	68.4	78.7	79.1
Korea	64.5	66.4	68.6	69.0	33.0	28.8	28.2	29.6	75.2	76.5	77.8	78.0	59.6	61.9	68.8	68.6
Latvia	67.0	72.6	78.2	75.8	37.4	42.6	34.8	32.7	85.5	87.1	89.3	87.1	39.8	60.7	74.6	72.2
Lithuania	70.5	67.9	78.5	78.2	36.2	27.1	36.6	36.3	88.8	85.6	90.4	90.1	45.4	55.3	75.0	74.1
Luxembourg	64.2	66.9	72.2	73.2	34.0	26.5	32.4	35.4	79.8	84.7	89.1	89.2	27.6	32.7	45.9	48.8
Mexico	61.7	63.4	62.3	63.8	51.5	48.4	42.3	44.3	68.6	72.0	72.5	74.0	52.4	55.6	53.7	54.6
Netherlands	74.3	76.8	80.9	83.7	70.8	69.6	68.7	79.1	83.1	86.7	87.6	88.7	38.5	50.1	73.0	73.8
New Zealand	75.0	78.1	80.6	81.6	62.7	64.5	62.9	64.8	82.0	84.0	86.8	87.4	59.7	72.9	79.0	79.7
Norway2	80.2	78.8	78.2	79.9	64.4	58.8	55.6	61.0	87.4	87.4	86.0	86.6	65.8	69.6	74.3	76.0
Poland	65.8	63.2	71.0	72.8	37.8	33.0	31.8	31.0	82.4	81.7	85.6	87.4	31.3	31.8	52.9	56.0
Portugal	71.2	73.9	75.0	76.4	45.7	41.3	33.5	32.9	84.8	87.7	89.3	90.4	52.5	54.6	62.8	66.9
Slovak Republic	69.9	68.2	72.4	74.6	46.0	34.5	28.1	26.2	88.4	86.8	85.9	88.8	24.3	38.8	61.3	64.1
Slovenia	67.5	71.3	74.6	75.0	39.2	41.8	31.5	33.9	87.4	89.3	92.4	92.2	24.0	34.6	52.4	54.9
Spain2	66.7	72.8	73.4	75.0	48.5	52.5	33.5	35.3	78.0	83.1	85.5	87.1	40.9	47.4	62.5	64.4
Sweden2	79.0	79.1	82.5	82.9	52.9	52.1	51.9	54.0	88.2	90.0	91.2	91.1	69.3	73.0	82.6	82.6
Switzerland	80.5	81.6	84.1	83.7	68.3	67.4	65.0	65.4	87.4	88.9	91.2	90.7	65.1	69.3	76.5	75.8
Türkiye	52.4	49.8	54.9	57.2	42.5	37.7	39.1	41.7	59.6	58.2	65.1	67.4	37.2	28.3	33.5	36.1
United Kingdom2	76.4	76.4	78.8	78.2	69.6	66.4	60.5	58.6	83.9	84.2	87.1	87.0	53.0	59.1	67.9	67.1
United States2	77.2	75.3	73.0	73.4	65.8	59.4	53.9	55.5	84.0	83.0	81.4	81.6	59.2	63.8	64.7	64.6
OECD4	69.9	70.5	71.5	72.4	51.9	49.4	45.9	47.5	80.2	80.9	81.5	82.3	50.0	55.6	63.7	64.4
Brazil	..	73.5	66.8	68.8	..	63.6	50.8	53.8	..	81.1	76.5	78.3	..	55.4	48.5	49.9
China5	82.3	..	..	..	67.9	..	..	..	90.5	..	..	..	59.4	..	..	..
India	60.9	..	53.8	..	45.9	..	29.8	..	69.4	..	65.0	..	55.0	..	51.9	..
Indonesia	69.4	68.7	..	..	51.8	52.8	..	..	77.8	75.8	..	..	68.1	68.4	..	..
South Africa	..	57.2	54.6	56.3	..	29.3	20.9	22.0	..	74.5	70.6	72.8	..	44.8	41.9	40.7

.. Not available

Note: Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. New labour force survey since April 2010. To remove the break, data prior to 2010 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients based on data of the fourth quarter of 2009.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Redesigned monthly labour force survey since January 2012. To remove the break, data prior to 2012 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients between monthly and quarterly surveys based on data of the fourth quarter of 2011.

4. Weighted average.

5. Data up to 2010 for China can be found in the database.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table C2. Labour force participation rates by selected age groups - Men

As a percentage of the male population in each age group

	Men (15-64)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	82.3	83.0	82.4	83.3	71.9	71.8	66.0	68.2	90.2	90.8	90.2	90.5	60.9	67.7	73.3	73.9
Austria	79.9	80.0	81.0	81.9	60.6	62.9	59.5	61.2	94.0	92.5	91.4	92.3	42.8	47.6	65.5	66.4
Belgium	73.7	73.6	72.6	73.7	38.7	36.1	30.3	32.2	91.8	92.5	88.7	89.7	37.5	44.4	61.5	62.5
Canada	81.9	82.4	81.1	82.6	65.8	68.0	62.2	63.8	91.0	91.0	90.1	91.5	60.7	66.8	72.1	73.7
Chile1	80.1	78.5	73.0	74.6	47.6	44.0	30.4	30.3	93.5	93.0	85.4	87.4	76.8	79.8	78.5	79.1
Colombia	..	82.6	81.4	83.4	..	58.2	54.6	56.2	..	95.2	92.8	94.9	..	77.7	80.8	82.4
Costa Rica	83.8	84.2	80.6	80.4	64.7	63.6	50.4	49.2	95.2	95.7	93.8	94.4	76.3	80.9	77.0	78.4
Czech Republic	79.4	78.1	83.3	83.3	51.3	36.7	32.8	31.9	94.9	95.0	95.8	95.8	54.5	62.4	76.5	78.1
Denmark	84.2	83.6	81.8	82.6	73.4	72.0	60.1	60.9	91.7	92.3	89.7	90.4	66.6	66.8	79.1	79.7
Estonia	76.3	77.5	81.8	81.4	52.1	44.3	43.5	40.5	89.2	93.2	92.8	91.9	60.0	62.4	74.2	76.1
Finland	77.6	77.4	80.2	80.5	56.4	56.3	56.0	55.6	90.7	90.3	90.0	90.0	48.1	59.2	72.5	73.8
France	75.1	74.4	74.5	76.2	40.2	41.5	38.2	41.7	94.2	93.8	91.5	92.3	35.9	42.6	59.4	61.7
Germany	78.9	81.8	82.5	82.7	54.7	54.9	53.7	55.1	93.4	93.8	91.8	91.6	52.4	65.8	78.1	78.6
Greece	77.4	78.4	75.5	75.0	41.7	34.4	23.1	22.6	94.4	94.6	91.6	90.6	57.3	60.9	64.5	66.5
Hungary	67.5	68.6	80.3	81.1	41.8	29.5	35.3	35.1	84.4	87.2	93.1	93.6	34.1	42.1	74.0	76.6
Iceland2	89.8	90.5	86.1	87.6	70.1	78.2	67.3	72.5	96.1	94.5	91.2	91.5	94.7	89.3	85.8	87.8
Ireland	79.9	84.7	77.6	79.3	58.1	74.5	44.2	50.3	92.0	91.6	89.5	90.2	64.4	68.9	72.4	73.0
Israel3	77.5	77.0	72.1	71.8	61.9	58.3	41.4	42.1	87.5	87.0	84.4	83.9	63.5	70.3	76.4	75.8
Italy2	74.3	74.3	73.5	73.6	44.6	36.0	28.5	29.4	90.6	91.0	87.0	87.3	42.7	46.2	68.0	67.2
Japan	85.2	85.2	86.5	86.6	47.4	45.1	48.0	48.0	97.1	96.3	95.5	95.5	84.1	84.9	89.7	89.8
Korea	77.2	77.9	77.9	78.0	28.5	24.0	24.6	25.2	92.2	90.5	88.3	88.1	71.3	76.8	80.6	80.1
Latvia	72.3	77.9	80.7	78.8	43.4	49.2	37.9	35.3	87.8	91.6	92.0	90.9	53.9	67.6	76.8	73.2
Lithuania	74.3	71.3	79.9	79.2	41.6	31.6	38.9	38.1	89.7	87.7	91.4	91.0	57.9	63.3	76.6	74.1
Luxembourg	76.4	75.0	75.4	76.4	37.4	30.6	33.7	36.2	94.2	94.9	92.8	92.5	38.6	36.4	49.7	54.4
Mexico	84.7	83.8	79.3	80.7	67.7	62.6	54.0	56.0	95.2	95.2	91.7	92.9	79.3	80.2	73.8	75.6
Netherlands	83.2	83.3	84.8	87.1	71.6	70.6	67.7	76.8	93.2	93.5	91.5	92.2	50.9	61.1	81.5	82.1
New Zealand	83.1	84.9	85.2	85.7	65.8	67.1	63.9	65.4	91.1	92.1	92.4	92.4	71.9	81.9	84.9	85.2
Norway2	84.2	81.6	80.4	82.1	66.4	57.5	55.5	59.4	91.2	90.8	88.5	89.2	72.3	74.6	78.2	80.6
Poland	71.7	70.0	78.3	79.5	40.9	36.5	36.1	35.7	88.3	87.9	92.1	92.5	40.4	44.8	65.3	69.3
Portugal	78.9	79.2	77.7	79.1	50.5	44.7	35.9	35.6	92.5	92.9	91.6	92.3	64.5	63.2	68.0	73.3
Slovak Republic	76.8	75.8	78.3	78.6	49.4	38.7	34.9	31.9	93.9	93.0	92.3	92.4	41.0	56.9	64.5	67.7
Slovenia	71.9	75.8	77.1	77.8	41.7	47.6	33.9	36.4	90.6	91.3	94.2	94.1	34.6	46.7	56.3	59.3
Spain2	80.4	82.6	78.2	79.1	53.6	57.3	36.0	37.0	93.0	92.5	90.1	91.3	60.5	62.8	69.6	70.9
Sweden2	81.5	81.4	84.6	84.9	54.4	51.5	52.0	53.2	90.7	92.9	93.8	93.9	72.6	76.4	85.5	85.2
Switzerland	89.4	88.2	88.1	87.5	70.5	70.2	65.4	66.5	96.7	95.8	95.4	94.6	79.3	78.4	82.9	81.7
Türkiye	76.9	74.4	74.6	76.9	57.6	51.6	50.1	53.1	89.5	88.1	88.4	90.4	53.4	42.9	50.0	53.7
United Kingdom2	84.1	83.1	82.7	81.9	73.3	69.4	60.5	58.9	91.9	91.2	91.7	91.1	63.4	68.8	73.1	72.0
United States2	83.9	81.7	78.3	78.7	68.6	61.5	54.6	56.5	91.6	90.9	87.9	88.0	67.3	69.6	70.7	70.4
OECD4	80.9	80.4	79.4	80.1	57.2	54.2	49.5	51.1	92.6	92.2	90.4	90.9	62.5	66.8	72.8	73.4
Brazil	..	84.9	77.1	79.2	..	72.3	57.4	60.0	..	92.8	87.2	89.2	..	72.3	63.5	65.2
China5	87.8	..	..	..	68.0	..	..	..	96.8	..	..	..	70.8	..	..	..
India	84.9	..	79.5	..	63.6	..	44.8	..	96.7	..	96.3	..	80.0	..	78.6	..
Indonesia	85.8	85.6	..	..	60.8	63.6	..	..	97.6	95.9	..	..	83.9	84.8	..	..
South Africa	..	64.3	60.6	62.5	..	32.0	22.7	23.5	..	84.0	77.8	80.2	..	59.1	51.1	49.5

.. Not available

Note: Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. New labour force survey since April 2010. To remove the break, data prior to 2010 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients based on data of the fourth quarter of 2009.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Redesigned monthly labour force survey since January 2012. To remove the break, data prior to 2012 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients between monthly and quarterly surveys based on data of the fourth quarter of 2011.

4. Weighted average.

5. Data up to 2010 for China can be found in the database.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table C3. Labour force participation rates by selected age groups - Women

As a percentage of the female population in each age group

	Women (15-64)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	65.3	69.4	73.4	75.1	68.5	69.7	66.5	69.0	70.5	74.8	78.9	80.4	35.3	48.6	61.2	62.8
Austria	61.8	67.1	72.1	72.6	50.8	56.0	52.8	51.5	76.3	80.5	85.1	85.6	17.6	27.5	48.8	50.7
Belgium	56.4	60.4	64.5	65.7	31.8	31.6	26.5	28.2	72.7	78.0	80.3	81.1	17.1	27.5	49.8	51.8
Canada	70.4	73.8	73.8	75.6	62.9	67.3	61.7	63.8	78.5	81.7	82.3	83.9	41.4	51.9	59.5	61.7
Chile1	42.1	47.6	52.5	54.0	29.4	29.7	22.2	22.8	49.7	57.3	64.3	66.1	27.8	36.8	43.6	44.2
Colombia	..	54.2	56.8	58.5	..	39.5	39.3	41.1	..	64.2	67.2	69.4	..	35.2	43.3	42.8
Costa Rica	41.6	49.7	55.7	56.6	35.2	39.2	37.9	40.5	47.7	57.8	67.4	68.0	21.0	31.9	38.7	36.1
Czech Republic	63.7	61.5	69.2	69.6	40.6	26.9	21.4	21.9	81.8	80.3	81.1	81.1	23.7	35.2	62.8	65.2
Denmark	75.6	76.3	76.0	76.5	67.8	69.1	60.4	59.9	84.0	85.3	82.9	83.5	48.9	55.0	70.0	70.8
Estonia	66.3	68.8	76.9	76.8	37.1	32.1	40.9	40.0	84.1	83.4	83.3	85.4	39.4	61.0	82.4	77.0
Finland	72.1	73.9	76.6	77.3	51.1	53.7	51.4	52.8	85.0	85.6	84.9	85.6	45.2	58.3	73.5	73.9
France	62.4	64.5	67.6	70.0	32.8	34.4	33.1	37.7	78.7	81.4	82.6	84.0	27.9	37.6	54.9	57.9
Germany	63.3	69.4	74.5	74.6	48.2	49.0	49.9	49.2	76.9	80.6	82.6	83.1	33.5	48.9	69.9	69.7
Greece	50.5	54.8	59.3	59.6	36.2	27.5	19.3	18.8	62.0	69.2	76.3	75.4	25.4	28.2	38.6	43.6
Hungary	52.6	54.9	65.3	71.2	32.5	21.8	26.9	28.3	70.5	73.2	79.1	86.6	13.3	26.9	50.6	54.3
Iceland2	83.3	81.8	80.7	82.2	73.2	78.5	74.0	76.5	88.2	83.6	84.5	84.8	76.8	78.5	74.2	79.1
Ireland	56.2	66.2	65.9	69.6	50.1	64.2	43.1	50.0	64.5	72.4	75.5	78.4	27.4	40.3	55.4	58.7
Israel3	62.5	65.5	67.7	68.5	54.3	52.5	43.2	44.3	70.3	73.9	78.7	79.4	39.1	52.4	63.9	64.7
Italy2	46.3	50.6	54.7	55.4	34.3	25.4	18.8	20.1	57.9	64.1	66.0	67.3	16.1	23.4	46.9	46.5
Japan	59.6	61.9	72.5	73.3	46.6	44.7	49.2	49.7	66.5	70.1	80.0	80.7	49.7	52.5	67.8	68.6
Korea	52.1	54.9	59.1	59.9	37.0	33.2	31.4	33.5	57.8	62.0	66.6	67.2	48.8	47.5	57.2	57.2
Latvia	62.1	67.8	75.8	73.0	31.2	35.8	31.5	29.9	83.3	82.8	86.6	83.3	29.2	55.7	72.9	71.4
Lithuania	67.1	64.9	77.2	77.2	30.5	22.3	34.2	34.3	87.9	83.6	89.4	89.2	35.9	49.2	73.6	74.0
Luxembourg	51.7	58.9	68.8	69.9	30.6	22.3	31.0	34.5	64.9	74.7	85.3	85.9	16.8	29.1	41.9	42.9
Mexico	41.0	45.4	46.7	48.3	36.3	35.1	30.4	32.4	45.4	52.3	55.4	57.2	28.0	33.4	36.4	36.6
Netherlands	65.2	70.2	77.0	80.2	70.0	68.5	69.9	81.4	72.7	79.8	83.7	85.1	25.9	38.9	64.4	65.6
New Zealand	67.2	71.5	76.1	77.5	59.5	61.9	61.8	64.3	73.4	76.5	81.3	82.4	47.8	64.1	73.4	74.5
Norway2	76.1	75.9	75.8	77.7	62.4	60.1	55.7	62.7	83.4	83.9	83.4	83.9	59.4	64.5	70.3	71.3
Poland	59.9	56.5	63.6	66.1	34.8	29.3	27.4	26.1	76.5	75.6	79.1	82.1	23.7	20.6	41.7	44.0
Portugal	63.8	68.7	72.6	73.9	40.9	37.8	31.1	30.0	77.3	82.7	87.2	88.7	42.0	47.0	58.3	61.3
Slovak Republic	63.2	60.7	66.4	70.6	42.6	30.1	21.0	20.2	82.9	80.5	79.3	85.0	10.7	23.3	58.3	60.8
Slovenia	62.9	66.6	71.9	72.0	36.4	35.4	28.7	31.0	84.2	87.3	90.3	90.1	14.1	23.1	48.5	50.6
Spain2	52.9	62.8	68.7	70.8	43.3	47.5	30.7	33.4	62.8	73.3	80.8	83.0	22.6	32.7	55.7	58.3
Sweden2	76.4	76.8	80.3	80.8	51.2	52.6	51.7	54.8	85.6	87.1	88.4	88.2	65.9	69.6	79.6	79.9
Switzerland	71.6	75.0	80.0	79.7	66.0	64.5	64.6	64.2	78.0	81.9	86.9	86.6	51.3	60.3	70.0	69.9
Türkiye	28.0	25.7	35.1	37.3	28.1	24.4	27.5	29.7	28.9	28.0	41.6	44.1	21.6	14.8	17.4	19.0
United Kingdom2	69.0	69.8	75.0	74.7	65.8	63.5	60.4	58.3	76.1	77.4	82.6	82.9	43.1	49.8	63.0	62.3
United States2	70.7	69.1	67.8	68.2	63.0	57.2	53.2	54.5	76.7	75.4	75.1	75.3	51.9	58.3	59.0	59.2
OECD4	59.2	60.7	63.7	64.8	46.5	44.4	42.3	43.8	68.0	69.8	72.7	73.8	38.3	45.1	55.2	55.8
Brazil	..	62.8	56.9	58.8	..	54.7	44.0	47.3	..	70.2	66.3	67.9	..	40.6	35.3	36.5
China5	76.7	..	..	..	67.8	..	..	..	84.0	..	..	..	47.2	..	..	..
India	36.0	..	28.0	..	26.9	..	13.2	..	41.5	..	34.6	..	30.0	..	26.1	..
Indonesia	53.2	51.7	..	..	43.1	41.7	..	..	58.1	56.2	..	..	52.6	50.5	..	..
South Africa	..	50.8	48.6	50.2	..	26.6	19.1	20.4	..	66.2	63.5	65.4	..	33.3	34.5	33.6

.. Not available

Note: Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. New labour force survey since April 2010. To remove the break, data prior to 2010 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients based on data of the fourth quarter of 2009.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Redesigned monthly labour force survey since January 2012. To remove the break, data prior to 2012 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients between monthly and quarterly surveys based on data of the fourth quarter of 2011.

