The OECD supports the United Nations and its agencies in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals by bringing together its existing knowledge and its unique tools and experience, including a strong track record in policy work with countries across the globe and solid measures and systems for monitoring performance (OECD, 2019[1]; OECD, n.d.[2]; OECD, 2024[3]). It also fosters international cooperation through effective and inclusive policy dialogue with countries from all regions and at all levels of development. In particular, the OECD supports worldwide SDG implementation through standard setting, peer exchange, expertise mobilization, specialised training, knowledge development, and tailored country support, relied upon by both OECD Members and partner countries alike, particularly in areas such as:
Inclusive growth and well-being
1. Through various publications and working papers, the OECD Centre for Well-Being, Inclusion, Sustainability, and Equal Opportunity (WISE) assists countries with their national implementation of the SDGs, leveraging high level overviews of strengths and weaknesses in performance across the SDGs and the 5Ps to assesses whether the SDGs as being met for all parts of society, not just for the average citizen. It uses a methodology to estimate the distance that countries need to travel to reach the SDG targets, for example for children and youth. This helps countries navigate the complexity of the SDGs and identify priorities.
2. The OECD Framework for Measuring Well-Being and Progress goes beyond GDP growth to help countries identify and assess development challenges around three distinct components: current well-being, inequalities in well-being outcomes, and resources for future well-being.
3. Numerous OECD projects including the Inclusive Growth Initiative, the Multi-Dimensional Country Reviews, Regional Policy Assessment Programmes, and Youth Inclusion and Social Protection projects also incorporate well-being, including in developing countries.
4. The OECD Evidence-based Policy Making for Youth Well-being: A Toolkit (OECD, 2017[4]) provides step-by-step modules to carry out a youth well-being diagnosis and includes practical examples of common youth policies and programmes from developing countries.
5. The OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life, complemented by a policy implementation Toolkit for Mainstreaming and Implementing Gender Equality, provides countries with concrete guidelines in closing the gender divide in public life. Practical OECD tools such as the Gender in Governance Survey Tools and Governance Reviews for Gender Equality further assist governments in delivering policies for gender equality.
6. To promote and mainstream gender equality more broadly, the OECD is implementing its Contribution to Promoting Gender Equality to deliver strengthened data, policy evidence, and outreach activities, including by setting up an OECD Forum on Gender Equality.
7. The OECD also works to deliver the SDGs for women and girls through a range of partnerships and programmes, providing solid and comprehensive policy advice in areas such as the integration of migrants and their children or the implementation of gender budgeting.
8. Further, the OECD is expanding its work on demographics. Drawing on the OECD Recommendation on Ageing and Employment Policies, common OECD instruments such as Economic and Employment Outlooks, Surveys, and Long-term Scenarios now include insights on the fiscal and employment consequences of ageing as well as on pensions, health systems, and on the monitoring of migration trends and policies.
9. Through tools such as the Patient-Reported Indicator Survey (PaRIS), the OECD is also advancing health system performance and the understanding of the interconnectedness between health and other key economic and social indicators, providing key policy insights on how health systems meet the needs of different socio-economic groups, including women.
10. OECD research and analyses are also increasingly focusing on ensuring inclusive and sustainable climate and reaping the benefits of digital transformation while mitigating its associated risks.
Whole-of-government coordination
1. The OECD Network of Senior Officials from Centres of Government provides a forum for exchanging good practices and mobilising expertise to support countries' SDG governance capacity. The Network includes expertise on strategy design and operationalisation, planning, institutional coordination, human capital development, and collaboration mechanisms.
2. The OECD Network of Schools of Government plays a role in SDG implementation in OECD countries by identifying key areas for successful whole-of-government approaches to SDG implementation. The OECD also works with a network of senior leaders on modern public sector leadership challenges directly linked to SDG implementation.
3. The OECD Framework to Promote the Strategic Use of Public Procurement for Innovation enables governments to cooperate across levels and helps ensure successful innovation initiatives through public procurement. It outlines a set of principles based on the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Public Procurement, to be used when planning and implementing measures in support of innovation procurement.
