Western Balkans Competitiveness Outlook 2024: Kosovo

12. Transport policy

Abstract

Through the development of a modern, sustainable, efficient, interoperable and integrated transport network, a sound transport policy can promote closer co-operation with neighbouring economies and be a key driver of competitiveness, both for an economy as well as for the region. The first sub-dimension, planning and management, measures the extent to which an orderly, coherent, consistent and transparent process is in place for developing transport policy and implementing infrastructure projects. The second sub-dimension, regulation and connectivity, determines how well transport modes and networks are regulated and operated, as well as how they are leveraged to promote regional connectivity. The third sub-dimension, sustainability, measures progress towards resource efficiency, environmental protection, reducing health impacts and increasing safety as well as social inclusion.

Key findings

Since the last Competitiveness Outlook 2021, Kosovo has made progress in improving its transport policies when it comes to the overall transport vision and policies to ensure more sustainable transport (Table 12.1). Ongoing efforts are also being made to improve rail and road transport regulations, to strengthen regional connectivity, and to establish asset management systems for transport infrastructure. More actions need to be taken to improve procedures for the selection of transport projects, as this is an area were Kosovo lags considerably behind.

Table 12.1. Kosovo’s scores for transport policy

Dimension	Sub-dimension	2018 score	2021 score	2024 score	2024 WB6 average
Transport policy	11.1: Planning and management			2.0	2.6
	11.2: Regulation and connectivity			2.0	1.9
	11.3: Sustainability			1.8	2.1
Kosovo’s overall score		1.8	1.4	2.0	2.2

The key findings are:

• Kosovo adopted its new Multimodal Transport Strategy (MMTS) 2023-30 in 2023. It has a clear focus on smart transport and greening the transport sector, thereby integrating policy objectives from key regional documents such as the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans and the Smart and Sustainable Mobility Strategy. The MMTS’s greening measures are integrated into Kosovo’s National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), ensuring coherence in policy articulation.

• The project selection process for transport infrastructure projects is outdated, and comprehensive assessments that take into account the environmental, cost, social, climate and resilience impact of new infrastructure projects are not systematically conducted. This situation risks that new projects are not cost-effective and sustainable, in turn creating the risk of lock-in effects that can be an obstacle for the transport sector’s sustainable development.

• Progress has been made in preliminary work to improve asset management systems for transport infrastructure. Funding has been secured and the government is exploring options for technical assistance to prepare a road asset management system. When it comes to rail infrastructure, the infrastructure manager, InfraKos, has begun implementing its asset management plan after significant delays.

• Some progress was made in aligning railway legislation with the EU acquis, with the creation of an investigative body charged with examining accidents on railways and the transposition of secondary legislation by the Railway Regulatory Authority. However, further efforts are needed to fully align the sector with the EU acquis and allow it to develop in line with its potential.

State of play and key developments

Sub-dimension 11.1: Planning and management

Kosovo has continued efforts to improve the planning and management of the transport sector since the last CO assessment. In 2023, the Multimodal Transport Strategy (MMTS) 2023-30 was adopted, and sets out the transport vision for the economy. The strategy has clear and measurable objectives and defined implementation plans with timelines and budgets to meet those objectives. The three main objectives of the strategy are i) seamless transport connections; ii) a safe transport system – toward vision zero; iii) smart and sustainable transport. Each objective includes specific indicators for which intermediate targets are defined to be achieved by 2026 and final targets by 2030 (Government of Kosovo, 2023[1]).

The above-mentioned objectives laid down in the strategy are overarching across road, rail and air transport modes, and the strategy additionally sets out the objective of a well-functioning transport infrastructure that is integrated into the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T network) and enables the provision of multimodal transport services. An Action Plan for the MMTS’s implementation was adopted by the government in December 2023. The MMTS plans for reports to be published every six months for the duration of implementation of the Action Plan, and annual reports to be published on the implementation of the strategic document itself. However, the strategy does not plan for an evaluation of its implementation and no interim update is planned, which prevents policy makers from adjusting the objectives and effectively responding to delays.

No updates took place for the transport project selection process in Kosovo since the last CO assessment. The Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) guides the project identification and selection process for all projects, not just those related to transport.1 There is no single project pipeline (SPP); instead, three sectoral pipelines coexist, specifically focusing on projects funded by International Financial Institutions (IFIs). These three project pipelines focus on the transport, energy, and environmental sectors, yet projects under these are not always thoroughly assessed and evaluated (IMF, 2023[2]). If a single project pipeline were to be used, the three sectors could be considered together, allowing for positive externalities and better overall appraisal.