4. Weighted average.

5. Data up to 2010 for China can be found in the database.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table D1. Unemployment rates by selected age groups - Total

As a percentage of the total labour force in each age group

	Total (15-64)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	6.4	4.4	6.6	5.3	12.1	9.4	14.2	11.3	5.0	3.4	5.2	4.1	4.5	2.7	5.1	4.1
Austria	3.5	4.9	5.4	6.3	5.1	9.4	10.5	11.0	3.1	4.2	5.0	5.8	5.2	3.4	4.0	5.2
Belgium	7.0	7.5	5.6	6.3	17.5	18.8	15.3	18.2	6.1	6.6	5.0	5.5	3.0	4.2	4.2	4.6
Canada	6.9	6.1	9.6	7.4	12.7	10.9	20.1	13.5	5.7	5.1	7.8	6.2	5.5	5.2	8.0	7.3
Chile1	10.7	8.7	11.0	9.1	25.0	21.6	24.1	20.0	8.2	6.6	10.4	8.6	7.0	4.7	6.9	6.0
Colombia	..	11.5	16.4	14.1	..	22.2	27.1	24.7	..	9.0	14.7	12.4	..	5.9	10.5	8.8
Costa Rica	5.2	4.6	19.7	16.7	11.0	10.8	41.9	39.5	3.2	2.8	16.6	13.3	2.8	2.0	12.0	8.9
Czech Republic	8.8	5.4	2.6	2.9	17.0	10.7	8.0	8.2	7.7	4.9	2.4	2.6	5.2	4.6	2.0	2.4
Denmark	4.5	3.4	5.7	4.9	6.6	7.5	11.6	10.8	4.1	2.7	4.8	4.0	3.8	2.8	4.1	3.8
Estonia	14.8	4.7	7.0	6.5	22.2	9.9	17.9	16.7	14.0	4.2	5.9	5.4	11.5	3.6	6.5	6.4
Finland	9.8	6.9	7.9	7.8	20.3	15.7	20.0	16.2	8.0	5.3	5.8	6.3	9.4	6.5	7.5	7.4
France	8.6	8.0	8.1	7.9	16.7	19.4	20.2	18.9	7.8	7.0	7.1	6.8	5.9	4.5	5.8	6.3
Germany	7.8	8.7	4.0	3.6	8.4	11.7	7.3	6.9	7.0	8.0	3.8	3.3	12.3	10.3	3.2	3.0
Greece	11.6	8.5	16.5	14.9	29.2	22.7	35.0	35.5	9.7	7.8	16.2	14.4	3.9	3.4	12.2	11.1
Hungary	6.4	7.5	4.3	4.1	12.7	18.0	12.8	13.5	5.7	6.9	3.8	3.5	3.0	4.4	3.0	2.9
Iceland2	2.3	2.5	6.7	6.2	4.7	7.5	11.8	11.9	1.7	1.5	6.2	5.5	1.7	1.0	4.0	3.9
Ireland	4.0	4.9	5.0	5.6	6.9	9.2	15.3	14.5	3.6	4.3	4.0	4.6	0.0	0.6	1.6	2.4
Israel3	11.2	9.4	4.5	5.1	17.3	16.3	7.9	7.8	9.4	7.8	4.0	4.7	8.7	6.8	3.1	4.0
Italy2	10.6	6.2	9.4	9.7	29.7	20.4	29.4	29.7	8.5	5.3	9.0	9.2	4.5	2.4	5.0	5.5
Japan	5.0	4.1	3.0	3.0	9.2	7.7	4.6	4.6	4.1	3.7	2.8	2.8	5.6	3.4	2.6	2.8
Korea	4.6	3.4	4.0	3.6	10.8	8.7	10.5	8.5	4.0	3.1	3.7	3.3	2.9	2.2	3.3	3.3
Latvia	14.5	6.2	8.4	7.9	22.1	10.6	14.9	14.8	14.0	5.7	7.9	7.8	9.6	4.5	8.1	6.2
Lithuania	16.7	4.3	8.8	7.4	30.2	8.4	19.6	14.3	15.6	4.0	7.4	6.5	11.2	3.7	9.9	8.2
Luxembourg	2.4	4.1	6.8	5.3	6.4	15.2	23.2	16.9	2.0	3.4	5.7	4.3	1.4	2.1	4.1	4.6
Mexico	2.6	3.8	4.5	4.3	5.1	7.2	8.0	7.9	1.8	2.9	4.0	3.6	1.4	1.9	2.6	2.7
Netherlands	3.1	4.2	3.9	4.2	6.1	9.4	9.1	9.3	2.5	3.0	2.9	3.1	2.1	4.4	2.7	3.3
New Zealand	6.2	3.8	4.8	4.0	13.5	10.1	12.4	10.5	4.7	2.6	3.5	2.9	4.7	1.4	2.8	2.2
Norway2	3.3	2.5	4.5	4.5	10.5	7.4	11.3	12.6	2.4	1.9	3.9	3.6	1.0	0.9	2.0	1.8
Poland	16.4	9.7	3.2	3.4	35.2	21.7	10.8	11.9	13.9	8.4	2.8	2.9	9.4	6.8	2.1	2.5
Portugal	4.2	8.5	7.1	6.7	8.6	16.7	22.6	23.4	3.5	7.7	6.0	5.7	3.2	6.5	6.0	5.2
Slovak Republic	18.8	11.0	6.8	6.9	37.0	20.1	19.3	20.6	15.5	10.1	6.2	6.3	12.3	8.1	4.8	5.4
Slovenia	6.9	5.0	5.0	4.8	16.3	10.1	14.2	12.8	5.6	4.5	4.6	4.2	5.3	3.3	3.7	4.0
Spain2	13.9	8.3	15.6	14.9	25.3	18.1	38.3	34.8	12.3	7.2	14.5	13.5	9.4	6.0	12.5	13.4
Sweden2	5.9	6.2	8.5	9.0	11.7	19.2	24.0	24.8	4.9	4.4	6.8	7.0	6.1	3.9	5.8	6.8
Switzerland	2.7	3.7	5.0	5.3	4.8	7.1	8.6	8.8	2.3	3.1	4.6	4.8	2.7	3.1	3.9	4.7
Türkiye	6.7	10.5	13.4	12.2	13.1	20.0	25.3	22.6	4.9	8.5	11.8	10.7	2.1	4.3	7.2	7.4
United Kingdom2	5.4	5.2	4.7	4.5	11.7	13.7	13.6	12.6	4.3	3.8	3.4	3.3	4.2	2.9	3.7	3.8
United States2	4.0	4.7	8.1	5.4	9.3	10.5	14.9	9.7	3.1	3.7	7.1	4.9	2.5	3.1	6.7	4.2
OECD4	6.3	6.0	7.3	6.3	12.1	12.6	15.0	12.8	5.3	5.1	6.5	5.6	4.9	4.0	5.2	4.7
Brazil	..	8.3	14.0	14.3	..	16.8	30.3	29.7	..	6.1	11.0	11.4	..	2.9	8.0	8.2
China5	3.7	..	..	..	8.8	..	..	..	2.8	..	..	..	0.4	..	..	..
India	4.4	..	9.0	..	10.1	..	26.3	..	2.9	..	6.3	..	1.6	..	3.6	..
Indonesia	6.3	9.8	..	..	19.9	25.3	..	..	2.9	5.9	..	..	0.4	2.2	..	..
South Africa	..	22.3	29.4	34.3	..	46.5	59.3	65.2	..	18.6	27.6	32.5	..	5.6	11.2	12.5

.. Not available

Note: Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. New labour force survey since April 2010. To remove the break, data prior to 2010 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients based on data of the fourth quarter of 2009.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Redesigned monthly labour force survey since January 2012. To remove the break, data prior to 2012 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients between monthly and quarterly surveys based on data of the fourth quarter of 2011.

4. Weighted average.

5. Data up to 2010 for China can be found in the database.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table D2. Unemployment rates by selected age groups - Men

As a percentage of the male labour force in each age group

	Men (15-64)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	6.6	4.1	6.8	5.4	12.9	9.5	15.2	12.6	5.1	3.0	5.1	4.0	5.3	2.8	5.4	4.2
Austria	3.3	4.6	5.6	6.3	5.0	9.3	11.3	10.7	2.8	3.8	5.0	5.8	5.4	3.4	4.4	5.6
Belgium	5.8	6.7	5.8	6.7	15.3	17.1	15.5	19.9	4.9	5.9	5.1	5.7	3.0	3.6	4.6	5.1
Canada	7.0	6.5	9.8	7.7	13.8	12.1	20.7	14.5	5.7	5.4	7.8	6.3	5.5	5.2	8.3	7.2
Chile1	9.7	7.2	10.9	8.9	21.2	18.2	22.9	18.3	7.6	5.4	10.4	8.5	8.0	4.8	6.9	6.2
Colombia	..	8.9	13.0	10.8	..	17.8	21.6	19.5	..	6.6	11.4	9.0	..	6.3	10.3	8.6
Costa Rica	4.4	3.3	15.7	12.8	9.3	8.3	35.3	33.3	2.8	1.7	12.7	9.5	2.6	2.0	10.3	7.3
Czech Republic	7.4	4.3	2.3	2.4	16.7	10.6	7.2	7.6	6.0	3.5	2.1	2.1	5.0	4.5	1.7	2.0
Denmark	3.9	3.0	5.4	4.9	6.8	7.6	12.6	10.7	3.4	2.2	4.2	3.9	3.3	2.3	4.2	4.3
Estonia	16.0	5.5	7.1	7.1	21.7	11.8	17.4	18.4	15.0	4.2	5.8	5.8	15.0	6.9	7.9	7.8
Finland	9.1	6.5	8.1	8.3	18.9	14.8	20.6	16.1	7.2	4.8	5.9	7.0	9.3	6.9	8.1	8.0
France	7.4	7.7	8.2	8.0	15.6	18.9	20.3	19.0	6.6	6.5	7.0	6.8	5.0	4.8	5.8	6.5
Germany	7.6	8.6	4.4	4.0	9.2	12.2	7.7	7.3	6.6	7.8	4.2	3.7	11.5	9.7	3.4	3.3
Greece	7.6	5.3	13.7	11.5	21.6	15.5	31.4	31.1	6.2	4.7	13.1	10.9	3.7	2.9	11.6	8.8
Hungary	7.1	7.2	4.1	3.9	13.8	17.4	11.9	12.0	6.2	6.5	3.6	3.3	3.7	4.8	3.2	3.2
Iceland2	1.8	2.4	6.8	5.8	5.7	8.4	12.6	12.8	1.1	1.3	6.5	4.7	0.5	0.9	3.9	4.1
Ireland	4.2	5.0	5.3	5.9	6.8	10.2	15.3	14.5	4.2	4.2	4.3	5.1	0.0	0.9	2.8	2.8
Israel3	11.1	9.0	4.7	5.2	17.3	15.3	7.6	7.5	9.1	7.4	4.3	4.9	10.4	7.4	3.6	4.3
Italy2	8.2	5.0	8.6	8.9	25.4	18.4	27.9	27.7	6.3	4.0	8.0	8.1	4.4	2.6	5.1	5.6
Japan	5.1	4.1	3.1	3.1	10.4	8.3	5.0	5.1	3.9	3.6	3.0	2.9	6.8	4.1	2.9	3.1
Korea	5.1	3.8	4.0	3.6	13.5	11.1	11.1	9.6	4.5	3.6	3.6	3.3	3.9	2.7	3.6	3.5
Latvia	15.5	6.7	9.4	8.8	20.9	11.0	14.4	14.9	15.3	6.1	8.9	8.8	10.7	4.9	9.6	6.4
Lithuania	19.1	4.3	9.6	7.9	32.1	7.0	21.5	14.0	17.7	3.9	8.1	7.0	13.7	4.1	10.7	8.7
Luxembourg	1.8	3.6	6.6	5.0	5.7	13.5	24.8	17.7	1.4	2.8	5.2	3.7	2.0	2.3	4.8	5.6
Mexico	2.3	3.5	4.7	4.2	4.4	6.6	7.6	7.5	1.5	2.7	4.2	3.6	1.5	2.4	3.2	3.0
Netherlands	2.5	3.3	3.7	4.0	5.3	9.4	9.2	9.7	1.9	1.9	2.8	2.7	2.5	4.3	2.6	3.3
New Zealand	6.4	3.5	4.4	3.9	14.5	10.0	12.2	10.8	4.6	2.2	3.0	2.8	5.5	1.5	2.9	2.3
Norway2	3.4	2.6	4.8	4.8	10.5	8.3	12.1	13.3	2.5	1.9	4.1	3.8	1.2	1.0	2.3	2.0
Poland	14.6	9.1	3.1	3.4	33.3	20.0	10.3	11.5	12.1	7.8	2.6	2.9	9.1	7.4	2.5	2.8
Portugal	3.3	7.0	6.9	6.5	6.3	13.8	21.0	21.0	2.7	6.1	5.6	5.2	3.6	7.1	6.9	5.9
Slovak Republic	19.0	9.8	6.5	6.8	39.7	20.3	18.3	19.8	15.2	8.6	5.8	6.1	13.5	7.7	4.4	5.1
Slovenia	6.6	4.1	4.5	4.3	14.6	9.4	12.7	11.5	5.4	3.4	4.0	3.7	6.6	3.0	3.5	3.8
Spain2	9.6	6.5	14.0	13.2	19.4	15.2	37.1	34.1	8.0	5.5	12.6	11.6	8.6	5.0	11.5	11.7
Sweden2	6.3	6.0	8.6	8.8	12.1	18.6	25.1	25.4	5.3	4.1	6.5	6.4	6.8	4.3	6.5	7.7
Switzerland	2.3	3.0	4.8	5.1	5.6	6.8	9.2	8.9	1.6	2.3	4.2	4.4	3.0	2.6	4.5	5.1
Türkiye	6.8	10.2	12.6	10.9	13.7	19.6	22.6	19.4	5.0	8.5	11.2	9.5	2.9	5.4	8.4	8.2
United Kingdom2	6.0	5.5	5.0	4.7	13.2	15.3	14.8	13.8	4.7	3.7	3.5	3.3	5.2	3.5	4.3	4.1
United States2	3.9	4.8	7.9	5.6	9.7	11.6	15.0	10.5	2.9	3.7	6.9	4.9	2.4	3.2	6.4	4.2
OECD4	5.9	5.7	7.1	6.1	12.0	12.6	14.7	12.7	4.8	4.7	6.2	5.4	5.3	4.2	5.3	4.8
Brazil	..	6.1	12.0	11.6	..	12.9	25.8	25.8	..	4.2	9.2	8.8	..	3.0	8.0	7.6
China5	3.6	..	..	..	9.2	..	..	..	2.7	..	..	..	0.6	..	..	..
India	4.5	..	9.6	..	10.1	..	26.7	..	2.9	..	6.7	..	1.6	..	3.7	..
Indonesia	5.9	8.6	..	..	19.7	23.3	..	..	2.7	5.0	..	..	0.4	2.3	..	..
South Africa	..	18.8	28.0	32.4	..	41.1	55.4	61.0	..	15.1	26.1	30.6	..	6.4	13.0	13.9

.. Not available

Note: Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. New labour force survey since April 2010. To remove the break, data prior to 2010 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients based on data of the fourth quarter of 2009.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Redesigned monthly labour force survey since January 2012. To remove the break, data prior to 2012 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients between monthly and quarterly surveys based on data of the fourth quarter of 2011.

