Settling In 2018

Annex B. Skills and the labour market

Access the data for tables in Annex B: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933869184

Table A B.1. Distribution by level of education, 2017

Percentages, 15-64 population not in education

	Foreign-born			EU-born			Non-EU-born			Native-born
	Very low (ISCED 0-1)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	High (ISCED 5+)	Very low (ISCED 0-1)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	High (ISCED 5+)	Very low (ISCED 0-1)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	High (ISCED 5+)	Very low (ISCED 0-1)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	High (ISCED 5+)
Australia	..	16	52	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	23	36
Austria	3	28	29	0	11	39	5	41	20	0	13	31
Belgium	20	38	30	12	29	37	25	44	25	7	23	37
Bulgaria	2	8	47	-	..	..	1	3	57	4	20	26
Canada	..	10	60	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	15	45
Chile	11	21	13	..	..	..	..	..	..	23	36	9
Croatia	4	24	18	1	10	25	4	26	16	2	17	21
Cyprus1,2	9	25	34	5	19	34	13	30	35	12	20	40
Czech Republic	0	13	31	1	14	29	0	14	27	0	7	22
Denmark	6	26	40	1	11	52	10	28	36	3	27	31
Estonia	0	10	40	1	7	51	0	7	42	1	18	34
Finland	4	24	32	1	21	31	6	25	32	4	14	39
France	21	39	29	20	36	32	22	42	27	6	19	35
Germany	13	35	23	9	29	24	17	41	21	2	10	28
Greece	19	39	17	14	32	24	21	46	14	15	26	31
Hungary	2	15	29	3	15	26	1	15	34	1	17	23
Iceland	1	26	31	0	21	32	1	37	30	0	28	36
Ireland	4	12	50	4	13	44	4	8	62	9	24	38
Israel	6	10	57	..	..	..	..	..	..	6	15	41
Italy	9	49	13	4	34	12	12	54	12	6	38	18
Japan	..	22	32	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	13	37
Korea	..	30	30	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	8	50
Latvia	0	6	33	1	8	38	0	6	32	1	11	33
Lithuania	1	3	37	1	6	36	1	5	35	2	6	39
Luxembourg	12	29	45	13	29	46	9	28	42	4	24	28
Malta	1	46	27	1	41	30	0	0	0	8	56	18
Mexico	16	37	36	..	..	..	..	..	..	30	64	15
Netherlands	15	30	28	5	19	35	18	35	24	6	22	36
New Zealand	..	13	43	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	20	25
Norway	5	26	39	2	14	47	7	35	34	0	19	40
Poland	1	4	53	0	9	55	1	6	47	1	8	28
Portugal	15	32	31	9	30	34	17	38	28	34	54	22
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5	26	16
Slovak Republic	0	10	28	0	10	22	0	6	38	1	10	22
Slovenia	2	23	18	2	16	24	2	32	9	1	12	32
Spain	19	44	24	8	31	33	24	47	22	9	43	34
Sweden	10	30	41	3	19	46	13	35	36	1	12	37
Switzerland	6	24	41	6	21	44	7	32	30	1	13	37
Turkey	..	54	19	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	65	17
United Kingdom	3	17	49	1	16	44	4	21	50	1	21	39
United States	9	23	40	..	..	..	..	..	..	0	7	45
OECD total	11	27	37	..	..	..	..	..	..	7	26	33
EU total	12	34	29	7	26	31	15	39	27	5	22	29

Source: Indicator 3.1.