4. The OECD Recommendation on Public Service Leadership and Capacity (PSLC), and the related skills model, establish frameworks to assess and build public workforces with the skills, leadership, and people management systems needed to tackle policy challenges posed by the implementation of national SDG strategies. These frameworks and tools help identify, and address bottlenecks related to people and organisational issues.
The OECD Recommendation on Effective Public Investment Across Levels of Government and the associated Toolkit aim to help governments at all levels to assess the strengths and weaknesses of their public investment capacity, using a multi-level governance approach, and to set priorities for improvement. It contains 12 principles, organised around 3 pillars, which address the coordination of public investment across levels of government, strengthening capacity and policy learning, and ensuring the right framework conditions for public investment (OECD, 2014[5]).
Policy coherence for sustainable development
1. The OECD Council Recommendation on Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development (PCSD), complemented by an online PCSD toolkit, sets an international standard for identifying and addressing the trade-offs and synergies between different SDGs and targets, thus ensuring a more cost-effective implementation.
2. The OECD Network of National Focal Points for Policy Coherence facilitates governments' effective implementation of the OECD Recommendation on PCSD by promoting open dialogue and peer exchange around country experiences, approaches and challenges related to tracking progress on PCSD, as called for by SDG target 17.14. An annual country survey on the institutional mechanisms (structures, processes and working methods) within national administrations conducive to higher degrees of policy coherence in SDG implementation assists countries in identifying good PCSD practices and tracking progress towards them.
3. The OECD provides targeted country support to improve understanding of policy coherence in OECD countries through training workshops upon country demand. These capacity-building sessions involve participation from a wide range of stakeholders both within and beyond governments and have facilitated cross-sectoral dialogue and discussions on the institutional mechanisms that could be used more proactively to enhance policy coherence.
Open government and stakeholder participation
1. The OECD Recommendation of the Council on Open Government identifies key principles for open government in support of democracy and inclusive growth, based on more than 15 years of work on the subject. As the first and only internationally recognised legal instrument on open government, it guides countries in designing and implementing their open government agendas, strengthening public governance and fostering trust in government.
2. The OECD's composite Indicators of Regulatory Policy and Governance track countries' progress in improving the quality of their regulations across the board, following the OECD Recommendation on Regulatory Policy and Governance. These indicators provide measures of how open, evidence-based and targeted the process of developing laws and regulations is to achieve policy goals. As such, they are relevant indicators for SDG targets 10.3 and 16.6. In addition, the composite indicator on stakeholder engagement provides a measure of participation in regulatory policymaking, supporting monitoring of SDG target 16.7.
Integrity and anti-corruption
1. The OECD supports governments in the fight against corruption by tackling both the demand and supply side. On the integrity side, the OECD Recommendation on Public Integrity is the first compelling international instrument for the implementation of public integrity measures at the state level and draws on 20 years of experience in this area. On the foreign bribery side, the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention promotes the criminalisation of bribery of foreign officials.
2. The OECD Working Party of Senior Public Integrity Officials, launched in November 2016, aims to facilitate governments' effective implementation of the OECD Recommendation on Public Integrity, which promotes continuous learning and improvement of public integrity policies by generating knowledge through integrity measurement.
3. The annual OECD Global Anti-Corruption and Integrity Forum gathers thousands of representatives from anti-corruption entities, the private sector, academia and civil society to reflect on new approaches to tackle corruption more effectively and promote integrity.
4. The Recommendation of the Council on Public Procurement (OECD, 2015) supports government efforts to preserve the integrity of the public procurement system through general standards and procurement-specific safeguards.
5. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (OECD, 2011) are the leading international instrument on corporate responsibility. The guidelines promote positive contributions by enterprise to economic, environmental and social progress worldwide.
6. The OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct provides a tool for companies and governments to integrate responsible business conduct into public procurement.
7. The 2016 Recommendation of the OECD Council for Development Co-operation Actors on Managing the Risk of Corruption assists OECD Members and partner countries having adhered to it to better understand and manage corruption risks.
8. The OECD-DAC Policy Guidance on Mitigating the Risks of Illicit Financial Flows (IFFs) in Oil Commodity Trading proposes a set of actions for providers ODA to respond to IFFs in oil commodity trading.
