Macroeconomic policies responded swiftly to these challenges. While a frontloaded fiscal consolidation and tight monetary policy will lead to a strong contraction of domestic demand in the short term, the adjustment being implemented should eventually pave the way for reduced imbalances. The current account deficit is expected to decrease and the potential for stronger exports in the future is substantial as the depreciated exchange rate is the most competitive one that Argentina has had in 10 years.

Risks are related to the contractionary effects of policies and to external factors. The projected return of market confidence could take longer to materialise if the contractionary effect of macroeconomic policies is stronger or if market volatility remains high. Exposure to external risks is decreasing as the sizeable twin deficits on fiscal and current accounts decline. Upcoming elections in October 2019 imply uncertainty about the continuation of reforms.

The initial strong reliance on tight monetary policy coupled with a gradual fiscal adjustment has given way to strong simultaneous fiscal and monetary contractions. The new fiscal targets aim for a balanced primary result in 2019 and a 1% of GDP primary surplus thereafter. This implies a strong consolidation effort and curtail domestic demand. Its implementation poses political challenges, but not making the adjustment would aggravate risks of a much more prolonged and, ultimately deeper, downturn. Indeed, adhering to the fiscal targets will be seen by markets as a litmus test for the Argentinian authorities’ willingness to resolve the serious macroeconomic imbalances facing the country.

Bringing down high inflation has proven very challenging (Figure B). Recognising weak transmission of monetary policy, the Central Bank abandoned inflation targeting and has committed to keeping the monetary base constant in nominal terms until July 2019. A new framework for currency interventions allows the exchange rate to float freely within a moving corridor, while allowing limited interventions if the exchange rate leaves the corridor.

Since 2015, the current administration has made considerable efforts to create conditions for sustainable and inclusive growth. Recent reforms include a tax reform, changes in the fiscal relations between the provinces and the central government, a new competition law, improvements in the sustainability of the pension system, new legal frameworks for capital markets and for public-private partnerships, the creation of an independent fiscal council and a commitment to bolster the independence of the Central Bank. But much more remains to be done.

Around 27% of Argentinians live in poverty and 5% in extreme poverty, half the level after the last major crisis in the early 2000s. This declining trend continued during 2016 and 2017, until the recession raised poverty again during 2018 (Figure C).

Social policy will remain important to achieve more inclusive growth and cushion the current recession. Fiscal targets have been defined in a way to allow some limited space to expand well-targeted benefits, which should be used to protect low-income households from the burden of the recession.

Argentina is significantly less integrated into the world economy than other emerging market economies (Figure D). The main reason for this are high tariffs and non-tariff trade barriers. Reducing trade barriers would raise consumer purchasing power, especially for low-income households, and would reduce the cost of firms’ inputs.

Trading little, Argentina has also remained on the side lines of global value chains, all of which represents significant lost opportunities for growth and well-being.

Stronger integration into the world economy would also raise competition and lead companies in shielded sectors to become more productive. Currently, many jobs are trapped in activities with limited potential for productivity and wage growth. Priority should be given to reducing tariff barriers in capital and intermediate goods, to support competitiveness and job creation.

As jobs move across firms and industries, new opportunities arise. Exporting firms are more likely to be formal and pay 30% higher wages. But job reallocation can also require re-training and result in temporary income losses. Policies that could ease the transition include enhancing training and social protection, improving the functioning of product markets and strengthening innovation.

High severance payments are currently the principal insurance mechanisms against dismissal-related income losses, but only for workers in the formal sector. Their high and uncertain costs for employers reduce incentives for creating formal jobs, which could delay job creation during the recovery. For new jobs, extending the current unemployment insurance scheme used in the construction sector, which is based on individual accounts, economy-wide while reducing severance costs would make formal hiring less costly and protect individuals rather than specific jobs.

Improvements in the quality of education have high pay-offs. They prepare future generations for new opportunities, address skill shortages and can help raise low female labour participation (Figure E).

40% of secondary students leave school without a degree, often owing to a failure to acquire essential skills during early childhood. This could be addressed by further expanding early childhood education, which would also allow more women to seek remunerated employment in the workforce, increasing their incomes and life-options.