PISA 2018 Results (Volume I)
Annex B1. Results for countries and economies
Table I.B1.1. Percentage of students at each proficiency level in reading
|
All students |
|||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Below Level 1c (less than 189.33 score points) |
Level 1c (from 189.33 to less than 262.04 score points) |
Level 1b (from 262.04 to less than 334.75 score points) |
Level 1a (from 334.75 to less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 2 (from 407.47 to less than 480.18 score points) |
Level 3 (from 480.18 to less than 552.89 score points) |
Level 4 (from 552.89 to less than 625.61 score points) |
Level 5 (from 625.61 to less than 698.32 score points) |
Level 6 (above 698.32 score points) |
|||||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.4 |
(0.2) |
5.6 |
(0.3) |
12.5 |
(0.4) |
21.1 |
(0.5) |
25.4 |
(0.5) |
20.9 |
(0.5) |
10.3 |
(0.4) |
2.7 |
(0.2) |
|
Austria |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
6.4 |
(0.6) |
16.3 |
(0.8) |
23.5 |
(0.8) |
26.2 |
(0.9) |
19.3 |
(0.8) |
6.7 |
(0.5) |
0.7 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Belgium |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.2 |
(0.2) |
6.0 |
(0.4) |
14.0 |
(0.6) |
22.4 |
(0.7) |
26.5 |
(0.7) |
20.4 |
(0.7) |
8.3 |
(0.5) |
1.3 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Canada |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.7 |
(0.1) |
3.1 |
(0.2) |
10.0 |
(0.4) |
20.1 |
(0.6) |
27.2 |
(0.5) |
24.0 |
(0.5) |
12.2 |
(0.5) |
2.8 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Chile |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.7 |
(0.2) |
8.9 |
(0.6) |
21.0 |
(0.9) |
29.5 |
(0.9) |
24.4 |
(0.9) |
11.8 |
(0.6) |
2.4 |
(0.3) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Colombia |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
3.6 |
(0.4) |
15.8 |
(0.9) |
30.3 |
(1.0) |
27.7 |
(1.0) |
15.8 |
(0.9) |
5.7 |
(0.5) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
5.0 |
(0.5) |
15.0 |
(0.8) |
25.0 |
(0.9) |
26.9 |
(0.9) |
19.1 |
(0.8) |
7.2 |
(0.5) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Denmark |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
3.5 |
(0.3) |
11.9 |
(0.5) |
23.9 |
(0.8) |
30.1 |
(0.9) |
21.6 |
(0.8) |
7.3 |
(0.5) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Estonia |
0.0 |
c |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
2.1 |
(0.2) |
8.7 |
(0.5) |
21.2 |
(0.9) |
29.9 |
(0.9) |
24.0 |
(0.8) |
11.1 |
(0.6) |
2.8 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Finland |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
3.3 |
(0.4) |
9.4 |
(0.6) |
19.2 |
(0.7) |
27.6 |
(0.8) |
25.4 |
(0.8) |
11.9 |
(0.7) |
2.4 |
(0.3) |
|
|
France |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
5.7 |
(0.4) |
14.0 |
(0.7) |
22.8 |
(0.8) |
26.6 |
(0.8) |
20.5 |
(0.7) |
8.1 |
(0.6) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Germany |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.3 |
(0.3) |
5.7 |
(0.5) |
13.6 |
(0.8) |
21.1 |
(0.8) |
25.4 |
(0.8) |
21.5 |
(0.9) |
9.5 |
(0.6) |
1.8 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Greece |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
2.1 |
(0.3) |
9.3 |
(0.7) |
19.0 |
(0.9) |
27.3 |
(0.8) |
25.2 |
(1.0) |
13.3 |
(0.8) |
3.3 |
(0.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Hungary |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
1.2 |
(0.2) |
7.0 |
(0.6) |
17.0 |
(0.8) |
25.2 |
(0.9) |
26.3 |
(0.9) |
17.5 |
(0.8) |
5.2 |
(0.5) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Iceland |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
2.3 |
(0.3) |
8.0 |
(0.7) |
15.9 |
(0.8) |
24.6 |
(0.9) |
25.1 |
(0.8) |
16.9 |
(0.7) |
6.2 |
(0.6) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Ireland |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
2.1 |
(0.3) |
9.5 |
(0.6) |
21.7 |
(0.8) |
30.3 |
(0.9) |
24.1 |
(0.8) |
10.3 |
(0.6) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Israel |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
5.0 |
(0.5) |
10.4 |
(0.7) |
15.0 |
(0.9) |
19.4 |
(0.7) |
21.6 |
(0.8) |
17.5 |
(0.8) |
8.4 |
(0.6) |
2.0 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Italy |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.7 |
(0.3) |
6.7 |
(0.6) |
14.8 |
(0.7) |
26.3 |
(0.9) |
28.2 |
(0.9) |
16.9 |
(0.7) |
4.9 |
(0.4) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Japan |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
4.1 |
(0.4) |
12.0 |
(0.7) |
22.5 |
(0.9) |
28.6 |
(1.0) |
21.9 |
(0.8) |
8.6 |
(0.6) |
1.7 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Korea |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
4.3 |
(0.4) |
9.6 |
(0.7) |
19.6 |
(0.7) |
27.6 |
(0.8) |
24.6 |
(0.8) |
10.8 |
(0.6) |
2.3 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Latvia |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.6 |
(0.1) |
5.2 |
(0.4) |
16.6 |
(0.6) |
27.4 |
(0.8) |
28.8 |
(0.8) |
16.6 |
(0.7) |
4.4 |
(0.4) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Lithuania |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
6.3 |
(0.4) |
17.0 |
(0.6) |
26.1 |
(0.8) |
27.7 |
(0.7) |
16.9 |
(0.6) |
4.5 |
(0.4) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
2.4 |
(0.2) |
9.2 |
(0.4) |
17.6 |
(0.6) |
23.7 |
(0.7) |
23.5 |
(0.7) |
15.9 |
(0.6) |
6.4 |
(0.4) |
1.3 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Mexico |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
2.5 |
(0.4) |
13.1 |
(0.8) |
29.1 |
(1.1) |
31.7 |
(1.0) |
17.5 |
(0.9) |
5.3 |
(0.6) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.3 |
(0.2) |
7.0 |
(0.6) |
15.6 |
(0.7) |
23.7 |
(0.8) |
24.3 |
(1.0) |
18.8 |
(0.8) |
7.9 |
(0.6) |
1.2 |
(0.2) |
|
|
New Zealand |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
5.2 |
(0.5) |
12.7 |
(0.6) |
20.8 |
(0.7) |
24.6 |
(0.7) |
22.5 |
(0.7) |
10.7 |
(0.6) |
2.4 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Norway |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.7 |
(0.2) |
5.6 |
(0.4) |
11.9 |
(0.6) |
21.5 |
(0.7) |
26.4 |
(0.9) |
21.6 |
(0.8) |
9.6 |
(0.6) |
1.6 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Poland |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
3.3 |
(0.3) |
10.8 |
(0.6) |
22.4 |
(0.8) |
27.7 |
(0.8) |
23.0 |
(0.8) |
10.1 |
(0.7) |
2.1 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Portugal* |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
5.0 |
(0.5) |
14.3 |
(0.7) |
23.3 |
(0.7) |
28.2 |
(0.8) |
21.0 |
(0.9) |
6.5 |
(0.6) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
2.3 |
(0.3) |
9.2 |
(0.7) |
19.8 |
(0.8) |
26.9 |
(0.9) |
23.5 |
(0.9) |
13.6 |
(0.7) |
4.1 |
(0.4) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Slovenia |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
4.3 |
(0.4) |
12.9 |
(0.5) |
24.5 |
(0.8) |
29.5 |
(0.9) |
20.3 |
(0.7) |
6.8 |
(0.5) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Spain |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Sweden |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
1.5 |
(0.2) |
5.1 |
(0.5) |
11.6 |
(0.7) |
20.6 |
(0.8) |
25.5 |
(0.8) |
22.3 |
(0.8) |
10.9 |
(0.7) |
2.4 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Switzerland |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.3 |
(0.3) |
7.1 |
(0.6) |
15.1 |
(0.7) |
23.4 |
(0.9) |
26.3 |
(0.8) |
18.5 |
(0.8) |
6.9 |
(0.6) |
1.2 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Turkey |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
6.3 |
(0.6) |
19.1 |
(0.7) |
30.2 |
(0.9) |
26.9 |
(1.0) |
13.5 |
(0.6) |
3.1 |
(0.5) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
4.2 |
(0.4) |
12.3 |
(0.7) |
23.0 |
(0.7) |
27.2 |
(0.7) |
21.0 |
(0.8) |
9.5 |
(0.6) |
2.0 |
(0.2) |
|
|
United States* |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
5.4 |
(0.5) |
12.7 |
(0.8) |
21.1 |
(0.8) |
24.7 |
(0.8) |
21.4 |
(0.8) |
10.7 |
(0.7) |
2.8 |
(0.4) |
|
|
OECD average-36a |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
1.4 |
(0.0) |
6.2 |
(0.1) |
15.0 |
(0.1) |
23.7 |
(0.1) |
26.0 |
(0.1) |
18.9 |
(0.1) |
7.4 |
(0.1) |
1.3 |
(0.0) |
|
|
OECD total |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
1.3 |
(0.1) |
6.7 |
(0.2) |
15.9 |
(0.3) |
24.0 |
(0.3) |
24.8 |
(0.3) |
18.1 |
(0.3) |
7.6 |
(0.2) |
1.6 |
(0.1) |
|
|
All students |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 1c (less than 189.33 score points) |
Level 1c (from 189.33 to less than 262.04 score points) |
Level 1b (from 262.04 to less than 334.75 score points) |
Level 1a (from 334.75 to less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 2 (from 407.47 to less than 480.18 score points) |
Level 3 (from 480.18 to less than 552.89 score points) |
Level 4 (from 552.89 to less than 625.61 score points) |
Level 5 (from 625.61 to less than 698.32 score points) |
