[35] A Way Home Scotland (2019), Youth Homelessness Prevention Pathway: Improving Care Leavers Housing Pathways, https://bettercarenetwork.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/Youth_Homelessness_Prevention_Pathway.pdf (accessed on 5 April 2022).
[56] Acil Allen Consulting (2020), Towards Independent Adulthood Trial Evaluation. Final Report, https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/01_2021/tia-trial-evaluationfinal-report.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2022).
[48] Arnau-Sabatés, L. and R. Gilligan (2020), “Support in the workplace: How relationships with bosses and co-workers may benefit care leavers and young people in care”, Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 111, p. 104833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104833.
[49] Arnau-Sabatés, L. and R. Gilligan (2015), “What helps young care leavers to enter the world of work? Possible lessons learned from an exploratory study in Ireland and Catalonia”, Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 53, pp. 185-191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.03.027.
[4] Baidawi, S., P. Mendes and P. Snow (2014), “Young People in, and Transitioning from, Out-of-home Care and their Mental Health Issues: A Call for Evidence”, Children Australia, Vol. 39/04, pp. 200-205, https://doi.org/10.1017/cha.2014.27.
[66] Baker, C. (2017), “Care leavers views on the transition to adulthood: A Rapid Review of the Evidence”, Coram Voice, pp. 1-50.
[23] Barn, R. and J. Tan (2012), “Foster youth and crime: Employing general strain theory to promote understanding”, Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 40/3, pp. 212-220, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCRIMJUS.2012.01.004.
[47] Berlin, M., B. Vinnerljung and A. Hjern (2011), “School performance in primary school and psychosocial problems in young adulthood among care leavers from long term foster care”, Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 33/12, pp. 2489-2497, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.024.
[10] Brady, E. and R. Gilligan (2018), “The life course perspective: An integrative research paradigm for examining the educational experiences of adult care leavers?”, Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 87, pp. 69-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.02.019.
[14] Cameron, C. (2016), Leaving Care and Employment in Five European Countries: An Undocumented Problem?, SOS Children’s Villages International, Innsbruck, https://www.sos-childrensvillages.org/getmedia/908bc3ed-244d-48d0-b8e1-d44d8cdd8e8a/SOS-CVI_Leaving-Care-and-employment-report_Final.pdf.
[7] Children’s Commissioner for England (2021), Characteristics of children entering care for the first time as teenagers, https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/cco-characteristics-of-children-entering-care-for-the-first-time-as-teenagers.pdf (accessed on 3 November 2021).
[57] Clayden, J. and M. Stein (2005), Mentoring young people leaving care, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York.
[31] Courtney, M. (2019), “The benefits of extending care to young adults: Evidence from the United States of America”, in Mann-Feder, V. and M. Goyette (eds.), Leaving care and the transition to adulthood: International contributions to theory, research and practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[60] Courtney, M. (2009), “The Difficult Transition to Adulthood for Foster Youth in the US: Implications for the State as Corporate Parent”, Social policy report / Society for Research in Child Development, Vol. 23, pp. 3-18, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2379-3988.2009.tb00058.x.
[30] Courtney, M. (2007), Midwest evaluation of the adult functioning of former foster youth: Outcomes at age 21, Chapin Hall Center for Children, Chicago.
[39] Courtney, M. et al. (2011), Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth: Outcomes at Age 26, Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago, Chicago.
[74] Dennell, B., K. McGhee and R. Porter (2022), Continuing Care: An exploration of implementation, Centre for Excellence for Children’s Care and Protection.
[46] Department for Children, S. (2010), IRO Handbook, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337568/iro_statutory_guidance_iros_and_las_march_2010_tagged.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2022).
[22] Dixon, J. (2008), “Young people leaving care: health, well-being and outcomes”, Child & Family Social Work, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2206.2007.00538.x, pp. 207-217, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2007.00538.x.
[69] Dixon, J. and C. Baker (2016), “New Belongings: an evaluation”, https://secure.toolkitfiles.co.uk/clients/23786/sitedata/files/New-Belongings-Evaluation-DfE-2016.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2022).
[33] Dixon, J., C. Cresswell and J. Ward (2020), The Break Staying Close, Staying Connected Project, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York.
[67] Dixon, J. et al. (2015), Corporate parenting for young people in care: Making the difference?, Catch22, London.
[24] Doyle Joseph J., J. (2007), “Child Protection and Child Outcomes: Measuring the Effects of Foster Care”, American Economic Review, Vol. 97/5, pp. 1583-1610, https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.5.1583.
[20] Dulin, A. (2018), “Prévenir les ruptures dans les parcours en protection de l’enfance”, Les Avis du Cese, Journal Officiel de la République Française, https://www.lecese.fr/sites/default/files/pdf/Avis/2018/2018_17_protection_enfance.pdf.
[19] Dworsky, A., L. Napolitano and M. Courtney (2013), “Homelessness during the transition from foster care to adulthood”, American journal of public health, Vol. 103 Suppl 2/Suppl 2, pp. S318-S323, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301455.