Access to justice
1. The OECD Recommendation on Access to Justice and People-Centred Justice Systems, adopted in 2023, supports Adherents in advancing access to justice and establishing core elements of people-centred justice. It was developed with extensive consultations, building on the OECD Framework and Good Practice Principles for People-Centred Justice and reflects inputs from various stakeholders. The Recommendation builds on four pillars: designing people-centred services, establishing enabling governance structures, empowering people, and committing to participatory and evidence-based planning, monitoring, and evaluation, promoting a whole-of-government approach.
The OECD's Public Governance Committee (PGC) will support the implementation of this Recommendation with guidance, indicators, and a toolkit, and will report on the Recommendation's impact in 2028.
Financing for development
1. The OECD helps governments improve domestic enabling environments for mobilising private finance and investment and optimise public finance for the transition and sustainable development through work on public investment, blended finance, green budgeting, pricing, taxing, subsidies, and incentives, including in relation to climate mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity, water and sustainable ocean economy, as well as policies and instruments to green the financial sector and reorient finance in support of environmental goals and the SDGs.
2. The OECD Recommendations on Budgetary Governance help governments implement budgeting frameworks that align strategic expenditure allocations with fiscal targets, medium-term priorities and development objectives. To assist countries' monitoring and reporting on SDG targets and the progress towards their achievement, the OECD also provides tailored guidance on performance and results-focused budget models that can be linked to higher-order outcome frameworks such as the SDGs.
3. Under the Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting, and the OECD Gender Budgeting Expert Group, the OECD Secretariat advances the analytical and methodological groundwork for green and gender budgeting and supports governments in their reform efforts, providing unique insights into countries’ current positions to mainstream environmental and gender considerations in the budget process to achieve the SDGs. The OECD has also developed guidelines and a self-assessment tool to help regional and local governments adopt green budgeting practices.
4. The OECD is the custodian agency for Official Development Assistance (ODA), which is a critical source of external finance for developing countries. ODA levels rose at an all-time high, to USD 210.7 billion in 2022, up 17% in real terms from USD 186 billion in 2021.
5. The collaboration between the OECD Development Assistance Committee and the newly established International Forum on Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) measures and monitors financing flows beyond ODA, to include private finance mobilised, triangular co-operation, and financing of global public goods.
6. The OECD/UNDP Tax Inspectors Without Borders initiative has led to the collection of over USD 2 billion in additional tax collected across 60 jurisdictions. The Platform for Collaboration on Tax, including the OECD, the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank continues to gain strength and to provide joint technical support and toolkits for developing countries.
7. The OECD assists emerging and developing economies in attracting more, better, and safe Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) through a comprehensive set of OECD policy tools, such as the OECD Policy Framework for Investment (PFI), the OECD Recommendation on FDI Qualities for Sustainable Development and its Toolkit, and the 2009 Guidelines for the design of policies to manage security implications of FDI.
8. The recent revision of the 1976 OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises aims at better capturing the current approach to investment policy to strengthen the importance of keeping markets open, enhancing sustainable impacts and addressing potential security risks associated with some transactions. The Investment Committee is working on a forward-looking action plan to further revise the Declaration.
Environmental sustainability
1. The OECD works with its members, partner countries, and other stakeholders to ensure sound environmental management that supports the sustained achievement of economic development and prosperity while delivering human security and resilience.
2. The OECD supports governments in their efforts to achieve rapid and deep emissions cuts in this decade and across sectors, including hard-to-abate emissions from sectors like steel and cement. Together with the International Energy Agency, the OECD contributes to the work of the Climate Club (in addition to hosting its Interim Secretariat), an inclusive forum aiming to boost international climate co-operation and partnerships to facilitate industry decarbonisation.
3. The Inclusive Forum for Carbon Mitigation Approaches aims to optimise the global impact of emissions reduction efforts around the world through better data and information sharing, evidence-based mutual learning and inclusive multilateral dialogue between developing, emerging and advanced economies.
4. Through the flagship project Net Zero+: Climate and Economic Resilience in a Changing World, the OECD is supporting governments in driving the swift transformational change needed to tackle climate change, focusing on education, skills and government capacity to maximise net socio-economic benefits and to enable a just transition, shedding light on its social and fiscal implications while making the transition itself more resilient to the effects of climate change.