Level 6 (above 698.32 score points) |
|||||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
2.9 |
(0.3) |
16.4 |
(0.7) |
32.8 |
(0.9) |
29.9 |
(0.8) |
14.0 |
(0.7) |
3.5 |
(0.4) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
Argentina |
1.3 |
(0.2) |
6.7 |
(0.6) |
17.4 |
(0.7) |
26.7 |
(0.9) |
25.7 |
(0.8) |
16.2 |
(0.7) |
5.3 |
(0.5) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
3.7 |
(0.4) |
19.6 |
(0.8) |
37.0 |
(1.1) |
28.6 |
(0.9) |
9.2 |
(0.6) |
1.6 |
(0.4) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Belarus |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
5.8 |
(0.5) |
16.8 |
(0.8) |
28.7 |
(0.8) |
28.0 |
(1.0) |
16.0 |
(0.7) |
3.7 |
(0.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
2.8 |
(0.4) |
17.5 |
(1.0) |
33.2 |
(1.1) |
28.8 |
(1.1) |
14.3 |
(0.9) |
3.0 |
(0.4) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Brazil |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
5.3 |
(0.4) |
17.7 |
(0.6) |
26.7 |
(0.7) |
24.5 |
(0.6) |
16.3 |
(0.6) |
7.4 |
(0.5) |
1.7 |
(0.2) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
5.4 |
(0.3) |
19.1 |
(0.5) |
27.0 |
(0.7) |
24.5 |
(0.6) |
15.5 |
(0.5) |
6.9 |
(0.3) |
1.3 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
4.3 |
(0.5) |
14.3 |
(0.8) |
27.9 |
(1.0) |
30.8 |
(1.0) |
17.5 |
(0.9) |
4.2 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Bulgaria |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
4.6 |
(0.6) |
17.1 |
(1.1) |
25.1 |
(0.9) |
24.9 |
(1.0) |
17.3 |
(0.9) |
8.4 |
(0.7) |
2.2 |
(0.3) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
11.3 |
(0.7) |
28.9 |
(1.1) |
32.1 |
(1.1) |
19.4 |
(1.1) |
5.9 |
(0.8) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Croatia |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
5.0 |
(0.5) |
15.9 |
(0.8) |
28.3 |
(0.9) |
29.0 |
(1.0) |
16.4 |
(0.8) |
4.3 |
(0.4) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Cyprus |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
4.3 |
(0.3) |
15.0 |
(0.6) |
24.1 |
(0.8) |
26.9 |
(0.7) |
19.3 |
(0.6) |
8.4 |
(0.4) |
1.7 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
1.1 |
(0.3) |
15.9 |
(0.9) |
33.3 |
(1.1) |
28.8 |
(1.0) |
15.0 |
(0.9) |
4.9 |
(0.5) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Georgia |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
7.0 |
(0.5) |
24.2 |
(0.9) |
32.8 |
(0.8) |
22.9 |
(0.8) |
10.1 |
(0.6) |
2.4 |
(0.3) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
3.5 |
(0.4) |
8.1 |
(0.6) |
17.8 |
(0.7) |
27.7 |
(0.7) |
27.1 |
(0.8) |
12.5 |
(0.6) |
2.3 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Indonesia |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
6.3 |
(0.6) |
26.7 |
(1.0) |
36.7 |
(1.1) |
21.8 |
(1.0) |
7.2 |
(0.8) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Jordan |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
4.0 |
(0.5) |
11.1 |
(0.7) |
25.0 |
(0.8) |
33.8 |
(1.0) |
20.5 |
(0.9) |
4.3 |
(0.5) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
3.5 |
(0.3) |
22.2 |
(0.7) |
38.4 |
(0.7) |
23.9 |
(0.5) |
8.9 |
(0.3) |
2.6 |
(0.2) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Kosovo |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
8.7 |
(0.6) |
31.7 |
(0.8) |
38.0 |
(1.0) |
17.5 |
(0.7) |
3.6 |
(0.3) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Lebanon |
6.3 |
(0.6) |
16.9 |
(1.0) |
23.0 |
(0.9) |
21.6 |
(0.8) |
17.4 |
(0.9) |
10.5 |
(0.7) |
3.7 |
(0.5) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Macao (China) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
2.2 |
(0.2) |
8.2 |
(0.6) |
19.4 |
(0.8) |
29.8 |
(0.8) |
26.1 |
(0.7) |
11.7 |
(0.6) |
2.1 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Malaysia |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
3.6 |
(0.4) |
14.2 |
(0.8) |
27.9 |
(0.9) |
31.4 |
(1.0) |
17.9 |
(0.9) |
4.3 |
(0.6) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Malta |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
4.8 |
(0.4) |
11.9 |
(0.7) |
18.5 |
(0.9) |
23.7 |
(0.9) |
21.7 |
(0.9) |
13.4 |
(0.9) |
4.5 |
(0.5) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Moldova |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
3.9 |
(0.5) |
13.5 |
(0.7) |
25.2 |
(0.8) |
28.0 |
(0.9) |
20.8 |
(0.9) |
7.2 |
(0.6) |
1.0 |
(0.3) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Montenegro |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
2.8 |
(0.3) |
13.5 |
(0.5) |
28.0 |
(0.7) |
30.5 |
(0.6) |
18.3 |
(0.6) |
6.0 |
(0.4) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Morocco |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
8.8 |
(0.7) |
30.8 |
(1.3) |
33.4 |
(0.9) |
20.6 |
(1.2) |
5.6 |
(0.5) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
North Macedonia |
1.6 |
(0.2) |
7.3 |
(0.5) |
18.3 |
(0.8) |
27.9 |
(1.0) |
26.6 |
(0.8) |
14.4 |
(0.6) |
3.5 |
(0.3) |
0.3 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Panama |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
8.4 |
(0.8) |
23.4 |
(0.9) |
31.5 |
(1.0) |
23.0 |
(0.8) |
9.9 |
(0.9) |
2.6 |
(0.4) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Peru |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
5.5 |
(0.5) |
19.6 |
(0.9) |
28.9 |
(0.9) |
25.8 |
(0.7) |
14.3 |
(0.7) |
4.8 |
(0.5) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Philippines |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
15.1 |
(0.9) |
38.3 |
(1.1) |
26.7 |
(0.8) |
13.1 |
(0.7) |
5.1 |
(0.7) |
1.1 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Qatar |
1.2 |
(0.1) |
8.5 |
(0.3) |
17.6 |
(0.4) |
23.6 |
(0.5) |
23.4 |
(0.4) |
15.8 |
(0.4) |
7.3 |
(0.3) |
2.2 |
(0.2) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Romania |
0.8 |
(0.3) |
4.3 |
(0.6) |
12.9 |
(1.0) |
22.8 |
(1.2) |
28.1 |
(1.1) |
20.9 |
(1.3) |
8.7 |
(1.0) |
1.3 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Russia |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
5.6 |
(0.6) |
15.5 |
(0.9) |
28.1 |
(0.8) |
28.0 |
(0.8) |
16.4 |
(0.7) |
4.8 |
(0.5) |
0.6 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
5.3 |
(0.6) |
17.0 |
(0.9) |
29.4 |
(0.9) |
30.4 |
(1.1) |
14.6 |
(0.8) |
2.6 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Serbia |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
2.7 |
(0.4) |
12.2 |
(0.8) |
22.7 |
(0.8) |
27.8 |
(0.8) |
21.8 |
(0.8) |
10.1 |
(0.7) |
2.4 |
(0.3) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Singapore |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
3.0 |
(0.3) |
7.7 |
(0.4) |
14.2 |
(0.5) |
22.3 |
(0.7) |
26.4 |
(0.6) |
18.5 |
(0.7) |
7.3 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.2 |
(0.2) |
4.5 |
(0.4) |
12.0 |
(0.6) |
21.8 |
(0.7) |
27.4 |
(0.8) |
22.0 |
(0.9) |
9.3 |
(0.7) |
1.6 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Thailand |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
3.6 |
(0.5) |
20.6 |
(1.1) |
35.3 |
(1.1) |
26.0 |
(1.0) |
11.6 |
(0.9) |
2.7 |
(0.4) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Ukraine |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
7.2 |
(0.7) |
16.7 |
(0.9) |
27.7 |
(0.8) |
28.5 |
(1.0) |
14.5 |
(0.8) |
3.2 |
(0.4) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
0.6 |
(0.1) |
5.8 |
(0.3) |
14.9 |
(0.5) |
21.6 |
(0.4) |
23.4 |
(0.5) |
18.1 |
(0.5) |
10.8 |
(0.6) |
4.1 |
(0.3) |
0.7 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Uruguay |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
4.0 |
(0.4) |
13.6 |
(0.8) |
24.0 |
(0.9) |
28.1 |
(1.1) |
20.1 |
(0.8) |
8.3 |
(0.7) |
1.5 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.1 |
(0.3) |
8.3 |
(0.9) |
26.9 |
(1.3) |
38.1 |
(1.2) |
20.5 |
(1.3) |
4.6 |
(0.7) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Table I.B1.2. Percentage of students at each proficiency level in mathematics
|
All students |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Below Level 1 (below 357.77 score points) |
Level 1 (from 357.77 to less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 2 (from 420.07 to less than 482.38 score points) |
Level 3 (from 482.38 to less than 544.68 score points) |
Level 4 (from 544.68 to less than 606.99 score points) |
Level 5 (from 606.99 to less than 669.30 score points) |
Level 6 (above 669.30 score points) |
|||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
7.6 |
(0.5) |
14.8 |
(0.5) |
23.4 |
(0.5) |
25.6 |
(0.5) |
18.2 |
(0.5) |
8.0 |
(0.4) |
2.5 |
(0.3) |
|
Austria |
7.3 |
(0.7) |
13.8 |
(0.8) |
20.8 |
(1.0) |
24.9 |
(0.9) |
20.6 |
(0.8) |
10.0 |
(0.7) |
2.5 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Belgium |
6.9 |
(0.7) |
12.8 |
(0.6) |
18.6 |
(0.7) |
23.8 |
(0.8) |
22.2 |
(0.7) |
12.5 |
(0.6) |
3.2 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Canada |
5.0 |
(0.4) |
11.3 |
(0.5) |
20.8 |
(0.6) |
25.9 |
(0.6) |
21.7 |
(0.7) |
11.3 |
(0.5) |
4.0 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Chile |
