Despite some easing, the labour market remains tight. The unemployment rate remains low at 4.0% in April. Labour force participation has risen again after a decades-long decline. However, labour shortages notably in the technical and health care sectors remain high. The decline in real wages may have come to a halt.

Inflation is coming down (Figure 1). It peaked in October 2022 at 7.5%, spreading to domestic goods and services. Second-round effects are increasingly driving inflation. So is exchange rate depreciation, with the krone down by around 8% against the currencies of the main trading partners in 2023. However, inflation is expected to decline following the tightening of monetary policy.

Monetary and macroprudential policies have been tightened

The central bank has kept the policy interest rate unchanged since late 2023. It has moderately tightened macro-prudential rules, notably in the face of housing market risks.

Interest rates have peaked. In December 2023, the central bank raised the key policy rate to 4.5%, the 14th and so far last increase since the cycle started in late 2021. The monetary stance is appropriate.

The financial system looks stable overall. The banks are liquid and highly profitable, yet their exposure to commercial real estate firms remains a vulnerability with higher interest rates and weakening construction activity. Housing market risks remain elevated as households are the most indebted in the OECD, and debt service costs continue to rise.

Fiscal policy is expansionary, and dwindling oil revenues could pose a risk to long-term sustainability of the public finances.

The general government non-oil deficit reached around 10% in 2023. The fiscal rule stipulating that the structural non-oil deficit should over time be in line with 3% of the oil fund’s value has been observed. Going forward, fiscal space for new spending initiatives is likely to diminish as petroleum revenues will decline.

Ageing costs are rising. Norway’s population is getting older and growing more slowly (Figure 2). The government projects ageing costs to rise by around 2.5% of GDP by 2050. The recently adopted measures to encourage later retirement and the increase in the maximum pensionable age in the public sector will reduce fiscal pressure and help increase employment.

Norway’s tax burden tops the OECD average despite high oil revenues. Tax reforms since 2022 have made the tax system more equitable but increased overall tax pressure. The marginal tax rate on savings and investments is high, with the risk of burdening small and family businesses.

Government spending is rising fast and very high in international comparison. It has risen more than mainland GDP and tax revenues. Budgets are established for a single year only, making longer-term planning difficult. Norway could benefit from applying a medium-term expenditure framework, introducing a spending rule, and establishing a full-fledged fiscal council.

Regional policy should become more cost-conscious. The government aims at maintaining a decentralised settlement pattern. Municipal mergers should be restarted to reap scale economies, at least for small municipalities. Obstacles to municipal co-operation should be removed and better incentives to do so should be provided.

Sickness and disability benefit reform has had limited traction so far. Spending on these schemes is still four times the OECD average (Figure 3) and they are a major channel for exit from the labour force. As medical assessment for the disability scheme is often carried out by the claimant’s own general practitioner, admission rates are very high. The very generous sick leave compensation could be reduced.

Infrastructure investment is very high. It includes however projects with low benefit-cost ratios, which could be remedied by imposing a minimum benefit-cost ratio. More ex-post evaluations of investment projects should be undertaken.

Labour productivity growth, at 0.5%, remains below the OECD average, although Norway is still one of the most productive countries. Stronger and more relevant skills could reinvigorate productivity growth.

Shortages of skilled labour have become more acute, notably in the technical and health sectors. Occupations that require vocational or higher education are among the most difficult to fill. A forthcoming reform of upper-secondary education aims at tightening the links between education institutions and the labour market.

The quality of fundamental skills is declining to a worrying extent. While Norway scored above the OECD average between the 2009 and 2018 PISA waves, it is now below (Figure 4). Girls fare better than boys, and this difference is larger than on average in the OECD. Differences across schools are negligible, while within-school differences are large. The role of socio-economic background for success is low. To contain cost, the stringent pupil-teacher ratio could be lifted and co-operation among municipalities strengthened.

Vocational education and training (VET) should be strengthened. While Norway has a well-established work-based VET track, apprenticeships start late in a student’s career. Drop-out rates remain high. Norway’s VET system lacks a comprehensive tertiary level and offers limited progression opportunities.

Labour market relevance of tertiary education could be improved. Despite reforms over the past few years, there is a dearth of qualified labour especially in the technical and health sectors, and women’s participation in STEM areas is low. Collaboration between universities and the business sector is weak, and corporate funding of tertiary education almost non-existent.

Electricity demand is projected to exceed planned supply by 2030. The rising imbalance between generation in the North and consumption in the South leads to large price differences.

New investment could help lift the supply of power. New green industries and rising power exports require the expansion of generation and transmission capacity. Yet land-use conflicts are often an obstacle to more hydro and wind generation. A recent reform strengthened municipal veto rights and the local share in tax revenues from generation.

Cross-border transmission capacity should be strengthened. Integration of national power grids can help improve security and stability of electricity provision in Norway and neighbouring countries. Grid extension across borders should be facilitated, notably in the North Sea, and a fully integrated wholesale electricity market created.

Norway has committed to reduce carbon emissions by at least 55% from 1990 levels through climate cooperation with the European Union. It should do so in a sustainable and cost-efficient manner.

Norway’s per capita carbon emissions are declining. Industry accounts for the highest relative share of emissions, while emissions from energy generation and the rapidly electrifying car fleet are below the OECD average. Agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions exceed the OECD average, and they remain untaxed.

Climate policies need to be strengthened further. Cutting emissions in Norway is expensive, notably in industry. Crediting emission cuts abroad against domestic emission targets, as allowed by the Paris agreements, could help reduce the cost of climate action. The government also started to invest in adaptation, for instance better flood control.