Poverty in Colombia increased from 30.9% in 2016 to 34.5% in 2022, remaining above the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 24.1%. Extreme poverty also increased, from 12.0% in 2016 to 16.9% in 2022, standing above the LAC average (8.3%). The Gini index increased from 50.6 in 2016 to 51.5 in 2021, remaining above the LAC average (44.8). Regarding investment and production transformation indicators, total investment in Colombia is at 19.0% in 2022 compared to 21.3% for the LAC average over the same period. Colombia’s labour productivity, measured against output per employed person in the United States, increased from 25.9% in 2016 to 28.1% in 2023, above the LAC average of 27.1%. The share of exports of high-tech products in total exported manufactured goods decreased from 10.2% in 2016 to 8.2% in 2021 but remained above the LAC average (7.2%). Positive perception of foreign direct investment (FDI), which declined across the region, dropped markedly in Colombia, from 55.9% in 2016 to 37.2% in 2020. The country’s tax revenue slightly increased from 19.1% of GDP in 2016 to 19.5% in 2021, avoiding the regional downward trend. Environment-related tax revenues decreased slightly from 0.8% of GDP in 2016 to 0.6% in 2020.
Latin American Economic Outlook 2023
Colombia
1. Recent trends
2. Long-term policies to promote investment and production transformation
Colombia has made significant efforts to attract and mobilise high-quality investment, focusing mainly on promoting higher levels of business formality in the economy. In 2019, Colombia introduced the Business Formalisation Policy (CONPES document No. 3956), which streamlines the formalisation processes of businesses, enhances regulatory enforcement, gathers better business data, and shares evidence on policy impacts. To make this possible, the formalisation policy lowered commercial registration fees, resulting in entrepreneurs collectively saving around COP 85 393 million by 2022. The policy also expanded the “one-stop business window” to 57 locations nationwide, facilitating the creation of 177 599 companies from June 2018 to December 2022. In 2020, Colombia formalised the Articulation for Competitiveness Methodology (ArCo), based on five main objectives: promote articulation from and towards users; improve the efficiency of public spending; orient the budget towards results; define a regionalised offer; and strengthen transparency of and access to information. In the same year, the national government launched the Innovamos platform to consolidate all public calls and programmes related to competitiveness and innovation in science, technology, and innovation (STI). This platform has simplified the application process for citizens and firms seeking to avail themselves of national policy instruments, efficiently providing relevant information.
To advance an inclusive and sustainable production model, Colombia developed the 2022-2026 National Development Plan (NDP), titled Colombia, a Global Power of Life. This plan is structured around five essential transformations: i) territorial planning around water and environmental justice; ii) preserving natural wealth, human security, and social justice; iii) human right to food; iv) production transformation, internationalisation, and climate action; and v) regional convergence. In terms of inclusive growth, Colombia’s NDP established the Council of Popular Economy, which aims to strongly incentivise grassroots economies by bolstering small and medium-sized productive units. In 2022, Colombia also updated, approved and started implementing the first phase of the action plan of the National Climate Finance Strategy: Closing the Gap. Its objective is to efficiently mobilise resources to finance mitigation and adaptation initiatives throughout the entire policy cycle, aiming to achieve national climate change goals with equity and justice.
In terms of regional and international partnerships to support the attraction of quality investments, Colombia has established collaborative initiatives with partners both within and beyond LAC. Within the region, Colombia offers and receives South-South and triangular co-operation related to productive transformation, employment and competitiveness, with Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Uruguay, and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), among others. Beyond LAC, the European Union supports initiatives to mitigate, adapt and reduce vulnerability to climate change and funds projects that seek to build sustainable development models and promote peace-building initiatives. In addition, together with the United Kingdom and Germany, Colombia participates in the Climate Finance Corridor. Finally, the EU-LAC Digital Alliance should promote the use of digital technologies for the peace agenda, the green transition, the conservation of natural resources, and for closing both social and geographic gaps in Colombia.