[32] Foley, N. and Library Specialists (2021), Support for care leavers, House of Commons Library, https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8429/CBP-8429.pdf (accessed on 24 February 2022).
[42] Frechon I. and Marquet L. (2019), “Leaving Child Protection at Age 18 or Continuing in Young Adult Protection”, in Goyette M. and Mann-Feder V. (eds.), Leaving care and the transition to Adulthood: International contributions to theory, research and practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[18] Frechon, I. and M. Marpsat (2016), “Placement dans l’enfance et précarité de la situation de logement”, Économie et Statistique 488-489, https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2123144?sommaire=2123156.
[12] Fryar, G., E. Jordan and K. DeVooght (2017), Supporting Young People Transitioning from Foster Care: Findings from a National Survey, https://www.childtrends.org/publications/supporting-young-people-transitioning-foster-care-findings-national-survey.
[43] Geenen, S. and L. Powers (2007), ““Tomorrow is another problem””, Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 29/8, pp. 1085-1101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.04.008.
[50] Gilligan, R. (2019), “Work Matters: Re-thinking the Transformative Potential of Education and Work in the Lives of Young People in Care and Care Leavers’”, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26372-0_16.
[38] Gilligan, R. (2008), “Promoting Resilience in Young People in Long-Term Care - The Relevance of Roles and Relationships in the Domains of Recreation and Work”, Journal of Social Work Practice, doi: 10.1080/02650530701872330, pp. 37-50, https://doi.org/10.1080/02650530701872330.
[63] Gilligan, R. (1999), “Enhancing the resilience of children and young people public care by mentoring their talents and interest”, Child and Family Social Work, pp. 187-196.
[52] Gilligan, R. and L. Arnau-Sabatés (2017), “The role of carers in supporting the progress of care leavers in the world of work”, Child & Family Social Work, Vol. 22/2, pp. 792-800, https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12297.
[71] Gilligan, R., E. Brady and L. Cullen (2022), One More Adversity: The lived experience of care leavers in Ireland during the Covid-19 pandemic, School of Social Work & Social Policy, Trinity College Dublin.
[59] Grossman, J. and J. Rhodes (2002), “The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships”, American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 30/2, pp. 199-219, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014680827552.
[8] Gupta-Kagan, J. (2020), “America’s hidden foster care system”, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 72.
[51] Jackson, S. and C. Cameron (2012), Young people from a public care background: pathways to further and higher education in five European countries, Thomas Coram Research Unit, London, https://bettercarenetwork.org/sites/default/files/attachments/Final%20Report%20of%20the%20YiPEE%20Project.pdf (accessed on 28 March 2022).
[37] Jahnukainen, M. and T. Järvinen (2005), “Risk factors and survival routes: social exclusion as a life‐historical phenomenon”, Disability & Society, doi: 10.1080/09687590500249090, pp. 669-682, https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590500249090.
[13] Kääriälä, A. and H. Hiilamo (2017), “Children in out-of-home care as young adults: A systematic review of outcomes in the Nordic countries”, Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 79, pp. 107-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHILDYOUTH.2017.05.030.
[73] Kelly, B. et al. (2021), “’’I got into a very dark place“: addressing the needs of young people leaving care during the Covid-19 pandemic”, Journal of Children’s Services, Vol. 18/4, pp. 332-345, https://doi.org/10.1108/JCS-05-2021-0022.
[9] Lerch, V. and A. Nordenmark Severinsson (2019), Feasibility Study for a Child Guarantee - Target Group Discussion Paper on Children in Alternative Care, European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion.
[55] Lough Dennell, B., K. McGhee and R. Porter (2022), Continuing Care: An exploration of implementation, CELCIS, https://www.celcis.org/application/files/5816/4751/7713/continuing_care_an_exploration_of_implementation.pdf (accessed on 28 March 2022).
[68] Lushey, C. and E. Munro (2015), “Participatory peer research methodology: An effective method for obtaining young people’s perspectives on transitions from care to adulthood?”, Qualitative Social Work, Vol. 14/4, pp. 522-537, https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325014559282.
[17] MacKenzie, D. et al. (2016), The Cost of Youth Homelessness in Australia, Centre for Social Impact, Sydney, https://www.csi.edu.au/media/uploads/CYHA_FINAL_REPORT_18April2016_v0dqGpT.pdf.
[53] Mannay, D. et al. (2017), “The consequences of being labelled ‘looked-after’: Exploring the educational experiences of looked-after children and young people in Wales”, British Educational Research Journal, Vol. 43/4, pp. 683-699, https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3283.
[2] Marion, E. and V. Paulsen (2019), “The transition to adulthood from care: A review of current research”, in Mann-Feder, V. and M. Goyette (eds.), Leaving Care and the Transition to Adulthood: International Contributions to Theory, Research, and Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[58] Mendes, P. (2009), “Mentoring for Care Leavers: A Critical Review of the Literature”, Developing Practice: The Child, Youth and Family Work Journal.
