Education Policy Outlook 2019

Annex A. Coverage by topics, education systems and previous OECD country-based work

Table A A.1. Education Policy Outlook analytical framework

Policy Issue	Definition	Levers	Evidence for country analysis
Students: Raising outcomes
Equity and quality	Policies to ensure that personal or social circumstances do not hinder achieving educational potential (fairness) and that all individuals reach at least a basic minimum level of skills (inclusion)	Investing early on	Providing quality early childhood education and care
		Tackling system-level policies	Avoiding grade repetition, early tracking and student selection; managing school choice; developing funding strategies to address the needs of students and schools; designing upper secondary pathways to ensure completion; fostering opportunities for all, including underrepresented population sub‑groups; improving the inclusion of migrant communities
		Supporting low-performing disadvantaged schools	Supporting school leadership; stimulating positive school climates; strengthening the quality of teachers; ensuring effective classroom learning strategies; linking schools with parents and community
Preparing students for the future	Policies to help prepare students for further education or the labour market	Upper secondary	Offering flexible choices; ensuring quality across programmes; strengthening the specific needs of the profession at this level; engaging communities, parents and the private sector; ensuring effective transition into the labour market or further education; ensuring timely access to relevant labour market information	Ensuring lifelong learning through relevant and accessible training opportunities and timely access to relevant labour market information; tackling evolution of skills and labour market needs
		Vocational education and training (VET)	Matching skills offered by VET programmes with labour market needs; offering adequate career guidance; ensuring quality of teachers; providing workplace training; ensuring timely access to relevant labour market information; developing tools for stakeholder engagement
		Tertiary education	Steering tertiary education; matching funding with priorities; assuring quality and equity; enhancing the role of tertiary education in research and innovation; strengthening links with the labour market; shaping internationalisation strategies; ensuring timely access to relevant labour market information
Institutions: Enhancing quality
School improvement	Policies to strengthen delivery of education in schools that can influence student achievement	High-quality teachers	Recruitment, selection and induction; salary and working conditions; initial training; professional development opportunities and career paths
		School leaders	Attracting, developing and retaining school principals in the profession; developing support mechanisms or actors to distribute leadership at schools
		Learning environments	Class size, instruction time, learning strategies and interactions in schools.
Evaluation and assessment	Policies to support the measurement and improvement of school systems’ outcomes	Evaluation and assessment frameworks	Co-ordinated arrangements; governance, configuration/architecture; competencies and skills; use of results; implementation strategies and factors
		System evaluation	Evaluation of the system as a whole, of subnational education systems, programme and policy evaluation
		School evaluation	Internal school evaluation, external school evaluations, and school leadership
		Teacher appraisal	Probationary periods, developmental appraisal, performance management, appraisal for accountability and improvement purposes
		Student assessment	Formative assessments, summative assessments
Systems: Governing effectively
Governance	Ensuring effective planning, implementation and delivery of policies	Formal structures	Type of government; organisation of education system; locus of decision making
		Setting objectives	Definitions of national education goals or priorities.
		Stakeholder process	Relevant institutions and engagement with stakeholders at all levels of education
Funding	Policies to ensure effective and efficient investment in education systems	Economic resources in the education system	Public expenditure, GDP and share by education level
		Use of resources at the school level	Time resources, human resources, material resources

Table A A.2. Overview of education systems included in the report and key sources¹

	Coverage by education system				Primary sources
	Institutions		Systems		EPO Survey 2016-17	Country profile	OECD country-based work
	Chapter 2 (School improvement)	Chapter 3 (Evaluation and assessment)	Chapter 4 (Governance)	Chapter 5 (Funding)
Australia (AUS)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Austria (AUT)	X	X	X	X		X	X
Belgium (BEL)
Flemish Community (Fl.)	X	X	X	X		X	X
French Community (Fr.)	X	X	X	X		X	X
German-speaking Community (De.)	X		X	X		X	X
Canada (CAN)
Federal view	X	X	X	X	X		X
Alberta		X			X
New Brunswick			X	X	X
Nova Scotia	X
Saskatchewan	X				X
Ontario	X				X
Chile (CHL)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Colombia (COL)	X	X	X	X			X
Costa Rica (CRI)		X	X	X			X
Czech Republic (CZE)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Denmark (DNK)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Estonia (EST)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Finland (FIN)	X	X	X	X	X		X
France (FRA)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Germany (DEU)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Greece (GRC)	X	X	X	X		X	X
Hungary (HUN)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Iceland (ISL)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Ireland (IRL)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Italy (ITA)	X	X	X	X		X	X
Japan (JPN)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Kazakhstan (KAZ)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Korea (KOR)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Latvia (LVA)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Lithuania (LTU)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Luxembourg (LUX)		X	X
Mexico (MEX)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
New Zealand (NZL)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Norway (NOR)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Poland (POL)	X		X	X			X
Portugal (PRT)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Slovak Republic (SVK)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Slovenia (SVN)	X	X	X	X			X
Spain (ESP)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Sweden (SWE)	X	X	X	X		X	X
Turkey (TUR)	X	X	X	X	X		X
United Kingdom (GBR)	X	X	X	X
England (ENG)	X	X	X	X	X		X
Northern Ireland (NIRL)	X	X	X	X			X
Scotland (SCT)	X	X	X	X			X
Wales (WLS)	X	X	X	X			X
United States (USA)				X			X