5. A key component of Net Zero+, the International Programme for Action on Climate (IPAC), helps countries strengthen their climate action through improving data and indicators for measuring climate risks, adaptation and mitigation actions.
6. The OECD Recommendation on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the Environment, currently undergoing revisions to reflect the latest technology developments, supports governments to increase the environmental benefits of ICT applications and improve environmental impacts of ICTs.
7. The OECD supports governments to operationalise policies ensuring the safe and sustainable use of chemicals, for example through the development of standards allowing to identify hazardous chemicals. The OECD supports Members and partners countries in transitioning to more resource efficient circular economies, including through promoting the use of economic policy instruments and with a focus on plastic pollution (also supporting negotiations for a global plastics treaty) and critical raw materials.
8. The OECD promotes trade and sustainability through work on the circular economy, environmentally harmful subsidies and environmental goods and services, and efforts to map carbon footprint monitoring initiatives for agri-food, mining and steel supply chains.
9. The OECD tracks international climate finance and shares its expertise on these flows, as well as on the implications of different methodologies for estimating climate finance.
10. The OECD supports countries in implementing the Global Biodiversity Framework through providing data, evidence and analysis, for example through the flagship project on Tracking Economic Instruments and Finance for Biodiversity, mainstreaming biodiversity across sectors, and work on scaling up positive incentives for biodiversity.
11. It is important to improve our understanding of the financial role of regional and local governments in the transition, to track the progress regions and cities are making towards achieving the Paris Agreement commitments and other green objectives, and to identify areas where further action is needed to align subnational governments expenditure, investment and revenues with their climate goals and mobilise additional sources of finance. To that end, the OECD has developed a pilot methodology to assess subnational government climate-significant expenditure and investment. The database is accessible on the OECD Subnational Government Climate Finance Hub.
12. The OECD Policy Dialogue on Natural Resource-based Development (PD-NR) offers an intergovernmental platform where resource producing and importing countries as well as extractive industries work together to make the extractive sector a catalyst for low-carbon, climate-resilient, inclusive, and sustainable development.
Science, Technology and Innovation Policies
1. The OECD Agenda for Transformative Science, Technology and Innovation Policies, delivered for the 2024 OECD Science and Technology Ministerial provides a framework to support governments in promoting sustained investments and greater directionality in research and innovation activities as well as the reappraisal of STI systems and STI policies to ensure they are “fit-for-purpose” to contribute to transformative change agendas.
Data governance and cross-border data flows
1. Adopted in December 2022, the OECD Declaration on Government Access to Personal Data Held by Private Sector Entities seeks to improve trust in cross-border data flows by clarifying how national security and law enforcement agencies can access personal data under existing legal frameworks.
2. The OECD Recommendation on Enhancing Access to and Sharing of Data is the first internationally agreed-upon set of principles on maximising the cross-sectoral benefits of data while protecting rights and interests.
3. The OECD Declaration on Government Access to Personal Data Held by Private Sector Entities seeks to improve trust in cross-border data flows – which are central to the digital transformation of the global economy – by clarifying how national security and law enforcement agencies can access personal data under existing legal framework.
4. The 1980 OECD Privacy Guideline were the first internationally-agreed privacy principles and today the global standard for the protection of personal data.
5. The third phase of the OECD Going Digital Horizontal Project focused on data governance for growth and well-being, and leveraged experiences across policy areas to provide analysis, guidance, case studies and policy recommendations. In particular, the Going Digital Guide to Data Governance Policy Making helps policy makers develop, revise, and implement policies for data governance across policy domains in the digital age.
Artificial intelligence
1. The OECD Recommendation on AI is the first intergovernmental standard on AI. It aims to foster innovation and trust in AI by promoting the responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI while ensuring respect for human rights and democratic values.
2. The OECD AI Policy Observatory, including the Catalogue of Tools and Metrics for trustworthy AI and the new AI Incidents Monitor, informs policymakers on the responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI, while the Framework for the Classification of AI Systems fosters international operability of AI frameworks.
3. The OECD.AI Network of Experts (ONE AI) works as an informal group of AI experts from government, business, academia and civil society. The network provides AI-specific policy advice for the OECD’s work on AI policy and contributes to the OECD AI Policy Observatory.