24.7 |
(1.1) |
27.2 |
(0.9) |
25.5 |
(0.9) |
15.6 |
(0.8) |
5.7 |
(0.5) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Colombia |
35.5 |
(1.7) |
29.9 |
(1.2) |
21.1 |
(0.9) |
10.0 |
(0.7) |
3.1 |
(0.4) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
6.6 |
(0.7) |
13.8 |
(0.7) |
22.1 |
(0.8) |
25.2 |
(0.9) |
19.6 |
(0.7) |
9.5 |
(0.5) |
3.1 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Denmark |
3.7 |
(0.4) |
10.9 |
(0.6) |
22.0 |
(0.9) |
28.8 |
(0.8) |
23.0 |
(0.8) |
9.5 |
(0.6) |
2.1 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Estonia |
2.1 |
(0.3) |
8.1 |
(0.6) |
20.8 |
(0.8) |
29.0 |
(0.8) |
24.6 |
(0.8) |
11.8 |
(0.7) |
3.7 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Finland |
3.8 |
(0.4) |
11.1 |
(0.6) |
22.3 |
(0.9) |
28.9 |
(1.0) |
22.7 |
(0.8) |
9.3 |
(0.5) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
|
|
France |
8.0 |
(0.5) |
13.2 |
(0.6) |
21.1 |
(0.8) |
25.6 |
(0.8) |
21.0 |
(0.8) |
9.2 |
(0.6) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Germany |
7.6 |
(0.7) |
13.5 |
(0.8) |
20.7 |
(0.9) |
24.0 |
(0.8) |
20.8 |
(0.8) |
10.5 |
(0.7) |
2.8 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Greece |
15.3 |
(1.1) |
20.5 |
(0.9) |
26.8 |
(0.9) |
22.5 |
(1.0) |
11.1 |
(0.6) |
3.2 |
(0.4) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Hungary |
9.6 |
(0.7) |
16.1 |
(0.8) |
23.6 |
(0.9) |
25.2 |
(1.0) |
17.5 |
(0.8) |
6.5 |
(0.5) |
1.4 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Iceland |
7.4 |
(0.5) |
13.3 |
(0.7) |
22.0 |
(1.0) |
26.7 |
(1.0) |
20.2 |
(0.9) |
8.5 |
(0.6) |
1.9 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Ireland |
3.8 |
(0.5) |
11.9 |
(0.7) |
24.7 |
(0.8) |
30.5 |
(0.8) |
20.8 |
(0.8) |
7.2 |
(0.6) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Israel |
17.7 |
(1.1) |
16.4 |
(0.8) |
20.7 |
(0.7) |
21.0 |
(0.8) |
15.4 |
(0.8) |
7.0 |
(0.6) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Italy |
9.1 |
(0.8) |
14.8 |
(0.9) |
22.9 |
(1.0) |
25.6 |
(0.9) |
18.1 |
(0.8) |
7.5 |
(0.6) |
2.0 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Japan |
2.9 |
(0.4) |
8.6 |
(0.6) |
18.7 |
(0.8) |
26.4 |
(0.9) |
25.1 |
(1.0) |
14.0 |
(0.8) |
4.3 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Korea |
5.4 |
(0.5) |
9.6 |
(0.6) |
17.3 |
(0.8) |
23.4 |
(0.7) |
22.9 |
(0.8) |
14.4 |
(0.7) |
6.9 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Latvia |
4.4 |
(0.5) |
12.9 |
(0.8) |
25.8 |
(0.9) |
29.4 |
(1.0) |
19.0 |
(0.8) |
7.1 |
(0.5) |
1.4 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Lithuania |
9.3 |
(0.6) |
16.4 |
(0.7) |
24.2 |
(0.7) |
25.2 |
(0.9) |
16.5 |
(0.8) |
6.8 |
(0.5) |
1.7 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
10.9 |
(0.6) |
16.4 |
(0.6) |
21.7 |
(0.8) |
22.6 |
(0.7) |
17.7 |
(0.7) |
8.6 |
(0.5) |
2.3 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Mexico |
26.0 |
(1.2) |
30.3 |
(0.9) |
26.4 |
(0.9) |
13.1 |
(0.8) |
3.7 |
(0.5) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
4.5 |
(0.6) |
11.2 |
(0.7) |
19.0 |
(1.0) |
23.2 |
(1.1) |
23.6 |
(0.9) |
14.2 |
(0.8) |
4.3 |
(0.5) |
|
|
New Zealand |
7.6 |
(0.5) |
14.2 |
(0.6) |
22.8 |
(0.8) |
25.0 |
(0.7) |
18.9 |
(0.7) |
8.8 |
(0.4) |
2.7 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Norway |
6.5 |
(0.5) |
12.4 |
(0.6) |
21.8 |
(0.8) |
26.5 |
(0.8) |
20.6 |
(0.9) |
9.8 |
(0.6) |
2.4 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Poland |
4.2 |
(0.5) |
10.5 |
(0.6) |
20.7 |
(0.8) |
26.5 |
(0.8) |
22.3 |
(0.7) |
11.7 |
(0.7) |
4.1 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Portugal* |
9.3 |
(0.6) |
14.0 |
(0.8) |
20.9 |
(0.8) |
24.5 |
(1.1) |
19.7 |
(0.8) |
9.1 |
(0.6) |
2.5 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
10.7 |
(0.9) |
14.4 |
(0.6) |
21.4 |
(0.9) |
24.2 |
(0.9) |
18.6 |
(0.9) |
8.4 |
(0.6) |
2.3 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Slovenia |
4.8 |
(0.6) |
11.7 |
(0.7) |
21.6 |
(0.9) |
26.4 |
(0.9) |
22.0 |
(0.8) |
10.5 |
(0.8) |
3.1 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Spain |
8.7 |
(0.4) |
16.0 |
(0.5) |
24.4 |
(0.4) |
26.0 |
(0.6) |
17.5 |
(0.5) |
6.2 |
(0.3) |
1.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Sweden |
6.0 |
(0.6) |
12.8 |
(0.8) |
21.9 |
(0.9) |
25.7 |
(0.8) |
21.0 |
(0.8) |
10.0 |
(0.7) |
2.6 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Switzerland |
4.8 |
(0.4) |
12.0 |
(0.8) |
19.5 |
(0.9) |
24.4 |
(1.0) |
22.3 |
(0.9) |
12.1 |
(0.7) |
4.9 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Turkey |
13.8 |
(0.9) |
22.9 |
(0.8) |
27.3 |
(0.8) |
20.4 |
(0.8) |
10.9 |
(0.5) |
3.9 |
(0.4) |
0.9 |
(0.3) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
6.4 |
(0.5) |
12.8 |
(0.6) |
22.0 |
(0.8) |
25.5 |
(0.7) |
20.4 |
(0.7) |
9.8 |
(0.6) |
3.1 |
(0.4) |
|
|
United States* |
10.2 |
(0.8) |
16.9 |
(0.9) |
24.2 |
(1.0) |
24.1 |
(1.0) |
16.3 |
(0.9) |
6.8 |
(0.7) |
1.5 |
(0.3) |
|
|
OECD average |
9.1 |
(0.1) |
14.8 |
(0.1) |
22.2 |
(0.1) |
24.4 |
(0.1) |
18.5 |
(0.1) |
8.5 |
(0.1) |
2.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
OECD total |
11.5 |
(0.3) |
17.2 |
(0.3) |
22.9 |
(0.3) |
22.6 |
(0.3) |
16.3 |
(0.3) |
7.4 |
(0.2) |
2.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
All students |
|||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 1 (below 357.77 score points) |
Level 1 (from 357.77 to less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 2 (from 420.07 to less than 482.38 score points) |
Level 3 (from 482.38 to less than 544.68 score points) |
Level 4 (from 544.68 to less than 606.99 score points) |
Level 5 (from 606.99 to less than 669.30 score points) |
Level 6 (above 669.30 score points) |
|||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
16.9 |
(0.9) |
25.5 |
(0.9) |
28.6 |
(1.0) |
19.3 |
(0.8) |
7.5 |
(0.7) |
2.0 |
(0.2) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
Argentina |
40.5 |
(1.6) |
28.5 |
(1.0) |
19.6 |
(0.9) |
8.8 |
(0.7) |
2.3 |
(0.3) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
24.7 |
(1.0) |
26.1 |
(0.8) |
25.2 |
(0.9) |
15.7 |
(0.7) |
6.4 |
(0.6) |
1.7 |
(0.3) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Belarus |
11.4 |
(0.7) |
18.0 |
(0.7) |
24.7 |
(0.9) |
23.4 |
(0.7) |
15.2 |
(0.7) |
6.1 |
(0.5) |
1.2 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
28.7 |
(1.3) |
28.9 |
(1.0) |
24.2 |
(0.9) |
13.1 |
(0.8) |
4.3 |
(0.5) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Brazil |
41.0 |
(1.0) |
27.1 |
(0.7) |
18.2 |
(0.7) |
9.3 |
(0.5) |
3.4 |
(0.3) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
22.1 |
(0.8) |
25.7 |
(0.8) |
24.0 |
(0.6) |
16.2 |
(0.5) |
8.9 |
(0.5) |
2.7 |
(0.3) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
1.9 |
(0.3) |
6.9 |
(0.5) |
17.5 |
(0.8) |
28.9 |
(1.0) |
27.8 |
(1.0) |
16.5 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Bulgaria |
21.9 |
(1.4) |
22.5 |
(0.8) |
23.7 |
(1.0) |
18.2 |
(1.0) |
9.4 |
(0.7) |
3.3 |
(0.5) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
27.8 |
(1.3) |
32.2 |
(1.2) |
25.6 |
(1.2) |
11.2 |
(1.0) |
2.8 |
(0.5) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Croatia |
11.0 |
(0.8) |
20.2 |
(0.8) |
27.4 |
(0.9) |
23.3 |
(0.8) |
13.0 |
(0.8) |
4.3 |
(0.5) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Cyprus |
17.2 |
(0.6) |
19.7 |
(0.7) |
24.7 |
(0.9) |
22.0 |
(0.8) |
12.1 |
(0.5) |
3.7 |
(0.4) |
0.7 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
69.3 |
(1.4) |
21.3 |
(1.0) |
7.3 |
(0.6) |
1.8 |
(0.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Georgia |
33.7 |
(1.2) |
27.3 |
(1.1) |
21.6 |
(0.8) |
11.9 |
(0.8) |
4.4 |
(0.5) |
0.9 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
2.8 |
(0.4) |
6.4 |
(0.6) |
13.5 |
(0.7) |
22.1 |
(0.7) |
26.3 |
(0.9) |
19.5 |
(0.8) |
9.5 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Indonesia |
40.6 |
(1.6) |
31.3 |
(1.2) |
18.6 |
(1.0) |
6.8 |
(0.7) |
2.3 |
(0.5) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Jordan |
30.7 |
(1.4) |
28.6 |
(0.8) |
24.0 |
(0.9) |
12.4 |
(0.8) |
3.6 |
(0.5) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
22.3 |
(0.8) |
26.8 |
(0.6) |
26.6 |
(0.6) |
16.0 |
(0.6) |
6.3 |
(0.4) |
1.6 |
(0.2) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Kosovo |
47.0 |
(1.0) |
29.6 |
(1.1) |
16.5 |
(0.8) |
5.4 |
(0.4) |
1.4 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Lebanon |
38.0 |
(1.7) |
21.8 |
(1.0) |
19.1 |
(1.1) |
13.1 |
(0.9) |
6.0 |
(0.5) |
1.7 |
(0.3) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Macao (China) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
4.0 |
(0.4) |
12.3 |
(0.8) |
24.8 |
(0.9) |
30.3 |
(1.2) |
20.0 |
(0.8) |
7.7 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Malaysia |
16.1 |
(0.9) |
25.4 |
(1.0) |
28.3 |
(0.9) |
19.3 |
(0.9) |
8.5 |
(0.7) |
2.2 |
(0.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Malta |