Table A B.2. Distribution by level of education and gender, 2017

Percentages, 15-64 population not in education

	Foreign-born men			Foreign-born women			Native-born men						Native-born women					Recent migrants (<10 years)
	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)		Medium (ISCED 3-4)		High (ISCED 5+)		Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)		High (ISCED 5+)		Low (ISCED 0-2)		Medium (ISCED 3-4)		High (ISCED 5+)
Australia	15	34	51	16	30	54	22			48		30	23		35		42		10		28		62
Austria	25	47	27	30	39	31	11			57		32	16		53		31		21		41		38
Belgium	37	33	29	39	30	31	25			43		32	22		38		41		36		31		33
Bulgaria	9	52	39	8	38	54	20			60		20	19		49		32		9		40		51
Canada	10	32	58	11	27	62	17			45		39	13		35		52		11		27		61
Chile	17	68	15	24	65	11	36			55		9	35		55		10		19		67		13
Croatia	17	66	17	31	51	18	14			68		18	19		56		25		11		65		23
Cyprus1,2	26	42	32	24	40	36	21			45		34	20		33		47		30		40		29
Czech Republic	11	60	29	16	51	33	5			74		20	8		68		24		13		52		34
Denmark	28	35	37	23	34	43	29			44		27	24		40		36		14		29		57
Estonia	11	56	33	8	46	46	22			54		25	14		43		43		4		20		76
Finland	30	42	29	18	47	35	17			52		32	11		43		46		26		48		26
France	37	35	29	41	30	30	19			49		32	19		43		38		37		28		36
Germany	33	44	23	36	42	22	9			60		31	11		64		24		35		35		30
Greece	45	42	12	33	45	22	27			44		30	25		42		33		53		32		15
Hungary	14	58	28	17	54	29	15			65		19	19		56		26		22		51		27
Iceland	30	47	23	23	38	39	28			43		29	27		29		43		25		50		25
Ireland	12	41	48	11	36	53	28			39		33	20		38		42		8		39		52
Israel	11	35	54	10	31	59	17			47		37	13		41		45		20		32		49
Italy	55	36	9	45	39	16	40			45		15	36		43		21		51		37		13
Japan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..			..		..	..		..		..		..		..		..
Korea	29	41	30	32	38	30	7			41		52	10		42		48		30		39		31
Latvia	6	61	33	5	61	33	14			63		23	8		50		42		3		32		65
Lithuania	4	61	35	3	60	38	8			61		31	4		49		47		-		-		-
Luxembourg	29	26	45	28	27	45	22			51		27	26		45		29		19		22		59
Malta	48	28	24	44	26	30	56			27		17	55		27		19		37		22		40
Mexico	33	28	39	41	26	33	64			20		16	64		21		15		..		..		..
Netherlands	30	42	27	29	41	30	22			43		36	22		42		37		25		42		32
New Zealand	12	47	40	14	42	45	21			58		21	19		53		29		10		45		45
Norway	24	39	36	28	29	43	20			45		35	18		37		45		25		36		39
Poland	3	49	47	5	37	58	8			69		23	8		58		34		..		..		..
Portugal	37	38	25	28	36	36	58			25		17	49		24		27		39		41		20
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	-	24			61		15	28		55		17		-		-		-
Slovak Republic	10	62	28	10	62	28	8			74		18	11		64		25		8		48		44
Slovenia	18	67	15	29	49	22	11			63		26	12		48		40		19		68		13
Spain	47	31	22	41	33	26	45			23		32	40		23		37		41		31		28
Sweden	31	31	38	29	27	44	13			57		30	11		44		45		38		19		44
Switzerland	24	36	41	24	35	41	13			45		42	14		54		32		18		31		51
Turkey	53	27	19	50	27	22	62			21		17	73		14		13		..		..		..
United Kingdom	17	36	47	18	33	50	22			42		37	21		38		41		16		35		49
United States	25	37	38	22	36	42	8			51		41	7		45		48		20		34		46
OECD total	28	37	35	27	35	38	26			44		31	26		40		34		24		34		42
EU total	34	39	27	34	36	30	23			50		27	22		46		32		32		34		34

Source: Indicator 3.1.

Table A B.3. Distribution by level of education, evolution between 2006-07 and 2017

Change in percentage points, 15-64 population not in education

	Foreign-born			EU-born			Non-EU-born			Native-born
	Very low (ISCED 0-1)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	High (ISCED 5+)	Very low (ISCED 0-1)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	High (ISCED 5+)	Very low (ISCED 0-1)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	High (ISCED 5+)	Very low (ISCED 0-1)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	High (ISCED 5+)
Australia	..	-11	14	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-14	10
Austria	1	-8	..	0	-4	..	2	-8	..	0	-4	..
Belgium	-8	-7	4	-10	-10	8	-8	-5	2	-5	-8	6
Bulgaria	2	4	-3	-	-	-	1	-1	11	-1	-6	6
Canada	..	-3	8	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-1	4
Chile	..	-2	-19	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-12	-5
Croatia	-6	-9	5	-2	-5	3	-6	-9	5	-3	-7	6
Cyprus1,2	3	-4	0	2	-2	-4	5	-3	3	-8	-9	11
Czech Republic	0	-10	13	-1	-13	14	0	-2	2	0	-5	10
Denmark	-1	-4	8	0	-4	6	-1	-9	11	3	3	1
Estonia	0	..	5	0	..	8	0	..	7	-1	..	4
Finland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
France	-7	-9	6	-13	-14	12	-4	-6	3	-5	-11	9
Germany	0	-4	5	-1	-10	2	4	3	5	0	-3	3
Greece	-1	-7	3	5	3	3	-3	-4	1	-11	-14	10
Hungary	1	-1	-1	1	-3	0	0	5	-9	0	-6	6
Iceland	-2	-7	-5	-1	-7	-7	-2	-4	-2	-2	-14	10
Ireland	-3	-9	8	-3	-10	6	-1	-5	4	-7	-11	10
Israel	-4	-7	9	..	..	..	..	..	..	-6	-6	8
Italy	-4	2	0	-2	-1	-2	-4	-1	1	-9	-11	6
Japan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Latvia	-1	-7	10	-1	-17	15	-1	-5	8	-1	-10	14
Lithuania	0	-4	13	-	-	-	0	-3	12	-1	-9	14
Luxembourg	-15	-8	15	-15	-9	16	-9	-3	10	-6	-10	9
Malta	..	-8	7	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-12	7
Mexico	..	7	-8	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-4	3
Netherlands	1	-3	6	-1	4	3	2	-3	5	-1	-7	7
New Zealand	..	-6	0	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-5	-5
Norway	-1	-7	5	-1	-5	0	-2	-7	8	-2	-6	10
Poland	-1	-16	27	0	-16	36	-2	-15	27	0	-6	11
Portugal	-14	-21	10	-13	-14	8	-14	-18	9	-23	-22	10
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-2	-2	5
Slovak Republic	-1	-4	6	-1	-5	2	0	-1	4	0	-3	9
Slovenia	-3	-9	6	-2	-7	6	-3	-6	1	-1	-7	12
Spain	-1	3	0	-2	0	2	-1	3	1	-11	-9	6
Sweden	-1	-1	12	-6	-8	16	0	1	8	-4	-9	10
Switzerland	-4	-8	13	-5	-8	12	-3	-4	8	-1	4	9
Turkey	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
United Kingdom	1	-7	19	1	-5	17	2	-5	20	0	-8	10
United States	-4	-7	7	..	..	..	..	..	..	0	-2	6
OECD total	-3	-5	7	..	..	..	..	..	..	-3	-5	6
EU total	-3	-4	7	-4	-7	5	-1	-2	7	-4	-8	8