4. The OECD Artificial Intelligence in Work, Innovation, Productivity and Skills programme supports policy responses to AI in areas such as employment, healthcare, education, and skills.
5. OECD work analyses the impact of AI on firms, focusing on patterns of AI adoption at the firm level, the links between AI use and firm productivity, and emerging patterns in AI skills demand.
Enhancing digital connectivity and infrastructure
1. The OECD Recommendation on Broadband Connectivity provides a roadmap for policies that foster competition, innovation, and investment to boost broadband deployment, particularly in un-served or under-served areas.
Emerging Technologies
1. The OECD Framework for Anticipatory Governance of Emerging Technologies equips governments, other innovation actors and societies to anticipate and get ahead of governance challenges, and build longer-term capacities to shape innovation more effectively.
The Space Economy
1. The Economics of Space Sustainability: Delivering Economic Evidence to Guide Government Action
Partnerships for the goals
1. The OECD provides platforms for inclusive dialogue and partnerships, including the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation, a multi-stakeholder platform supported by the OECD and UNDP, which brings together stakeholders from both public and private sectors, who are committed to strengthening the effectiveness of their partnerships for development and the 2030 Agenda.
2. The toolkits on Funding Civil Society in Partner Countries and on Shifting Power within Partnerships are designed to support adherents to the DAC Recommendation on Enabling Civil Society in Development Co-operation and Humanitarian Assistance to realise the Recommendation’s various commitments to strengthen partnerships with civil society actors as key contributors to SDG achievement and monitoring. The toolkits provide guidance on actions to enhance partner-country civil society’s participation, promote and invest in the leadership of partner-country civil society, and promote more equitable partnerships with mutual capacity strengthening that draws on the comparative advantages of different types of civil society actors (OECD, 2023[6]) (OECD, forthcoming[7]).
3. The OECD also convenes an expert community on Data Free Flow with Trust to advance solutions-oriented, evidence-based and multi-stakeholder cooperation, including enhancing transparency around policies and regulations for cross-border data transfers, identifying use cases for privacy-enhancing technologies in cross-border sharing.
4. The OECD Global Forum on Technology (GFTech) is a venue for a regular, in-depth, strategic and multi-stakeholder dialogue - with OECD Members, non-Members and stakeholder groups including industry, academia, civil society and technical communities – to foresee the long-term opportunities and risks presented by technological development. It currently focuses on three technologies: Synthetic biology, Quantum technologies and Immersive technologies.
Data availability and capacity
1. The OECD helps countries track progress in areas such as trust, health inequalities, green growth, income and consumption inequality, and job quality, and supports them in developing and using environmental and green growth indicators to achieve environment-economy integration over time.
2. The OECD also supports developing countries in building their own statistical capacities and systems through the PARIS21 partnership. In addition, the Framework for Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) captures a wide range of resources in support of sustainable development that complement ODA.
3. The OECD Going Digital Toolkit helps countries assess their state of digital development and formulate policies in response. It is structured along the seven policy dimensions (access, use, innovation, jobs, society, trust and market openness) based on the Going Digital Integrated Policy Framework which cuts across policy areas to help ensure a whole-of-economy and society approach to realising the promises of an inclusive digital transformation.
Localising the SDGs
1. The OECD programme on A Territorial Approach to the SDGs support cities, regions and national governments in localising the 2030 Agenda. Through multi-level policy dialogues with 11 cities and regions from OECD and partner countries, analysis, toolkits, an indicator framework, collaborative platforms and peer to peer learning, the programme helps measure progress and share global best practices on local sustainable development.
2. The OECD web-tool on Measuring Distance to the SDGs in cities and regions shows the distance of 600+ regions and 600+ cities to end values for 2030 for the 17 SDGs. It also compares the performance with other regions and cities in their country and helps identify peers in other countries. The tool aims to foster peer-learning and policy dialogues across similar regions and cities, increase accountability of governments with regards to the SDGs, and raise SDGs awareness across society at large.
3. The OECD Roundtable on Cities and Regions for the SDGs serves as a dynamic forum for exchanging ideas, strategies, and best practices on the localisation of the SDGs among local, regional and national governments, international organisations, academia, civil society, and the private sector.