14.3 |
(0.7) |
15.9 |
(0.8) |
21.5 |
(1.0) |
23.2 |
(1.1) |
16.6 |
(0.7) |
6.7 |
(0.6) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Moldova |
26.1 |
(0.9) |
24.2 |
(0.9) |
23.5 |
(0.9) |
16.5 |
(0.7) |
7.3 |
(0.6) |
2.0 |
(0.3) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Montenegro |
19.9 |
(0.7) |
26.3 |
(0.7) |
27.3 |
(0.7) |
17.9 |
(0.5) |
6.9 |
(0.4) |
1.6 |
(0.2) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Morocco |
47.1 |
(1.9) |
28.5 |
(1.0) |
16.9 |
(1.0) |
6.2 |
(0.6) |
1.2 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
North Macedonia |
35.2 |
(0.8) |
25.8 |
(0.8) |
21.3 |
(0.7) |
12.1 |
(0.7) |
4.5 |
(0.4) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Panama |
53.7 |
(1.4) |
27.5 |
(1.0) |
13.5 |
(0.8) |
4.3 |
(0.6) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Peru |
32.0 |
(1.2) |
28.3 |
(0.8) |
23.1 |
(0.9) |
11.6 |
(0.7) |
4.1 |
(0.5) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Philippines |
54.4 |
(1.7) |
26.3 |
(0.9) |
13.6 |
(1.0) |
4.7 |
(0.7) |
0.9 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Qatar |
29.7 |
(0.7) |
24.0 |
(0.5) |
21.9 |
(0.5) |
14.6 |
(0.4) |
6.9 |
(0.3) |
2.4 |
(0.2) |
0.6 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Romania |
22.6 |
(1.6) |
23.9 |
(1.2) |
24.5 |
(1.1) |
17.3 |
(1.1) |
8.5 |
(1.0) |
2.7 |
(0.5) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Russia |
6.8 |
(0.7) |
14.9 |
(0.8) |
25.0 |
(0.9) |
27.5 |
(0.9) |
17.8 |
(0.8) |
6.6 |
(0.6) |
1.5 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
42.8 |
(1.6) |
29.9 |
(1.0) |
18.8 |
(1.1) |
6.8 |
(0.6) |
1.5 |
(0.3) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Serbia |
18.1 |
(1.1) |
21.6 |
(0.8) |
24.1 |
(0.8) |
19.2 |
(0.8) |
11.7 |
(0.7) |
4.2 |
(0.4) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Singapore |
1.8 |
(0.2) |
5.3 |
(0.4) |
11.1 |
(0.5) |
19.1 |
(0.7) |
25.8 |
(0.8) |
23.2 |
(0.7) |
13.8 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
5.0 |
(0.4) |
9.0 |
(0.5) |
16.1 |
(0.7) |
23.2 |
(0.8) |
23.5 |
(0.8) |
15.6 |
(0.8) |
7.6 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Thailand |
25.0 |
(1.3) |
27.7 |
(1.0) |
24.6 |
(1.0) |
14.3 |
(0.8) |
6.1 |
(0.7) |
1.9 |
(0.3) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Ukraine |
15.6 |
(1.2) |
20.3 |
(1.0) |
26.2 |
(1.0) |
21.5 |
(1.0) |
11.5 |
(0.8) |
4.0 |
(0.5) |
1.0 |
(0.3) |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
24.2 |
(0.9) |
21.3 |
(0.6) |
21.5 |
(0.5) |
17.2 |
(0.6) |
10.4 |
(0.5) |
4.2 |
(0.3) |
1.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Uruguay |
24.6 |
(1.1) |
26.1 |
(1.3) |
26.5 |
(1.0) |
15.8 |
(1.0) |
6.0 |
(0.6) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
3.1 |
(0.6) |
12.6 |
(1.2) |
27.3 |
(1.3) |
31.4 |
(1.1) |
18.8 |
(1.2) |
5.7 |
(0.7) |
1.1 |
(0.3) |
|
* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Table I.B1.3. Percentage of students at each proficiency level in science
|
All students |
|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Below Level 1b (below 260.54 score points) |
Level 1b (from 260.54 to less than 334.94 score points) |
Level 1a (from 334.94 to less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 2 (from 409.54 to less than 484.14 score points) |
Level 3 (from 484.14 to less than 558.73 score points) |
Level 4 (from 558.73 to less than 633.33 score points) |
Level 5 (from 633.33 to less than 707.93 score points) |
Level 6 (above 707.93 score points) |
||||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
0.6 |
(0.1) |
4.5 |
(0.3) |
13.7 |
(0.5) |
23.0 |
(0.6) |
27.5 |
(0.6) |
21.2 |
(0.6) |
7.9 |
(0.4) |
1.6 |
(0.2) |
|
Austria |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
4.8 |
(0.5) |
16.5 |
(0.9) |
25.0 |
(0.8) |
27.6 |
(0.8) |
19.2 |
(0.8) |
5.8 |
(0.6) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Belgium |
0.6 |
(0.1) |
5.3 |
(0.5) |
14.2 |
(0.6) |
22.2 |
(0.7) |
28.4 |
(0.8) |
21.3 |
(0.7) |
7.3 |
(0.4) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Canada |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
2.6 |
(0.2) |
10.5 |
(0.4) |
22.4 |
(0.6) |
29.3 |
(0.6) |
23.5 |
(0.7) |
9.5 |
(0.5) |
1.8 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Chile |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
8.8 |
(0.7) |
25.5 |
(1.0) |
33.1 |
(1.0) |
22.6 |
(1.0) |
7.9 |
(0.6) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Colombia |
2.1 |
(0.3) |
15.3 |
(1.1) |
33.0 |
(1.1) |
29.6 |
(1.2) |
15.4 |
(0.8) |
4.2 |
(0.4) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
3.9 |
(0.4) |
14.5 |
(0.8) |
25.9 |
(1.0) |
28.7 |
(1.0) |
19.1 |
(0.8) |
6.6 |
(0.5) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Denmark |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
4.1 |
(0.3) |
13.9 |
(0.6) |
26.6 |
(0.7) |
30.1 |
(0.9) |
19.1 |
(0.8) |
5.0 |
(0.5) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Estonia |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
7.5 |
(0.5) |
21.5 |
(0.7) |
32.1 |
(0.9) |
25.4 |
(0.8) |
10.2 |
(0.5) |
2.0 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Finland |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
2.8 |
(0.3) |
9.7 |
(0.6) |
21.1 |
(0.7) |
28.9 |
(0.8) |
24.9 |
(0.8) |
10.5 |
(0.6) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
|
|
France |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
5.0 |
(0.4) |
14.9 |
(0.8) |
24.6 |
(0.9) |
28.3 |
(0.7) |
20.0 |
(0.9) |
5.9 |
(0.5) |
0.6 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Germany |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
5.0 |
(0.5) |
13.8 |
(0.7) |
22.0 |
(0.9) |
26.9 |
(0.9) |
21.5 |
(1.0) |
8.5 |
(0.6) |
1.5 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Greece |
1.2 |
(0.3) |
8.1 |
(0.8) |
22.4 |
(1.0) |
31.6 |
(0.9) |
26.0 |
(1.0) |
9.3 |
(0.6) |
1.3 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Hungary |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
5.7 |
(0.6) |
17.8 |
(0.9) |
26.1 |
(1.0) |
28.1 |
(0.9) |
17.0 |
(0.7) |
4.3 |
(0.5) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Iceland |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
5.9 |
(0.5) |
18.6 |
(0.8) |
28.3 |
(0.9) |
27.7 |
(1.0) |
15.2 |
(0.8) |
3.6 |
(0.4) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Ireland |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
3.3 |
(0.3) |
13.4 |
(0.7) |
26.9 |
(0.9) |
31.3 |
(0.9) |
19.0 |
(0.7) |
5.4 |
(0.5) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Israel |
3.2 |
(0.4) |
10.7 |
(0.7) |
19.2 |
(0.9) |
23.1 |
(0.9) |
22.9 |
(0.8) |
15.1 |
(0.8) |
5.2 |
(0.4) |
0.7 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Italy |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
6.6 |
(0.5) |
18.2 |
(0.9) |
30.2 |
(1.0) |
27.8 |
(1.1) |
13.4 |
(0.7) |
2.6 |
(0.4) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Japan |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
8.9 |
(0.6) |
19.9 |
(0.8) |
29.7 |
(1.1) |
26.5 |
(0.9) |
11.4 |
(0.7) |
1.6 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Korea |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
3.1 |
(0.3) |
10.6 |
(0.7) |
21.0 |
(0.8) |
28.6 |
(0.9) |
24.5 |
(0.9) |
10.0 |
(0.6) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Latvia |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
3.4 |
(0.4) |
14.8 |
(0.7) |
29.5 |
(0.8) |
31.5 |
(1.1) |
16.8 |
(0.8) |
3.5 |
(0.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Lithuania |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
4.7 |
(0.4) |
17.0 |
(0.8) |
28.4 |
(0.8) |
28.7 |
(0.8) |
16.3 |
(0.6) |
4.0 |
(0.3) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
6.8 |
(0.4) |
19.2 |
(0.6) |
25.7 |
(0.8) |
25.6 |
(0.8) |
16.6 |
(0.6) |
4.9 |
(0.5) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Mexico |
1.0 |
(0.3) |
11.6 |
(1.0) |
34.2 |
(1.3) |
33.9 |
(0.9) |
15.5 |
(0.9) |
3.5 |
(0.5) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Netherlands* |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
4.8 |
(0.5) |
14.4 |
(0.8) |
22.4 |
(0.8) |
24.9 |
(1.1) |
22.1 |
(1.0) |
9.1 |
(0.7) |
1.5 |
(0.3) |
|
|
New Zealand |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
4.3 |
(0.4) |
13.1 |
(0.6) |
22.0 |
(0.6) |
26.8 |
(0.7) |
21.8 |
(0.7) |
9.5 |
(0.6) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Norway |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
5.7 |
(0.4) |
14.1 |
(0.8) |
25.0 |
(0.9) |
28.6 |
(0.7) |
18.7 |
(0.7) |
6.1 |
(0.5) |
0.7 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Poland |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
2.5 |
(0.3) |
11.1 |
(0.7) |
24.9 |
(0.8) |
30.0 |
(1.0) |
22.0 |
(0.8) |
8.1 |
(0.7) |
1.2 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Portugal* |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
4.4 |
(0.6) |
14.7 |
(0.9) |
26.2 |
(0.9) |