Notes: Validation processes with participating education systems took place as well during 2019. During this process, education systems provided additional information/validation at the request of the OECD.

Table A A.3. List of OECD country-based publications consulted by education system, besides the Education Policy Outlook country profiles (last update March 2019)

Country	Publication
AUSTRALIA	OECD (2008), Reviews of Vocational Education and Training - Learning for Jobs, Australia OECD (2011), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Australia OECD (2014), OECD Economic Surveys: Australia 2014 OECD (2016), Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care Country Note, Australia OECD (2017), Building Skills for All in Australia
AUSTRIA	OECD (2010), Reviews of Vocational Education and Training - Learning for Jobs, Austria OECD (2016), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Austria
BELGIUM	OECD (2011), OECD Economic Surveys: Belgium 2011 OECD (2011), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: School Evaluation in the Flemish Community of Belgium OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Belgium OECD (2015), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Flemish Community of Belgium 2015 OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Belgium OECD (2019), OECD Skills Strategy Flanders: Assessment and Recommendations
CANADA	OECD (2012), OECD Economic Surveys: Canada 2012 OECD (2016), Overview of OECD Economic Surveys: Canada 2016 OECD (2017), Promising Practices in Supporting Success for Indigenous Students
CHILE	OECD (2013), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Chile OECD (2015), “Better Policies” Series: Chile Policy Priorities for Stronger and more Equitable Growth OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Chile 2015 OECD (2017), Education in Chile OECD (2017), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Chile 2017 OECD (2018), OECD Economic Surveys: Chile
COLOMBIA	OECD (2013), OECD Economic Surveys: Colombia 2013 OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Colombia 2015 OECD (2016), Reviews of National Policies for Education in Colombia OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Colombia 2017 OECD (2018), Public spending in education and student’s performance in Colombia
COSTA RICA	OECD (2016), The Economic Survey of Costa Rica OECD (2018), OECD Economic Surveys: Costa Rica 2018
CZECH REPUBLIC	OECD (2010), Reviews of Vocational Education and Training - Learning for Jobs, Czech Republic OECD (2012), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Czech Republic OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood and Care, Czech Republic OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: the Czech Republic 2016 OECD (2016), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Czech Republic
DENMARK	OECD (2011), Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education : Denmark OECD (2012), Reviews of Skills Beyond Schools, Denmark OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Denmark 2016 OECD (2015), Reviews of School Resources: Flemish Community of Belgium OECD (2016), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Denmark 2016
ESTONIA	OECD (2012), OECD Economic Surveys: Estonia 2012 OECD (2016), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Estonia OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Estonia 2017
FINLAND	OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood and Care, Finland OECD (2016), Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care Country Note, Finland OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Finland 2016
FRANCE	OECD (2011), OECD Economic Surveys: France 2011 OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: France 2015 OECD (2016), Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care Country Note, France OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: France 2017
GERMANY	OECD (2010), OECD Economic Surveys: Germany 2010 OECD (2013), Reviews of Skills Beyond Schools, Germany OECD (2016a), Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care Country Note, Germany OECD (2016b), OECD Economic Surveys: Germany 2016 OECD (2018), OECD Economic Surveys: Germany 2018
GREECE	OECD (2013), OECD Economic Surveys: Greece OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Greece OECD (2017), Education Policy in Greece: A Preliminary Assessment OECD (2017), Education Policy Review of Greece: Targeted Policy Recommendations on School and School Leader Evaluation for Improvement OECD (2018), OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 2018 OECD (2018), Reviews of National Policies for Education for a Bright Future in Greece
HUNGARY	OECD (2008), Reviews of Vocational Education and Training: A Learning for Jobs Review of Hungary 2008 OECD (2012), OECD Economic Surveys: Hungary 2012 OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Hungary 2016
ICELAND	OECD (2013), OECD Economic Surveys: Iceland 2013 OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Iceland 2015 OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Iceland 2017
IRELAND	OECD (2009), OECD Economic Surveys: Ireland 2009 OECD (2013), OECD Economic Surveys: Ireland 2013 OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Ireland 2015
ITALY	OECD (2009), OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 2009 OECD (2013), OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 2013 OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 2015 OECD (2016), Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care Country Note, Italy OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Italy