Environmental and climate impacts are not considered in the project selection process. Moreover, there is no legal mandate for cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of transport infrastructure projects in Kosovo. The Public Investment Programme (PIP) Manual introduced in 2009 requires that cost-benefit analysis and feasibility studies be provided if available. However, it does not constitute a formal requirement (IMF, 2023[2]). Such assessments are a key element in the development of public infrastructure projects. Failure to conduct thorough assessments and cost-benefit analyses may lead to the selection of projects that have not achieved the required level of maturity for implementation. This raises the probability of incurring additional costs in subsequent stages, as selection decisions could be founded on inadequate information.

The current legal framework on public procurement is partially aligned with the EU’s 2014 public procurement acquis, and it is guided by the 2011 Law on Public Procurement (Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosovo, 2024[3]). A new public procurement law has been awaiting adoption by the government for over two years (European Commission, 2021[4]), and a new law on public-private partnerships (PPPs) and concessions is also awaiting governmental approval (European Commission, 2022[5]). Kosovo is in the process of exploring the potential of PPP contracts. Despite having completed one economy-level PPP for the Pristina airport (dating from 2010) and two small municipal-level PPPs, there is room for further expansion and implementation of PPP projects (IMF, 2023[2]).

While some action has been taken to improve asset management in the rail and road sectors, Kosovo could take action to advance further. New road maintenance contracts were signed during the first half of 2022. Kosovo has also been proactive in setting up the Road Asset Management System (RAMS); funds were allocated in the 2022-24 budget, and the government is exploring the options for technical assistance to prepare the Terms of Reference for the RAMS (Transport Community, 2022[6]). In 2018, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) supported Kosovo’s railway infrastructure manager, InfraKos, in implementing an Asset Management Plan. This plan was developed by InfraKos for 2019-25, but it was not operationalised due to challenges in acquiring the necessary software (Transport Community, 2020[7]). Over the assessment period progress has been observed; InfraKos has now started the implementation phase and has also prepared the Agreement for the financing of railway infrastructure during the period 2023-27 (Transport Community, 2023[8]).

Sub-dimension 11.2: Regulation and connectivity

Kosovo’s rail infrastructure density is slightly above the regional average, at 3.05 kilometres (km) per 100 square km in 2021 (compared to around 2.4 km per 100 square km on average in the Western Balkans); however, this level of density is still inferior to the EU average of 5.7 in 2021. Kosovo’s rail network is in significant need of maintenance, refurbishment, and modernisation, as no section of the railway is electrified. Ongoing projects, including ones supported by IFIs, are being implemented towards this goal.2

Due to the need for refurbishment and modernisation of the rail network, road transport is predominantly used for both passengers and freight in Kosovo. However, data collection on the modal share of both transport modes is lacking and would need to be improved in order to effectively monitor policies that seek to promote the development and use of the rail network as a more sustainable transport mode. While the density of road infrastructure has been gradually increasing over the years, it still has a long way to go to reach the regional and EU average levels (Table 12.2).

Table 12.2. Road infrastructure density in Kosovo, the WB6 economies and the EU (2016, 2018, 2021)

In kilometers per 100 square kilometre

	2016	2018	2021
KOS	18.64	19.02	22.30
WB6	37.69	37.92	39.33
EU	146.49	146.77	145.30

Sources: ITF (2024[9]); For Kosovo, data were provided by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics for the Competitive Outlook assessment.

Kosovo has advanced on updating and aligning its rail regulations more closely with the Transport Community’s Rail Action Plan. During the assessment period, the Railway Regulatory Agency also released a limited number of legislative acts focusing on technical specifications related to interoperability. In addition, a new Railway Law and Railway Safety and Interoperability Law are being drafted, with completion planned by the end of 2024. Railway construction works have also advanced over the assessment period with progress being observed on Route 10, the section from Fushë Kosovë/Kosovo Polje towards North Macedonia (Hani i Elezit).

Progress has also been observed in regulation of road transport. Kosovo is currently in the process of finalising a new Law on Roads (Transport Community, 2023[8]). The proposed law entails the relocation of certain departments to a newly established agency. This agency is set to oversee aspects such as road infrastructure planning, safety measures, and overall management. Kosovo is preparing the intelligent transport systems (ITS) Strategy for all modes of transport, and the operational concept for Road Traffic Management Centres has been finalised.