4. Weighted average.

5. Data up to 2010 for China can be found in the database.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table D3. Unemployment rates by selected age groups - Women

As a percentage of the female labour force in each age group

	Women (15-64)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	6.1	4.8	6.5	5.1	11.2	9.2	13.2	9.8	4.9	3.9	5.3	4.2	3.2	2.6	4.8	4.0
Austria	3.8	5.4	5.3	6.2	5.2	9.6	9.5	11.3	3.5	4.7	5.0	5.8	4.7	3.5	3.6	4.6
Belgium	8.7	8.5	5.4	5.9	20.3	20.9	15.1	16.2	7.6	7.4	4.9	5.2	2.9	5.3	3.6	4.1
Canada	6.7	5.8	9.5	7.2	11.4	9.8	19.4	12.4	5.8	4.9	7.8	6.0	5.5	5.1	7.7	7.5
Chile1	12.7	11.1	11.1	9.3	31.3	26.9	25.8	22.2	9.4	8.7	10.3	8.6	4.3	4.6	6.9	5.6
Colombia	..	15.1	21.0	18.6	..	28.6	34.9	31.7	..	12.3	19.2	16.8	..	5.0	10.7	9.2
Costa Rica	6.7	6.9	25.6	22.3	14.2	15.1	52.1	48.8	4.2	4.6	22.2	18.5	3.3	2.1	15.1	12.0
Czech Republic	10.6	6.8	3.0	3.5	17.4	11.0	9.1	9.1	9.9	6.7	2.8	3.3	5.4	4.8	2.4	2.9
Denmark	5.1	3.9	6.0	4.9	6.4	7.4	10.6	11.0	4.9	3.2	5.5	4.1	4.6	3.4	4.0	3.2
Estonia	13.5	3.9	6.9	5.8	23.0	7.2	18.4	15.0	12.9	4.2	6.0	5.0	7.5	0.9	5.5	5.3
Finland	10.6	7.3	7.6	7.2	21.8	16.8	19.4	16.3	8.8	5.8	5.8	5.6	9.4	6.0	6.9	6.8
France	10.0	8.4	8.0	7.8	18.0	20.1	19.9	18.8	9.2	7.5	7.1	6.7	7.0	4.2	5.8	6.1
Germany	8.1	8.9	3.6	3.2	7.5	11.1	6.8	6.4	7.5	8.1	3.3	2.9	13.6	11.2	3.0	2.7
Greece	17.5	13.0	20.0	19.1	38.2	31.7	39.3	40.9	15.1	12.0	20.0	18.8	4.3	4.3	13.0	14.4
Hungary	5.7	7.8	4.5	4.3	11.2	18.9	14.0	15.5	5.0	7.3	4.1	3.7	1.6	3.9	2.7	2.5
Iceland2	2.8	2.6	6.5	6.6	3.6	6.5	11.1	10.9	2.4	1.8	5.9	6.3	3.2	1.0	4.2	3.7
Ireland	3.6	4.8	4.6	5.2	7.1	7.9	15.3	14.6	2.9	4.4	3.7	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0
Israel3	11.2	9.9	4.2	4.9	17.4	17.3	8.2	8.0	9.7	8.4	3.7	4.5	6.0	6.0	2.4	3.5
Italy2	14.6	7.9	10.4	10.8	35.4	23.3	31.8	32.8	12.1	7.1	10.4	10.6	4.7	2.1	4.9	5.4
Japan	4.7	3.9	2.7	2.8	7.9	7.1	4.1	4.2	4.4	3.9	2.7	2.6	3.6	2.4	2.1	2.5
Korea	3.8	2.8	4.0	3.7	9.1	7.2	10.1	7.8	3.0	2.4	3.7	3.5	1.6	1.3	2.7	3.0
Latvia	13.4	5.7	7.4	6.9	23.7	10.0	15.5	14.6	12.8	5.3	6.9	6.6	8.0	4.1	6.8	6.0
Lithuania	14.3	4.4	8.0	6.9	27.5	10.4	17.3	14.7	13.5	4.0	6.7	5.9	8.1	3.4	9.1	7.7
Luxembourg	3.2	4.7	7.0	5.7	7.3	17.5	21.3	16.1	2.9	4.0	6.2	5.0	0.0	1.7	3.3	3.3
Mexico	3.4	4.1	4.3	4.3	6.2	8.2	8.8	8.6	2.4	3.2	3.8	3.7	0.9	1.0	1.5	2.1
Netherlands	3.9	5.2	4.0	4.5	7.0	9.3	9.0	9.0	3.3	4.3	3.0	3.5	1.5	4.7	2.9	3.2
New Zealand	6.0	4.0	5.2	4.1	12.4	10.2	12.6	10.2	4.8	3.0	4.1	3.1	3.6	1.3	2.8	2.2
Norway2	3.2	2.5	4.2	4.3	10.5	6.6	10.5	11.8	2.2	1.9	3.6	3.3	0.8	0.8	1.7	1.5
Poland	18.4	10.4	3.3	3.4	37.3	23.8	11.5	12.5	16.0	9.1	3.0	3.1	9.7	5.7	1.6	2.0
Portugal	5.2	10.1	7.3	7.0	11.6	20.3	24.4	26.4	4.4	9.5	6.4	6.1	2.6	5.8	5.2	4.5
Slovak Republic	18.6	12.6	7.1	7.1	33.8	19.9	21.2	22.0	15.8	11.9	6.7	6.6	8.7	9.1	5.3	5.7
Slovenia	7.2	6.0	5.7	5.4	18.5	11.2	16.2	14.4	5.8	5.6	5.3	4.9	2.5	3.8	4.1	4.2
Spain2	20.6	10.7	17.5	16.8	32.9	21.7	39.7	35.6	18.9	9.5	16.6	15.6	11.3	7.7	13.7	15.4
Sweden2	5.4	6.5	8.5	9.3	11.3	19.8	22.8	24.2	4.5	4.7	7.1	7.6	5.4	3.5	5.1	5.8
Switzerland	3.2	4.6	5.1	5.5	3.9	7.4	8.0	8.8	3.1	4.1	5.1	5.2	2.3	3.8	3.2	4.1
Türkiye	6.5	11.3	15.3	15.0	11.9	20.8	30.3	28.7	4.6	8.8	13.1	13.0	0.5	1.1	3.8	5.2
United Kingdom2	4.7	4.9	4.4	4.3	10.2	12.0	12.3	11.3	3.8	3.8	3.2	3.3	2.8	2.1	2.9	3.4
United States2	4.1	4.6	8.3	5.3	8.9	9.4	14.8	8.9	3.3	3.8	7.3	4.8	2.5	3.0	7.1	4.2
OECD4	6.9	6.4	7.6	6.6	12.3	12.6	15.4	12.9	6.1	5.6	6.8	6.0	4.4	3.7	5.1	4.5
Brazil	..	11.0	16.7	17.7	..	21.9	36.3	35.0	..	8.5	13.3	14.7	..	2.7	8.0	9.3
China5	3.8	..	..	..	8.4	..	..	..	2.9	..	..	..	0.2	..	..	..
India	4.2	..	7.5	..	10.2	..	24.8	..	2.6	..	5.3	..	1.6	..	3.4	..
Indonesia	7.0	11.7	..	..	20.1	28.4	..	..	3.2	7.5	..	..	0.4	2.1	..	..
South Africa	..	26.4	31.3	36.6	..	52.8	64.0	70.1	..	22.6	29.4	34.8	..	4.5	8.9	10.8

.. Not available

Note: Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. New labour force survey since April 2010. To remove the break, data prior to 2010 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients based on data of the fourth quarter of 2009.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Redesigned monthly labour force survey since January 2012. To remove the break, data prior to 2012 are spliced using new-to-old chaining coefficients between monthly and quarterly surveys based on data of the fourth quarter of 2011.

4. Weighted average.

5. Data up to 2010 for China can be found in the database.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table E. Employment/population ratios by educational attainment, 2020

Persons aged 25-64, as a percentage of the population in each gender

	Total			Men			Women
	Below upper secondary education	Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education	Tertiary education	Below upper secondary education	Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education	Tertiary education	Below upper secondary education	Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education	Tertiary education
Australia	56.5	74.5	81.5	65.8	81.4	86.4	47.6	65.5	77.6
Austria	53.9	76.4	86.0	60.6	80.1	88.9	49.3	72.3	83.1
Belgium	46.9	73.4	86.2	55.8	79.4	88.6	36.6	66.4	84.2
Canada	54.0	70.2	79.5	62.0	75.8	83.5	42.8	62.4	76.3
Chile1	62.4	71.9	84.5	82.1	85.4	90.9	45.2	59.9	79.1
Colombia	61.8	65.6	74.2	81.8	80.5	82.3	40.6	51.4	68.0
Costa Rica	57.3	64.3	76.8	77.3	81.4	81.7	36.1	48.1	72.4
Czech Republic	57.0	83.5	85.6	67.0	90.0	94.7	48.8	76.2	77.9
Denmark2	60.7	82.1	87.6	69.5	85.8	90.7	49.9	77.5	85.2
Estonia	62.5	79.4	85.2	68.4	83.2	89.0	50.6	74.2	82.9
Finland	54.1	75.3	86.8	59.2	78.0	89.1	44.9	71.6	85.1
France	53.3	72.5	85.0	61.5	76.5	87.5	45.4	68.1	83.0
Germany	62.6	82.2	88.7	70.3	84.6	90.9	55.4	79.8	86.1
Greece	51.8	62.2	75.4	66.1	74.4	80.9	36.0	49.9	70.6
Hungary	55.6	79.3	85.9	66.5	87.0	94.2	46.7	70.1	79.9
Iceland	70.4	81.4	87.6	76.2	86.2	89.5	63.1	74.7	86.1
Ireland	52.0	71.7	84.5	63.2	82.0	89.3	36.6	61.3	80.5
Israel	48.8	70.7	86.8	58.4	74.8	89.6	37.9	65.7	84.6
Italy	51.7	70.5	80.8	66.9	80.5	86.0	34.8	60.3	76.9
Japan3	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	61.4	70.4	77.0	70.3	80.8	87.2	55.4	59.6	65.4
Latvia	56.5	74.5	81.5	65.8	81.4	86.4	47.6	65.5	77.6
Lithuania	54.5	73.2	89.9	55.8	77.2	90.3	51.8	68.4	89.6
Luxembourg	60.5	74.9	85.0	67.1	77.0	88.2	53.8	72.3	81.7
Mexico	62.6	67.7	76.3	85.1	84.9	84.4	43.0	52.6	68.8
Netherlands	63.1	82.2	89.5	73.6	87.1	92.1	52.7	77.0	86.9
New Zealand	70.8	81.8	87.9	78.2	89.2	92.1	62.8	73.8	84.4
Norway	60.7	79.5	89.2	67.0	83.4	90.1	53.5	74.0	88.4
Poland	46.9	71.5	89.1	60.1	82.2	93.5	32.4	58.8	86.0
Portugal	69.7	81.7	87.9	76.9	84.2	87.4	62.0	79.2	88.3
Slovak Republic	36.5	77.0	82.7	43.5	82.4	89.6	30.5	70.5	77.9
Slovenia	48.3	75.7	90.4	56.2	80.1	91.6	41.1	69.4	89.5
Spain	56.5	68.9	79.9	66.4	75.6	83.4	44.9	62.3	77.0
Sweden	63.2	85.1	89.3	72.2	87.7	90.3	52.3	81.3	88.5
Switzerland	69.1	81.2	88.9	77.9	85.3	92.5	61.7	77.4	84.7
Türkiye2	50.1	60.0	73.6	71.9	78.9	83.0	28.9	32.8	62.2
United Kingdom4	64.5	80.4	86.3	72.5	84.7	89.8	55.9	75.8	83.4
United States	55.1	69.0	81.9	66.3	75.0	86.6	42.1	62.5	77.9
OECD5	57.6	74.7	84.4	67.8	81.7	88.7	46.7	66.9	80.6
Brazil6	52.1	66.3	79.1	67.0	78.7	86.0	36.6	55.6	74.7
India2	57.5	62.9	61.9	92.5	89.4	84.4	27.1	20.7	28.4
Indonesia	73.5	73.8	82.3	90.6	89.3	89.2	58.0	53.7	75.8
South Africa	40.1	52.6	72.7	47.7	59.3	77.5	32.7	45.7	68.6

.. Not available

Note: Data refer to ISCED 2011, except for Brazil (ISCED-97). See the description of the levels of education in www.oecd.org/els/emp/definitions-education.pdf.

1. Year of reference 2017.

2. Year of reference 2019.

3. Education levels are grouped somewhat differently. Data can be found in the database.

4. Includes completion of intermediate upper secondary programmes. See notes to Table A5.1 of Education at a Glance 2017, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2017-en.

5. Unweighted average.

6. Year of reference 2018.

Source: OECD (2021), Education at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators, www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance.

Statlink

Table F. Labour force participation rates by educational attainment, 2020

Persons aged 25-64, as a percentage of the population in each gender

	Total			Men			Women
	Below upper secondary education	Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education	Tertiary education	Below upper secondary education	Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education	Tertiary education	Below upper secondary education	Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education	Tertiary education
Australia	61.1	79.2	85.4	71.4	86.2	90.4	51.3	70.2	81.4
Austria	61.1	80.0	88.8	70.2	84.0	91.5	54.8	75.6	86.2
Belgium	52.5	77.2	89.0	62.2	83.2	91.7	41.2	70.1	86.8
Canada	61.6	77.5	85.2	70.2	83.8	89.2	49.4	69.0	81.9
Chile1	66.6	77.3	89.5	86.9	91.3	95.8	48.9	64.9	84.2
Colombia	70.4	77.9	86.9	90.1	91.9	94.0	49.4	64.5	81.5
Costa Rica	69.6	77.3	87.0	88.8	92.4	91.6	49.3	63.1	82.8
Czech Republic	63.1	85.4	86.8	73.8	91.6	95.9	54.3	78.4	79.1
Denmark2	64.8	85.0	91.3	74.2	88.5	94.3	53.1	80.9	89.0
Estonia	69.8	85.0	89.4	75.2	89.0	93.5	58.9	79.8	86.8
Finland	61.4	81.2	90.6	67.5	84.1	92.6	50.6	77.4	89.1
France	60.5	78.3	89.2	69.5	82.3	91.8	51.7	73.9	87.0
Germany	68.3	84.8	90.9	77.5	87.7	93.2	59.6	82.0	88.3
Greece	63.8	75.3	85.2	78.6	86.5	88.9	47.6	64.1	82.0
Hungary	61.8	82.1	87.4	73.6	89.9	95.7	52.1	72.9	81.4
Iceland	75.9	87.1	91.7	83.0	91.2	94.1	66.9	81.3	89.8
Ireland	55.6	75.7	87.7	67.9	86.3	92.7	38.7	64.9	83.5
Israel	51.3	74.2	89.7	61.9	78.6	92.8	39.2	68.9	87.2
Italy	58.7	76.0	85.2	74.9	85.7	89.8	40.7	66.2	81.8
Japan3	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	64.2	73.3	79.5	74.4	84.3	89.9	57.3	61.8	67.8
Latvia	77.4	82.7	91.5	83.7	86.2	94.8	65.3	78.7	89.5
Lithuania	69.3	81.8	93.7	71.8	85.9	94.2	64.4	76.9	93.3
Luxembourg	65.8	78.6	89.1	71.9	80.9	92.3	59.5	75.9	85.9
Mexico	64.7	70.8	80.1	88.1	89.1	88.8	44.3	54.7	72.0
Netherlands	66.2	84.5	91.7	77.0	89.5	94.2	55.5	79.2	89.2
New Zealand	74.4	84.8	90.3	82.0	91.8	94.4	66.2	77.3	86.9
Norway	65.4	82.4	91.6	72.2	86.4	92.9	57.6	76.8	90.5
Poland	51.1	73.6	90.7	65.0	84.3	95.2	35.9	60.8	87.6
Portugal	74.3	87.5	92.6	81.3	89.5	93.2	66.8	85.4	92.3
Slovak Republic	50.4	81.5	85.5	58.7	86.8	92.5	43.3	75.2	80.6
Slovenia	53.5	79.6	93.2	63.1	83.2	94.3	44.8	74.5	92.4
Spain	70.6	80.5	88.4	79.7	85.9	91.0	59.9	75.3	86.1
Sweden	77.6	89.3	93.6	86.2	91.7	95.1	67.2	85.8	92.4
Switzerland	75.7	85.1	92.2	84.1	89.9	95.4	68.6	80.8	88.4
Türkiye2	57.2	68.2	82.4	82.1	87.1	90.6	33.1	40.8	72.4
United Kingdom4	67.9	83.1	88.8	76.5	87.6	92.2	58.6	78.3	85.7
United States	60.1	73.2	84.5	72.1	79.5	89.4	46.1	66.2	80.4
OECD5	64.4	79.9	88.5	75.3	86.9	92.8	52.7	72.2	84.8
Brazil6	59.3	75.2	84.4	74.7	86.7	91.1	43.2	65.2	80.1
India2	58.1	65.8	68.0	93.8	92.8	91.4	27.2	22.6	33.0
Indonesia	75.0	76.4	84.7	92.8	92.8	92.2	58.8	55.3	77.0
South Africa	58.7	71.4	83.6	68.6	78.3	87.4	49.1	64.3	80.3

.. Not available

Note: Data refer to ISCED 2011, except for Brazil (ISCED-97). See the description of the levels of education in www.oecd.org/els/emp/definitions-education.pdf.

1. Year of reference 2017.

2. Year of reference 2019.

3. Education levels are grouped somewhat differently. Data can be found in the database.

4. Includes completion of intermediate upper secondary programmes. See notes to Table A5.1 of Education at a Glance 2017, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2017-en.

5. Unweighted average.

6. Year of reference 2018.

Source: OECD (2021), Education at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators, www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance.