Source: Indicator 3.1.

Table A B.4. Distribution by level of education and gender, evolution between 2006-07 and 2017

Change in percentage points, 15-64 population not in education

	Foreign-born men			Foreign-born women			Native-born men			Native-born women			Recent migrants (<10 years)
	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)
Australia	-9	-5	13	-14	-1	15	-12	4	7	-16	3	13	-7	-7	14
Austria	-6	..	..	-10	..	..	-1	..	..	-8	..	..	-12	..	..
Belgium	-6	4	3	-8	2	6	-7	3	4	-9	1	8	-3	2	1
Bulgaria	-	-	-	3	-12	9	-6	1	5	-6	-1	8	..	..	..
Canada	-2	-4	6	-4	-5	9	-1	-1	2	-2	-4	6	-4	-2	6
Chile	-2	22	-20	-1	19	-19	-11	16	-5	-12	17	-4	..	..	..
Croatia	-6	3	4	-11	5	6	-5	1	4	-9	1	8	..	..	..
Cyprus1,2	-4	3	1	-4	3	0	-7	1	7	-11	-5	16	-3	4	0
Czech Republic	-8	-3	11	-11	-5	16	-3	-4	7	-6	-6	13	0	-9	9
Denmark	-2	-2	5	-7	-5	12	7	-6	-1	0	-2	3	-16	-5	21
Estonia	..	..	1	..	..	10	..	..	3	..	..	5	..	..	27
Finland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
France	-9	3	6	-10	3	7	-9	2	8	-12	2	10	-6	0	7
Germany	-2	-2	4	-6	0	6	-2	-2	3	-4	0	4	-5	-2	7
Greece	-8	7	1	-5	1	4	-14	6	8	-14	2	12	2	-4	3
Hungary	1	2	-3	-2	0	1	-5	0	5	-8	0	8	4	-4	0
Iceland	-2	14	-12	-11	9	2	-11	5	6	-17	3	14	..	..	..
Ireland	-10	1	9	-8	2	6	-11	3	9	-11	-1	12	-9	1	8
Israel	-7	-1	8	-7	-3	9	-6	-1	7	-5	-4	8	6	-2	-4
Italy	3	-3	-1	1	-2	1	-10	6	4	-13	5	8	3	-3	1
Japan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Latvia	-9	-1	11	-6	-3	9	-11	2	9	-9	-10	18	-5	-24	29
Lithuania	-5	-9	14	-3	-9	11	-9	-1	10	-9	-9	18	..	..	..
Luxembourg	-8	-6	14	-9	-7	15	-7	0	6	-13	1	12	-5	-7	12
Malta	-4	-3	7	-11	3	8	-7	2	5	-17	9	8	..	..	..
Mexico	3	0	-4	10	3	-13	-3	1	2	-4	0	4	..	..	..
Netherlands	-3	-2	4	-4	-4	8	-5	0	5	-9	0	10	-3	-3	6
New Zealand	-6	6	0	-6	6	1	-4	9	-5	-6	12	-6	-5	5	-1
Norway	-8	3	5	-6	0	6	-5	-3	8	-7	-5	11	-12	2	10
Poland	-14	-5	20	-18	-16	34	-5	-3	8	-7	-8	14	..	..	..
Portugal	-19	12	8	-22	10	12	-20	12	8	-23	10	13	-11	8	3
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	-5	4	-5	-2	7	..	..	..
Slovak Republic	4	-6	2	-12	2	10	-2	-3	5	-4	-8	12	-10	-17	27
Slovenia	-5	3	1	-14	3	11	-6	-3	8	-8	-7	15	-3	16	-13
Spain	5	-4	-1	2	-3	0	-7	4	4	-12	4	8	1	-7	6
Sweden	0	-11	11	-3	-11	14	-8	0	8	-9	-4	13	2	-6	3
Switzerland	-5	-5	10	-12	-5	16	7	-11	4	1	-15	14	-7	-2	9
Turkey	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
United Kingdom	-5	-12	17	-9	-11	20	-4	-4	8	-11	-1	12	-4	-21	24
United States	-8	1	7	-5	-1	7	-2	-2	4	-2	-6	8	-15	0	15
OECD total	-5	-1	6	-5	-1	6	-4	0	4	-6	-2	8	-9	-3	12
EU total	-3	-3	6	-6	-2	8	-6	0	6	-9	0	9	-5	-6	11

Source: Indicator 3.1.