[28] Mendes, P. (2009), “Young People Transitioning from Out-of-Home Care: A Critical Analysis of Australian and International Policy and Practice”, Australian Social Work, doi: 10.1080/03124070902964665, pp. 388-402, https://doi.org/10.1080/03124070902964665.
[45] Mendes, P. and J. Purtell (2020), “Relationship-basedModels for Supporting Yong People Transitioning from Out-of-home Care: Two Case Studies from Victora Australia”, Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond, pp. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1177/2349300320967179.
[27] Mendes, P. and J. Rogers (2020), “Young People Transitioning from Out-of-Home Care: What are the Lessons from Extended Care Programmes in the USA and England for Australia?”, The British Journal of Social Work, Vol. 50/5, pp. 1513-1530, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcaa028.
[72] Munro, E. et al. (2021), Care leavers, COVID-19 and the transition from Care (CCTC study), Tilda Goldberg Centre for Social Work and Social Care, University of Bedfordshire.
[44] Newman, T. and S. Blackburn (2002), Transitions in the Lives of Children and Young People: Resilience Factors, Scottish Executive Education Department, Edinburgh.
[41] Office of the Provincial Advocate for Children and Youth (2012), 25 is the New 21, Office of the Provincial Advocate for Children and Youth, Toronto, https://openpolicyontario.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2012/02/25istheNew21.pdf.
[65] Osterling, K. and A. Hines (2006), “Mentoring adolescent foster youth: promoting resilience during developmental transitions”, Child <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Family Social Work, Vol. 11/3, pp. 242-253, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2006.00427.x.
[29] Paulsen, V. et al. (2020), Ettervern – en god overgang til voksenlivet? Helhetlig oppfølging av ungdom med barnevernerfaring, NTNU Samfunnsforskning , Trondheim.
[40] Peters, C. et al. (2009), Extending Foster Care to Age 21: Weighing the Costs to Government against the Benefits to Youth, Chapin Hall, Chicago.
[64] Philip, K., J. Shucksmith and C. King (2004), Sharing a laugh? A qualitative study of mentoring interventions with young people, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York.
[62] Rhodes, J. and D. DuBois (2006), “Understanding and Facilitating the Youth Mentoring Movement.”, Social Policy Report, Vol. 20/3.
[61] Rhodes, J. et al. (2006), “A model for the influence of mentoring relationships on youth development”, Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 34/6, pp. 691-707, https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20124.
[54] SOLAS (2020), Future FET: Transforming Learning The National Further Education and Training (FET) Strategy, https://www.solas.ie/f/70398/x/64d0718c9e/solas_fet_strategy_web.pdf (accessed on 7 April 2022).
[3] Stein, M. (2019), “Supporting young people from care to adulthood: International practice”, Child & Family Social Work, Vol. 24/3, pp. 400-405, https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12473.
[11] Stein, M. (2014), “Young People’s Transitions from Care to Adulthood in European and Postcommunist Eastern European and Central Asian Societies”, Australian Social Work, Vol. 67/1, pp. 24-38, https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2013.836236.
[36] Stein, M. (2012), Young people leaving care: supporting pathways to adulthood, Jessica Kingsley, London.
[34] Stein, M. (2008), “Transition from Care to Adulthood: Messages from Research for Policy and Practice”, in Stein, M. and E. Munro (eds.), Supporting young people from care to adulthood: International research and practice, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London.
[15] Stewart, C. et al. (2014), “Former foster youth: Employment outcomes up to age 30”, Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 36, pp. 220-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHILDYOUTH.2013.11.024.
[1] Strahl, B. et al. (2021), “A multinational comparison of care-leaving policy and legislation”, Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, Vol. 37/1, pp. 34-49, https://doi.org/10.1017/ics.2020.26.
[16] SZN (2017), Factsheet Zwerfjongeren Nederland, Stichting Zwerfjongeren Nederland.
[5] Turney, K. and C. Wildeman (2017), “Adverse childhood experiences among children placed in and adopted from foster care: Evidence from a nationally representative survey”, Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 64, pp. 117-129, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHIABU.2016.12.009.
[6] Ubbesen, M., R. Gilbert and J. Thoburn (2015), “Cumulative incidence of entry into out-of-home care: Changes over time in Denmark and England”, Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 42, pp. 63-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHIABU.2014.10.006.
[26] van Breda, A. et al. (2020), “Extended care: Global dialogue on policy, practice and research”, Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 119, p. 105596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105596.
[21] Vinnerljung, B., E. Franzén and M. Danielsson (2007), “Teenage parenthood among child welfare clients: A Swedish national cohort study of prevalence and odds”, Journal of Adolescence, Vol. 30/1, pp. 97-116, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2005.12.002.
[25] Vinnerljung, B. and M. Ribe (2003), “Mortality after care among young adult foster children in Sweden”, International Journal of Social Welfare, doi: 10.1111/1468-2397.00169, pp. 164-173, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2397.00169.
[70] Wijedasa, D. et al. (2022), Longitudinal mental health trajectories of children growing up in State care in England: An exploration of patterns and influencing factors, University of Bristol, https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FR006482%2F1 (accessed on 23 March 2022).