Since the last CO assessment, regulatory reforms work has continued in the field of aviation reforms. Kosovo is part of the European Common Aviation Area (ECAA) and is also covered by the Single European Sky (SES) arrangements (European Commission, 2023[10]). The SES I package has been transposed and is being implemented, but the SES II package has not yet been fully transposed. The aviation sector in Kosovo faces numerous challenges due to non-membership in various international civil aviation organisations. Moreover, ongoing personnel-management problems within the Civil Aviation Authority remain unresolved and may adversely affect its operation (European Commission, 2023[10]).

Maritime and inland waterway (IWW) reforms and regulations are in the early preparation stage in Kosovo; only a few updates have been reported since the last CO assessment. The Multimodal Transport Strategy 2023-30 has provisions for waterborne transport. The formulation of the Transport Law is under way and involves discussions with various stakeholders. The draft law encompasses waterborne transport and other transportation modes (Transport Community, 2023[8]). Given Kosovo's landlocked geographical position and the absence of navigable rivers or lakes, the transposition of waterborne transport legislation has not been a high priority. It is noteworthy that Kosovo authorities have collaborated with Albania to assist in transposing pertinent legislation wherever applicable.

Kosovo has continued good co-operation with the neighbouring economies to enhance regional connectivity. In 2021, after signing all implementing agreements, including police protocols, resulting from the approved bilateral agreement between Kosovo and North Macedonia, significant collaborative efforts took place. Police authorities from both economies actively engaged in establishing a joint rail station at Hani i Elezit (Transport Community, 2022[6]). The refurbishment of the existing station by Kosovo authorities was finalised in 2022, and it is now prepared to host agencies from both parties. Despite this, the official commencement of joint controls has not occurred due to ongoing efforts to rehabilitate the railway line. Kosovo and North Macedonia also signed a bilateral agreement for joint controls on road crossing points in September 2023, following year-long discussions and negotiations (Transport Community, 2023[8]). The operational efficiency of the shared crossing point Vermice/Morine (between Kosovo and Albania) serves as a positive illustration of efforts in this area.

The Customs Administration of Kosovo is also progressing in promoting the digitalisation of transportation and enhancing data-sharing systems. The extension of Green Lanes to all Crossing Points/Customs Clearance Points in Kosovo in 2023 ensures the provision of pre-arrival information for all goods subject to phytosanitary, veterinary, or food inspections through the Systematic Exchange of Electronic Data (SEED) system (Transport Community, 2023[8]).

The Multimodal Transport Strategy 2023-30 has provisions to support the development of combined transport. It aims to establish a well-functioning transport infrastructure that is integrated into the TEN-T network and enables the provision of multimodal transport services. However, measures related to the development of intermodal infrastructure and development of logistics services are absent from the Action Plan for 2023-25.

Continued efforts are observed in Kosovo to support the development of smart transport systems. The MMTS and its Action Plan have a strong focus on developing smart transport solutions. In this regard, CONNECTA is supporting Kosovo in the preparation of its Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Strategy and Operational Concept for a Road Traffic Management Centre (Transport Community, 2022[11]); the approval process for the ITS is currently under way. Once completed, it should equip Kosovo with the necessary policy framework. Approval for the Administrative Instruction on ITS, which aims to implement the ITS Directive 2010/40/EU, is still pending and depends on the approval of the Road Law.

Sub-dimension 11.3: Sustainability

Kosovo has taken some steps to advance towards an environmentally sustainable transport system. The Multimodal Transport Strategy for 2023-30 emphasises policies aiming to support the uptake of cleaner vehicles, and support to digitisation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance the transport system’s efficiency. More specifically, it promotes the uptake of alternative fuel vehicles and sets targets for their shares up to 2030, as well as targets for lorries and buses abiding by the Euro 5 or higher standards up to 2030.

Kosovo’s draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) also contains measures aiming to improve the energy efficiency of the transport sector, promote the use of renewable energy in transport, and develop rail infrastructure as a means of reducing reliance on roads as a more polluting transport mode. These measures of the NECP are earmarked as falling under the MMTS and its Action Plan, ensuring coherence in policy planning and articulation between the two documents.