29.4 |
(1.0) |
19.2 |
(0.9) |
5.1 |
(0.5) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
1.4 |
(0.2) |
7.9 |
(0.6) |
19.9 |
(0.7) |
28.5 |
(0.9) |
25.3 |
(0.8) |
13.2 |
(0.6) |
3.4 |
(0.3) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Slovenia |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
2.5 |
(0.3) |
11.9 |
(0.6) |
24.6 |
(0.8) |
31.8 |
(1.0) |
21.8 |
(0.9) |
6.7 |
(0.5) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Spain |
0.6 |
(0.1) |
4.5 |
(0.3) |
16.2 |
(0.5) |
28.4 |
(0.5) |
29.4 |
(0.5) |
16.8 |
(0.4) |
3.9 |
(0.2) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Sweden |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
4.6 |
(0.5) |
13.8 |
(0.7) |
24.0 |
(0.7) |
28.0 |
(0.8) |
20.7 |
(0.9) |
7.3 |
(0.5) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Switzerland |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
4.6 |
(0.5) |
15.2 |
(0.8) |
24.9 |
(0.9) |
27.8 |
(0.9) |
19.3 |
(1.0) |
6.9 |
(0.7) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Turkey |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
4.7 |
(0.4) |
20.1 |
(0.8) |
32.8 |
(1.0) |
27.3 |
(1.0) |
12.3 |
(0.7) |
2.3 |
(0.4) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
3.9 |
(0.4) |
12.9 |
(0.6) |
24.0 |
(0.8) |
28.1 |
(0.8) |
20.8 |
(0.7) |
8.2 |
(0.6) |
1.5 |
(0.2) |
|
|
United States* |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
4.4 |
(0.5) |
13.7 |
(0.8) |
23.6 |
(0.9) |
27.5 |
(0.9) |
21.1 |
(0.9) |
7.9 |
(0.7) |
1.3 |
(0.2) |
|
|
OECD average |
0.7 |
(0.0) |
5.2 |
(0.1) |
16.0 |
(0.1) |
25.8 |
(0.1) |
27.4 |
(0.1) |
18.1 |
(0.1) |
5.9 |
(0.1) |
0.8 |
(0.0) |
|
|
OECD total |
0.7 |
(0.1) |
5.6 |
(0.2) |
17.2 |
(0.3) |
25.9 |
(0.3) |
26.0 |
(0.3) |
17.6 |
(0.3) |
6.1 |
(0.2) |
0.9 |
(0.1) |
|
|
All students |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 1b (below 260.54 score points) |
Level 1b (from 260.54 to less than 334.94 score points) |
Level 1a (from 334.94 to less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 2 (from 409.54 to less than 484.14 score points) |
Level 3 (from 484.14 to less than 558.73 score points) |
Level 4 (from 558.73 to less than 633.33 score points) |
Level 5 (from 633.33 to less than 707.93 score points) |
Level 6 (above 707.93 score points) |
||||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
1.5 |
(0.2) |
11.7 |
(0.7) |
33.7 |
(1.0) |
34.8 |
(1.1) |
15.1 |
(0.7) |
2.9 |
(0.3) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
Argentina |
4.9 |
(0.6) |
18.2 |
(1.0) |
30.4 |
(1.1) |
27.0 |
(0.9) |
15.0 |
(0.8) |
4.1 |
(0.4) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
2.5 |
(0.3) |
17.3 |
(1.0) |
38.0 |
(1.0) |
29.9 |
(0.9) |
10.3 |
(0.7) |
1.8 |
(0.4) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Belarus |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
5.0 |
(0.5) |
18.7 |
(0.9) |
31.3 |
(0.9) |
28.8 |
(0.8) |
13.1 |
(0.8) |
2.5 |
(0.4) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
2.9 |
(0.4) |
18.2 |
(0.9) |
35.6 |
(1.0) |
29.4 |
(1.2) |
11.7 |
(0.9) |
1.9 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Brazil |
4.0 |
(0.4) |
19.9 |
(0.7) |
31.4 |
(0.8) |
25.3 |
(0.7) |
13.9 |
(0.7) |
4.6 |
(0.4) |
0.8 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
1.9 |
(0.3) |
14.2 |
(0.6) |
29.7 |
(0.8) |
25.5 |
(0.5) |
17.4 |
(0.5) |
9.0 |
(0.4) |
2.1 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
8.4 |
(0.6) |
23.4 |
(0.9) |
34.6 |
(1.0) |
24.3 |
(1.1) |
7.2 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Bulgaria |
3.0 |
(0.5) |
15.3 |
(1.0) |
28.3 |
(0.9) |
26.7 |
(1.1) |
17.9 |
(0.9) |
7.4 |
(0.6) |
1.4 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
1.3 |
(0.3) |
12.0 |
(0.8) |
34.5 |
(1.2) |
34.4 |
(1.2) |
14.9 |
(1.2) |
2.8 |
(0.6) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Croatia |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
5.6 |
(0.5) |
19.1 |
(0.9) |
30.0 |
(0.8) |
26.9 |
(0.9) |
14.2 |
(0.7) |
3.3 |
(0.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Cyprus |
2.0 |
(0.3) |
11.9 |
(0.6) |
25.0 |
(0.8) |
28.9 |
(1.0) |
21.4 |
(0.7) |
9.1 |
(0.4) |
1.5 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
13.6 |
(1.0) |
39.6 |
(1.3) |
31.6 |
(1.3) |
12.3 |
(0.9) |
2.6 |
(0.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Georgia |
5.8 |
(0.5) |
22.9 |
(0.9) |
35.7 |
(0.9) |
24.3 |
(0.9) |
9.5 |
(0.6) |
1.7 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
2.4 |
(0.3) |
8.9 |
(0.6) |
21.7 |
(0.8) |
33.8 |
(0.9) |
25.0 |
(0.9) |
7.1 |
(0.6) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Indonesia |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
16.8 |
(1.0) |
41.4 |
(1.1) |
29.2 |
(1.2) |
9.2 |
(0.8) |
1.6 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Jordan |
3.2 |
(0.4) |
11.0 |
(0.8) |
26.2 |
(0.9) |
32.4 |
(1.0) |
20.7 |
(0.9) |
6.0 |
(0.5) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
2.2 |
(0.3) |
17.8 |
(0.7) |
40.3 |
(0.8) |
26.9 |
(0.8) |
9.9 |
(0.5) |
2.5 |
(0.3) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Kosovo |
4.2 |
(0.4) |
29.3 |
(0.9) |
43.1 |
(1.0) |
19.2 |
(0.7) |
3.9 |
(0.4) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Lebanon |
8.9 |
(0.8) |
23.6 |
(1.2) |
29.7 |
(1.0) |
21.8 |
(1.0) |
11.8 |
(0.8) |
3.6 |
(0.4) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Macao (China) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
5.1 |
(0.5) |
17.2 |
(0.7) |
32.3 |
(1.0) |
30.8 |
(0.9) |
11.9 |
(0.6) |
1.7 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Malaysia |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
8.3 |
(0.7) |
27.6 |
(1.0) |
35.9 |
(1.0) |
21.5 |
(0.9) |
5.4 |
(0.8) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Malta |
3.4 |
(0.4) |
10.8 |
(0.7) |
19.4 |
(0.7) |
24.9 |
(0.9) |
23.7 |
(0.9) |
13.5 |
(0.7) |
3.9 |
(0.4) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Moldova |
2.4 |
(0.3) |
12.7 |
(0.7) |
27.4 |
(0.9) |
29.7 |
(0.9) |
20.2 |
(0.8) |
6.6 |
(0.5) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Montenegro |
2.2 |
(0.3) |
14.6 |
(0.6) |
31.4 |
(0.8) |
31.5 |
(0.7) |
15.9 |
(0.6) |
4.0 |
(0.3) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Morocco |
2.7 |
(0.4) |
26.1 |
(1.4) |
40.7 |
(1.1) |
24.0 |
(1.4) |
6.1 |
(0.6) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
North Macedonia |
4.5 |
(0.4) |
15.5 |
(0.6) |
29.4 |
(0.8) |
28.2 |
(0.9) |
16.4 |
(0.7) |
5.2 |
(0.4) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Panama |
10.5 |
(0.9) |
27.3 |
(1.1) |
33.5 |
(1.3) |
19.7 |
(0.8) |
7.4 |
(0.7) |
1.5 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Peru |
2.7 |
(0.4) |
17.3 |
(0.9) |
34.5 |
(1.1) |
29.0 |
(0.8) |
13.2 |
(0.8) |
3.1 |
(0.5) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Philippines |
7.5 |
(0.8) |
35.3 |
(1.4) |
35.2 |
(1.2) |
15.4 |
(0.8) |
5.6 |
(0.7) |
1.0 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Qatar |
5.2 |
(0.3) |
16.6 |
(0.4) |
26.5 |
(0.6) |
24.9 |
(0.5) |
17.0 |
(0.4) |
7.5 |
(0.3) |
2.0 |
(0.2) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Romania |
2.9 |
(0.5) |
13.1 |
(1.2) |
28.0 |
(1.4) |
29.8 |
(1.0) |
18.9 |
(1.3) |
6.4 |
(0.8) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Russia |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
4.1 |
(0.5) |
16.7 |
(0.9) |
31.7 |
(0.9) |
30.0 |
(0.9) |
14.0 |
(0.8) |
2.9 |
(0.4) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
4.9 |
(0.6) |
21.7 |
(1.0) |
35.6 |
(1.0) |
26.6 |
(1.0) |
9.6 |
(0.7) |
1.5 |
(0.3) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
0.0 |
c |
|
|
Serbia |
1.9 |
(0.3) |
11.1 |
(0.8) |
25.3 |
(1.0) |
29.9 |
(0.9) |
21.1 |
(0.9) |
9.1 |
(0.7) |
1.5 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Singapore |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
1.8 |
(0.2) |
7.1 |
(0.4) |
15.1 |
(0.7) |
25.4 |
(0.7) |
29.7 |
(0.7) |
17.0 |
(0.5) |
3.8 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
3.3 |
(0.3) |
11.2 |
(0.6) |
21.1 |
(0.9) |
28.5 |
(0.9) |
23.5 |
(0.8) |
10.0 |
(0.8) |
1.6 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Thailand |
1.3 |
(0.3) |
11.6 |
(0.8) |
31.6 |
(1.1) |
31.7 |
(0.9) |
17.8 |
(1.0) |
5.3 |
(0.7) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Ukraine |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
6.3 |
(0.6) |
19.2 |
(0.9) |
30.0 |
(1.1) |
26.7 |
(1.1) |
13.4 |
(0.8) |
3.2 |
(0.5) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
3.7 |
(0.2) |
14.4 |
(0.5) |
24.7 |
(0.6) |
25.6 |
(0.5) |
19.2 |
(0.5) |
9.5 |
(0.5) |
2.6 |
(0.2) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Uruguay |
2.1 |
(0.4) |
13.2 |
(0.8) |
28.6 |
(1.0) |
30.6 |
(1.0) |
18.7 |
(0.9) |
6.1 |
(0.5) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
3.6 |
(0.5) |
18.1 |
(1.2) |
36.2 |
(1.2) |
29.8 |
(1.1) |
10.6 |
(0.8) |
1.5 |
(0.3) |
|
* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Table I.B1.4. Mean score and variation in reading performance
|
Mean score |
Standard deviation |
Percentiles |
|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
5th |
10th |
25th |
Median (50th) |
75th |
90th |
95th |
|||||||||||||
|
Mean |
S.E. |
S.D. |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
503 |
(1.6) |
109 |
(0.9) |
315 |
(2.7) |
357 |
(2.8) |
429 |
(2.2) |
507 |
(1.9) |
580 |
(2.0) |
640 |
(2.2) |
673 |
(2.6) |
|
Austria |
484 |
(2.7) |
99 |
(1.2) |
318 |
(3.9) |
350 |
(3.7) |
413 |
(4.1) |
488 |
(3.8) |
558 |
(2.9) |
612 |
(2.9) |
641 |
(2.9) |
|
|
Belgium |
493 |
(2.3) |
103 |
(1.3) |
317 |
(4.0) |
352 |
(3.8) |
421 |
(3.2) |
498 |
(2.7) |
568 |
(2.6) |
623 |
(2.6) |
653 |
(2.8) |
|
|
Canada |
520 |
(1.8) |
100 |
(0.8) |
349 |
(2.8) |
388 |
(2.4) |
452 |
(2.3) |
524 |
(2.2) |
592 |
(2.0) |
646 |
(2.3) |
677 |
(2.8) |
|
|
Chile |
452 |
(2.6) |
92 |
(1.2) |
298 |
(3.7) |
331 |
(3.6) |
389 |
(3.1) |
453 |
(3.2) |
517 |
(3.4) |
572 |
(3.3) |
602 |
(3.5) |
|
|
Colombia |
412 |
(3.3) |
89 |
(1.5) |
272 |
(4.1) |
300 |
(3.7) |
350 |
(3.5) |
408 |
(3.8) |
472 |
(4.1) |
532 |
(4.7) |
566 |
(4.9) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
490 |
(2.5) |
97 |
(1.6) |
328 |
(5.2) |
362 |
(4.3) |
422 |
(3.7) |
492 |
(3.0) |
560 |
(2.9) |
616 |
(2.8) |
647 |
(3.1) |
|
|
Denmark |
501 |
(1.8) |
92 |
(1.2) |
344 |
(4.0) |
380 |
(3.0) |
439 |
(2.7) |
504 |
(2.2) |
566 |
(2.1) |
618 |
(2.6) |
647 |
(3.3) |
|
|
Estonia |
523 |
(1.8) |
93 |
(1.2) |
367 |
(3.8) |
402 |
(3.5) |
460 |
(2.6) |
524 |
(2.3) |
587 |
(2.3) |
643 |
(3.1) |
676 |
(3.7) |
|
|
Finland |
520 |
(2.3) |
100 |
(1.3) |
345 |
(4.7) |
387 |
(4.2) |
455 |
(3.2) |
527 |
(2.8) |
591 |
(2.5) |
643 |
(3.0) |
672 |
(3.3) |
|
|
France |
493 |
(2.3) |
101 |
(1.5) |
319 |
(4.3) |
355 |
(3.5) |
423 |
(3.0) |
497 |
(3.0) |
567 |
(3.3) |
622 |
(3.6) |
651 |
(4.0) |
|
|
Germany |
498 |
(3.0) |
106 |
(1.5) |
316 |
(5.0) |
354 |
(4.5) |
424 |
(4.4) |
504 |
(4.1) |
576 |
(3.5) |
632 |
(3.5) |
663 |
(3.6) |
|
|
Greece |
457 |
(3.6) |
97 |
(1.6) |
292 |
(4.8) |
326 |
(4.9) |
390 |
(4.9) |
460 |
(4.1) |
526 |
(3.7) |
583 |
(3.9) |
614 |
(5.0) |
|
|
Hungary |
476 |
(2.3) |
98 |
(1.3) |
311 |
(3.7) |
346 |
(4.0) |
407 |
(3.0) |
479 |
(3.1) |
547 |
(2.9) |
602 |
(3.7) |
631 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Iceland |
474 |
(1.7) |
105 |
(1.3) |
293 |
(4.4) |
332 |
(4.0) |
402 |
(3.3) |
477 |
(2.7) |
549 |
(3.0) |
609 |
(3.3) |
640 |
(3.8) |
|
|
Ireland |
518 |
(2.2) |
91 |
(1.0) |
364 |
(4.1) |
398 |
(3.5) |
456 |
(2.8) |
520 |
(2.4) |
583 |
(2.6) |
635 |
(2.8) |
663 |
(3.8) |
|
|
Israel |
470 |
(3.7) |
124 |
(1.9) |
256 |
(5.4) |
296 |
(5.9) |
381 |
(5.8) |
479 |
(4.9) |
563 |
(3.8) |
628 |
(3.7) |
663 |
(3.9) |
|
|
Italy |
476 |
(2.4) |
97 |
(1.7) |
306 |
(5.5) |
345 |
(4.6) |
413 |
(3.2) |
481 |
(2.9) |
545 |
(3.0) |
598 |
(3.4) |
628 |
(3.5) |
|
|
Japan |
504 |
(2.7) |
97 |
(1.7) |
337 |
(5.1) |
374 |
(4.5) |
438 |
(3.7) |
508 |
(3.0) |
572 |
(3.1) |
627 |
(3.7) |
657 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Korea |
514 |
(2.9) |
102 |
(1.7) |
329 |
(5.8) |
377 |
(4.9) |
449 |
(3.8) |
522 |
(3.1) |
585 |
(3.1) |
640 |
(3.9) |
669 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Latvia |
479 |
(1.6) |
90 |
(1.1) |
328 |
(3.6) |
360 |
(3.2) |
415 |
(2.3) |
480 |
(2.2) |
542 |
(2.3) |
595 |
(2.7) |
624 |
(3.0) |
|
|
Lithuania |
476 |
(1.5) |
94 |
(1.0) |
316 |
(3.5) |
351 |
(2.7) |
410 |
(2.6) |
479 |
(2.3) |
543 |
(1.9) |
597 |
(1.8) |
625 |
(3.2) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
470 |
(1.1) |
108 |
(1.0) |
291 |
(3.1) |
325 |
(2.1) |
392 |
(2.0) |
472 |
(1.8) |
548 |
(1.9) |
612 |
(2.8) |
646 |
(3.9) |
|
|
Mexico |
420 |
(2.7) |
84 |
(1.6) |
286 |
(3.9) |
314 |
(3.5) |
362 |
(2.8) |
419 |
(2.9) |
476 |
(3.5) |
530 |
(4.2) |
562 |
(5.8) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
485 |
(2.7) |
105 |
(1.7) |
309 |
(5.2) |
344 |
(4.4) |
410 |
(3.5) |
486 |
(3.7) |
562 |
(3.4) |
621 |
(3.3) |
651 |
(3.4) |
|
|
New Zealand |
506 |
(2.0) |
106 |
(1.3) |
322 |
(4.8) |
362 |
(3.7) |
432 |
(3.2) |
511 |
(2.9) |
584 |
(2.1) |
640 |
(2.9) |
671 |
(2.9) |
|
|
Norway |
499 |
(2.2) |
106 |
(1.3) |
310 |
(4.3) |
356 |
(4.3) |
430 |
(3.2) |
506 |
(2.7) |
576 |
(3.1) |
632 |
(2.9) |
661 |
(3.0) |
|
|
Poland |
512 |
(2.7) |
97 |
(1.4) |
347 |
(4.5) |
384 |
(3.6) |
446 |
(2.9) |
515 |
(3.3) |
581 |
(3.4) |
636 |
(4.0) |
667 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Portugal* |
492 |
(2.4) |
96 |
(1.2) |
327 |
(4.7) |
362 |
(4.0) |
425 |
(3.4) |
497 |
(2.9) |
562 |
(2.9) |
613 |
(2.7) |
640 |
(4.4) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
458 |
(2.2) |
100 |
(1.4) |
291 |
(4.3) |
326 |
(4.0) |
388 |
(3.1) |
458 |
(2.9) |
529 |
(3.1) |
590 |
(3.3) |
623 |
(3.5) |
|
|
Slovenia |
495 |
(1.2) |
94 |
(1.2) |
335 |
(3.9) |
372 |
(3.0) |
431 |
(2.2) |
499 |
(1.9) |
561 |
(2.1) |
614 |
(2.8) |
644 |
(3.4) |
|
|
Spain |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Sweden |
506 |
(3.0) |
108 |
(1.5) |
317 |
(5.5) |
360 |
(5.7) |
434 |
(4.1) |
512 |
(3.4) |
583 |
(3.2) |
640 |
(3.5) |
672 |
(3.7) |
|
|
Switzerland |
484 |
(3.1) |
103 |
(1.5) |
308 |
(5.1) |
345 |
(4.6) |
413 |
(4.0) |
488 |
(3.6) |
558 |
(3.8) |
615 |
(4.0) |
647 |
(4.4) |
|
|
Turkey |
466 |
(2.2) |
88 |
(1.6) |
321 |
(4.6) |
351 |
(4.1) |
404 |
(3.0) |
466 |
(2.6) |
527 |
(2.4) |
581 |
(3.1) |
610 |
(4.6) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
504 |
(2.6) |
100 |
(1.3) |
334 |
(4.4) |
372 |
(4.3) |
435 |
(3.2) |
506 |
(2.7) |
575 |
(3.1) |
632 |
(3.5) |
664 |
(3.8) |
|
|
United States* |
505 |
(3.6) |
108 |
(1.6) |
321 |
(5.7) |
361 |
(5.3) |
430 |
(4.4) |
510 |
(4.1) |
584 |
(4.3) |
643 |
(3.9) |
676 |
(4.6) |
|
|
OECD average-36a |
487 |
(0.4) |
99 |
(0.2) |
318 |
(0.7) |
354 |
(0.7) |
419 |
(0.6) |
490 |
(0.5) |
558 |
(0.5) |
614 |
(0.5) |
644 |
(0.6) |
|
|
OECD total |
485 |
(1.2) |
105 |
(0.6) |
311 |
(1.6) |
347 |
(1.5) |
411 |
(1.4) |
486 |
(1.4) |
560 |
(1.4) |
620 |
(1.6) |
654 |
(1.8) |
|
|
Mean score |
Standard deviation |
Percentiles |
|||||||||||||||||
|
5th |
10th |
25th |
Median (50th) |
75th |
90th |
95th |
|||||||||||||
|
Mean |
S.E. |
S.D. |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
405 |
(1.9) |
80 |
(1.2) |
277 |
(2.9) |
303 |
(2.9) |
349 |
(2.2) |
403 |
(2.1) |
459 |
(2.8) |
510 |
(3.3) |
542 |
(4.1) |
|
Argentina |
402 |
(3.0) |
98 |
(1.5) |
240 |
(4.5) |
274 |
(4.2) |
333 |
(3.4) |
402 |
(3.6) |
471 |
(3.6) |
529 |
(3.4) |
561 |
(3.9) |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
389 |
(2.5) |
74 |
(1.7) |
270 |
(2.6) |
294 |
(2.5) |
338 |
(2.4) |
389 |
(2.4) |
438 |
(3.0) |
485 |
(4.6) |
514 |
(6.3) |
|
|
Belarus |
474 |
(2.4) |
89 |
(1.3) |
322 |
(4.5) |
355 |
(3.4) |
412 |
(3.1) |
475 |
(3.0) |
538 |
(3.0) |
589 |
(3.1) |
617 |
(4.0) |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
403 |
(2.9) |
79 |
(1.2) |
278 |
(3.1) |
303 |
(2.8) |
346 |
(3.0) |
400 |
(3.5) |
458 |
(3.7) |
509 |
(4.1) |
537 |
(4.0) |
|
|
Brazil |
413 |
(2.1) |
100 |
(1.3) |
258 |
(2.6) |
286 |
(2.6) |
340 |
(2.3) |
408 |
(2.4) |
482 |
(3.1) |
548 |
(3.7) |
584 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
408 |
(0.9) |
97 |
(0.8) |
258 |
(1.9) |
284 |
(1.9) |
335 |
(1.4) |
403 |
(1.5) |
476 |
(1.7) |
542 |
(2.5) |
578 |
(2.5) |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
555 |
(2.7) |
87 |
(1.7) |
406 |
(5.9) |
441 |
(4.2) |
498 |
(3.5) |
559 |
(2.9) |
617 |
(3.1) |
666 |
(3.5) |
692 |
(4.8) |
|
|
Bulgaria |
420 |
(3.9) |
101 |
(1.8) |
263 |
(4.3) |
290 |
(4.5) |
344 |
(4.9) |
416 |
(4.8) |
491 |
(5.0) |
557 |
(5.2) |
594 |
(5.3) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
426 |
(3.4) |
81 |
(1.7) |
295 |
(3.8) |
323 |
(3.1) |
370 |
(2.9) |
424 |
(3.5) |
483 |
(4.5) |
534 |
(5.9) |
563 |
(6.4) |
|
|
Croatia |
479 |
(2.7) |
89 |
(1.7) |
329 |
(5.2) |
362 |
(4.6) |
418 |
(3.7) |
480 |
(3.2) |
542 |
(2.9) |
594 |
(3.2) |
623 |
(3.9) |
|
|
Cyprus |
424 |
(1.4) |
98 |
(0.9) |
265 |
(2.7) |
295 |
(2.9) |
353 |
(2.3) |
424 |
(1.9) |
494 |
(2.0) |
554 |
(2.6) |
587 |
(3.0) |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
342 |
(2.9) |
82 |
(1.8) |
221 |
(2.8) |
241 |
(2.5) |
281 |
(2.7) |
334 |
(3.2) |
395 |
(4.0) |
453 |
(5.5) |
488 |
(6.1) |
|
|
Georgia |
380 |
(2.2) |
84 |
(1.2) |
249 |
(3.1) |
274 |
(2.5) |
319 |
(2.6) |
374 |
(2.7) |
436 |
(2.8) |
493 |
(3.6) |
526 |
(3.8) |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
524 |
(2.7) |
99 |
(1.5) |
342 |
(6.7) |
390 |
(5.5) |
463 |
(3.7) |
533 |
(2.9) |
595 |
(2.6) |
645 |
(2.5) |
673 |
(3.3) |
|
|
Indonesia |
371 |
(2.6) |
75 |
(1.7) |
254 |
(3.6) |
277 |
(3.1) |
318 |
(2.8) |
367 |
(2.8) |
420 |
(3.6) |
472 |
(5.1) |
502 |
(5.7) |
|
|
Jordan |
419 |
(2.9) |
87 |
(1.7) |
261 |
(6.9) |
303 |
(5.7) |