JAPAN	OECD (2008), OECD Economic Surveys: Japan 2008 OECD (2011), OECD Economic Surveys: Japan 2011 OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood and Care, Japan OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Japan 2015 OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Japan 2017 OECD (2017), Investing in Youth: Japan OECD (2018), Education Policy in Japan: Building Bridges towards 2030, Reviews of National Policies for Education
KAZAKHSTAN	OECD (2014), Reviews of National Policies for Education: Secondary Education in Kazakhstan, Reviews of National Policies for Education OECD/The World Bank (2015), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Kazakhstan 2015 OECD (2017), Higher Education In Kazakhstan 2017, Reviews of National Policies for Education
KOREA	OECD (2008), OECD Economic Surveys: Korea 2008 OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood and Care, Korea OECD (2016), Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care Country Note, Korea OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Korea 2016
LATVIA	OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Latvia 2015 OECD (2016), Education in Latvia, Reviews of National Policies for Education OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Latvia 2017
LITHUANIA	OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Lithuania 2016 OECD (2016), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Lithuania 2016 OECD (2017), Education in Lithuania
LUXEMBOURG	OECD (2012), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Luxembourg OECD (2015), The Economic Survey of Luxembourg OECD (2017), Monitoring Quality in Early Education and Care Country Note, Luxembourg
MEXICO	OECD (2010), OECD Mexico Improving Schools Review OECD (2012), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education, Mexico OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico 2015 OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico 2017 OECD (2019), Strong Foundations for Quality and Equity in Mexican Schools, Implementing Education Policies OECD (2019), The Future of Mexican Higher Education: Promoting Quality and Equity
NEW ZEALAND	OECD (2011), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: New Zealand OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood and Care, New Zealand OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: New Zealand 2017
NORWAY	OECD (2010), OECD-Norway Improving Schools Review OECD (2011), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Norway OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood and Care, Norway OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Norway 2016 OECD (2016), OECD Economics Department Working Papers: Addressing the challenges in higher education in Norway OECD (2018), Investing in Youth: Norway OECD (2019), Improving School Quality in Norway: The New Competence Development Model
POLAND	OECD (2012), The Economic Survey of Poland OECD (2018), OECD Economic Surveys: Poland 2018
PORTUGAL	OECD (2012), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Portugal OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood and Care, Portugal OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Portugal 2017 OECD (2018), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Portugal 2018 OECD (2018), Skills Strategy Implementation Guidance for Portugal OECD (2019), OECD Review of Higher Education, Research and Innovation: Portugal (2019)
SLOVAK REPUBLIC	OECD (2010), OECD Economic Surveys: the Slovak Republic OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood Education, Slovak Republic OECD (2012), OECD Economic Surveys: the Slovak Republic OECD (2014), OECD Economic Surveys: the Slovak Republic OECD (2014), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education, Slovak Republic OECD (2015), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Slovak Republic OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Slovak Republic 2017
SLOVENIA	OECD (2011), OECD Economic Surveys: Slovenia 2011 OECD (2013), OECD Economic Surveys: Slovenia 2013 OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Slovenia 2015 OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Slovenia 2017
SPAIN	OECD (2014), OECD Economic Surveys: Spain 2014 OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Spain 2017
TURKEY	OECD (2008), OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey 2008 OECD (2012), OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey 2012 OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey 2016
UNITED KINGDOM (ENGLAND & WALES)	OECD (2009), Reviews of Vocational Education and Training - Learning for Jobs, England and Wales
UNITED KINGDOM (ENGLAND)	OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood Education, England OECD (2013), OECD Reviews of Skills Beyond Schools, England OECD (2018), Reviews of Vocational Education and Training: Apprenticeship in England, United Kingdom
UNITED KINGDOM (NORTHERN IRELAND)	OECD (2014), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education, United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)
UNITED KINGDOM (SCOTLAND)	OECD (2015), OECD-Scotland Improving Schools Review
UNITED KINGDOM (WALES)	OECD (2014), Improving Schools in Wales: An OECD Perspective OECD (2018), Developing Schools as Learning Organisations in Wales, Implementing Education Policies
UNITED STATES	OECD (2010), OECD Economic Surveys: United States 2010 OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: United States 2016