Key indicators – Colombia
|
|
Colombia |
LAC |
OECD |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Social |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
2016 |
2022 |
2016 |
2022 |
2016 |
2022 |
|
Extreme poverty |
12.0 |
16.9 |
8.1 |
8.3 |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Poverty |
30.9 |
34.5 |
25.9 |
24.1 |
N/A |
N/A |
|
|
2016 |
2021 |
2016 |
2021 |
2016 |
2021 |
|
Share of internet users (% of population) |
58.1 |
73.0 |
54.5 |
74.2 |
81.8 |
89.6 |
|
|
2016 |
2021 |
2016 |
2021 |
2016 |
2020 |
|
Gini index |
50.6 |
51.5 |
46.3 |
44.8 |
34.1 |
33.6 |
|
|
2010 |
2021 |
2009 |
2021 |
2009 |
2021 |
|
Share of total population in informal households (%) |
62.6 |
54.1 |
44.2 |
46.8 |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Share of total population in informal households, upper-income quintile (%) |
44.3 |
17.9 |
23.9 |
21.8 |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Share of total population in informal households, lower-income quintile (%) |
69.6 |
90.2 |
44.3 |
17.9 |
N/A |
N/A |
|
|
2019 |
2023 |
2019 |
2023 |
2019 |
2023 |
|
SIGI index |
15.0 |
23.5 |
25.4 |
21.6 |
17.5 |
15.3 |
|
|
2015 |
2018 |
2015 |
2018 |
2015 |
2018 |
|
PISA score in science |
416 |
413 |
411 |
407 |
489 |
487 |
|
Productivity and innovation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016 |
2023 |
2016 |
2023 |
2016 |
2023 |
|
Labour productivity (% of the United States) |
25.9 |
28.1 |
29.3 |
27.1 |
70.0 |
68.5 |
|
|
2016 |
2021 |
2016 |
2021 |
2016 |
2021 |
|
High-tech exports (% of manufactured exports) |
10.2 |
8.2 |
8.4 |
7.2 |
16.5 |
16.0 |
|
|
2016 |
2019 |
2016 |
2019 |
2016 |
2019 |
|
R&D expenditures (% of GDP) |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
|
Investment and production transformation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016 |
2022 |
2016 |
2022 |
2016 |
2022 |
|
Total investment, gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) |
22.1 |
19.0 |
20.8 |
21.3 |
21.9 |
22.8 |
|
Foreign direct investment (FDI), net capital inflow (% of GDP) |
4.9 |
4.9 |
4.4 |
4.6 |
6.8 |
3.5 |
|
|
2016 |
2019 |
2016 |
2019 |
2016 |
2019 |
|
Private investment (% of GDP) |
18.2 |
18.2 |
16.1 |
15.8 |
18.2 |
18.8 |
|
|
2016 |
2019 |
2016 |
2021 |
2016 |
2021 |
|
Public investment in economic infrastructure (% of GDP) |
1.7 |
1.4 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Citizens’ perceptions and institutions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016 |
2020 |
2016 |
2020 |
2016 |
2020 |
|
Share of population who perceive FDI as beneficial (%) |
55.9 |
37.2 |
70.9 |
53.9 |
N/A |
N/A |
|
|
2018 |
2020 |
2018 |
2020 |
2018 |
2020 |
|
Share of population who consider that, in general, domestic products are of lower quality than imported ones (%) (agreeing or strongly agreeing) |
38.2 |
29.6 |
44.6 |
42.7 |
N/A |
N/A |
|
|
2016 |
2022 |
2016 |
2022 |
2016 |
2022 |
|
Corruption Perception Index (score on a scale of 0 [highly corrupt] to 100 [totally clean]) |
37.0 |
39.0 |
41.2 |
40.6 |
67.3 |
66.3 |
|
Security risks indicator (score from 0 [low security risks] to 10 [high security risks]) |
7.0 |
6.6 |
5.9 |
5.6 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
|
|
2010-14 |
2017-22 |
2010-14 |
2017-22 |
2010-14 |
2017-22 |
|
Belief that science and technology will create more opportunities for the next generation (score on a scale from 1 [strongly disagree] to 10 [strongly agree]) |
7.0 |
7.2 |
7.3 |
7.2 |
7.6 |
7.2 |
|
Share of population who worry (very much or a great deal) about not being able to provide a good education for their children (%) |
91.0 |
69.0 |
75.4 |
74.0 |
49.8 |
41.4 |
|
Fiscal position |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016 |
2021 |
2016 |
2021 |
2016 |
2021 |
|
Total tax revenues (% of GDP) |
19.1 |
19.5 |
22.0 |
21.5 |
33.6 |
34.1 |
|
|
2016 |
2020 |
2016 |
2021 |
2016 |
2021 |
|
Environmentally related tax revenue (% of GDP) |
0.8 |
0.6 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
2.4 |
2.0 |
|
|
2016 |
2021 |
2016 |
2021 |
2016 |
2021 |
|
Share of VAT (% GDP) |
4.8 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
6.1 |
6.6 |
7.0 |
|
Share of PIT (% GDP) |
1.1 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
7.8 |
8.3 |
|
Share of CIT (% of GDP) |
4.9 |
4.6 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
|
Debt service (% of total tax revenue) |
10.1 |
14.7 |
11.3 |
12.3 |
5.4 |
5.3 |
|
Social expenditure (% of GDP) |
12.5 |
15.0 |
11.3 |
13.3 |
20.1 |
22.0 |
|
|
2016 |
2020 |
2016 |
2020 |
2016 |
2019 |
|
Perception of tax evasion (%) |
N/A |
25.5 |
N/A |
27.3 |
N/A |
N/A |
Note: See the Reader’s Guide for definitions and sources.