OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Germany 2023
Basic statistics of Germany
2021 or latest available year (OECD values in parentheses)*
|
PEOPLE AND SOCIETY |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Population (million) |
83 |
(1374) |
Population density per km2 |
232 |
(36) |
||||
|
Share of population by type of region (a): |
(0) |
Population compound annual growth rate, latest 5 years |
0.19 |
(0.49) |
|||||
|
Predominantly urban (%) |
44 |
Income inequality (Gini coefficient) |
0.30 |
||||||
|
Intermediate (%) |
41 |
Life expectancy |
81 |
(81) |
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|
Rural (%) |
16 |
||||||||
|
Poverty rate after taxes and transfers, Poverty line 50% |
0 |
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|
ECONOMY AND EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS |
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|
Total GDP (National currency, billion) |
3602 |
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) |
40 |
(29) |
|||||
|
Total GDP (USD, billion, current prices and PPPs) |
4891 |
Main exports (% of total merchandise exports) |
|||||||
|
GDP compound annual real growth rate, latest 5 years |
0.7 |
(1.6) |
Machinery and transport equipment |
45 |
|||||
|
GDP per capita (1 000 USD current PPPs) |
59 |
(49) |
Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. |
18 |
|||||
|
Value added shares (%) |
Manufactured goods |
12 |
|||||||
|
Agriculture, forestry and fishing |
1 |
(2) |
Main imports (% of total merchandise imports) |
||||||
|
Industry including construction |
30 |
(24) |
Machinery and transport equipment |
35 |
|||||
|
Services |
70 |
(74) |
Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. |
15 |
|||||
|
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) |
47 |
(29) |
Miscellaneous manufactured articles |
13 |
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|
GENERAL GOVERNMENT |
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|
Percentage of GDP (b) |
|||||||||
|
Expenditure |
51 |
(46) |
Education expenditure |
4.6 |
(5.3) |
||||
|
Revenue |
48 |
(39) |
Health expenditure |
8.4 |
(8.8) |
||||
|
Gross financial debt |
77 |
(124) |
Environment protection expenditure |
0.7 |
(0.6) |
||||
|
Fiscal balance |
-4 |
(-8) |
Environmental taxes: (% of GDP) |
1.7 |
(1.4) |
||||
|
(% of total tax revenue) |
4.4 |
(4.6) |
|||||||
|
LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION |
|||||||||
|
Unemployment rate (% of civilian labour force) |
4 |
(6) |
Patent applications in environment-related technologies (% of all technologies, average of latest 3 years) (c) |
14 |
(11) |
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|
Tertiary educational attainment of 25-to-64 year-olds (%) |
31 |
(40) |
Environmental management |
5 |
(3) |
||||
|
Gross expenditure on R&D, % of GDP |
3 |
(3) |
Climate change mitigation technologies |
12 |
(10) |
||||
|
Climate change adaptation technologies (% of all technologies, average of latest 3 years) |
0.9 |
(1.3) |
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|
ENVIRONMENT |
|||||||||
|
Energy intensity: TES per capita (toe/cap.) |
3.5 |
(3.8) |
Road vehicle stock (vehicle/100 inhabitants) |
62 |
|||||
|
TES per GDP (toe/1 000 USD, 2015 PPPs) |
0.07 |
(0.09) |
Water stress (abstraction as % of available resources) |
12 |
(8) |
||||
|
Renewables (% of TES) |
15.6 |
(11.6) |
Water abstraction per capita (m3/cap./year) |
249 |
(735) |
||||
|
Carbon intensity (energy-related CO2): |
Municipal waste per capita, (kg/capita) |
647 |
(534) |
||||||
|
emissions per capita (t/cap.) |
7.9 |
(8.3) |
Material productivity (USD, 2015 PPPs/DMC, kg) |
3.6 |
(2.5) |
||||
|
emissions per GDP (t/1 000 USD, 2015 PPP) |
0.16 |
(0.19) |
Land area (1 000 km2) |
349 |
|||||
|
GHG intensity (d): |
% of arable land and permanent crops |
34 |
(11) |
||||||
|
emissions per capita (tCO2eq/cap.) |
8.8 |
(10.5) |
% of permanent meadows and pastures |
14 |
(23) |
||||
|
emissions per GDP (tCO2eq/1 000 USD, 2015 PPP) |
0.18 |
(0.26) |
% of forest area |
33 |
(33) |
||||
|
Mean population exposure to air pollution (PM2.5), μg/m3 |
12 |
(13.9) |
% of other land (built-up and other land) |
15 |
(33) |
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* Values earlier than 2016 are not taken into consideration. a) OECD value is a simple average of available countries. b) OECD value: where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of the latest available data is calculated. c) Higher-value inventions that have sought patent protection in at least two jurisdictions. Average of latest three years. d) Excluding emissions/removals from land use, land-use change and forestry.
Source: Calculations based on data extracted from databases of the OECD, IEA/OECD, EUROSTAT and the World Bank.