Table A B.5. Share of migrants with foreign education, 2015-16

Percentages, 15-64 population not in education

	Total			Highly educated			Highly educated born in an EU country			Highly educated born in a non-EU country
	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
Australia	47	48	45	42	39	44	..	..	..	..	..	..
Austria	71	69	72	66	67	66	67	69	66	65	64	66
Belgium	68	68	68	62	63	62	68	71	65	57	56	57
Bulgaria	75	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Canada	..	..	..	50	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Chile	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Croatia	46	41	50	18	16	20	9	-	-	19	18	21
Cyprus1,2	79	77	79	69	68	69	67	69	66	70	66	72
Czech Republic	70	71	69	57	62	53	48	57	39	69	68	69
Denmark	59	61	57	57	60	55	58	61	56	57	59	55
Estonia	29	30	28	27	33	22	61	-	-	24	27	21
Finland	36	38	35	18	7	27	12	8	15	20	6	31
France	53	50	55	41	38	43	52	55	51	37	33	40
Germany	56	56	56	61	60	63	64	64	64	64	61	67
Greece	73	73	74	60	59	61	52	53	51	64	61	66
Hungary	68	70	66	47	51	44	51	61	40	40	30	50
Iceland	56	57	54	45	58	36	42	58	32	53	59	47
Ireland	67	68	65	68	68	68	63	65	62	74	72	75
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy	73	71	74	61	55	64	51	47	53	67	58	71
Japan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	95	96	94	89	93	85	..	..	..	..	..	..
Latvia	33	34	33	25	24	25	11	6	14	27	27	27
Lithuania	73	75	71	54	54	54	-	-	-	57	57	57
Luxembourg	75	76	74	81	83	79	81	82	80	79	85	75
Malta	49	51	46	54	52	56	55	56	55	..	..	..
Mexico	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Netherlands	40	37	43	34	30	37	42	40	43	30	25	34
New Zealand	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	64	66	60	64	66	62	69	72	66	58	59	56
Poland	..	..	..	..	..	..				..	..	..
Portugal	35	33	36	22	22	23	20	20	19	24	23	24
Romania	56	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Slovak Republic	57	58	56	46	46	45	33	-	-	63	-	-
Slovenia	64	63	64	35	36	35	27	24	29	39	41	38
Spain	72	72	72	64	67	62	64	71	58	64	64	64
Sweden	60	59	60	57	60	55	56	63	51	58	59	57
Switzerland	67	67	66	65	66	64	67	70	64	60	55	64
Turkey	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
United Kingdom5	51	52	49	42	44	39	45	52	41	40	41	38
United States	61	60	62	55	54	55	..	..	..	..	..	..
OECD total	61	60	61	53	54	54	..	..	..	..	..	..
EU total	60	59	60	51	52	51	56	60	53	49	48	51

Source: Indicator 3.1.