Statlink

Table G. Unemployment rates by educational attainment, 2020

Persons aged 25-64, as a percentage of the labour force in each gender

	Total			Men			Women
	Below upper secondary education	Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education	Tertiary education	Below upper secondary education	Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education	Tertiary education	Below upper secondary education	Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education	Tertiary education
Australia	7.6	6.0	4.6	7.8	5.5	4.5	7.3	6.7	4.6
Austria	11.7	4.5	3.2	13.6	4.6	2.8	10.0	4.4	3.5
Belgium	10.7	4.9	3.2	10.3	4.6	3.4	11.2	5.4	3.0
Canada	12.3	9.5	6.7	11.7	9.4	6.4	13.5	9.5	6.9
Chile1	6.3	7.0	5.6	5.5	6.5	5.1	7.6	7.7	6.1
Colombia	12.2	15.7	14.6	9.3	12.4	12.5	17.9	20.3	16.5
Costa Rica	17.7	16.9	11.7	12.9	11.9	10.8	26.8	23.7	12.6
Czech Republic	9.6	2.2	1.4	9.2	1.8	1.3	10.1	2.7	1.5
Denmark2	6.2	3.5	4.1	6.4	3.1	3.8	6.0	4.1	4.3
Estonia	10.4	6.6	4.7	9.0	6.4	4.8	14.1	7.0	4.5
Finland	11.9	7.3	4.2	12.3	7.2	3.8	11.1	7.5	4.5
France	11.8	7.4	4.7	11.5	7.0	4.8	12.3	7.8	4.6
Germany	8.2	3.1	2.5	9.3	3.6	2.5	6.9	2.7	2.5
Greece	18.8	17.4	11.5	15.8	14.0	9.0	24.3	22.1	13.9
Hungary	10.0	3.5	1.7	9.7	3.3	1.5	10.4	3.8	1.9
Iceland	7.2	6.5	4.4	8.2	5.5	4.8	5.6	8.1	4.1
Ireland	6.4	5.3	3.7	6.8	5.0	3.7	5.4	5.7	3.7
Israel	4.8	4.7	3.2	5.7	4.7	3.4	3.3	4.6	3.0
Italy	11.9	7.2	5.1	10.6	6.1	4.2	14.5	8.8	5.9
Japan3	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	4.3	3.9	3.2	5.6	4.1	3.0	3.3	3.6	3.5
Latvia	16.3	8.7	5.2	16.3	8.8	6.4	16.4	8.6	4.4
Lithuania	21.4	10.5	4.1	22.3	10.2	4.2	19.5	11.0	4.0
Luxembourg	8.0	4.8	4.6	6.7	..	4.5	9.7	..	4.8
Mexico	3.2	4.3	4.7	3.4	4.7	5.0	2.8	3.9	4.4
Netherlands	4.6	2.7	2.4	4.4	2.7	2.2	5.0	2.8	2.5
New Zealand	4.9	3.5	2.7	4.6	2.8	2.4	5.2	4.4	2.8
Norway	7.2	3.5	2.6	7.2	3.5	3.0	7.2	3.6	2.4
Poland	8.2	2.8	1.8	7.6	2.5	1.7	9.5	3.3	1.8
Portugal	6.2	6.6	5.1	5.5	6.0	6.1	7.1	7.3	4.4
Slovak Republic	27.5	5.6	3.3	25.9	5.1	3.1	29.5	6.3	3.4
Slovenia	9.7	4.9	3.0	10.9	3.7	2.8	8.2	6.9	3.1
Spain	20.0	14.5	9.5	16.7	12.0	8.3	25.0	17.2	10.6
Sweden	18.5	4.7	4.6	16.2	4.4	5.0	22.2	5.2	4.2
Switzerland	10.0	3.5	1.7	9.7	3.3	1.5	10.4	3.8	1.9
Türkiye2	12.4	11.9	10.7	12.4	9.4	8.4	12.5	19.7	14.2
United Kingdom4	5.0	3.2	2.7	5.3	3.2	2.7	4.6	3.2	2.7
United States	8.3	5.7	3.1	8.0	5.8	3.1	8.8	5.6	3.1
OECD5	10.6	6.6	4.7	10.1	6.0	4.5	11.5	7.8	5.0
Brazil6	12.2	11.8	6.3	10.4	9.3	5.7	15.4	14.7	6.7
India2	1.1	4.4	8.9	1.3	3.7	7.7	0.5	8.6	13.8
Indonesia	2.0	3.5	2.9	2.3	3.8	3.3	1.3	2.9	1.6
South Africa	31.8	26.2	13.0	30.5	24.2	11.4	33.5	28.8	14.6

.. Not available

Note: Data refer to ISCED 2011, except for Brazil (ISCED-97). See the description of the levels of education in www.oecd.org/els/emp/definitions-education.pdf.

1. Year of reference 2017.

2. Year of reference 2019.

3. Education levels are grouped somewhat differently. Data can be found in the database.

4. Includes completion of intermediate upper secondary programmes. See notes to Table A5.1 of Education at a Glance 2017, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2017-en.

5. Unweighted average.

6. Year of reference 2018.

Source: OECD (2021), Education at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators, www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance.

Statlink

Table H. Incidence and composition of part-time employment

Persons aged 15 and over, percentages

	Part-time employment as a proportion of total employment												Women’s share in part-time employment
	Total				Men				Women				2000	2007	2020	2021
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia1	..	23.7	..	..	..	12.3	..	..	..	37.7	..	..	..	71.5	..	..
Austria	11.7	17.3	19.7	21.2	2.4	5.6	7.7	8.5	23.9	31.4	33.1	35.6	88.6	82.4	79.2	78.8
Belgium	19.3	18.1	15.7	17.3	6.9	6.4	6.9	8.3	35.5	32.2	25.9	27.6	79.5	80.7	76.7	74.7
Canada	18.1	18.3	18.0	18.4	10.3	11.2	12.3	13.1	27.2	26.3	24.5	24.4	69.2	67.7	63.8	62.6
Chile	4.7	8.0	16.0	16.6	3.1	5.2	11.9	12.4	8.7	13.9	21.8	22.5	53.9	56.9	56.1	55.9
Colombia	..	14.5	14.6	14.3	..	9.2	8.5	8.2	..	22.8	23.9	23.7	..	61.3	64.6	65.4
Costa Rica	..	..	17.7	17.7	..	..	11.6	11.1	..	..	28.1	28.7	..	..	58.7	60.9
Czech Republic	3.2	3.5	4.9	5.1	1.6	1.7	2.7	3.0	5.4	5.9	7.7	7.8	72.5	72.3	69.2	67.3
Denmark	15.3	17.3	18.1	16.6	9.1	11.9	13.8	12.5	22.4	23.4	23.1	21.2	68.1	63.3	59.4	59.7
Estonia	7.2	6.8	9.6	10.3	4.6	3.6	6.3	6.5	10.0	10.1	13.0	14.2	67.9	73.2	65.9	68.3
Finland	10.4	11.7	14.1	17.1	7.1	8.2	11.3	13.3	13.9	15.5	17.2	21.1	63.8	63.7	58.5	59.3
France	14.2	13.3	13.1	13.8	5.3	4.9	6.9	7.3	24.3	22.8	19.7	20.5	80.1	80.5	73.2	72.9
Germany	17.6	22.0	22.5	22.2	4.8	7.8	10.0	10.0	33.9	39.1	36.7	36.0	84.5	80.7	76.4	75.9
Greece	5.3	7.7	9.7	9.1	3.0	4.1	6.1	5.1	9.4	13.3	14.8	14.4	65.0	67.7	64.2	67.2
Hungary	3.2	3.1	4.4	4.3	1.7	1.8	2.7	2.7	4.7	4.5	6.4	6.0	71.2	68.6	66.3	66.0
Iceland1, 2	20.2	15.8	16.9	17.0	9.1	7.9	10.8	10.4	32.8	25.3	24.1	24.7	76.0	72.8	65.5	66.9
Ireland	18.1	19.9	18.4	19.7	7.3	7.4	8.3	9.8	32.0	35.0	30.4	31.1	77.1	79.8	75.6	73.4
Israel	15.6	16.1	14.3	14.7	7.4	8.1	8.5	8.9	25.4	25.3	20.5	20.7	74.5	73.3	69.4	69.1
Italy2	11.7	15.3	17.9	17.0	5.4	5.5	8.0	7.9	22.5	29.8	31.4	29.5	70.9	78.2	74.0	73.1
Japan3	15.9	18.9	25.8	25.6	7.1	9.2	15.0	15.0	29.0	32.6	39.5	39.0	73.7	71.5	67.4	67.4
Korea3	7.0	8.8	15.4	16.1	5.1	6.2	10.4	10.7	9.8	12.4	22.1	23.2	57.6	58.9	60.8	61.8
Latvia	8.8	5.4	7.0	6.6	6.3	3.4	5.0	4.5	11.4	7.4	9.0	8.8	64.6	67.5	64.7	66.6
Lithuania	10.6	6.1	4.5	4.3	7.7	3.6	3.1	2.7	13.5	8.6	5.8	6.0	64.5	69.9	65.1	68.9
Luxembourg	13.0	13.1	12.7	12.8	2.1	1.4	5.3	6.5	28.9	27.6	21.2	20.1	90.4	93.9	77.8	72.9
Mexico	13.5	17.8	17.7	17.9	7.1	11.4	12.4	12.5	25.6	28.5	26.2	26.4	65.1	60.0	57.3	57.6
Netherlands	32.1	35.9	36.9	36.0	13.1	16.1	19.4	19.3	57.3	59.9	56.8	54.7	76.7	75.5	72.1	71.7
New Zealand	22.2	21.9	19.7	20.0	10.9	11.0	11.2	11.5	35.7	34.5	29.3	29.4	73.2	73.2	69.8	69.5
Norway2	20.2	20.8	19.6	20.3	8.7	10.8	13.0	13.6	33.4	32.0	27.1	27.9	77.0	72.7	65.0	64.7
Poland	12.8	10.1	5.8	5.0	8.8	6.0	3.3	2.9	17.9	15.0	8.9	7.4	61.7	67.0	68.5	68.5
Portugal	9.3	10.0	6.0	4.9	4.9	6.3	3.8	2.5	14.7	14.4	8.2	7.3	70.9	66.7	68.3	74.8
Slovak Republic	1.9	2.4	4.5	3.1	1.0	1.1	2.8	2.0	2.9	4.0	6.6	4.5	70.6	74.0	65.7	67.0
Slovenia	4.9	7.8	7.1	6.9	3.9	6.3	4.8	5.0	6.1	9.7	9.7	9.1	56.8	56.2	62.9	60.3
Spain2	7.5	10.5	11.9	13.0	2.6	3.6	5.6	6.4	16.1	20.1	19.5	20.7	78.3	80.0	74.7	73.3
Sweden2	14.0	14.4	14.1	12.3	7.3	9.5	11.4	9.5	21.4	19.7	17.1	15.6	72.9	65.0	57.3	59.1
Switzerland	23.0	26.8	26.7	25.3	8.4	10.1	11.1	10.8	42.7	47.1	44.3	41.9	79.2	79.4	77.8	77.0
Türkiye	9.4	8.1	11.4	9.0	5.7	4.4	8.4	6.2	19.3	18.6	18.2	15.3	55.4	59.6	49.2	53.0
United Kingdom2	23.3	22.9	22.4	..	8.5	9.7	11.4	..	40.7	38.2	34.5	..	80.2	77.2	73.6	..
United States2, 4	12.6	12.6	11.7	11.7	7.7	7.6	8.0	7.9	18.0	17.9	15.7	15.7	68.1	68.4	64.5	64.9
OECD5	13.9	15.4	16.6	16.5	6.7	7.9	9.9	9.8	23.7	25.2	25.0	24.7	72.4	71.2	67.1	67.2
Brazil	..	18.3	14.0	14.2	..	10.3	9.4	9.6	..	29.1	20.5	20.7	..	67.6	61.0	60.5
South Africa	..	..	10.3	10.2	..	..	7.5	7.4	..	..	13.9	13.9	..	..	59.2	58.9

.. Not available

Note: Part-time employment refers to persons who usually work less than 30 hours per week in their main job.

Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. Part-time employment based on hours worked at all jobs.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Data are based on actual hours worked.

4. Data are for wage and salary workers only.

5. Weighted average.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table I. Incidence and composition of involuntary part-time employment

Persons aged 15 and over, percentages

	Involuntary part-time employment as a proportion of total employment												Involuntary part-time employment as a proportion of part-time employment
	Total				Men				Women				2000	2007	2020	2021
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	6.3	6.6	..	..	4.3	4.5	..	..	8.8	9.3	..	..	23.8	23.5	..	..
Austria	1.8	2.7	2.5	2.6	0.9	1.0	1.2	1.5	3.0	4.6	4.0	4.0	21.9	11.8	9.1	9.0
Belgium	3.9	3.2	1.1	5.2	1.4	1.5	0.7	2.3	7.3	5.5	1.7	8.4	22.1	14.6	4.6	21.1
Canada	4.6	4.0	4.2	3.9	2.8	2.6	3.2	3.1	6.6	5.6	5.3	4.8	25.4	22.1	23.3	21.3
Chile	..	..	7.2	5.9	..	..	6.1	4.9	..	..	8.9	7.2	..	..	38.3	30.3
Colombia	..	..	6.2	5.6	..	..	4.2	3.7	..	..	9.3	8.4	..	..	42.5	39.1
Costa Rica	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Czech Republic	0.5	0.7	0.2	1.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.5	0.9	1.3	0.4	1.9	8.6	13.1	3.7	17.2
Denmark	2.9	3.1	2.6	2.1	1.1	1.3	1.6	1.2	5.1	5.0	3.6	3.1	13.8	13.0	10.8	9.0
Estonia	..	1.2	0.9	2.2	..	0.7	0.6	1.5	..	1.8	1.3	3.0	..	15.3	7.0	16.6
Finland	4.3	3.5	4.9	5.3	2.4	1.9	3.5	3.6	6.4	5.1	6.3	7.1	34.9	24.6	28.9	28.5
France	4.6	5.2	5.9	4.6	2.3	1.8	2.7	2.2	7.3	9.0	9.2	7.1	27.0	29.9	34.8	25.7
Germany	2.3	5.3	2.0	2.0	0.8	2.7	1.2	1.2	4.2	8.4	3.0	2.9	12.0	20.3	7.0	6.7
Greece	1.9	2.4	5.4	4.4	1.2	1.2	3.7	2.9	3.2	4.3	7.7	6.6	42.9	42.7	62.2	53.5
Hungary	0.8	1.1	0.9	1.1	0.4	0.7	0.7	0.8	1.2	1.6	1.2	1.4	23.6	26.3	16.8	19.7
Iceland1	2.2	1.1	4.2	3.3	0.8	..	2.5	1.9	3.8	2.5	6.3	5.0	7.9	5.2	17.9	14.5
Ireland	2.7	1.8	2.0	2.0	2.2	1.3	1.8	1.6	3.4	2.6	2.3	2.5	16.4	10.3	12.7	11.7
Israel	3.6	4.2	1.2	1.1	1.6	1.9	0.8	0.8	6.1	6.8	1.6	1.5	15.9	17.6	5.6	5.4
Italy1	3.1	5.2	12.0	11.3	1.8	2.4	6.4	6.5	5.4	9.5	19.6	17.9	37.1	38.3	65.0	61.3
Japan	..	4.4	5.2	5.1	..	2.5	3.4	3.4	..	6.9	7.5	7.1	..	23.6	21.3	20.6
Korea	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Latvia	..	1.4	2.0	2.8	..	1.0	1.9	2.2	..	1.8	2.1	3.4	..	22.2	21.4	32.1
Lithuania	..	2.4	1.9	1.5	..	2.0	1.4	1.1	..	2.9	2.3	2.0	..	26.6	26.7	22.5
Luxembourg	0.8	0.8	2.1	1.7	0.2	0.4	1.0	0.9	1.7	1.3	3.4	2.7	6.8	4.4	11.5	9.2
Mexico	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Netherlands	1.4	2.0	2.7	1.5	0.9	1.1	2.1	1.1	2.2	3.2	3.5	1.9	3.4	4.3	5.2	3.5
New Zealand	5.9	3.8	5.1	4.7	3.4	2.4	3.1	2.9	8.9	5.3	7.4	6.7	26.1	17.1	25.9	23.4
Norway1	5.4	6.8	3.9	1.7	2.2	2.2	2.2	0.6	9.0	12.0	5.7	3.0	21.0	24.1	14.7	6.5
Poland	..	2.0	0.8	0.7	..	1.3	0.5	0.5	..	2.8	1.1	1.0	..	21.3	11.5	12.4
Portugal	2.5	3.3	3.2	2.6	1.0	1.5	1.9	1.5	4.3	5.4	4.6	3.6	22.6	26.8	43.6	47.4
Slovak Republic	0.2	0.3	0.9	0.6	..	0.1	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.6	1.2	0.8	9.3	12.9	18.0	18.0
Slovenia	..	0.4	0.5	0.9	..	0.3	0.3	0.5	..	0.6	0.7	1.3	..	4.6	5.6	8.9
Spain1	1.7	3.9	7.3	7.3	0.6	1.4	3.9	3.6	3.7	7.4	11.4	11.5	22.0	33.6	51.1	52.5
Sweden1	5.2	6.0	4.7	5.1	2.3	2.6	3.2	3.4	8.3	9.7	6.3	6.9	23.1	24.6	19.3	22.6
Switzerland	1.4	2.0	2.9	3.0	0.8	0.8	1.4	1.6	2.1	3.3	4.6	4.4	4.6	5.9	7.5	7.5
Türkiye	..	0.6	1.8	..	..	0.5	2.0	..	..	0.7	1.4	..	..	7.0	14.5	..
United Kingdom1	2.4	2.3	3.0	2.9	1.8	1.8	2.4	2.5	3.2	3.0	3.6	3.5	9.7	9.3	11.8	12.0
United States1	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.9	1.0	0.8	0.8	4.1	4.8	4.4	4.0
OECD2	2.6	3.1	3.4	3.4	1.5	1.8	2.3	2.4	3.9	4.9	4.8	4.6	15.2	17.5	17.4	17.0

.. Not available

Note: Involuntary part-time employment refers to part-time workers who could not find full-time work. Part-time employment is based on national definitions.

Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

2. Weighted average.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table J. Incidence and composition of temporary employment

As a percentage of dependent employment in each age group

	Total (15+)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Women’s share in temporary employment
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	..	6.3	..	..	..	6.0	..	..	..	6.4	..	..	..	52.3	..	..
Austria	7.9	8.8	8.2	8.8	33.0	34.8	34.6	35.1	3.8	4.3	5.1	5.9	47.1	47.5	48.0	47.3
Belgium	9.1	8.7	10.2	10.4	30.8	31.6	48.3	51.2	6.9	6.6	8.0	7.8	58.3	57.3	51.6	52.5
Canada	12.5	13.0	11.6	12.1	29.1	28.8	30.2	30.2	8.8	9.2	8.4	8.9	51.0	51.8	51.2	51.8
Chile	..	..	25.4	26.5	..	..	43.3	47.4	..	..	25.3	26.0	..	..	39.9	40.2
Colombia1	..	29.7	27.3	28.5	..	42.3	39.1	41.3	..	27.9	26.4	28.1	..	44.3	44.8	44.4
Costa Rica	..	..	6.5	6.9	..	..	10.9	10.5	..	..	5.7	6.3	..	..	25.9	26.4
Czech Republic	9.3	8.6	7.4	6.9	19.6	17.4	25.1	24.7	5.2	5.6	6.3	5.8	46.6	54.3	54.6	55.8
Denmark	9.7	9.1	10.8	10.8	27.4	22.5	33.8	32.9	6.6	6.9	7.8	8.2	54.8	55.7	56.4	56.5
Estonia	3.0	2.1	2.9	1.7	6.4	6.6	11.9	6.8	2.6	1.6	2.2	1.2	27.4	37.6	52.5	50.1
Finland	16.5	16.0	14.9	16.6	45.6	42.4	40.3	40.9	13.0	13.2	12.8	14.1	60.3	61.8	59.0	58.5
France	15.4	15.1	15.4	15.1	55.1	53.6	55.8	56.1	11.6	11.1	12.0	11.1	49.6	52.5	52.1	52.9
Germany	12.7	14.6	10.9	11.4	52.4	57.4	43.9	45.0	7.5	9.1	8.1	8.8	46.2	46.7	47.9	47.1
Greece	13.5	11.0	10.1	10.1	29.5	26.5	22.3	22.6	11.6	10.0	10.0	10.1	46.5	50.9	52.6	56.1
Hungary	7.1	7.3	5.9	5.9	13.9	18.9	12.1	14.3	5.9	6.5	5.3	5.2	43.8	44.0	51.2	50.5
Iceland2	12.2	12.3	8.2	12.5	28.9	32.0	24.0	34.0	7.5	8.8	6.3	9.6	53.3	53.8	54.6	54.0
Ireland	6.0	8.5	8.8	9.0	15.9	21.2	34.9	33.0	3.0	5.6	5.4	6.0	55.1	56.6	52.1	52.3
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy2	10.1	13.2	15.1	16.4	26.6	42.2	58.9	61.7	8.5	11.4	14.5	15.9	48.1	51.7	46.0	47.6
Japan3	14.5	13.9	15.4	15.0	24.9	26.4	16.3	15.6	9.5	10.9	10.5	10.0	61.7	65.1	61.8	61.7
Korea	..	24.7	26.1	28.3	..	30.0	31.7	34.9	..	21.3	18.6	20.3	..	44.3	49.4	51.1
Latvia	6.6	4.1	2.8	2.8	10.9	9.0	5.6	5.3	6.0	3.5	2.6	2.6	33.6	33.8	47.1	43.8
Lithuania	4.4	3.8	1.3	1.9	9.4	10.5	7.0	6.7	4.1	3.1	0.8	1.5	38.0	33.0	48.8	50.6
Luxembourg	3.4	6.8	7.7	9.2	14.5	34.1	34.4	45.6	2.3	5.3	6.1	7.1	54.0	49.9	51.4	51.7
Mexico	20.5	..	..	..	25.7	..	..	..	17.8	..	..	..	19.7	..	..	..
Netherlands	13.7	18.1	18.0	27.4	35.5	45.1	50.3	68.2	9.1	12.9	13.0	20.5	53.7	51.1	51.4	52.3
New Zealand	..	..	7.6	8.0	..	..	18.2	18.8	..	..	5.4	5.7	..	..	56.0	58.1
Norway2	9.3	9.6	7.8	9.3	28.5	28.2	26.4	30.4	6.9	7.4	5.9	7.0	58.8	59.7	56.4	56.1
Poland	..	28.2	18.6	15.1	..	65.7	54.7	48.6	..	24.0	16.5	12.9	..	45.9	49.9	49.7
Portugal	19.9	22.3	17.7	16.9	41.4	53.1	58.4	59.2	16.4	19.7	16.9	16.2	50.0	49.1	52.8	52.3
Slovak Republic	4.8	5.1	6.8	4.4	10.5	13.7	21.4	15.9	3.4	3.7	5.9	3.7	44.6	48.3	53.8	52.2
Slovenia	13.7	18.5	11.0	12.0	46.3	68.3	55.9	63.5	9.4	12.9	8.7	8.6	51.3	52.4	53.2	54.0
Spain2	32.2	31.6	24.1	25.1	68.3	62.7	66.3	69.1	27.7	29.3	23.9	24.8	40.7	45.4	51.0	53.0
Sweden2	15.2	17.5	15.4	15.2	49.5	57.3	53.8	52.9	11.9	13.0	11.5	11.1	57.6	56.9	54.9	55.6
Switzerland	11.5	12.9	12.9	13.4	47.0	50.3	52.0	54.0	5.1	6.4	7.8	8.0	50.1	47.1	47.2	48.1
Türkiye	20.3	11.9	10.9	11.6	23.7	12.4	22.8	26.5	18.6	11.3	8.5	8.5	12.1	21.6	24.9	25.6
United Kingdom2	7.0	5.8	5.4	5.6	14.2	13.4	14.0	15.2	5.4	4.2	4.0	4.0	54.4	53.9	53.2	55.1
United States2, 4	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
OECD5	11.9	12.5	11.4	11.8	24.5	25.9	23.8	25.0	9.1	10.4	9.6	9.8	45.6	47.1	47.4	47.9

.. Not available

Note: Temporary employees are wage and salary workers whose job has a pre-determined termination date as opposed to permanent employees whose job is of unlimited duration. They include: i) persons with a seasonal job; ii) persons engaged by an employment agency or business and hired out to a third party for carrying out a “work mission”; iii) persons with specific training contracts (including apprentices, trainees, research assistants, probationary period of a contract, etc.). Country-specific exceptions to this generic definition may be found in (PDF) www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. The data cover only salaried employees who reported a written labour contract.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Japan applies a maximum duration threshold of one year to classify jobs as temporary employment. As a result, a regular employee with a fixed-term contract lasting more than one year is not included in temporary employment.

4. Refer to the database for available years.

5. Weighted average.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table K1. Incidence of job tenure shorter than 12 months - Total

As a percentage of total employment in each age group

	Total (15-64)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	..	23.6	..	..	..	47.7	..	..	..	20.1	..	..	..	10.2	..	..
Austria	..	15.3	15.4	15.3	..	39.7	40.7	40.4	..	12.3	14.0	13.9	..	5.0	4.9	5.4
Belgium	13.2	12.9	12.1	13.3	50.8	48.8	46.8	53.4	10.1	10.7	10.9	11.9	2.4	2.7	3.3	3.3
Canada	21.4	21.1	16.2	18.2	54.0	53.1	44.6	49.7	16.2	16.2	13.5	14.9	8.0	8.4	6.5	7.2
Chile	..	..	26.7	27.8	..	..	58.4	62.8	..	..	26.2	26.9	..	..	15.0	16.5
Colombia	..	37.4	39.2	38.5	..	65.0	65.6	63.8	..	32.6	36.4	36.1	..	19.6	21.5	21.4
Costa Rica	..	..	22.1	22.9	..	..	47.0	47.9	..	..	21.0	21.3	..	..	11.0	12.7
Czech Republic	10.5	10.8	9.4	9.2	27.8	35.0	36.7	36.4	8.4	8.8	8.7	8.6	2.6	7.6	4.6	4.5
Denmark	22.4	25.7	20.0	21.2	53.5	56.4	45.7	48.3	18.9	23.3	17.8	18.7	6.5	10.2	9.8	11.2
Estonia	..	14.7	16.7	16.6	..	42.5	51.3	55.1	..	12.7	15.7	15.0	..	7.9	8.6	8.9
Finland	20.5	20.2	19.9	21.4	65.2	62.6	60.0	61.4	16.1	16.8	17.6	18.9	5.8	6.3	7.7	9.0
France	15.7	15.4	14.7	16.1	56.7	55.0	54.4	56.6	12.6	12.3	12.6	13.6	3.6	4.6	4.4	5.6
Germany	14.9	14.8	14.1	14.7	38.8	40.9	41.1	42.9	13.0	12.7	13.2	13.6	4.7	4.9	5.3	5.0
Greece	9.3	8.3	9.9	11.2	31.0	28.8	36.5	46.6	7.7	7.5	9.8	11.0	2.8	3.1	4.4	4.6
Hungary	11.6	11.7	14.6	14.4	29.7	39.1	42.6	42.2	9.3	10.3	13.6	13.4	4.5	5.3	8.1	8.6
Iceland1	24.7	21.9	17.0	19.4	59.1	53.1	42.3	46.7	20.0	18.3	15.0	17.1	6.1	7.2	4.2	6.1
Ireland	19.1	17.8	14.9	16.5	46.8	45.0	43.2	49.4	13.6	14.1	12.1	12.8	5.7	4.6	9.8	9.2
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy1	10.5	11.5	10.8	11.8	36.8	41.1	43.6	45.0	8.9	10.3	10.6	11.8	3.3	3.7	4.2	4.7
Japan	..	12.5	..	..	..	41.2	..	..	..	10.3	..	..	..	6.3	..	..
Korea2	..	40.0	28.4	28.9	..	72.0	70.3	70.2	..	35.6	24.1	24.3	..	46.4	30.7	31.9
Latvia	..	18.8	14.6	13.8	..	50.1	40.6	43.1	..	15.7	13.8	13.0	..	10.2	10.1	8.5
Lithuania	13.9	14.8	19.9	11.0	37.1	45.3	57.3	38.5	12.7	13.1	19.0	9.9	5.7	6.7	11.6	5.7
Luxembourg	11.6	10.6	13.3	12.9	40.4	44.0	43.5	50.6	9.6	9.0	12.2	11.0	0.5	1.9	6.0	4.5
Mexico	..	24.1	21.6	20.6	..	45.7	45.4	43.6	..	19.3	18.1	17.3	..	10.4	9.3	9.5
Netherlands	..	9.8	16.9	19.8	..	34.3	45.0	48.9	..	8.2	13.7	16.0	..	2.5	5.0	6.5
New Zealand	..	..	22.7	23.4	..	..	51.9	53.3	..	..	20.3	20.7	..	..	9.0	10.0
Norway1	16.7	20.6	15.8	14.4	46.1	52.5	41.9	36.0	13.9	18.1	14.1	12.5	3.3	4.9	4.1	3.4
Poland	13.5	15.5	10.0	9.7	41.2	47.3	35.5	36.3	11.0	12.8	9.0	8.8	6.0	6.9	4.4	4.2
Portugal	13.5	12.6	13.0	12.4	39.2	40.0	45.6	52.0	11.4	11.7	12.3	11.5	3.2	3.6	7.8	6.3
Slovak Republic	..	11.9	9.5	8.1	..	35.7	34.9	35.4	..	9.5	8.9	7.6	..	6.3	4.4	3.3
Slovenia	..	13.7	12.0	12.1	..	51.1	45.9	50.7	..	10.5	10.9	10.6	..	2.8	4.9	4.1
Spain1	21.1	21.8	16.0	17.3	54.5	55.5	57.5	62.0	17.8	19.8	15.8	16.9	6.5	6.1	6.2	6.3
Sweden1	15.7	20.2	19.4	19.2	49.4	65.4	58.2	54.4	14.0	17.0	17.3	17.2	4.6	6.5	7.5	7.0
Switzerland	16.2	15.0	18.1	17.6	44.6	41.4	42.3	42.8	13.4	12.7	17.3	16.3	3.9	4.2	6.3	6.2
Türkiye	..	19.6	24.1	25.9	..	41.6	56.7	58.0	..	15.7	20.0	21.6	..	6.4	12.7	14.7
United Kingdom1	19.8	17.9	14.8	15.5	48.5	46.0	40.2	41.6	16.1	14.5	12.7	13.4	8.1	7.2	6.9	7.4
United States1, 2	27.1	..	23.0	..	61.8	..	57.1	..	21.7	..	19.6	..	11.2	..	9.7	..
OECD3	20.0	20.0	18.9	19.2	49.4	50.2	50.1	50.4	16.3	16.7	16.4	16.8	8.4	8.5	8.6	8.9
Brazil	..	18.8	20.7	21.7	..	37.6	42.4	45.0	..	14.7	18.3	19.1	..	6.5	9.8	10.1

.. Not available

Note: Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

2. Data refer to dependent employment.

3. Weighted average.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table K2. Incidence of job tenure shorter than 12 months - Men

As a percentage of male employment in each age group

	Men (15-64)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	..	22.2	..	..	..	45.6	..	..	..	19.0	..	..	..	9.9	..	..
Austria	..	14.6	14.5	15.0	..	39.8	39.1	39.1	..	11.6	13.1	13.6	..	5.0	4.7	5.6
Belgium	12.7	12.4	11.8	13.2	49.3	46.2	43.8	49.9	9.9	10.4	10.8	12.1	2.5	2.8	3.4	3.4
Canada	20.6	20.9	16.2	18.1	53.8	52.7	43.8	47.9	15.6	16.3	13.7	15.2	8.2	8.8	6.9	7.6
Chile	..	..	28.0	29.0	..	..	60.4	64.0	..	..	27.6	28.3	..	..	15.7	16.8
Colombia	..	35.5	37.6	35.9	..	62.1	63.1	59.7	..	30.7	34.9	33.7	..	19.4	20.3	19.8
Costa Rica	..	..	21.1	22.8	..	..	46.8	47.3	..	..	19.9	21.3	..	..	9.5	12.4
Czech Republic	9.9	9.5	8.1	7.8	27.6	34.3	32.9	32.8	7.7	7.5	7.2	7.0	3.2	6.0	4.1	3.9
Denmark	20.6	23.7	18.7	20.4	49.5	51.6	44.5	46.0	17.5	21.7	16.4	17.9	6.1	9.8	9.8	12.0
Estonia	..	14.2	15.8	16.1	..	39.2	51.7	52.6	..	11.9	14.0	14.2	..	7.7	9.5	11.0
Finland	19.4	18.7	18.3	19.7	62.5	60.2	59.0	60.9	15.3	15.2	15.8	16.8	5.8	6.9	6.9	8.9
France	15.7	15.2	14.5	16.1	56.7	53.3	51.6	54.3	12.4	12.1	12.3	13.6	4.1	4.5	4.8	5.6
Germany	13.7	14.3	13.4	14.1	37.9	39.7	38.8	41.0	12.0	12.4	12.6	13.1	4.1	4.9	5.0	4.7
Greece	8.5	7.5	8.8	9.7	29.0	26.5	35.4	43.1	7.1	6.8	8.5	9.5	2.5	3.2	4.3	3.8
Hungary	11.7	11.9	13.7	14.1	29.1	38.2	39.9	41.4	9.6	10.4	12.8	13.1	4.5	6.2	7.2	7.5
Iceland1	23.1	20.6	15.1	18.2	58.0	52.1	37.1	43.6	19.4	17.1	13.6	16.2	2.8	6.4	4.3	6.4
Ireland	16.8	16.0	14.5	15.8	44.0	40.8	42.9	46.2	12.2	13.2	11.8	12.6	4.9	4.2	10.3	10.1
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy1	9.5	10.2	10.2	10.9	36.2	38.7	40.8	40.0	8.0	9.0	9.8	10.7	3.2	3.5	4.1	4.5
Japan	..	9.7	..	..	..	39.6	..	..	..	7.1	..	..	..	6.3	..	..
Korea2	..	36.3	26.7	26.8	..	81.9	75.4	70.7	..	32.3	22.4	22.6	..	42.3	31.2	32.4
Latvia	..	20.3	15.1	14.5	..	47.7	41.4	40.7	..	16.9	13.6	13.7	..	12.3	11.2	8.9
Lithuania	16.0	16.6	21.9	12.0	36.4	45.7	55.3	39.3	14.9	14.4	21.0	10.8	7.8	8.5	13.7	5.9
Luxembourg	10.3	9.9	12.8	12.7	41.2	43.8	47.3	47.4	8.3	8.2	11.6	11.0	0.8	1.3	5.2	5.1
Mexico	..	22.5	20.0	19.5	..	43.1	41.9	41.0	..	17.9	16.5	16.1	..	9.9	8.8	9.3
Netherlands	..	9.2	15.9	18.4	..	31.5	43.7	47.2	..	8.1	13.0	14.9	..	2.6	4.7	6.4
New Zealand	..	..	21.3	21.9	..	..	50.1	50.4	..	..	18.7	19.3	..	..	8.7	9.3
Norway1	15.6	19.9	15.4	13.6	43.0	51.1	39.6	34.7	13.3	17.9	14.2	12.1	3.2	5.1	4.2	3.6
Poland	14.3	15.6	9.2	9.3	40.3	45.5	32.9	34.8	12.2	13.1	8.2	8.3	6.2	7.6	4.5	4.2
Portugal	13.4	12.4	13.3	11.9	38.6	38.4	42.6	50.2	11.1	11.5	12.6	10.6	3.7	3.5	7.9	6.3
Slovak Republic	..	11.6	9.1	7.9	..	34.8	31.4	32.1	..	9.5	8.4	7.1	..	5.3	4.2	3.7
Slovenia	..	13.3	11.4	11.2	..	49.4	44.1	44.5	..	9.9	10.2	9.8	..	3.1	5.1	4.0
Spain1	19.2	20.3	15.4	16.4	52.8	53.2	54.7	57.9	16.3	18.6	15.1	16.0	6.2	5.7	6.5	6.3
Sweden1	15.6	20.0	18.6	19.0	46.2	62.7	56.5	53.7	14.7	17.3	16.5	17.0	4.7	7.3	7.2	7.2
Switzerland	14.9	13.5	17.3	16.8	41.8	39.2	40.3	41.2	12.6	11.3	16.5	15.6	4.2	3.6	6.4	6.2
Türkiye	..	19.7	24.1	26.2	..	43.3	57.3	58.3	..	15.9	20.0	21.8	..	7.2	12.6	15.6
United Kingdom1	18.7	17.3	14.2	15.3	47.1	44.4	38.7	41.0	15.1	14.1	12.1	13.3	8.6	7.8	6.9	7.7
United States1, 2	25.9	..	21.9	..	59.4	..	54.8	..	20.6	..	18.5	..	11.3	..	9.8	..
OECD3	18.5	18.9	18.0	18.3	47.4	48.6	48.0	48.1	14.9	15.8	15.5	15.8	8.1	8.3	8.6	9.0
Brazil	..	18.0	20.4	21.2	..	35.3	41.0	43.7	..	14.1	18.0	18.6	..	6.4	9.8	9.9

.. Not available

Note: Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

2. Data refer to dependent employment.

3. Weighted average.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table K3. Incidence of job tenure shorter than 12 months - Women