366 |
(3.9) |
426 |
(3.0) |
480 |
(2.6) |
524 |
(3.1) |
550 |
(3.6) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
387 |
(1.5) |
77 |
(1.2) |
271 |
(2.5) |
294 |
(2.2) |
333 |
(1.7) |
380 |
(1.5) |
433 |
(1.9) |
490 |
(2.9) |
527 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Kosovo |
353 |
(1.1) |
68 |
(0.7) |
245 |
(2.2) |
265 |
(2.1) |
304 |
(1.9) |
352 |
(1.7) |
398 |
(1.7) |
442 |
(2.0) |
470 |
(3.1) |
|
|
Lebanon |
353 |
(4.3) |
113 |
(1.6) |
180 |
(4.9) |
211 |
(4.6) |
268 |
(4.6) |
347 |
(5.7) |
434 |
(5.2) |
507 |
(5.0) |
546 |
(5.7) |
|
|
Macao (China) |
525 |
(1.2) |
92 |
(1.1) |
365 |
(5.0) |
403 |
(3.2) |
464 |
(2.3) |
530 |
(1.7) |
590 |
(2.1) |
641 |
(3.0) |
670 |
(2.8) |
|
|
Malaysia |
415 |
(2.9) |
85 |
(1.6) |
273 |
(3.5) |
302 |
(3.4) |
357 |
(3.1) |
417 |
(3.2) |
474 |
(3.4) |
524 |
(4.2) |
552 |
(5.0) |
|
|
Malta |
448 |
(1.7) |
113 |
(1.2) |
258 |
(4.2) |
295 |
(3.2) |
369 |
(3.0) |
452 |
(2.6) |
529 |
(3.0) |
593 |
(3.3) |
628 |
(4.3) |
|
|
Moldova |
424 |
(2.4) |
93 |
(1.6) |
268 |
(4.4) |
301 |
(3.3) |
358 |
(2.9) |
425 |
(3.1) |
491 |
(3.4) |
544 |
(3.7) |
573 |
(4.9) |
|
|
Montenegro |
421 |
(1.1) |
86 |
(0.8) |
281 |
(2.6) |
310 |
(2.1) |
360 |
(1.6) |
420 |
(1.7) |
480 |
(1.6) |
534 |
(2.0) |
566 |
(2.7) |
|
|
Morocco |
359 |
(3.1) |
75 |
(1.1) |
244 |
(2.6) |
265 |
(2.6) |
304 |
(3.0) |
355 |
(3.9) |
412 |
(4.0) |
460 |
(3.6) |
488 |
(3.9) |
|
|
North Macedonia |
393 |
(1.1) |
94 |
(1.0) |
233 |
(3.4) |
268 |
(2.7) |
328 |
(2.2) |
395 |
(1.9) |
460 |
(1.8) |
513 |
(2.4) |
543 |
(2.7) |
|
|
Panama |
377 |
(3.0) |
88 |
(1.9) |
237 |
(4.0) |
265 |
(3.7) |
315 |
(3.0) |
374 |
(3.0) |
436 |
(4.2) |
493 |
(5.6) |
528 |
(6.7) |
|
|
Peru |
401 |
(3.0) |
92 |
(1.5) |
256 |
(3.5) |
283 |
(2.9) |
334 |
(3.3) |
397 |
(3.3) |
463 |
(3.8) |
523 |
(4.9) |
558 |
(6.3) |
|
|
Philippines |
340 |
(3.3) |
80 |
(2.3) |
230 |
(2.6) |
248 |
(2.3) |
281 |
(2.3) |
327 |
(3.1) |
388 |
(4.7) |
453 |
(7.2) |
491 |
(8.3) |
|
|
Qatar |
407 |
(0.8) |
110 |
(0.6) |
233 |
(1.9) |
264 |
(1.8) |
326 |
(1.5) |
405 |
(1.3) |
483 |
(1.2) |
552 |
(1.8) |
592 |
(2.1) |
|
|
Romania |
428 |
(5.1) |
98 |
(2.2) |
261 |
(6.5) |
297 |
(6.0) |
361 |
(6.1) |
431 |
(6.0) |
497 |
(6.0) |
554 |
(5.9) |
584 |
(5.5) |
|
|
Russia |
479 |
(3.1) |
93 |
(1.8) |
321 |
(5.4) |
357 |
(4.8) |
416 |
(3.7) |
480 |
(3.4) |
543 |
(3.3) |
597 |
(3.6) |
629 |
(4.4) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
399 |
(3.0) |
84 |
(1.6) |
256 |
(4.8) |
286 |
(4.4) |
341 |
(4.0) |
402 |
(3.4) |
459 |
(3.1) |
507 |
(3.0) |
534 |
(3.5) |
|
|
Serbia |
439 |
(3.3) |
96 |
(1.4) |
282 |
(4.0) |
312 |
(3.9) |
370 |
(4.4) |
440 |
(4.1) |
508 |
(3.5) |
566 |
(3.5) |
599 |
(3.8) |
|
|
Singapore |
549 |
(1.6) |
109 |
(1.0) |
352 |
(3.8) |
398 |
(3.9) |
478 |
(2.3) |
559 |
(2.1) |
628 |
(2.0) |
684 |
(2.5) |
714 |
(2.6) |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
503 |
(2.8) |
102 |
(1.5) |
325 |
(4.2) |
367 |
(3.8) |
435 |
(3.4) |
508 |
(3.1) |
576 |
(3.7) |
630 |
(3.8) |
661 |
(4.5) |
|
|
Thailand |
393 |
(3.2) |
79 |
(1.6) |
271 |
(3.4) |
295 |
(3.2) |
337 |
(3.2) |
388 |
(3.5) |
445 |
(4.4) |
501 |
(5.1) |
533 |
(5.8) |
|
|
Ukraine |
466 |
(3.5) |
93 |
(1.7) |
302 |
(6.2) |
340 |
(5.2) |
404 |
(4.8) |
472 |
(3.5) |
532 |
(3.5) |
582 |
(3.8) |
612 |
(4.8) |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
432 |
(2.3) |
113 |
(0.9) |
251 |
(2.4) |
284 |
(2.7) |
348 |
(2.5) |
429 |
(2.6) |
511 |
(3.5) |
584 |
(3.1) |
624 |
(3.0) |
|
|
Uruguay |
427 |
(2.8) |
96 |
(1.6) |
267 |
(3.5) |
299 |
(3.6) |
360 |
(3.6) |
427 |
(3.2) |
495 |
(3.6) |
552 |
(4.5) |
585 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
505 |
(3.6) |
74 |
(1.7) |
381 |
(4.9) |
409 |
(4.6) |
456 |
(3.9) |
505 |
(3.7) |
554 |
(4.1) |
599 |
(4.7) |
625 |
(5.5) |
|
* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Table I.B1.5. Mean score and variation in mathematics performance
|
Mean score |
Standard deviation |
Percentiles |
|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
5th |
10th |
25th |
Median (50th) |
75th |
90th |
95th |
|||||||||||||
|
Mean |
S.E. |
S.D. |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
491 |
(1.9) |
92 |
(1.2) |
339 |
(3.8) |
371 |
(3.0) |
428 |
(2.2) |
492 |
(2.1) |
555 |
(2.0) |
609 |
(2.7) |
641 |
(3.6) |
|
Austria |
499 |
(3.0) |
93 |
(1.5) |
341 |
(4.4) |
374 |
(4.4) |
433 |
(4.0) |
503 |
(3.7) |
566 |
(3.5) |
618 |
(3.3) |
646 |
(3.6) |
|
|
Belgium |
508 |
(2.3) |
95 |
(1.7) |
344 |
(4.3) |
377 |
(4.1) |
440 |
(3.2) |
514 |
(2.5) |
579 |
(2.6) |
628 |
(3.4) |
656 |
(3.7) |
|
|
Canada |
512 |
(2.4) |
92 |
(1.1) |
358 |
(3.2) |
392 |
(3.0) |
449 |
(2.8) |
513 |
(2.6) |
576 |
(2.7) |
629 |
(2.7) |
661 |
(3.2) |
|
|
Chile |
417 |
(2.4) |
85 |
(1.4) |
282 |
(3.9) |
311 |
(3.5) |
359 |
(2.9) |
416 |
(2.9) |
475 |
(3.2) |
528 |
(3.5) |
559 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Colombia |
391 |
(3.0) |
81 |
(2.0) |
262 |
(5.4) |
290 |
(3.9) |
335 |
(3.5) |
387 |
(3.5) |
445 |
(3.8) |
499 |
(4.5) |
531 |
(4.4) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
499 |
(2.5) |
93 |
(1.7) |
345 |
(5.2) |
378 |
(4.6) |
435 |
(3.6) |
501 |
(2.7) |
564 |
(2.8) |
619 |
(3.1) |
650 |
(3.9) |
|
|
Denmark |
509 |
(1.7) |
82 |
(1.0) |
370 |
(3.6) |
401 |
(2.6) |
454 |
(2.3) |
512 |
(2.3) |
567 |
(2.3) |
613 |
(2.8) |
640 |
(3.5) |
|
|
Estonia |
523 |
(1.7) |
82 |
(1.1) |
390 |
(3.1) |
419 |
(2.9) |
468 |
(2.4) |
524 |
(2.0) |
579 |
(2.2) |
628 |
(2.7) |
657 |
(3.6) |
|
|
Finland |
507 |
(2.0) |
82 |
(1.2) |
368 |
(3.6) |
399 |
(3.4) |
451 |
(2.5) |
510 |
(2.5) |
565 |
(2.4) |
612 |
(2.5) |
639 |
(3.3) |
|
|
France |
495 |
(2.3) |
93 |
(1.5) |
333 |
(4.3) |
370 |
(3.4) |
433 |
(3.2) |
502 |
(3.0) |
562 |
(3.2) |
611 |
(3.3) |
638 |
(3.6) |
|
|
Germany |
500 |
(2.6) |
95 |
(1.5) |
337 |
(4.6) |
373 |
(4.2) |
433 |
(3.6) |
504 |
(3.5) |
570 |
(3.3) |
621 |
(3.2) |
650 |
(3.4) |
|
|
Greece |
451 |
(3.1) |
89 |
(1.8) |
302 |
(4.9) |
334 |
(4.7) |
391 |
(4.1) |
454 |
(3.3) |
513 |
(3.2) |
565 |
(3.8) |
595 |
(4.7) |
|
|
Hungary |
481 |
(2.3) |
91 |
(1.6) |
328 |
(3.9) |
360 |
(4.0) |
418 |
(3.3) |
484 |
(2.9) |
546 |
(3.0) |
597 |
(3.7) |
626 |
(4.7) |
|
|
Iceland |
495 |
(2.0) |
90 |
(1.2) |
340 |
(3.8) |
374 |
(4.2) |
434 |
(3.4) |
499 |
(2.7) |
559 |
(2.7) |
609 |
(3.0) |
638 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Ireland |
500 |
(2.2) |
78 |
(1.0) |
367 |
(3.6) |
397 |
(3.3) |
447 |
(2.6) |
502 |
(2.5) |
554 |
(2.3) |
599 |
(3.0) |
625 |
(3.5) |
|
|
Israel |
463 |
(3.5) |
108 |
(1.9) |
276 |
(6.2) |
315 |
(5.5) |
388 |
(5.0) |
468 |
(4.0) |
542 |
(3.6) |
600 |
(3.9) |
632 |
(3.9) |
|
|
Italy |
487 |
(2.8) |
94 |
(1.8) |
327 |
(5.5) |
363 |
(4.7) |
423 |
(3.1) |
490 |
(3.5) |
552 |
(3.3) |
605 |
(3.9) |
635 |
(4.9) |
|
|
Japan |
527 |
(2.5) |
86 |
(1.6) |
380 |
(4.3) |
413 |
(3.9) |
468 |
(3.1) |
530 |
(2.9) |
589 |
(2.8) |
637 |
(3.8) |
664 |
(4.5) |
|
|
Korea |
526 |
(3.1) |
100 |
(2.0) |
354 |
(5.0) |
393 |
(4.4) |
460 |
(3.8) |
530 |
(3.4) |
596 |
(3.6) |
651 |
(4.6) |
684 |
(5.9) |
|
|
Latvia |
496 |
(2.0) |
80 |
(1.1) |
363 |
(4.1) |
393 |
(3.2) |
441 |
(2.4) |
497 |
(2.4) |
551 |
(2.5) |
599 |
(3.1) |
628 |
(3.4) |
|
|
Lithuania |
481 |
(2.0) |
91 |
(1.1) |
330 |
(4.1) |
362 |
(3.6) |
418 |
(2.8) |
483 |
(2.3) |
545 |
(2.2) |
598 |
(2.8) |
630 |
(3.2) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
483 |
(1.1) |
98 |
(1.3) |
321 |
(3.4) |
353 |
(2.9) |
413 |
(2.1) |
485 |
(2.0) |
555 |
(2.0) |
611 |
(2.4) |
641 |
(2.9) |
|
|
Mexico |
409 |
(2.5) |
78 |
(1.6) |
284 |
(3.8) |
311 |
(3.6) |
356 |
(2.7) |
408 |
(2.7) |
461 |
(3.1) |
510 |
(3.6) |
539 |
(4.5) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
519 |
(2.6) |
93 |
(1.8) |
362 |
(5.0) |
394 |
(4.8) |
453 |
(4.0) |
524 |
(3.0) |
588 |
(2.7) |
638 |
(3.6) |
664 |
(3.7) |
|
|
New Zealand |
494 |
(1.7) |
93 |
(1.1) |
339 |
(3.7) |
372 |
(3.0) |
430 |
(2.5) |
496 |
(2.3) |
560 |
(2.2) |
614 |
(2.2) |
645 |
(3.7) |
|
|
Norway |
501 |
(2.2) |
90 |
(1.3) |
345 |
(4.1) |
381 |
(3.9) |
441 |
(2.9) |
504 |
(2.8) |
565 |
(2.4) |
617 |
(3.1) |
645 |
(4.4) |
|
|
Poland |
516 |
(2.6) |
90 |
(1.7) |
366 |
(4.7) |
398 |
(3.8) |
455 |
(2.9) |
517 |
(2.8) |
578 |
(3.1) |
631 |
(4.2) |
661 |
(4.7) |
|
|
Portugal* |
492 |
(2.7) |
96 |
(1.3) |
327 |
(5.2) |
362 |
(3.8) |
426 |
(3.6) |
497 |
(3.2) |
562 |
(3.0) |
614 |
(3.6) |
643 |
(4.5) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
486 |
(2.6) |
100 |
(1.7) |
315 |
(6.0) |
353 |
(5.4) |
420 |
(4.1) |
492 |
(3.0) |
556 |
(2.7) |
610 |
(3.1) |
640 |
(3.7) |
|
|
Slovenia |
509 |
(1.4) |
89 |
(1.4) |
360 |
(5.3) |
392 |
(3.0) |
448 |
(2.3) |
511 |
(1.8) |
571 |
(2.3) |
622 |
(2.8) |
652 |
(3.4) |
|
|
Spain |
481 |
(1.5) |
88 |
(1.0) |
331 |
(2.8) |
365 |
(2.4) |
421 |
(1.8) |
484 |
(1.6) |
544 |
(1.8) |
593 |
(2.2) |