Table A B.6. Employment rates, 2017

Percentages of the 15-64 population

	Foreign-born									Native-born
	Total	Men	Women	Low- educated	Highly educated	EU-born	Non- EU-born	Recent (<5 years)	Settled (≥10 years)	Total	Men	Women	Low- educated	Highly educated
Australia	72	80	64	54	82	..	..	59	73	75	79	72	60	87
Austria	66	72	59	55	83	73	58	60	66	74	77	71	62	91
Belgium	54	61	47	41	75	64	46	50	54	64	67	61	46	87
Bulgaria	60	70	52	-	76	-	58	52	71	63	66	60	37	85
Canada	72	78	66	55	80	..	..	61	74	74	76	72	54	84
Chile	74	84	65	77	87	..	..	77	74	59	71	49	60	81
Croatia	56	64	49	35	79	63	55	-	57	56	61	52	37	82
Cyprus1,2	66	70	64	69	72	66	66	69	63	62	67	57	47	81
Czech Republic	77	87	68	59	84	72	74	66	73	73	81	66	50	88
Denmark	65	71	59	58	79	75	59	63	64	76	78	74	70	89
Estonia	72	78	66	65	76	69	70	73	70	74	77	71	66	88
Finland	60	67	53	61	76	70	53	45	67	70	71	70	53	86
France	57	65	49	48	75	66	52	39	58	66	69	63	53	87
Germany	67	74	60	58	80	77	60	49	73	76	79	73	66	91
Greece	53	65	42	56	57	55	53	38	54	54	63	45	48	73
Hungary	74	79	68	70	82	73	70	63	76	68	75	61	53	86
Iceland	83	87	80	86	90	85	80	80	80	85	88	83	82	95
Ireland	64	72	57	45	79	68	57	59	65	64	69	59	46	86
Israel	79	81	77	66	86	..	..	68	81	66	70	62	48	89
Italy	60	72	49	55	69	61	58	40	63	58	66	49	41	79
Japan	70	80	62	..	..	..	..	..	..	73	81	65	..	..
Korea	71	83	56	76	78	..	..	66	80	68	77	58	70	81
Latvia	67	72	62	47	77	69	64	41	65	70	72	69	59	89
Lithuania	70	72	69	-	81	62	69	-	69	70	71	70	47	91
Luxembourg	69	75	64	63	85	72	59	71	67	63	66	59	54	88
Malta	68	83	54	62	81	71	..	57	70	65	77	52	55	93
Mexico	52	66	39	60	79	..	..	..	..	61	79	45	65	81
Netherlands	64	71	57	51	82	75	57	45	63	78	82	74	70	91
New Zealand	74	80	67	63	85	..	..	68	76	75	79	70	64	90
Norway	68	73	63	56	82	81	60	63	70	76	76	75	63	92
Poland	70	75	67	-	82	65	58	..	..	66	73	59	43	89
Portugal	74	78	71	73	85	72	68	47	73	67	70	64	68	88
Romania	60	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	62	70	53	51	87
Slovak Republic	68	78	61	37	82	58	67	61	60	66	72	60	37	83
Slovenia	67	73	61	54	82	60	62	56	60	70	72	67	48	89
Spain	60	66	54	56	72	61	54	48	59	61	67	56	54	83
Sweden	67	71	63	57	83	76	60	48	73	80	81	80	67	94
Switzerland	76	84	68	69	84	81	68	74	76	82	85	79	78	92
Turkey	46	64	26	40	66	..	..	..	..	52	70	31	51	74
United Kingdom	73	83	64	62	86	78	67	67	73	76	79	72	65	88
United States	70	82	59	64	78	..	..	58	73	68	72	65	35	83
OECD total	68	77	59	58	79	..	..	57	71	67	74	60	55	84
EU total	64	73	57	55	80	71	59	53	66	68	73	63	53	87

Source: Indicator 3.4.

Table A B.7. Employment rates, evolution between 2006-07 and 2017

Change in percentage points, 15-64 population

	Foreign-born									Native-born
	Total	Men	Women	Low educated	Highly educated	EU-born	Non- EU-born	Recent (<5 years)	Settled (≥10 years)	Total	Men	Women	Low- educated	Highly educated
Australia	4	3	5	-4	-2	..	..	..	..	1	-2	3	-8	-2
Austria	3	1	5	-1	..	7	-2	7	0	3	1	6	2	..
Belgium	3	0	6	3	0	7	2	2	3	1	-2	4	-4	1
Bulgaria	-1	7	-7	-	-6	-	-1	-	-2	3	2	4	-1	2
Canada	2	1	3	-3	0	..	..	..	..	0	-1	1	-3	-1
Chile	9	5	11	7	7	..	..	..	..	3	-1	7	2	-3
Croatia	3	-1	6	1	-1	5	2	-	2	-1	-4	1	-7	0
Cyprus1,2	-5	-6	-5	-7	-5	0	-9	-3	-8	-8	-13	-2	-15	-8
Czech Republic	14	13	14	20	3	10	5	-11	16	8	6	9	13	2
Denmark	1	0	1	-5	-3	3	-1	1	-2	-3	-4	-1	-3	-1
Estonia	-1	1	-4	..	-6	-1	-3	-	-4	6	6	7	..	-1
Finland	-2	-1	-3	..	..	0	-2	-1	0	0	-1	1	..	..
France	-1	-2	0	-5	2	1	-3	1	-4	1	0	3	-6	2
Germany	8	6	9	5	9	11	2	5	10	6	4	8	3	3
Greece	-13	-19	-7	-17	-16	-8	-15	-22	-14	-7	-11	-3	-9	-11
Hungary	11	6	15	22	1	11	8	2	13	11	11	10	18	4
Iceland	-2	-3	0	-5	-2	1	-6	..	..	1	0	2	-4	0
Ireland	-8	-10	-5	-15	-5	-7	-6	-16	-3	-4	-8	0	-12	-4
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy	-6	-10	-1	-11	-7	-4	-8	-18	-5	0	-3	3	-10	-4
Japan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Latvia	-5	-7	-5	-7	0	4	-9	-40	-7	4	1	7	6	-1
Lithuania	0	-4	4	-	-2	-	0	-	-1	6	4	9	5	1
Luxembourg	-1	-4	3	-5	0	0	1	-5	0	3	-2	8	0	2
Malta	12	7	15	9	10	..	..	..	..	11	4	17	8	6
Mexico	-2	-9	5	-2	10	..	..	..	..	0	-2	1	4	0
Netherlands	3	1	4	-3	2	4	-1	-4	-1	2	-1	4	2	2
New Zealand	3	2	5	1	3	..	..	..	..	-2	-4	0	-4	3
Norway	0	0	-1	-2	-7	0	-1	0	-2	-1	-3	1	-2	0
Poland	34	30	39	-	17	30	29	..	..	10	10	10	2	4
Portugal	2	0	4	-1	-2	5	-6	-25	-1	0	-3	3	-2	1
Romania	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	5	0	0	1
Slovak Republic	9	7	12	10	-2	-1	4	-	0	6	4	8	13	-2
Slovenia	-1	0	-1	-5	1	-4	-7	-	-8	2	1	4	-7	0
Spain	-11	-15	-5	-12	-6	-9	-16	-20	-11	-3	-9	2	-5	-3
Sweden	4	4	4	0	2	4	3	1	6	4	3	6	-1	3
Switzerland	3	1	4	0	0	3	1	3	2	2	-1	5	2	-1
Turkey	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
United Kingdom	7	6	8	10	0	3	5	0	6	4	2	6	-1	-2
United States	-1	-2	0	-3	-2	..	..	-8	-1	-2	-3	-1	-6	-1
OECD total	0	-1	2	-2	-1	..	..	-6	0	1	-1	2	1	0
EU total	1	0	3	1	3	3	-3	-6	2	3	1	5	-2	0