As a percentage of female employment in each age group

	Women (15-64)				Youth (15-24)				Prime age (25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	..	25.4	..	..	..	50.1	..	..	..	21.4	..	..	..	10.6	..	..
Austria	..	16.2	16.5	15.6	..	39.6	42.5	42.0	..	13.1	15.0	14.1	..	5.1	5.1	5.2
Belgium	13.7	13.6	12.4	13.4	52.7	52.0	50.3	57.3	10.4	10.9	11.0	11.7	2.2	2.7	3.2	3.2
Canada	22.3	21.4	16.2	18.4	54.2	53.5	45.4	51.7	16.9	16.1	13.3	14.5	7.6	7.9	6.0	6.8
Chile	..	..	25.0	26.3	..	..	55.4	61.0	..	..	24.3	25.1	..	..	13.8	16.0
Colombia	..	40.2	41.5	42.3	..	69.7	69.6	70.4	..	35.4	38.7	39.7	..	19.9	23.6	24.0
Costa Rica	..	..	23.8	23.0	..	..	47.4	49.0	..	..	22.8	21.3	..	..	14.0	13.3
Czech Republic	11.3	12.5	11.0	11.0	28.0	36.1	42.8	42.2	9.1	10.5	10.6	10.7	1.2	10.1	5.2	5.3
Denmark	24.5	28.0	21.4	22.1	58.1	61.7	47.0	50.7	20.4	24.9	19.3	19.6	7.2	10.7	9.9	10.3
Estonia	..	15.3	17.7	17.0	..	46.9	51.0	57.5	..	13.5	17.6	16.0	..	8.1	7.8	7.2
Finland	21.6	21.8	21.6	23.1	67.9	64.9	61.0	61.8	17.0	18.5	19.6	21.2	5.8	5.8	8.5	9.2
France	15.8	15.6	14.9	16.1	56.7	57.2	57.7	59.0	12.8	12.6	13.0	13.5	2.9	4.6	4.1	5.6
Germany	16.4	15.4	14.9	15.3	39.8	42.2	43.7	45.3	14.2	13.0	14.0	14.3	5.8	4.9	5.7	5.5
Greece	10.9	9.5	11.4	13.1	34.0	32.6	37.9	51.4	8.9	8.5	11.5	12.9	3.2	3.1	4.5	5.7
Hungary	11.5	11.4	15.6	14.7	30.4	40.3	46.5	43.1	9.0	10.2	14.6	13.7	4.5	4.2	9.1	10.1
Iceland1	26.4	23.6	19.2	20.9	60.1	54.2	47.3	49.8	20.7	19.7	16.6	18.2	10.1	8.2	4.1	5.9
Ireland	22.5	20.2	15.2	17.1	50.2	49.8	43.4	52.5	15.7	15.1	12.5	13.1	7.7	5.4	9.1	8.0
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy1	12.3	13.4	11.7	13.1	37.7	44.7	48.4	53.5	10.4	12.2	11.8	13.1	3.3	4.0	4.3	4.9
Japan	..	16.2	..	..	..	42.9	..	..	..	14.5	..	..	..	6.4	..	..
Korea2	..	45.2	30.7	31.5	..	65.7	66.7	69.9	..	40.7	26.3	26.6	..	53.1	30.1	31.2
Latvia	..	17.3	14.2	13.1	..	53.4	39.5	46.0	..	14.4	14.0	12.2	..	8.3	9.2	8.3
Lithuania	11.8	13.0	17.8	9.9	38.0	44.7	59.6	37.6	10.6	11.8	16.9	8.9	3.3	4.9	9.7	5.7
Luxembourg	13.5	11.4	13.9	13.1	39.4	44.4	39.5	54.2	11.5	10.1	12.9	10.9	..	2.6	6.9	3.8
Mexico	..	26.8	23.9	22.4	..	50.3	51.3	48.4	..	21.6	20.4	19.1	..	11.4	10.1	9.9
Netherlands	..	10.5	18.0	21.4	..	37.7	46.2	50.6	..	8.3	14.4	17.1	..	2.3	5.4	6.7
New Zealand	..	..	24.2	25.0	..	..	53.9	56.5	..	..	22.0	22.1	..	..	9.3	10.8
Norway1	17.9	21.4	16.2	15.3	49.4	53.9	44.2	37.2	14.6	18.3	14.1	13.0	3.4	4.5	4.0	3.2
Poland	12.5	15.4	10.9	10.1	42.4	49.9	39.1	38.5	9.7	12.5	10.0	9.3	5.8	5.6	4.3	4.1
Portugal	13.7	12.7	12.8	12.9	39.9	42.1	49.4	54.3	11.8	11.8	12.0	12.3	2.5	3.7	7.6	6.3
Slovak Republic	..	12.2	10.0	8.3	..	37.0	41.1	41.0	..	9.5	9.6	8.1	..	8.6	4.6	2.9
Slovenia	..	14.0	12.6	13.2	..	53.5	48.4	58.9	..	11.1	11.8	11.6	..	2.3	4.7	4.1
Spain1	24.2	23.8	16.7	18.3	57.0	58.5	61.1	66.9	20.4	21.5	16.6	17.9	7.3	6.8	6.0	6.4
Sweden1	15.8	20.4	20.2	19.3	52.7	68.3	60.1	55.1	13.3	16.6	18.2	17.5	4.4	5.6	7.9	6.8
Switzerland	18.0	16.9	19.2	18.4	47.6	43.8	44.4	44.5	14.5	14.3	18.2	17.2	3.5	5.0	6.2	6.3
Türkiye	..	19.5	24.2	25.4	..	38.2	55.5	57.1	..	15.1	19.9	21.1	..	4.3	12.8	12.0
United Kingdom1	21.1	18.6	15.6	15.6	49.9	47.6	41.7	42.2	17.3	15.0	13.3	13.4	7.3	6.3	6.8	7.0
United States1, 2	28.4	..	24.2	..	64.2	..	59.4	..	22.9	..	20.8	..	11.2	..	9.5	..
OECD3	22.1	21.3	20.0	20.4	51.7	52.2	52.5	53.1	18.0	17.9	17.5	17.9	8.8	8.7	8.6	8.9
Brazil	..	19.7	21.1	22.4	..	41.0	44.6	46.8	..	15.5	18.6	19.7	..	6.7	9.7	10.5

.. Not available

Note: Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

2. Data refer to dependent employment.

3. Weighted average.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table L. Average annual hours actually worked per person in employment

National accounts concepts unless otherwise specified

	Total employment								Dependent employment
	1979	1983	1990	1995	2000	2007	2020	2021	1979	1983	1990	1995	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	..	..	1 853	1 870	1 852	1 803	1 683	1 694	..	..	1 814	1 797	1 781	1 751	1 670	1 679
Austria	..	..	..	1 653	1 675	1 606	1 401	1 442	..	..	..	1 540	1 542	1 502	1 322	1 371
Belgium	1 727	1 675	1 663	1 578	1 589	1 594	1 443	1 493	..	..	..	1 447	1 459	1 465	1 353	1 400
Canada	1 841	1 779	1 797	1 775	1 787	1 744	1 644	1 685	1 812	1 761	1 782	1 768	1 779	1 743	1 673	1 706
Chile	..	..	2 422	2 338	2 263	2 128	1 825	1 916	..	..	..	..	2 318	2 168	1 886	1 990
Colombia	..	..	..	..	..	..	1 964	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	2 204	..
Costa Rica	..	..	2 358	2 345	2 362	2 387	1 913	2 073	..	..	2 398	2 403	2 423	2 465	2 048	2 187
Czech Republic	..	..	..	1 832	1 900	1 775	1 704	1 753	..	..	..	1 752	1 794	1 691	1 676	1 722
Denmark	1 564	1 546	1 441	1 419	1 466	1 433	1 342	1 363	1 506	1 501	1 401	1 379	1 421	1 401	1 328	1 348
Estonia	..	..	..	..	1 884	1 903	1 637	1 767	..	..	..	..	1 836	1 880	1 623	1 774
Finland	1 751	1 709	1 671	1 677	1 650	1 605	1 529	1 518	1 664	1 636	1 593	1 596	1 571	1 539	1 487	1 472
France	1 816	1 696	1 645	1 601	1 558	1 537	1 407	1 490	1 625	1 516	1 511	1 480	1 444	1 435	1 326	1 405
Germany	..	..	..	1 531	1 466	1 454	1 324	1 349	..	..	..	1 446	1 377	1 377	1 284	1 306
Greece	..	2 072	1 976	2 001	1 998	2 001	1 731	1 872	..	..	..	1 768	1 767	1 832	1 540	1 668
Hungary1	..	2 226	2 082	1 948	1 932	1 788	1 657	1 697	..	1 829	1 710	1 772	1 775	1 695	1 625	1 654
Iceland	1 697	1 684	1 665	1 641	1 696	1 605	1 446	1 433	..	..	..	..	..	..	1 462	1 447
Ireland	2 162	2 074	2 081	1 963	1 933	1 865	1 746	1 775	..	..	..	1 885	1 875	1 811	1 600	1 598
Israel	..	1 929	1 904	2 014	2 033	1 967	1 783	1 753	..	..	..	2 002	2 022	1 955	1 804	1 774
Italy	..	..	..	1 856	1 850	1 818	1 554	1 669	..	..	1 671	1 681	1 697	1 652	1 447	1 535
Japan2	2 126	2 095	2 031	1 884	1 821	1 785	1 598	1 607	..	..	..	1 910	1 853	1 808	1 621	1 633
Korea	..	..	..	..	..	..	1 908	1 915	..	..	..	..	..	..	1 927	1 928
Latvia	..	..	..	1 867	1 865	1 794	1 577	1 601	..	..	..	1 835	1 830	1 760	1 561	1 586
Lithuania	..	..	..	1 527	1 630	1 681	1 595	1 620	..	..	..	..	1 627	1 679	1 573	1 600
Luxembourg	..	..	..	1 615	1 605	1 581	1 420	1 382	..	..	..	..	..	1 574	1 431	1 392
Mexico	..	..	..	2 161	2 174	2 045	2 124	2 128	..	..	..	2 360	2 360	2 337	2 326	2 328
Netherlands	1 559	1 527	1 454	1 482	1 464	1 429	1 407	1 417	1 512	1 491	1 434	1 433	1 403	1 366	1 338	1 364
New Zealand	..	..	1 809	1 841	1 836	1 774	1 739	1 730	..	..	1 734	1 766	1 777	1 754	1 774	1 727
Norway	1 569	1 543	1 493	1 478	1 448	1 438	1 411	1 427	1 515	1 493	1 447	1 438	1 415	1 413	1 392	1 409
Poland	..	..	..	1 903	1 858	1 855	1 769	1 830	..	..	..	1 744	1 775	1 763	1 685	1 725
Portugal	1 859	1 817	1 806	1 749	1 770	1 755	1 611	1 649	..	..	..	1 705	1 715	1 705	1 574	1 621
Slovak Republic	..	..	..	1 853	1 816	1 791	1 572	1 583	..	..	..	1 800	1 738	1 698	1 501	1 516
Slovenia	..	..	..	1 755	1 710	1 655	1 534	1 596	..	..	..	..	1 606	1 593	1 474	1 565
Spain	1 954	1 848	1 763	1 755	1 753	1 701	1 570	1 641	1 864	1 769	1 696	1 686	1 705	1 648	1 516	1 564
Sweden	1 382	1 394	1 421	1 482	1 486	1 462	1 426	1 444	..	..	..	1 424	1 431	1 405	1 382	1 406
Switzerland3	..	..	..	1 720	1 713	1 669	1 498	1 533	..	..	..	1 662	1 663	1 638	1 490	1 524
Türkiye	1 964	1 935	1 866	1 876	1 937	1 911	1 572	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
United Kingdom	1 662	1 568	1 618	1 586	1 558	1 541	1 364	1 497	1 577	1 489	1 535	1 530	1 517	1 504	1 365	1 487
United States	1 834	1 822	1 833	1 839	1 832	1 795	1 767	1 791	1 834	1 829	1 835	1 844	1 831	1 797	1 784	1 802
OECD4	1 902	1 878	1 860	1 842	1 825	1 790	1 668	1 716	1 810	1 794	1 793	1 799	1 781	1 756	1 671	1 706

.. Not available

Note: Total hours worked per year divided by the average number of people in employment. The data are intended for comparisons of trends over time; they are unsuitable for cross-country comparisons of the level of average annual hours of work for a given year, because of differences in their sources and method of calculation. Part-time and part-year workers are covered as well as full-time workers.

1. Data for dependent employment refer to establishments in manufacturing with five or more employees.

2. Data for dependent employment refer to establishments with five or more regular employees.

3. OECD estimates on hours per worker are obtained by dividing total hours worked by average employment based on Statistique de la Population Active Occupée (SPAO), both according to domestic concept.

4. Weighted average.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table M1. Incidence of long-term unemployment, 12 months and over - Total

As a percentage of total unemployment in each age group

	Total (15+)				Youth (15-24)				Prime(25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	18.3	18.5	..	..	20.3	19.0	..	..	17.6	18.8	..	..	12.7	15.4	..	..
Austria	25.8	27.2	24.5	31.5	12.7	13.4	11.7	15.6	25.5	30.2	24.4	31.7	50.6	58.4	48.8	53.2
Belgium	54.2	50.4	41.6	42.3	29.1	29.7	21.7	21.9	61.9	54.8	42.9	46.2	79.4	81.4	66.6	58.9
Canada	11.2	7.1	5.1	16.3	4.0	1.4	2.7	7.9	14.0	8.9	5.3	17.6	18.6	13.2	8.9	23.0
Chile	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Colombia	..	12.0	6.8	17.9	..	8.4	5.9	13.0	..	14.2	7.1	19.3	..	17.5	7.9	24.2
Costa Rica	..	..	7.7	20.9	..	..	8.5	16.6	..	..	7.4	22.4	..	..	7.1	30.2
Czech Republic	48.8	53.4	22.3	28.2	37.8	33.6	16.6	15.0	53.3	58.3	21.8	30.4	45.6	52.4	31.0	31.2
Denmark	21.7	16.1	16.9	20.3	2.1	4.2	..	..	24.7	16.6	..	..	41.0	39.4	..	..
Estonia	45.1	49.8	17.2	25.3	26.3	30.5	5.9	9.2	49.4	52.7	18.0	27.5	48.3	72.2	24.0	33.3
Finland	29.0	23.0	15.9	24.2	8.8	5.5	3.0	6.0	34.0	25.9	17.6	26.0	56.5	47.6	32.4	43.4
France	42.6	39.9	36.7	29.5	20.6	24.6	21.5	12.5	45.3	43.0	37.7	31.7	69.6	68.0	59.7	49.5
Germany	51.5	56.6	28.7	32.6	23.5	32.2	15.4	17.1	51.0	57.5	29.5	32.8	69.1	77.1	39.8	47.6
Greece	54.7	49.7	66.6	62.9	50.2	41.4	55.2	44.0	56.9	51.5	66.5	63.6	57.1	58.6	75.8	73.6
Hungary	48.9	47.5	27.2	31.2	37.8	36.6	22.5	25.0	52.6	49.6	27.1	32.3	61.7	54.4	35.9	39.1
Iceland1, 2	11.8	9.7	10.4	21.3	..	1.9	2.2	13.0	17.0	11.4	12.8	23.4	33.2	35.6	13.7	26.8
Ireland	37.3	30.0	24.0	29.9	19.9	21.0	..	..	44.9	33.5	..	..	48.6	44.0	..	..
Israel	12.0	24.9	4.9	9.6	6.1	13.2	2.5	4.4	13.5	27.3	4.2	9.6	20.7	41.6	11.9	17.6
Italy2	61.8	47.5	53.1	58.0	57.5	41.1	44.7	49.0	63.8	49.4	54.0	59.5	64.2	53.7	60.4	62.9
Japan	25.5	32.0	28.0	35.8	21.5	20.0	19.2	23.1	22.5	33.1	31.6	40.2	32.8	37.5	25.0	32.4
Korea1	2.3	0.6	0.6	1.2	0.9	0.4	0.2	0.3	2.8	0.7	0.8	1.7	3.1	..	0.5	1.0
Latvia	58.6	27.1	27.3	30.3	43.4	11.1	12.8	13.9	61.3	30.6	26.8	31.6	65.0	37.6	37.5	34.8
Lithuania	49.8	32.4	29.0	36.7	43.1	21.1	9.8	22.0	51.4	33.0	28.7	35.0	51.5	45.9	42.3	49.5
Luxembourg1	22.4	28.7	26.9	34.0	14.3	23.0	13.2	16.6	24.9	29.9	29.7	38.7	26.4	43.7	45.1	45.9
Mexico	1.2	1.9	1.4	4.8	0.9	0.9	0.8	2.2	1.2	2.1	1.6	5.5	5.4	7.5	2.6	9.2
Netherlands	..	39.4	24.0	20.3	..	12.6	8.5	5.5	..	44.1	27.5	23.5	..	75.0	48.7	45.0
New Zealand	19.9	6.0	8.8	11.2	9.8	2.4	4.0	5.5	23.1	8.6	10.7	13.7	45.2	15.2	17.0	22.4
Norway1, 2	10.2	18.4	20.9	24.1	3.1	8.1	10.3	8.1	14.7	23.6	24.7	32.5	32.7	41.6	38.4	46.8
Poland	37.9	45.9	20.0	26.6	28.0	30.0	15.1	15.1	41.5	50.6	20.3	28.9	42.9	58.6	29.7	35.4
Portugal	42.2	47.2	33.5	43.3	21.2	27.4	..	..	47.9	49.6	..	..	69.4	67.5	..	..
Slovak Republic	54.6	70.8	45.0	56.6	43.1	53.9	36.8	43.7	59.9	74.5	44.7	58.6	59.9	82.9	57.5	61.2
Slovenia	61.4	45.7	38.8	41.1	42.4	29.2	25.0	25.0	67.9	49.8	38.7	43.0	86.8	57.4	59.7	53.8
Spain2	41.7	20.4	32.1	41.7	29.3	10.1	17.3	25.6	45.0	21.2	31.1	40.8	58.4	46.8	52.8	60.6
Sweden2	26.4	12.8	11.7	19.3	8.9	3.5	1.8	3.1	26.6	16.4	14.5	22.7	49.3	28.7	24.1	40.2
Switzerland	29.0	40.8	34.6	41.4	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Türkiye	21.1	30.3	25.1	31.2	19.8	26.6	18.6	21.9	21.8	32.2	27.1	34.0	31.3	40.4	33.8	42.5
United Kingdom2	26.7	23.8	20.0	28.4	12.3	15.7	13.2	18.9	32.9	28.4	22.0	30.0	43.4	35.8	29.3	43.0
United States2	6.0	10.0	5.6	23.1	3.9	6.5	4.7	13.1	6.6	11.1	5.7	24.5	10.7	14.9	6.9	30.5
OECD3	31.0	27.4	18.5	28.4	20.0	15.7	11.3	16.3	34.3	30.8	20.3	30.5	43.7	41.9	24.8	38.6
South Africa	..	57.7	61.3	71.5	..	36.2	42.5	49.0	..	61.8	62.7	72.9	..	80.5	68.6	77.7

.. Not available

Note: For country details related to data on unemployment by duration of job search, see www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf. Persons for whom no duration of unemployment was specified are excluded from the total used in the calculation.

Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. Data based on small sample sizes.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Weighted average.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table M2. Incidence of long-term unemployment, 12 months and over - Men

As a percentage of male unemployment in each age group

	Men (15+)				Youth (15-24)				Prime(25-54)				Older population (55-64)
	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	17.7	17.7	..	..	20.2	19.0	..	..	17.1	17.3	..	..	11.1	14.6	..	..
Austria	28.1	26.9	26.6	32.9	10.0	14.0	12.6	18.2	27.2	29.2	26.0	31.3	56.4	56.4	53.5	57.9
Belgium	54.1	49.3	44.3	42.2	27.2	30.1	26.1	25.1	62.8	53.0	44.7	44.7	75.1	82.4	68.8	60.2
Canada	12.3	8.1	5.9	17.4	4.4	1.5	3.3	9.8	15.6	10.8	5.9	19.0	20.4	13.0	10.4	22.8
Chile	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Colombia	..	10.8	5.7	16.3	..	8.3	4.5	12.6	..	12.0	5.8	16.5	..	17.7	8.5	23.2
Costa Rica	..	..	4.8	16.5	..	..	5.8	12.9	..	..	4.2	16.7	..	..	3.1	29.8
Czech Republic	47.5	51.7	22.8	28.5	37.2	35.4	18.2	17.3	53.3	56.5	22.3	31.4	44.6	55.8	31.3	29.5
Denmark	21.0	15.6	13.9	19.7	0.9	3.3	..	..	25.2	17.6	..	..	37.4	36.3	..	..
Estonia	47.1	53.3	18.3	29.8	31.3	33.8	10.0	12.3	51.2	55.2	18.4	33.2	50.1	79.2	24.3	36.0
Finland	32.2	26.5	17.1	25.7	8.8	5.9	3.6	6.5	39.1	30.2	20.0	28.3	58.3	52.4	32.5	42.9
France	41.2	40.2	36.9	30.6	20.0	28.8	20.8	13.6	43.8	42.1	38.4	32.7	68.7	67.2	61.0	51.6
Germany	50.1	56.7	31.1	35.1	23.7	33.5	17.3	18.5	49.1	57.9	31.9	35.7	69.1	76.5	42.4	49.9
Greece	48.0	41.5	64.9	59.1	42.9	32.8	53.6	42.7	49.9	42.5	64.0	58.5	57.1	56.2	76.7	74.1
Hungary	51.1	47.2	28.7	31.6	40.7	38.0	25.1	23.6	54.4	48.9	28.1	33.0	65.1	54.3	36.9	39.9
Iceland1, 2	8.7	9.7	12.4	24.8	..	..	2.4	13.2	17.1	16.5	15.2	28.1	..	13.0	16.4	33.0
Ireland	46.7	35.4	25.4	34.0	21.5	24.8	..	..	56.1	39.6	..	..	59.3	46.7	..	..
Israel	13.5	28.9	5.5	10.6	8.1	15.7	2.1	4.8	13.7	31.0	4.3	10.0	23.9	45.6	13.1	19.0
Italy2	61.8	45.6	53.3	59.0	56.7	41.0	46.4	50.6	64.0	46.7	53.3	59.8	67.3	54.1	63.7	67.3
Japan	30.7	40.3	34.8	43.0	26.3	24.0	21.4	26.7	29.4	43.0	41.5	50.7	32.7	43.3	30.0	38.1
Korea1	3.1	0.7	0.6	1.5	1.4	0.3	..	0.3	3.5	0.9	0.8	2.0	3.7	..	0.5	1.0
Latvia	58.8	30.1	29.9	33.8	46.7	11.6	8.4	15.5	61.1	37.2	31.4	35.8	63.4	30.4	36.1	36.2
Lithuania	51.4	34.9	27.4	34.9	50.2	22.9	7.4	15.2	52.0	34.6	27.5	34.4	48.8	54.0	43.0	49.2
Luxembourg1	26.4	35.4	25.1	30.1	20.4	30.5	18.9	13.4	28.7	36.5	25.1	35.3	26.4	46.5	42.1	39.3
Mexico	0.6	2.0	1.5	4.9	..	0.8	0.9	1.9	0.5	2.1	1.6	5.8	7.1	8.2	3.0	8.6
Netherlands	..	41.8	23.9	19.7	..	12.2	10.3	5.6	..	45.9	26.3	23.0	..	76.2	43.3	42.4
New Zealand	23.7	6.6	9.1	11.4	12.1	2.3	3.5	5.3	27.4	10.0	11.6	13.0	47.5	16.7	19.2	28.1
Norway1, 2	13.1	20.2	22.3	24.2	3.7	7.6	10.4	7.2	18.4	28.0	27.1	32.9	39.6	38.7	35.0	42.7
Poland	34.1	45.8	20.2	26.1	25.5	31.0	16.8	12.6	37.3	49.9	19.3	28.9	42.1	58.9	31.6	35.5
Portugal	43.9	47.6	33.6	42.4	20.3	26.2	..	..	47.5	50.1	..	..	74.6	66.2	..	..
Slovak Republic	54.1	72.3	46.6	56.6	43.9	57.8	41.7	46.9	59.2	75.6	46.5	58.1	60.5	86.4	57.1	62.3
Slovenia	62.8	45.3	34.8	44.3	41.7	27.8	23.6	28.9	68.9	51.1	32.9	46.1	87.0	57.9	62.6	59.0
Spain2	35.3	17.4	29.2	38.6	25.5	8.6	16.8	26.8	35.9	17.4	27.9	36.5	59.1	42.4	49.4	58.9
Sweden2	29.3	14.2	11.7	21.9	11.0	3.3	2.6	3.6	30.1	18.9	13.8	25.0	48.6	29.0	24.7	45.3
Switzerland	28.2	37.9	34.0	41.8	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Türkiye	18.1	27.0	20.5	26.9	16.0	23.3	14.5	17.6	19.0	28.3	21.2	28.6	31.3	39.6	33.9	41.3
United Kingdom2	32.6	28.5	21.4	33.0	14.6	18.9	13.9	22.0	40.2	34.7	22.4	36.1	49.2	39.8	32.6	46.6
United States2	6.7	10.7	6.2	23.4	4.5	7.6	5.3	12.9	6.7	11.4	6.3	25.0	13.8	17.2	7.9	31.7
OECD3	29.9	27.5	18.3	28.3	19.2	16.4	11.5	16.4	32.6	30.5	19.8	30.0	43.6	42.3	25.7	38.8
South Africa	..	52.6	56.7	68.1	..	34.2	35.8	42.8	..	55.5	58.2	69.6	..	80.7	66.1	75.0

.. Not available

Note: For country details related to data on unemployment by duration of job search, see www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf. Persons for whom no duration of unemployment was specified are excluded from the total used in the calculation.

Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. Data based on small sample sizes.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Weighted average.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table M3. Incidence of long-term unemployment, 12 months and over - Women

As a percentage of female unemployment in each age group

	Women (15+)				Youth (15-24)				Prime(25-54)				Older population (55-64)
2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021	2000	2007	2020	2021
Australia	19.0	19.3	..	..	20.4	19.1	..	..	18.3	20.1	..	..	17.2	16.6	..	..
Austria	22.8	27.6	22.1	29.9	16.5	12.8	10.6	12.6	23.5	31.1	22.6	32.2	34.0	61.5	41.4	45.9
Belgium	54.3	51.4	38.3	42.5	30.8	29.3	16.4	17.3	61.3	56.6	40.8	47.9	89.1	80.3	63.2	57.0
Canada	9.8	5.8	4.2	15.0	3.5	1.4	2.0	5.5	12.1	6.6	4.7	15.9	15.8	13.6	7.0	23.2
Chile	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Colombia	..	13.1	7.8	19.2	..	8.6	7.1	13.4	..	16.1	8.2	21.3	..	17.1	6.9	25.8
Costa Rica	..	..	10.4	24.6	..	..	11.2	20.4	..	..	10.0	26.4	..	..	12.0	30.7
Czech Republic	49.8	54.7	21.8	28.0	38.5	31.1	14.7	12.1	53.3	59.4	21.4	29.6	47.5	47.2	30.7	32.6
Denmark	22.4	16.6	19.9	20.9	3.5	5.3	..	..	24.4	15.8	..	..	45.1	42.3	..	..
Estonia	42.6	44.4	15.9	19.5	19.4	22.8	1.6	5.4	47.3	49.9	17.6	20.0	44.3	29.6	23.6	29.9
Finland	26.2	19.5	14.5	22.2	8.8	5.0	2.4	5.5	29.6	21.8	15.0	22.7	54.5	42.2	32.3	44.1
France	43.7	39.7	36.6	28.4	21.1	19.9	22.2	11.3	46.5	43.9	37.1	30.5	70.5	68.9	58.5	47.4
Germany	53.1	56.5	25.5	28.9	23.2	30.4	13.0	15.1	52.9	57.0	26.1	28.5	69.0	77.8	36.6	44.5
Greece	59.2	54.4	68.1	65.8	55.1	46.7	56.7	45.1	61.2	56.3	68.6	67.2	57.0	61.9	74.6	73.3
Hungary	45.7	47.9	25.6	30.7	33.1	34.7	19.5	26.4	50.1	50.3	26.0	31.6	45.7	54.4	34.6	37.8
Iceland1, 2	14.1	9.7	7.8	17.7	..	5.5	1.8	12.7	16.9	7.1	9.4	19.3	25.5	77.5	10.8	19.1
Ireland	23.0	21.7	22.4	25.3	18.1	15.5	..	..	26.2	23.9	..	..	20.5	38.3	..	..
Israel	10.4	20.9	4.3	8.5	4.2	11.2	2.9	4.1	13.2	23.8	4.0	9.2	12.8	34.7	9.9	15.5
Italy2	61.8	49.2	52.9	56.9	58.3	41.1	42.3	46.8	63.6	51.5	54.7	59.1	56.8	52.8	55.9	56.6
Japan	17.1	19.4	18.2	24.7	14.8	15.0	16.7	18.2	13.8	20.6	18.4	24.4	33.3	20.0	16.7	23.1
Korea1	0.8	0.3	0.6	0.9	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.9	0.2	0.7	1.2	1.2	..	0.5	1.0
Latvia	58.3	23.4	24.0	25.7	39.3	10.4	18.0	11.7	61.5	22.8	20.4	25.5	67.8	45.2	39.2	33.6
Lithuania	47.7	29.9	30.9	38.7	31.4	19.3	13.3	29.6	50.7	31.5	30.3	35.9	57.3	36.3	41.7	49.8
Luxembourg1	18.8	22.3	28.8	38.0	8.4	14.8	5.0	20.4	21.9	24.0	34.1	41.5	..	39.1	50.7	60.7
Mexico	2.0	1.7	1.3	4.6	2.1	1.1	0.6	2.6	1.9	2.1	1.6	5.1	..	3.6	1.1	10.5
Netherlands	..	37.1	24.1	20.9	..	13.0	6.8	5.5	..	42.7	28.6	23.9	..	72.9	55.0	48.4
New Zealand	14.9	5.4	8.5	11.0	7.0	2.4	4.6	5.6	18.1	7.5	9.9	14.3	39.1	13.3	14.5	16.0
Norway1, 2	6.7	16.4	19.2	24.0	2.5	8.6	10.2	9.3	9.9	19.1	21.7	32.0	20.2	45.7	44.1	53.0
Poland	41.3	46.0	19.8	27.2	30.7	29.0	13.1	18.6	45.1	51.3	21.4	28.9	43.9	58.1	25.8	35.2
Portugal	41.0	46.9	33.3	44.2	21.8	28.3	..	..	48.2	49.3	..	..	59.9	69.5	..	..
Slovak Republic	55.1	69.4	43.2	56.6	42.0	48.5	29.5	39.0	60.5	73.5	42.9	59.1	56.5	76.6	57.9	60.2
Slovenia	59.8	46.1	42.4	38.0	43.0	31.1	26.3	20.9	66.9	48.9	43.8	40.2	85.5	56.7	56.7	48.4
Spain2	46.3	22.8	34.7	44.4	32.4	11.3	17.8	24.3	50.8	24.0	33.8	44.2	57.1	52.1	56.1	62.1
Sweden2	22.8	11.3	11.6	16.6	6.4	3.7	0.9	2.7	22.1	14.0	15.2	20.5	50.3	28.3	23.3	32.7
Switzerland	29.7	43.0	35.3	41.0	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Türkiye	29.8	38.9	33.2	37.6	28.5	32.9	24.4	27.3	31.3	43.8	37.6	42.2	..	50.0	33.3	47.5
United Kingdom2	18.1	17.6	18.3	23.0	9.4	11.2	12.3	14.9	22.6	21.4	21.5	23.5	28.0	26.2	23.8	38.2
United States2	5.3	9.0	5.0	22.9	3.1	5.1	4.1	13.2	6.4	10.7	5.1	24.0	7.3	12.2	6.0	29.2
OECD3	32.3	27.3	18.6	28.4	21.0	14.9	11.1	16.2	36.0	31.3	20.9	31.0	43.9	41.2	23.6	38.3
South Africa	..	62.3	66.9	75.5	..	38.3	50.3	56.2	..	66.9	68.3	76.9	..	79.8	73.3	81.8

.. Not available

Note: For country details related to data on unemployment by duration of job search, see www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf. Persons for whom no duration of unemployment was specified are excluded from the total used in the calculation.

Please refer to the Box entitled “Major breaks in series” in the introduction to the Statistical Annex.

1. Data based on small sample sizes.

2. The lower age limit is 16 instead of 15. For Iceland up to 2008, Italy after 2007, Norway up to 2005 and Sweden up to 2006.

3. Weighted average.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table N. Real average annual wages and real unit labour costs in the total economy

Annualised growth rates

	Average wages in 2021 USD PPPs1	Average wage (%)2					Unit labour costs (%)2
		2000-2007	2007-2021	2007	2020	2021	2000-2007	2007-2021	2007	2020	2021
Australia	56 600	1.5	0.7	2.7	2.3	0.3	0.9	0.2	2.2	3.5	-1.5
Austria	58 189	0.8	0.5	0.6	0.2	1.6	-1.1	0.7	-1.1	5.8	-1.7
Belgium	59 100	0.4	0.4	-0.2	-2.7	3.2	-0.5	0.0	-1.0	3.4	-2.5
Canada	56 006	1.4	0.9	2.9	2.9	-0.3	0.9	0.7	2.5	3.5	1.5
Chile	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Colombia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Costa Rica	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Czech Republic	31 711	4.7	2.0	3.0	-1.0	2.6	0.8	1.0	-0.1	4.8	0.2
Denmark	61 331	1.7	0.9	1.1	1.2	0.6	1.1	0.2	3.6	3.3	-0.7
Estonia	33 188	8.4	2.7	16.3	6.0	3.7	2.1	1.0	7.6	6.0	-4.6
Finland	49 708	1.7	0.6	1.3	0.3	3.8	-0.2	0.2	-1.6	0.5	0.5
France	49 313	1.2	0.8	0.4	-4.1	4.1	0.1	0.3	-0.5	3.5	-1.1
Germany	56 040	0.2	1.0	-0.3	-0.7	0.2	-1.7	1.1	-2.1	4.2	-2.1
Greece	25 744	2.8	-1.8	0.0	0.4	0.1	1.7	0.7	0.3	8.3	-7.1
Hungary	26 268	4.7	1.0	-0.7	1.7	3.9	0.7	-0.5	-1.1	3.1	-2.4
Iceland3	72 047	3.0	0.7	3.0	-4.1	5.8	1.1	0.1	0.5	3.0	2.0
Ireland	51 045	2.7	1.0	2.9	0.6	0.6	1.1	-3.0	0.9	-5.6	-7.9
Israel	42 165	-0.5	1.4	1.0	0.2	5.3	-0.6	0.2	-0.1	1.5	-1.1
Italy	40 767	0.5	-0.2	0.0	-5.8	4.0	0.6	0.5	0.1	2.7	-0.6
Japan	39 711	0.1	0.1	-0.3	-0.6	2.2	-0.6	0.5	-0.5	3.3	0.4
Korea	42 747	2.8	1.3	2.2	0.3	-1.4	0.4	0.2	0.0	0.4	-3.7
Latvia	32 235	9.1	2.7	23.3	4.4	8.1	2.4	0.9	15.0	4.8	-0.3
Lithuania	42 027	9.3	2.9	6.5	6.2	6.1	2.7	1.0	2.0	5.1	2.6
Luxembourg	73 657	1.1	0.7	2.7	0.0	3.4	0.4	1.5	-1.4	3.3	-1.0
Mexico3	16 429	1.2	-1.0	0.4	-3.2	-5.9	0.7	-0.3	-0.6	7.2	-8.8
Netherlands	60 923	0.7	0.3	1.4	2.4	-1.0	-0.8	0.2	-0.1	6.0	-3.8
New Zealand3	46 976	2.7	1.2	5.8	2.0	1.8	2.1	0.3	2.7	2.3	-2.3
Norway	58 377	3.2	1.2	4.4	0.0	2.9	2.2	1.1	6.2	-0.8	-0.5
Poland	33 566	1.1	2.5	3.2	1.9	0.7	-1.4	0.5	2.3	3.7	-3.6
Portugal	29 740	-0.3	0.4	0.7	1.1	2.2	-0.7	0.6	-1.8	9.1	-0.5
Slovak Republic	24 805	3.4	2.0	6.1	1.3	1.6	-2.7	0.9	-3.0	4.0	-1.4
Slovenia	43 892	2.9	1.4	2.2	3.5	1.3	-0.2	0.5	-1.2	7.7	-5.1
Spain	39 202	-0.1	0.1	1.1	-3.6	2.0	0.1	-0.3	0.7	5.9	-1.7
Sweden	48 951	2.2	1.2	3.3	1.2	1.1	0.4	0.8	2.9	2.5	-0.8
Switzerland	68 957	1.3	0.6	1.2	-1.5	2.8	0.2	0.6	-0.2	2.2	-0.6
Türkiye	..	..	..	3.4	-0.4	..	..	..	..	..	..
United Kingdom	49 979	2.3	0.3	2.6	-0.1	2.9	1.3	0.4	1.4	12.3	-3.8
United States	74 738	1.1	1.3	1.9	5.8	2.7	-0.5	0.1	0.7	3.4	-0.8
OECD4	51 607	1.1	0.7	1.4	1.0	1.4	-0.5	0.1	0.2	3.9	-2.7

.. Not available

Note: Average annual wages per full-time equivalent dependent employee are obtained by dividing the national-accounts-based total wage bill by the average number of employees in the total economy, which is then multiplied by the ratio of average usual weekly hours per full-time employee to average usual weekly hours for all employees. Please note that data for 2021 are provisional estimates. For more details, see: https://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/average_wages.pdf.

