PISA 2018 Results (Volume I)

Annex A. PISA 2018 technical background

Annex A1. The construction of proficiency scales and of indices from the student context questionnaire

Annex A2. The PISA target population, the PISA samples and the definition of schools

Annex A3. Technical notes on analyses in this volume

Annex A4. Quality assurance

Annex A5. How comparable are the PISA 2018 computer- and paper-based tests?

Annex A6. Are PISA reading scores comparable across countries and languages?

Annex A7. Comparing reading, mathematics and science performance across PISA cycles

Annex A8. How much effort did students invest in the PISA test?

Annex A9. A note about Spain in PISA 2018