Source: Indicator 3.4.

Table A B.8. Unemployment rates, 2017

Percentages of the labour force, 15-64 population

	Foreign-born									Native-born
	Total	Men	Women	Low- educated	Highly educated	EU-born	Non- EU-born	Recent (<5 years)	Settled (≥10 years)	Total	Men	Women	Low- educated	Highly educated
Australia	6	5	7	9	4	..	..	9	5	6	6	5	8	3
Austria	11	11	10	19	6	8	14	11	11	4	5	4	10	2
Belgium	16	17	16	24	10	10	22	19	15	7	7	6	14	3
Bulgaria	4	7	-	-	2	-	0	-	2	8	9	8	23	4
Canada	7	6	8	10	7	..	..	11	6	6	7	5	14	4
Chile	6	5	7	5	4	..	..	6	5	8	7	9	8	6
Croatia	15	12	18	23	8	15	15	-	14	15	14	15	20	9
Cyprus1,2	14	15	12	14	12	14	13	9	17	14	14	15	20	11
Czech Republic	3	2	4	9	3	6	5	7	6	3	2	4	14	1
Denmark	10	9	10	14	8	9	14	16	10	5	5	5	9	4
Estonia	6	7	6	6	6	4	9	8	9	6	6	5	12	3
Finland	16	15	17	19	12	13	21	25	15	8	9	8	18	5
France	15	15	16	20	10	10	19	27	15	9	9	9	16	5
Germany	7	7	6	10	5	5	9	11	6	4	4	3	10	2
Greece	30	26	34	28	27	25	33	36	32	21	17	25	24	16
Hungary	3	3	4	7	1	5	8	5	7	4	4	5	11	2
Iceland	5	6	5	6	5	7	3	10	6	3	3	4	6	2
Ireland	10	11	9	19	8	10	11	11	10	8	10	7	16	4
Israel	4	4	4	4	3	..	..	8	4	4	4	5	8	3
Italy	14	13	16	16	11	14	16	24	14	11	10	12	16	6
Japan	5	6	5	..	..	..	..	..	..	4	5	4	..	..
Korea	4	3	6	3	5	..	..	4	3	4	4	4	3	4
Latvia	8	9	7	19	3	10	11	30	10	9	10	8	19	4
Lithuania	8	8	7	-	4	14	9	-	9	7	9	6	22	3
Luxembourg	9	8	9	12	5	7	16	11	8	5	5	4	10	2
Malta	6	4	8	7	3	3	..	10	6	5	5	5	8	2
Mexico	4	4	4	6	2	..	..	..	..	4	3	4	3	4
Netherlands	9	8	9	13	5	7	14	15	12	4	4	5	8	3
New Zealand	5	5	6	6	4	..	..	7	5	6	5	6	8	2
Norway	10	10	11	17	7	6	13	16	6	4	4	3	9	2
Poland	9	7	8	-	7	9	14	..	..	5	5	5	13	2
Portugal	10	10	11	11	8	10	16	27	13	9	9	9	10	6
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	7	6	9	4
Slovak Republic	8	8	8	-	3	12	9	10	12	8	8	8	30	4
Slovenia	8	5	10	10	4	10	12	16	11	6	6	7	12	5
Spain	23	22	25	29	17	23	31	29	28	16	15	18	24	9
Sweden	15	16	15	28	10	7	20	29	10	4	4	4	13	2
Switzerland	8	7	9	10	7	6	12	10	7	3	4	3	7	2
Turkey	12	12	14	12	11	..	..	..	..	11	9	13	10	13
United Kingdom	5	4	7	8	4	5	6	8	5	4	5	4	8	3
United States	4	4	5	5	3	..	..	6	4	5	5	5	14	3
OECD total	8	7	9	12	5	..	..	10	8	6	6	6	10	4
EU total	12	11	12	17	8	9	16	15	12	7	7	8	15	4

Source: Indicator 3.5.