Kosovo is considering adopting regulations that incentivise the import and purchase of electric vehicles (EVs). For example, value added tax (VAT) and vehicle tax reductions were recommended to get EVs to represent 5% of all vehicles by 2030 (Kosovo Energy, 2024[12]). CONNECTA and the Transport Community Treaty (TCT) Secretariat have also provided dedicated Technical Assistance to the WB6 economies to support the deployment of e-charging stations on the busiest corridors, resulting in the deployment of one EV charging station on Kosovo’s TEN-T highways out of the nine proposed.

Road fatalities in Kosovo have been reduced by 6% between 2019 and 2022 (Table 12.3). In 2022, Kosovo recorded 60 road deaths per one million inhabitants, higher than the EU average but lower than other regional economies. The economy has continued efforts to ensure safe transport, including road safety, but these could be further accelerated. The proposed Road Law, after completing internal discussions, envisions the creation of the Road Safety Agency as a component of the new framework within the Ministry of Transport. The MMTS action plan foresees the development of a National Program for Road Safety 2023-30. There is a need for increased investments to improve the crash data system, as it is not compliant with the Common Accident Data Set (CADaS), but no plans have been finalised for this purpose.

Table 12.3. Road safety trends in Kosovo and the EU (2019-22)

Changes are expressed in percentage

	2019-22	2022
Change in the number of road fatalities (KOS)	-6	..
Change in the number of road fatalities (EU)	-9	..
Number of fatalities per million inhabitants (KOS)	..	60
Number of fatalities per million inhabitants (EU)	..	46

Sources: European Commission (2023[13]); Transport Community (2023[14]).

Several pieces of legislation on rail safety issues have been developed over the assessment period by the Railway Regulatory Authority. These have resulted in the partial transposition of railway safety regulations of the EU acquis.3 Kosovo also established a National Investigation Body, reporting directly to the prime minister’s office, whose purpose is to undertake accident investigation as a key input to improve the safety performance of railways.

Improving the accessibility of the transport system is a recognised objective of several of Kosovo’s strategic documents, including the MMTS, the National Strategy for People with Disabilities 2013-23, and policies at the level of municipalities. The World Bank is currently implementing a project focused on disability-inclusive development in Kosovo, aiming to improve disaggregation of data collection and ensure the accessibility of transport modes to persons with disabilities, among other objectives.

Overview of implementation of Competitiveness Outlook 2021 recommendations

Kosovo has made progress in following up on the Recommendations of the CO Assessment 2021 (Table 12.4). A new Multimodal Transport Strategy 2023-30 was adopted, updating the policy framework and planning measures for improving the transport sector’s governance, safety and sustainability. Efforts have been taken to complete the actions of the Transport Community Rail and Road Action Plans, aligning these sectors more closely with the EU acquis. Moderate progress has also been observed in advancing towards enhanced regional connectivity. There is a need for continued efforts in developing CBA guidelines, improving project selection processes, and supporting the development of combined transport in the coming years.

Table 12.4. Kosovo’s progress on past recommendations for transport policy

Competitiveness Outlook 2021 recommendations	Progress status	Level of progress
Update the transport strategy regularly	A new Multimodal Transport Strategy 2023-30 has been adopted but does not include scope for regular updates over shorter time frames.	Moderate
Develop a tool for project identification, selection, prioritisation and implementation, and apply it consistently and regularly	No progress has been made in developing a process for project identification, selection, prioritisation and implementation.	None
Focus on continuing rail reforms	Kosovo has advanced on implementing rail reforms that align more closely with the EU acquis, through the adoption of secondary and primary legislation. However, further efforts are needed to achieve full alignment.	Moderate
Develop and tailor cost-benefit analysis (CBA) guidelines specific to Kosovo	No progress has been made in developing CBA guidelines tailored to Kosovo’s needs.	None
Ensure that transport facilitation remains a priority	Kosovo has advanced on supporting transport facilitation. The Customs Administration of Kosovo is taking steps forward to foster transport digitalisation and improve data sharing systems.	Strong
Develop a combined transport strategy	Multimodal Transport Strategy 2023-30 has provisions to support the development of combined transport but actions have not been taken to implement them yet.	Moderate
Develop an Integrated Environmental and Transport Action Plan	The MMTS and NECP both have measures to advance the greening of the transport sector. Data collection on the environmental sustainability of transport needs to be further improved.	Moderate