4. The OECD Toolkit for A Territorial Approach to the SDGs is designed as a user-friendly checklist to guide policy makers at all levels of government to implement a territorial approach to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It provides a one-stop-shop including lessons learned from cities across the globe, proposing a How-To Guide for interested SDG champions, showcasing localised data and indicators, and a self-assessment tool for cities and regions looking to embrace the localisation path.
5. The policy paper Sustainable Development Goals as a framework for COVID-19 recovery in cities and regions presents the results of an OECD-European Committee of the Regions (CoR) joint survey on how local and regional governments are leveraging the SDGs to shape their recovery strategies from the COVID-19 pandemic. Localising the SDGs in a changing landscape presents the results of a survey jointly conducted by the OECD, the Sustainable Development Solutions Network and the CoR on how to localise the SDGs in a changing international landscape marked by disasters and shocks.
6. The OECD work on decentralised development co-operation (DDC) and city-to-city partnerships seeks to help cities and regions increase the impact of their DDC programmes and ensure mutual benefits. We provide analysis of recent DDC trends and evolutions and offer policy recommendations to shape more effective DDC policies, financing, monitoring and evaluation and multi-level governance. The Global policy toolkit: Guidance for practitioners shows how DDC can promote mutual benefits and peer-to-peer learning, bring development co-operation closer to people and their daily lives, and deliver technical services and expertise. By providing a repository of good practices and guidance on implementation modalities, the toolkit seeks to promote policy dialogue and mutual learning across DDC actors and to enhance DDC effectiveness, efficiency and impact worldwide.
Monitoring and Review
1. The OECD Recommendation of the Council on Regulatory Policy and Governance sets out the measures by which governments can implement or advance regulatory reform in a whole-of-government fashion, seeing Regulatory Impact Analysis as both a tool and a decision process for informing decision makers on whether and how to regulate to achieve public policy goals.
2. OECD country assessments, peer reviews and peer learning mechanisms across a range of policy fields play a key role in sharing learning and knowledge, improving policies and practices, and building trust and mutual respect among partners.
3. Moreover, the OECD Network of Economic Regulators, building on the OECD Framework for Regulatory Policy Evaluation, the OECD Survey on the Institutionalisation and Governance of Policy Evaluation, and the OECD Regulatory Policy Outlook, supports countries in the design of effective monitoring and evaluation systems, assisting them in systematically evaluating the design and implementation of regulatory policy against the achievement of strategic regulatory objectives, such as those derived from the SDGs.
Education
1. The OECD is a member of the Global Education Cooperation Mechanism (GCM) coordinated by UNESCO with the Global Education Meeting (GEM) and SDG4-Education 2030 High-Level Steering Committee (HLSC) serving as the global apex bodies to oversee the coordination of SDG4.
2. The OECD helps countries to track progress towards SDG4 achievement and its flagship education programmes, such as the Programme for International Student Achievement (PISA), are primary sources of data for SDG4 monitoring.
3. The OECD is adapting its range of assessment and learning mechanisms – including PISA – to the 2030 Agenda.
4. The OECD is the custodian agency for the global indicator for development assistance for scholarships (SDG 4.b.1).
5. In addition, the OECD Regular Dialogue on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a key annual initiative within the OECD's commitment to the achievement of the SDGs. Launched by the OECD Council in 2016, this dialogue plays a crucial role as a forum for substantive discussions among OECD Members, selected partner countries, and selected international organisations. Its primary focus is to assess the progress made towards the realisation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and explore next steps to be taken, with a specific emphasis on the OECD's contribution.
6. The 2024 OECD Regular Dialogue on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development echoed the thematic focus of the 2024 United Nations High Level Political Forum (HLPF) on Sustainable Development and concentrated on two SDGs, SDG 1 - End poverty in all its forms everywhere, and SDG 13 - Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Jointly addressing these two SDGs recognises the interdependence of poverty eradication and climate action, acknowledging that vulnerable populations, especially in developing countries, bear a disproportionate burden of climate-related hazards and of the challenges emanating from climate change. The 2024 Regular Dialogue also explored the closely related objective of ensuring adequate financing for SDG attainment, as outlined in SDG17.