Table A B.9. Unemployment rates, evolution between 2006-07 and 2017

Change in percentage points, 15-64 population

	Foreign-born									Native-born
	Total	Men	Women	Low- educated	Highly educated	EU-born	Non- EU-born	Recent (<5 years)	Settled (≥10 years)	Total	Men	Women	Low- educated	Highly educated
Australia	1	0	1	2	0	..	..	..	..	1	2	1	1	1
Austria	1	1	0	5	..	1	1	-3	2	0	1	-1	2	..
Belgium	0	1	-3	1	0	0	-1	-1	0	0	1	-2	2	0
Bulgaria	-3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-4	1	1	-1	4	1
Canada	0	0	0	0	1	..	..	..	..	0	1	0	2	1
Chile	0	2	-2	-1	1	..	..	..	..	0	1	-1	0	1
Croatia	2	1	3	5	2	-	2	-	2	4	5	3	7	2
Cyprus1,2	8	9	7	9	8	8	8	3	12	10	10	10	15	8
Czech Republic	-7	-6	-9	-21	-2	-5	-4	3	-8	-3	-3	-4	-9	-1
Denmark	2	1	3	3	2	4	5	7	3	1	2	1	3	1
Estonia	0	-1	0	..	0	3	2	-	2	1	1	1	..	1
Finland	0	1	-2	..	..	2	0	-4	1	1	1	0	..	..
France	2	3	2	5	0	2	4	3	4	1	2	0	5	0
Germany	-9	-9	-9	-10	-6	-7	-7	-16	-7	-5	-5	-5	-7	-1
Greece	21	21	19	20	17	16	24	26	22	12	12	12	16	9
Hungary	-2	0	-5	-4	-1	0	3	0	1	-3	-3	-3	-6	-1
Iceland	3	4	2	1	4	4	1	..	..	1	1	1	2	1
Ireland	4	5	3	10	3	4	4	4	5	4	5	3	9	2
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy	6	7	4	7	4	6	8	13	7	5	5	4	8	1
Japan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Latvia	1	4	-1	10	-2	3	4	27	4	2	3	2	5	0
Lithuania	0	1	-1	-	1	-	2	-	2	2	4	1	13	1
Luxembourg	3	4	2	5	2	3	3	4	4	1	2	0	4	0
Malta	-2	-3	-1	-3	-2	..	..	10	6	-2	-1	-3	-1	-1
Mexico	-2	0	-7	1	-5	..	..	..	..	0	0	0	0	0
Netherlands	0	-1	0	2	0	1	3	3	3	1	1	1	2	1
New Zealand	1	1	1	1	0	..	..	..	..	2	2	2	2	-1
Norway	3	2	5	5	4	4	4	5	2	1	2	0	3	0
Poland	1	-2	1	-	-1	4	3	..	..	-7	-6	-8	-8	-3
Portugal	0	2	-1	1	-1	1	6	18	3	1	2	0	2	0
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-1	-1	0	0	0
Slovak Republic	-3	-1	-5	-	-2	2	-4	..	2	-4	-3	-5	-17	1
Slovenia	2	0	2	2	0	4	5	-	5	1	1	1	4	2
Spain	13	14	11	17	8	15	19	17	17	8	8	7	14	4
Sweden	2	3	2	9	0	1	3	9	-1	-1	-1	-2	2	-1
Switzerland	0	1	0	0	2	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	2	1
Turkey	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-	..	..	..	..	..	..
United Kingdom	-2	-3	-2	-4	-1	-1	-2	-1	-1	-1	-1	-1	-1	0
United States	0	0	0	0	1	..	..	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
OECD total	0	0	0	2	0	..	..	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
EU total	0	1	0	3	0	1	3	1	2	0	0	-1	4	0

Source: Indicator 3.5.

Table A B.10. Over-qualification rates, 2017

Percentage of the highly educated employed population aged 15-64 not in education