The way forward for transport policy

Considering the level of the previous recommendations’ implementation, there are still areas in which Kosovo could strengthen its transport policy framework and further address key challenges in this area. As such, policy makers may wish to:

• Ensure regular monitoring and evaluation and update of the MMTS. An update of the existing strategy is not proposed within the MMTS but should be carried out based on regular monitoring reports for implementing the MMTS, as well as an interim evaluation. Monitoring reports need to be developed annually and should be publicly available in order to reinforce transparency and accountability. Lessons learned in terms of challenges to implementation or new policy developments should be integrated in the updated strategy and implementation plans. Adapting the policy framework based on regular monitoring is key to keeping it up to date, relevant and effective.

• Develop a tool for project identification, selection, prioritisation and implementation. This tool should be applied to all transport projects in Kosovo and ensure the consistent appraisal of budgetary, social, environmental and resilience impacts of new transport projects. These impact appraisal systems should comprise all processes, from identification to ex post monitoring of implemented projects. They should also be applied via a financial management and information technology system planned to be implemented in all spending departments of governmental institutions and implementing agencies.

• Develop domestic CBA guidelines for all transport modes. It is essential for Kosovo to develop its own CBA guidelines with accompanying technical instructions. The guidance must be updated often, at least every two years. It is necessary to develop a benchmark for all technical and economic parameters to ensure consistency in the discount rates used for similar projects in the same economy, including the financial and economic discount rates in the state guidance documents. This benchmark must be consistently applied in project appraisal at the state level.

• Enhance efforts to develop well-functioning combined transport. Combined transport is the most cost-efficient transport mode, reducing environmental pollution and increasing co-operation between the freight forwarding network companies. Achieving well-functioning logistical chains and establishing an international corridor approach and intermodal solutions could promote high competitiveness in Kosovo’s transport market. While the Multimodal Transport Strategy 2023‑30 has provisions to support the development of combined transport, the recently adopted Action Plan does not contain concrete actions to support its development, such as investments into the necessary infrastructure, e.g. intermodal terminals. Putting more emphasis on such measures and planning ahead could bring substantial benefits to Kosovo’s transport system once Kosovo’s rail infrastructure is better developed thanks to the implementation of measures under the current Action Plan. In order to effectively monitor and evaluate policies seeking to promote intramodality and the use of rail, Kosovo should also prioritise improving its data collection by collecting statistics on the use of road and rail for both passenger and freight transport.

• Continue efforts to improve road safety, including on data collection. Once Kosovo’s Road Safety Agency is properly established, it should focus on adopting a safe system approach and collecting key performance indicators that the European Union recommends (Box 12.1). These indicators cover various aspects such as speed, seat belt usage, alcohol consumption, helmet usage, distraction, vehicle safety, infrastructure quality, and post-crash care. Collaboration with the TCT Secretariat is crucial to facilitating the integration into European road safety initiatives. A proactive step in this direction would be to initiate collaborative efforts to implement "Joining EU CARE", thereby ensuring the economy’s commitment to advancing road safety standards in line with European benchmarks.

Box 12.1. Adopting the Safe System Approach and safety performance indicators for improved road safety

In the past decade, the International Transport Forum (ITF) has promoted the adoption of the Safe System Approach to road safety. This approach can drastically reduce road fatalities and is endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly. It now forms the basis for the new Global Plan for the Decade of Action on Road Safety 2021-30. The Safe System Approach is a proactive approach to road safety; it is preventive and predicated on the notion that people make mistakes and that these errors can result in traffic crashes. It seeks to identify and proactively address vulnerabilities in the transportation system in a holistic manner. Adopting the Safe System Approach is a concrete step that the WB6 economies can take to improve road safety outcomes.

The Safe System Approach requires road safety authorities to collect, analyse, and use accurate road safety data and develop safety performance indicators (SPIs). The European Commission developed a list of SPIs with the correspondent methodology in the Baseline project. These safety performance indicators are related to driving behaviours, such as following speed limits, drunk driving, and seat belt usage. Indicators related to vehicles, infrastructure and trauma are also important. Road safety improvement can be further accelerated by identifying distinct at-risk user groups – or vulnerable user groups – and implementing safety performance indicators to improve road safety outcomes. Vulnerable road users for whom the ITF report recommends tailoring SPIs include pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. Implementing SPIs that are specific to these groups can help the WB6 economies advance on the Road Safety Action Plan goal of protecting vulnerable road users.