1. Average wages are converted in USD PPPs using estimated 2021 USD PPPs for private consumption.

2. Average annual wages and unit labour costs, employment-based, are deflated by a price deflator for private final consumption expenditures in 2021 prices.

3. Real compensation per employee (instead of real wages).

4. The OECD average wages and real wage growth are a weighted average based on dependent employment weights in 2021 for the countries shown.

Source: OECD Employment Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm and www.oecd.org/els/emp/lfsnotes_sources.pdf.

Statlink

Table O. Earnings dispersion and incidence of high and low pay

Percentage

	Earnings dispersion1						Incidence of
	9th to 1st earnings deciles Ratio		9th to 5th earnings deciles Ratio		5th to 1st earnings deciles Ratio		Low pay %2		High pay %3
	2010	2020	2010	2020	2010	2020	2010	2020	2010	2020
Australia	3.31	3.13	1.93	1.87	1.71	1.67	16.0	15.5	..	..
Austria	3.39	3.17	1.94	1.93	1.74	1.65	16.5	14.7	20.7	20.6
Belgium	2.38	2.56	1.73	1.69	1.37	1.52	4.3	11.5	13.1	12.6
Canada	3.71	3.30	1.89	1.83	1.97	1.80	21.2	18.7	21.4	21.6
Chile	4.29	5.56	2.89	3.33	1.48	1.67	9.7	11.8	28.7	32.5
Colombia	6.46	5.28	2.98	2.78	2.17	1.90	17.4	15.3	26.3	23.2
Costa Rica	5.38	5.34	2.80	2.98	1.92	1.79	18.1	13.6	27.6	26.9
Czech Republic	3.56	3.21	1.87	1.81	1.91	1.77	20.2	17.8	..	..
Denmark	2.50	2.57	1.74	1.75	1.44	1.47	7.6	8.7	2.7	2.8
Estonia	4.05	3.42	2.06	1.89	1.97	1.81	21.4	19.0	25.0	20.2
Finland	2.52	2.55	1.74	1.74	1.45	1.46	8.1	8.6	17.2	17.0
France	2.81	2.86	1.94	1.92	1.45	1.49	5.8	7.7	22.0	21.0
Germany	3.33	3.33	1.79	1.86	1.87	1.79	18.9	17.0	17.2	18.6
Greece	2.99	3.25	1.87	1.85	1.60	1.76	12.5	14.5	19.0	23.1
Hungary	4.25	4.00	2.39	2.16	1.78	1.85	21.0	19.8	..	..
Iceland	2.65	2.66	1.71	1.70	1.55	1.57	6.5	7.6	22.0	21.0
Ireland	3.64	3.91	1.93	2.05	1.89	1.91	17.7	18.0	24.0	27.3
Israel	4.75	4.59	2.60	2.51	1.83	1.83	21.4	21.3	28.5	28.3
Italy	2.64	2.75	1.76	1.89	1.50	1.46	8.1	4.9	18.0	22.7
Japan	2.96	2.74	1.83	1.81	1.62	1.52	14.5	10.9	..	12.4
Korea	4.77	3.60	2.37	2.25	2.01	1.60	24.7	16.0	..	..
Latvia	4.48	4.06	2.23	2.15	2.01	1.89	22.0	21.5	32.0	25.3
Lithuania	4.31	3.73	2.18	2.05	1.98	1.82	23.9	22.7	29.0	22.2
Luxembourg	3.35	3.29	2.05	2.19	1.64	1.51	14.7	11.1	23.0	24.0
Mexico	3.64	3.58	2.05	2.00	1.78	1.79	19.1	16.9	21.7	19.3
Netherlands	2.87	2.92	1.76	1.81	1.63	1.62	7.8	6.4	25.0	29.0
New Zealand	2.84	2.73	1.82	1.86	1.56	1.47	12.7	8.3	..	..
Norway	2.22	2.34	1.62	1.64	1.37	1.43	..	..	..	..
Poland	3.96	3.45	2.01	2.00	1.97	1.73	22.7	18.8	..	..
Portugal	4.50	3.54	2.78	2.48	1.62	1.43	15.9	5.3	32.0	28.8
Slovak Republic	3.65	3.09	2.02	1.88	1.81	1.64	20.0	16.0	..	..
Slovenia	3.34	3.19	2.03	1.94	1.64	1.65	17.8	17.1	23.0	22.0
Spain	3.10	3.17	1.93	1.97	1.60	1.61	10.6	10.8	25.0	26.0
Sweden	2.04	2.14	1.58	1.58	1.29	1.36	..	..	..	..
Switzerland	2.76	2.77	1.84	1.85	1.50	1.50	13.1	12.0	..	..
Türkiye	3.80	3.36	3.22	2.36	1.18	1.42	0.7	1.0	32.0	29.0
United Kingdom	3.58	3.38	1.98	1.99	1.81	1.69	20.7	18.0	..	..
United States	5.01	4.84	2.37	2.39	2.12	2.02	25.3	23.8	..	..
OECD4	3.55	3.40	2.09	2.05	1.70	1.66	15.5	14.5	23.0	23.2

.. Not available

Note: Estimates of earnings used in the calculations refer to gross earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. Country-specific variations from this definition as well as national data sources and earnings concepts can be found at: https://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=18974.

1. Earnings dispersion is measured by the ratio of 9^th to 1^st deciles limits of earnings, 9^th to 5^th deciles and 5^th to 1^st deciles. Year 2010 refers to 2009 for Chile. Year 2020 refers to 2019 for Belgium, Estonia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia and Lithuania, and to 2018 for Australia, France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain and Türkiye.

2. The incidence of low pay refers to the share of workers earning less than two-thirds of median earnings. Year 2010 refers to 2009 for Chile. Year 2020 refers to 2019 for Australia, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Lithuania and Latvia, and to 2018 for Denmark, France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain and Türkiye.

3. The incidence of high pay refers to the share of workers earning more than one-and-a-half times median earnings. See note 2. for year exceptions for certain countries.

4. Unweighted average.

Source: OECD Earnings Distribution Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/employmentdatabase-earningsandwages.htm.

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Table P. Relative earnings: Gender, age and education gaps

Percentage

	Gender1		Age2				Education3
	Women/Men		15-24/25-54		55-64/25-54		Low/Medium		High/Medium
	2010	2020	2010	2020	2010	2020	2010	2019	2010	2019
Australia	14	12	40	37	-2	-1	14	12	-37	-25
Austria	19	12	35	32	-21	-20	23	22	-51	-45
Belgium	7	4	31	32	-25	-24	..	12	..	-44
Canada	19	16	41	40	-3	1	21	19	-39	-33
Chile	16	9	42	52	-22	6	..	29	..	-141
Colombia	6	4	45	40	-10	-19	..	29	..	-128
Costa Rica	5	5	38	39	-18	-26	..	25	..	-103
Czech Republic	16	12	28	32	5	3	25	37	-103	-58
Denmark	9	5	40	41	-2	-3	11	11	-26	-24
Estonia	28	19	28	25	18	20	13	7	-29	-31
Finland	19	16	38	34	-4	-1	..	1	..	-34
France	9	12	38	33	-23	-17	7	5	-48	-53
Germany	17	14	30	46	-9	-12	..	21	..	-58
Greece	10	10	43	44	-38	-28	..	19	..	-38
Hungary	6	12	38	30	-6	5	27	22	-104	-65
Iceland	16	13	35	36	2	-7	..	..	..	..
Ireland	14	5	41	47	-12	-7	..	5	..	-55
Israel	20	24	..	..	-24	-10	27	25	-56	-49
Italy	6	8	31	25	-27	-19	18	20	-43	-37
Japan	29	23	41	40	1	-4	..	..	..	..
Korea	40	31	45	39	10	5	12	12	-40	-37
Latvia	19	23	23	24	12	24	..	7	..	-42
Lithuania	11	7	22	25	2	15	..	12	..	-73
Luxembourg	5	..	44	41	-25	-26	..	21	..	-43
Mexico	12	10	33	28	-2	0	..	20	..	-58
Netherlands	18	13	46	45	-11	-15	14	14	-48	-49
New Zealand	7	5	36	34	1	-2	19	11	-25	-31
Norway	7	5	36	39	-5	-10	12	15	-27	-19
Poland	7	9	37	26	-7	6	..	15	..	-55
Portugal	16	12	41	35	-27	-20	31	20	-71	-70
Slovak Republic	15	11	32	29	4	9	26	23	-75	-54
Slovenia	1	8	35	32	-22	-12	25	18	-86	-64
Spain	14	9	35	35	-20	-14	15	19	-35	-41
Sweden	9	7	27	29	-3	-6	..	15	..	-21
Switzerland	20	14	38	38	-9	-13	24	21	-44	-44
Türkiye	3	10	38	36	-49	-19	..	22	..	-61
United Kingdom	19	12	40	44	2	3	30	25	-61	-44
United States	19	18	48	39	-7	-8	32	26	-70	-73
OECD4	14	12	37	36	-10	-6	20	18	-53	-53

.. Not available

1. See note to Table O. The gender wage gap is unadjusted and is calculated as the difference between median earnings of men and women relative to median earnings of men. Year 2010 refers to 2011 for Chile and Costa Rica. Year 2020 refers to 2019 for Belgium, Colombia, Estonia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia and Lithuania, to 2018 for Costa Rica, France, Iceland, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Spain and Türkiye.

2. Age wage gaps are calculated as the difference between mean earnings of 25-54 year-olds and that of 15-24 year-olds (respectively 55-64 year-olds) relative to mean earnings of 25-54 year-olds. Data refer to 55-year-olds and over for Hungary and Norway. Year 2010 refers to 2011 for Colombia and to 2009 for Chile. Year 2020 refers to 2019 for Belgium and Israel, and to 2018 for Australia, Austria, Estonia, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and Türkiye

3. Earnings by skill (or education) levels refer to mean annual full-time full-year earnings of 25-64 year-old employees except for Korea where they refer to mean monthly full-time earnings. Earnings gaps by skill levels are calculated as the difference between mean earnings of medium-skilled employees and low- (respectively high-) skilled employees relative to mean earnings of medium-educated employees. The skill levels are based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED, 2011), except for Korea which refers to ISCED, 1997. Low skills corresponds to less than upper secondary; Medium skills to upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary; and High skills to tertiary education. For Korea, tertiary education refers to ISCED, 1997 Levels 5 and 6. The years retained are those available in the database. Year 2019 refers to 2017 for Chile, France and Italy and to 2018 for Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Greece, Israel, Lithuania, Mexico and Poland.

4. Unweighted average.

Source: OECD Earnings Distribution Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/employmentdatabase-earningsandwages.htm for earnings gap by gender and age; and OECD (2021), Education at a Glance, www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance for earnings gap by education levels. For Korea, data on earnings by education are provided by national authorities.

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Table Q. Public expenditure and participants stocks in labour market programmes in OECD countries

Percentage

	Public expenditure (% of GDP)								Participant stocks (% of labour force)
	Total		Active programmes		of which: Active measures not including PES and administration		Passive programmes		Active measures not including PES and administration		Passive programmes
	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
Australia1	0.78	2.79	0.23	1.79	0.08	1.62	0.55	1.00	2.45	9.09	5.73	11.91
Austria	2.07	1.99	0.75	0.70	0.58	0.52	1.32	1.29	3.82	3.55	7.03	6.98
Belgium	2.13	2.01	0.90	0.92	0.57	0.58	1.23	1.09	8.51	8.49	10.60	9.81
Canada	0.70	0.71	0.21	0.21	0.10	0.11	0.49	0.50	0.65	0.73	2.25	2.16
Chile	0.48	0.49	0.12	0.11	0.09	0.07	0.37	0.39	..	..	2.00	2.07
Colombia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Costa Rica	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Czech Republic	0.46	0.43	0.31	0.28	0.19	0.16	0.14	0.15	..	..	1.42	1.43
Denmark	2.87	2.81	1.89	1.86	1.51	1.49	0.98	0.94	7.51	7.55	4.17	4.01
Estonia	0.87	0.96	0.47	0.51	0.33	0.37	0.40	0.44	4.85	5.53	4.37	4.56
Finland	2.21	2.06	0.94	0.92	0.79	0.77	1.27	1.14	4.79	4.67	9.27	8.92
France	2.66	2.58	0.75	0.71	0.52	0.48	1.90	1.87	4.86	4.75	13.66	13.53
Germany	1.39	1.32	0.68	0.60	0.25	0.26	0.70	0.72	1.82	1.83	5.22	5.11
Greece	..	..	..	..	0.21	0.34	0.52	0.56	..	1.15	5.38	5.49
Hungary	0.84	0.79	0.63	0.58	0.57	0.52	0.20	0.21	4.64	3.83	3.00	2.94
Iceland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Ireland	1.04	0.90	0.36	0.32	0.31	0.27	0.68	0.58	4.14	4.83	8.14	6.96
Israel	0.59	0.59	0.16	0.15	0.13	0.12	0.43	0.43	4.41	3.82	3.77	3.77
Italy	1.56	1.57	0.42	0.27	0.36	0.21	1.14	1.29	6.97	4.71	5.45	9.30
Japan	0.31	0.31	0.16	0.15	0.09	0.08	0.16	0.16	..	..	..	..
Korea	0.75	0.86	0.36	0.38	0.31	0.34	0.38	0.47	..	..	..	..
Latvia	0.58	0.57	0.18	0.15	0.12	0.10	0.40	0.42	0.97	0.86	3.14	3.21
Lithuania	0.66	0.64	0.27	0.21	0.22	0.17	0.39	0.43	1.15	0.94	3.26	3.37
Luxembourg	1.27	1.28	0.72	0.74	0.66	0.66	0.55	0.54	9.28	8.72	4.10	4.01
Mexico	0.00 n	0.00 n	0.00 n	0.00 n	0.00 n	0.00 n	0.00 n	0.00 n	..	..	..	..
Netherlands	1.96	1.79	0.59	0.57	0.39	0.39	1.37	1.23	3.82	3.87	7.62	7.28
New Zealand2	0.57	4.59	0.22	4.14	0.10	4.00	0.35	0.45	1.30	17.49	3.03	4.79
Norway	0.79	0.71	0.42	0.40	0.28	0.26	0.37	0.31	1.59	1.44	1.90	1.64
Poland	0.50	0.45	0.36	0.33	0.30	0.26	0.15	0.13	3.48	3.21	1.48	1.35
Portugal	1.27	1.17	0.32	0.31	0.27	0.27	0.95	0.87	3.92	3.84	5.23	4.92
Slovak Republic	0.55	0.56	0.24	0.23	0.20	0.19	0.31	0.33	2.48	2.70	1.75	1.81
Slovenia	0.61	0.57	0.23	0.20	0.16	0.13	0.38	0.37	1.62	1.32	1.75	1.68
Spain	2.16	2.21	0.71	0.69	0.55	0.56	1.45	1.52	13.21	12.81	7.76	8.08
Sweden	1.57	1.44	1.11	1.02	0.83	0.76	0.46	0.42	4.21	3.87	4.72	4.45
Switzerland	1.17	1.13	0.59	0.58	0.48	0.47	0.58	0.56	2.16	2.12	2.29	2.17
Türkiye	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
United Kingdom	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
United States	0.25	0.90	0.10	0.11	0.08	0.08	0.15	0.79	..	..	..	..
OECD	1.11	1.29	0.48	0.63	0.35	0.50	0.63	0.65	4.18	4.73	4.81	5.09

.. Not available; n Nil or less than 0.005

Note: Please note that these data will be updated at a later date. The data shown are not strictly comparable across countries or through time, since data may differ from standard definitions and methods and certain programmes or programme categories are not always included in the data for participants stocks. OECD is an unweighted average using the latest available data. Fiscal years for Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States.

1. Data for 2019 refers to the period 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020. Therefore, 2019 data includes the first three months (April to June 2020) of the JobKeeper programme, which ran between April 2020 and March 2021.

2. Data for 2019 refers to the period 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020. Therefore, 2019 data includes the Wage Subsidy programme, which was active from March to August 2020.

Source: For European Union countries and Norway, European Commission (2021), Labour Market Policy, https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/empl/redisstat/databrowser/explore/all/lmp?display=cardlabour-market-policy/database and detailed underlying data supplied to the OECD by the European Commission with certain Secretariat adjustments. For other countries: OECD Database on Labour Market Programmes, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00312-en.

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