	Foreign-born											Native-born
	Total	Men	Women	Recent (<10 years)	Settled (≥10 years)	Foreign- educated	Host-country educated	EU-born	Non-EU-born			Total		Men	Women
									Total	Foreign- educated	Host-country educated
Australia	32	33	32	..	28	35	29	..	..	..	..	23		23	23
Austria	38	35	41	40	36	45	31	34	49	56	40	27		26	28
Belgium	29	27	31	30	28	32	23	21	39	50	26	18		17	19
Bulgaria	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	23		25	21
Canada	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..		..	..
Chile	38	37	40	38	41	..	..	..	..	..	..	41		42	39
Croatia	16	18	15	-	16	-	16	15	16	-	16	14		14	14
Cyprus1,2	45	33	53	50	41	51	35	38	53	60	40	33		28	36
Czech Republic	18	15	21	20	18	22	16	14	27	34	12	14		11	17
Denmark	29	30	28	37	24	40	18	24	33	47	22	11		11	11
Estonia	38	35	40	22	42	36	41	15	41	43	42	20		20	21
Finland	30	30	30	42	24	28	14	13	42	-	19	18		14	21
France	30	28	32	38	28	43	22	22	33	52	24	21		18	23
Germany	31	28	35	33	31	41	18	31	33	44	18	16		16	17
Greece	61	59	62	56	54	69	36	40	62	78	39	32		34	30
Hungary	19	19	19	19	17	16	20	15	24	-	26	13		13	12
Iceland	33	33	32	55	20	49	15	31	38	57	14	11		9	12
Ireland	41	37	45	43	39	43	38	42	39	38	40	29		29	30
Israel	35	35	36	56	33	..	..	..	..	..	..	18		20	17
Italy	52	49	53	66	46	67	32	37	62	77	35	17		13	20
Japan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..		..	..
Korea	74	79	65	77	59	77	47	..	..	..	..	60		64	53
Latvia	26	26	25	13	23	23	21	20	22	24	21	19		21	17
Lithuania	22	21	22	-	23	23	22	-	22	23	21	23		27	21
Luxembourg	5	4	7	5	6	6	5	5	8	10	4	3		5	2
Malta	23	16	30	30	18	..	..	15	..	..	..	12		9	14
Mexico	32	31	34	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	33		34	32
Netherlands	22	19	25	30	21	36	17	18	25	42	20	16		14	17
New Zealand	31	26	35	36	27	..	..	..	..	..	..	20		18	22
Norway	35	37	33	48	22	44	20	34	35	45	24	10		12	9
Poland	30	29	31	22	..	..	..	-	31	..	..	20		20	19
Portugal	25	24	26	46	17	47	13	18	21	58	11	12		10	13
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	18		19	18
Slovak Republic	18	17	20	-	22	15	23	27	-	-	-	21		19	22
Slovenia	20	20	19	39	13	26	17	11	26	-	23	15		15	14
Spain	54	50	57	50	52	57	43	45	56	64	43	37		37	37
Sweden	30	32	28	40	23	42	14	21	35	50	17	11		12	11
Switzerland	17	16	18	16	20	18	17	14	26	30	21	19		20	17
Turkey	30	27	34	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	32		34	29
United Kingdom	32	29	34	38	27	31	31	36	29	27	30	23		22	25
United States	37	36	37	37	36	40	32	..	..	..	..	36		39	33
OECD total	35	34	36	38	34	40	29	..	..	..	..	31		33	29
EU total	34	31	37	38	31	42	28	31	35	46	27	21		20	22

Source: Indicator 3.10.

Table A B.11. Over-qualification rates, evolution between 2006-07 and 2017

Change in percentage points aged 15-64 not in education

	Foreign-born					Native-born
	Total	Men	Women	Recent (<10 years)	Settled (≥10 years)	Total	Men	Women
Australia	3	4	3	..	2	3	4	2
Austria	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Belgium	1	3	-1	-1	3	-3	-2	-5
Bulgaria	-	-	-	-	-	2	2	2
Canada	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Chile	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Croatia	2	-	-	..	..	2	2	2
Cyprus1,2	-6	-4	-8	-13	4	4	4	4
Czech Republic	4	2	5	2	10	8	6	11
Denmark	3	3	4	5	8	-1	-2	0
Estonia	-2	-7	2	-	1	-4	-4	-4
Finland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
France	5	8	1	-6	6	1	3	-1
Germany	1	-2	3	-3	2	-4	-6	0
Greece	0	-2	2	-17	2	15	17	13
Hungary	5	10	-1	2	5	2	3	2
Iceland	5	7	2	..	..	1	1	1
Ireland	0	-3	3	-5	15	1	1	1
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy	10	5	12	8	19	5	4	6
Japan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Latvia	-4	-2	-6	..	-7	4	4	4
Lithuania	-8	-	-	..	-8	1	-1	2
Luxembourg	1	1	1	1	1	1	3	-1
Malta	6	0	12	..	..	5	3	6
Mexico	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Netherlands	3	1	5	6	4	3	3	3
New Zealand	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	8	11	6	10	3	-1	0	-2
Poland	16	14	-	-	..	5	6	4
Portugal	1	-1	2	-6	5	0	0	0
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	9	9	9
Slovak Republic	11	8	-	-	16	12	10	14
Slovenia	10	9	12	..	5	8	8	8
Spain	-6	-8	-5	-19	23	5	3	6
Sweden	1	-2	3	3	-3	0	0	1
Switzerland	-1	0	-2	2	-1	-2	-3	0
Turkey	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
United Kingdom	9	9	8	12	5	1	3	-1
United States	-3	-3	-2	-3	-3	0	0	0
OECD total	-1	-2	-1	-4	0	0	0	0
EU total	1	0	1	-7	7	1	1	2

Source: Indicator 3.10.