Sources: ITF (2022[15]; 2023[16]).

References

[10] European Commission (2023), Kosovo 2023 Report, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_692%20Kosovo%20report_0.pdf.

[13] European Commission (2023), “Road safety in the EU: fatalities below pre-pandemic levels but progress remains too slow”, https://transport.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/road-safety-eu-fatalities-below-pre-pandemic-levels-progress-remains-too-slow-2023-02-21_en.

[5] European Commission (2022), Kosovo 2022 Report, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-10/Kosovo%20Report%202022.pdf.

[4] European Commission (2021), Kosovo 2021 Report, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-10/Kosovo%202021%20report.PDF.

[1] Government of Kosovo (2023), Multimodal Transport Strategy, https://www.mit-ks.net/repository/docs/2023_03_17_060811_MULTIMODAL_TRANSPORT_STRATEGY_2030.pdf.

[2] IMF (2023), Republic of Kosovo: Technical Assistance Report - Public Investment Management Assessment Update and Climate PIMS, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2023/12/04/Republic-of-Kosovo-Technical-Assistance-Report-Public-Investment-Management-Assessment-541925.

[9] ITF (2024), Indicators: Transport Infrastructure, https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=73638 (accessed on 12 June 2024).

[16] ITF (2023), Using Safety Performance Indicators to Improve Road Safety: The Case of Korea, International Transport Forum Policy Papers, No. 126, OECD Publishing Paris, https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/safety-performance-indicators-road-safety-korea_0.pdf (accessed on 30 May 2024).

[15] ITF (2022), The Safe System Approach in Action, Research Report, https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/safe-system-in-action.pdf.

[12] Kosovo Energy (2024), It Is Recommened to Remove VAT, Customs and Exise for Electric Cars, https://kosovo.energy/rekomandohet-largimi-i-tvsh-se-doganes-dhe-akcizes-per-veturat-elektrike/ (Accessed: 5 February 2024). (accessed on 5 February 2024).

[3] Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosovo (2024), Law No. 04/L-042 on Public Procurement in the Republic of Kosovo, https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDocumentDetail.aspx?ActID=2772 (accessed on 6 February 2024).

[14] Transport Community (2023), Action Plan and the EU Acquis Progress Report 2023 (2023a), https://www.transport-community.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Action-Plans-and-EU-Acquis-Progress-Report-2023-WEB.pdf (accessed on 30 May 2024).

[8] Transport Community (2023), Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy in the Western Balkans, https://www.transport-community.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Sustainable-and-Smart-Mobility-Strategy-Report_designed.pdf.

[6] Transport Community (2022), Action Plans and the EU Acquis Progress Report, https://www.transport-community.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Action-Plans-Progress-Report-1.pdf.

[11] Transport Community (2022), Technical Assistance for Preparation of National ITS Startegy for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo (All Modes) [...] and Deployment of Road Traffic Management Centers in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, https://www.transport-community.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/7.-CONNECTA_ITS_9th_RTC_Belgrade_Draft.pdf.

[7] Transport Community (2020), Railway Infrastructure Asset Management System (RI-AMS) Questions, https://www.transport-community.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/RIAMS-Summary.pdf.

Notes

← 1.  The MTEF indicates the sources of funding for capital investments, disaggregated by ministry and programme. For a project to be included in the MTEF, it must be outlined in the Ministry's Strategy and available funds must be allocated to it.

The prioritization of projects for budget allocation is guided by Section 11 of the Public Investment Program (PIP) and the same selection process is applicable to Public-Private Partnership projects.

← 2.  For example, projects being financed and implemented by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, European Investment Bank and EU under the Western Balkans Investment Framework. For more information, please see: https://www.ebrd.com/news/2022/ebrd-and-eu-back-rehabilitation-of-kosovos-railway-network.html.

← 3.  Such as Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1158/2010 on a common safety method for assessing conformity with the requirements for obtaining railway safety certificates; Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1169/2010 on a common safety method for assessing conformity with the requirements for obtaining a railway safety authorisation; Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1078/2012 on a common safety method for monitoring to be applied by railway undertakings, infrastructure managers after receiving a safety certificate or safety authorisation and by entities in charge of maintenance; and Commission Decision 2009/460/EC on the adoption of a common safety method for assessment of achievement of safety targets (Transport Community, 2023a).