621 |
(2.4) |
|
|
Sweden |
502 |
(2.7) |
91 |
(1.4) |
348 |
(5.7) |
383 |
(4.6) |
441 |
(3.7) |
505 |
(3.2) |
567 |
(2.9) |
618 |
(3.3) |
647 |
(3.8) |
|
|
Switzerland |
515 |
(2.9) |
94 |
(1.4) |
360 |
(4.4) |
391 |
(3.5) |
448 |
(3.8) |
518 |
(3.7) |
582 |
(3.4) |
636 |
(4.3) |
668 |
(4.8) |
|
|
Turkey |
454 |
(2.3) |
88 |
(1.8) |
314 |
(4.3) |
343 |
(3.8) |
392 |
(3.2) |
450 |
(2.4) |
512 |
(2.7) |
571 |
(4.0) |
605 |
(5.3) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
502 |
(2.6) |
93 |
(1.4) |
346 |
(4.1) |
381 |
(4.0) |
439 |
(2.9) |
504 |
(2.7) |
567 |
(3.0) |
620 |
(3.3) |
651 |
(4.2) |
|
|
United States* |
478 |
(3.2) |
92 |
(1.5) |
326 |
(5.0) |
357 |
(4.6) |
414 |
(4.0) |
479 |
(3.8) |
543 |
(3.9) |
598 |
(4.3) |
629 |
(4.6) |
|
|
OECD average |
489 |
(0.4) |
91 |
(0.2) |
337 |
(0.7) |
370 |
(0.6) |
427 |
(0.5) |
492 |
(0.5) |
553 |
(0.5) |
605 |
(0.6) |
634 |
(0.7) |
|
|
OECD total |
478 |
(1.0) |
97 |
(0.5) |
318 |
(1.7) |
350 |
(1.5) |
409 |
(1.3) |
478 |
(1.2) |
547 |
(1.2) |
604 |
(1.3) |
636 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Mean score |
Standard deviation |
Percentiles |
|||||||||||||||||
|
5th |
10th |
25th |
Median (50th) |
75th |
90th |
95th |
|||||||||||||
|
Mean |
S.E. |
S.D. |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
437 |
(2.4) |
83 |
(1.3) |
303 |
(3.6) |
332 |
(3.1) |
381 |
(2.9) |
436 |
(3.0) |
493 |
(2.8) |
544 |
(3.5) |
575 |
(3.8) |
|
Argentina |
379 |
(2.8) |
84 |
(1.7) |
243 |
(4.6) |
272 |
(4.1) |
322 |
(3.6) |
378 |
(3.1) |
436 |
(3.5) |
489 |
(3.8) |
520 |
(4.0) |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
420 |
(2.8) |
89 |
(1.7) |
276 |
(3.8) |
306 |
(3.4) |
359 |
(2.9) |
418 |
(3.1) |
480 |
(3.8) |
535 |
(5.0) |
570 |
(5.4) |
|
|
Belarus |
472 |
(2.7) |
93 |
(1.4) |
318 |
(5.0) |
351 |
(3.4) |
407 |
(3.1) |
473 |
(3.0) |
537 |
(3.2) |
592 |
(3.5) |
623 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
406 |
(3.1) |
82 |
(1.3) |
276 |
(4.1) |
303 |
(3.2) |
349 |
(3.2) |
404 |
(3.5) |
462 |
(3.7) |
514 |
(4.4) |
545 |
(4.3) |
|
|
Brazil |
384 |
(2.0) |
88 |
(1.6) |
251 |
(3.1) |
277 |
(2.5) |
322 |
(2.3) |
377 |
(2.4) |
440 |
(2.8) |
501 |
(3.9) |
538 |
(4.9) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
430 |
(1.2) |
91 |
(1.0) |
287 |
(3.4) |
316 |
(2.4) |
365 |
(2.0) |
425 |
(1.6) |
492 |
(2.0) |
555 |
(2.2) |
588 |
(3.4) |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
591 |
(2.5) |
80 |
(1.8) |
452 |
(5.2) |
486 |
(4.2) |
540 |
(3.0) |
596 |
(2.7) |
647 |
(3.0) |
691 |
(3.2) |
716 |
(3.6) |
|
|
Bulgaria |
436 |
(3.8) |
97 |
(2.1) |
280 |
(6.1) |
311 |
(4.6) |
368 |
(4.6) |
434 |
(4.2) |
503 |
(4.1) |
563 |
(5.7) |
599 |
(6.8) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
402 |
(3.3) |
75 |
(2.0) |
282 |
(4.2) |
308 |
(3.4) |
352 |
(2.7) |
401 |
(3.3) |
452 |
(4.2) |
499 |
(5.5) |
528 |
(7.0) |
|
|
Croatia |
464 |
(2.5) |
87 |
(1.7) |
323 |
(4.6) |
354 |
(3.9) |
405 |
(3.0) |
463 |
(2.9) |
523 |
(3.1) |
577 |
(3.9) |
608 |
(4.2) |
|
|
Cyprus |
451 |
(1.4) |
95 |
(1.1) |
292 |
(3.5) |
325 |
(2.8) |
385 |
(2.5) |
454 |
(1.9) |
517 |
(2.1) |
571 |
(2.4) |
601 |
(3.4) |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
325 |
(2.6) |
71 |
(2.0) |
214 |
(3.2) |
236 |
(2.7) |
276 |
(2.7) |
322 |
(2.9) |
370 |
(3.2) |
417 |
(4.8) |
449 |
(6.6) |
|
|
Georgia |
398 |
(2.6) |
88 |
(1.6) |
257 |
(3.9) |
286 |
(3.5) |
336 |
(2.9) |
394 |
(2.8) |
457 |
(3.7) |
515 |
(4.4) |
548 |
(6.0) |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
551 |
(3.0) |
94 |
(1.9) |
387 |
(6.2) |
426 |
(5.4) |
490 |
(4.2) |
557 |
(3.1) |
617 |
(2.8) |
667 |
(3.5) |
696 |
(4.5) |
|
|
Indonesia |
379 |
(3.1) |
79 |
(2.2) |
255 |
(4.3) |
281 |
(3.9) |
325 |
(3.2) |
376 |
(3.1) |
427 |
(3.7) |
480 |
(5.9) |
517 |
(8.7) |
|
|
Jordan |
400 |
(3.3) |
85 |
(1.7) |
259 |
(4.6) |
291 |
(4.2) |
343 |
(3.4) |
400 |
(3.4) |
458 |
(3.9) |
508 |
(4.3) |
539 |
(5.2) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
423 |
(1.9) |
87 |
(1.1) |
282 |
(3.2) |
314 |
(2.4) |
365 |
(2.2) |
422 |
(2.0) |
480 |
(2.2) |
535 |
(3.0) |
568 |
(3.1) |
|
|
Kosovo |
366 |
(1.5) |
77 |
(1.3) |
243 |
(3.7) |
269 |
(2.7) |
313 |
(2.1) |
364 |
(1.8) |
416 |
(2.3) |
465 |
(3.3) |
497 |
(4.0) |
|
|
Lebanon |
393 |
(4.0) |
106 |
(1.6) |
224 |
(5.2) |
256 |
(4.8) |
317 |
(5.1) |
391 |
(5.0) |
469 |
(5.0) |
533 |
(4.7) |
569 |
(4.7) |
|
|
Macao (China) |
558 |
(1.5) |
81 |
(1.5) |
420 |
(4.1) |
452 |
(3.6) |
505 |
(2.3) |
561 |
(2.3) |
613 |
(2.2) |
659 |
(2.6) |
685 |
(3.4) |
|
|
Malaysia |
440 |
(2.9) |
83 |
(1.7) |
307 |
(3.6) |
335 |
(3.0) |
383 |
(3.1) |
438 |
(3.0) |
496 |
(3.9) |
550 |
(4.8) |
580 |
(5.9) |
|
|
Malta |
472 |
(1.9) |
102 |
(1.4) |
297 |
(4.4) |
334 |
(3.4) |
401 |
(3.6) |
478 |
(2.7) |
545 |
(2.7) |
599 |
(3.5) |
630 |
(4.8) |
|
|
Moldova |
421 |
(2.4) |
94 |
(1.7) |
268 |
(3.8) |
300 |
(3.1) |
354 |
(2.6) |
419 |
(2.7) |
486 |
(3.2) |
543 |
(4.4) |
578 |
(5.7) |
|
|
Montenegro |
430 |
(1.2) |
83 |
(1.0) |
295 |
(2.8) |
324 |
(2.2) |
371 |
(1.9) |
429 |
(1.7) |
487 |
(1.6) |
538 |
(2.1) |
569 |
(3.1) |
|
|
Morocco |
368 |
(3.3) |
76 |
(1.5) |
249 |
(3.5) |
273 |
(3.2) |
314 |
(3.3) |
363 |
(3.6) |
418 |
(4.4) |
469 |
(4.4) |
499 |
(5.0) |
|
|
North Macedonia |
394 |
(1.6) |
93 |
(1.2) |
243 |
(3.9) |
275 |
(2.9) |
330 |
(2.1) |
394 |
(2.4) |
458 |
(2.2) |
516 |
(3.5) |
550 |
(4.4) |
|
|
Panama |
353 |
(2.7) |
77 |
(2.1) |
228 |
(5.0) |
255 |
(3.9) |
300 |
(2.9) |
351 |
(2.7) |
403 |
(3.6) |
454 |
(5.5) |
485 |
(6.3) |
|
|
Peru |
400 |
(2.6) |
84 |
(1.5) |
266 |
(3.4) |
293 |
(3.1) |
341 |
(2.9) |
397 |
(2.9) |
456 |
(3.5) |
511 |
(4.1) |
544 |
(5.1) |
|
|
Philippines |
353 |
(3.5) |
78 |
(2.0) |
229 |
(4.2) |
255 |
(3.7) |
299 |
(3.2) |
349 |
(3.4) |
403 |
(4.5) |
456 |
(6.0) |
488 |
(7.4) |
|
|
Qatar |
414 |
(1.2) |
98 |
(0.9) |
259 |
(2.8) |
290 |
(2.2) |
345 |
(1.6) |
411 |
(1.8) |
481 |
(1.6) |
544 |
(2.1) |
582 |
(2.5) |
|
|
Romania |
430 |
(4.9) |
94 |
(2.1) |
277 |
(5.7) |
310 |
(5.4) |
365 |
(4.7) |
428 |
(5.7) |
495 |
(6.1) |
554 |
(6.9) |
588 |
(7.2) |
|
|
Russia |
488 |
(3.0) |
86 |
(1.9) |
344 |
(5.5) |
376 |
(4.3) |
430 |
(4.0) |
489 |
(3.1) |
547 |
(3.3) |
597 |
(3.9) |
627 |
(4.2) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
373 |
(3.0) |
79 |
(1.6) |
246 |
(4.6) |
273 |
(4.3) |
319 |
(3.4) |
372 |
(3.3) |
426 |
(3.6) |
475 |
(3.6) |
505 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Serbia |
448 |
(3.2) |
97 |
(1.7) |
293 |
(5.3) |
324 |
(4.3) |
380 |
(3.9) |
446 |
(3.8) |
516 |
(3.8) |
576 |
(3.9) |
609 |
(3.9) |
|
|
Singapore |
569 |
(1.6) |
94 |
(1.2) |
401 |
(3.4) |
441 |
(2.9) |
508 |
(2.4) |
576 |
(2.0) |
636 |
(2.1) |
684 |
(2.7) |
713 |
(3.0) |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
531 |
(2.9) |
100 |
(1.7) |
358 |
(4.6) |
397 |
(3.9) |
466 |
(3.8) |
537 |
(3.1) |
601 |
(3.5) |
656 |
(4.4) |
686 |
(5.3) |
|
|
Thailand |
419 |
(3.4) |
88 |
(1.8) |
282 |
(4.8) |
310 |
(3.6) |
358 |
(3.3) |
414 |
(3.7) |
475 |
(4.3) |
535 |
(5.8) |
572 |
(6.1) |
|
|
Ukraine |
453 |
(3.6) |
94 |
(1.9) |
297 |
(5.2) |
331 |
(4.4) |
390 |
(4.2) |
454 |
(4.1) |
517 |
(4.1) |
573 |
(5.0) |
607 |
(5.7) |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
435 |
(2.1) |
106 |
(1.2) |
265 |
(3.9) |
299 |
(3.2) |
360 |
(2.8) |
433 |
(2.7) |
509 |
(2.6) |
574 |
(2.4) |
611 |
(3.2) |
|
|
Uruguay |
418 |
(2.6) |
85 |
(1.7) |
276 |
(4.4) |
307 |
(3.5) |
359 |
(3.1) |
419 |
(3.4) |
477 |
(3.7) |
529 |
(3.9) |
558 |
(4.4) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
496 |
(4.0) |
75 |
(2.0) |
373 |
(5.0) |
400 |
(5.0) |
445 |
(4.4) |
496 |
(4.1) |
546 |
(4.5) |
591 |
(5.1) |
619 |
(5.8) |
|
* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Table I.B1.6. Mean score and variation in science performance
|
Mean score |
Standard deviation |
Percentiles |
|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
5th |
10th |
25th |
Median (50th) |
75th |
90th |
95th |
|||||||||||||
|
Mean |
S.E. |
S.D. |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
503 |
(1.8) |
101 |
(1.1) |
334 |
(2.7) |
369 |
(2.6) |
432 |
(2.2) |
506 |
(2.3) |
575 |
(2.2) |
631 |
(2.7) |
664 |
(3.8) |
|
Austria |
490 |
(2.8) |
96 |
(1.2) |
332 |
(3.8) |
361 |
(3.1) |
420 |
(3.6) |
493 |
(3.5) |
560 |
(3.1) |
614 |
(3.3) |
642 |
(3.7) |
|
|
Belgium |
499 |
(2.2) |
99 |
(1.3) |
328 |
(4.2) |
363 |
(4.0) |
428 |
(3.4) |
505 |
(2.6) |
571 |
(2.5) |
624 |
(2.3) |
652 |
(2.8) |
|
|
Canada |
518 |
(2.2) |
96 |
(1.0) |
357 |
(2.6) |
393 |
(2.3) |
453 |
(2.5) |
520 |
(2.6) |
586 |
(2.6) |
640 |
(2.5) |
671 |
(3.6) |
|
|
Chile |
444 |
(2.4) |
83 |
(1.4) |
309 |
(3.6) |
336 |
(3.1) |
385 |
(3.0) |
442 |
(2.9) |
502 |
(3.3) |
553 |
(3.3) |
584 |
(3.8) |
|
|
Colombia |
413 |
(3.1) |
82 |
(1.4) |
287 |
(3.8) |
311 |
(3.7) |
355 |
(3.6) |
409 |
(3.6) |
469 |
(4.0) |
524 |
(4.1) |
555 |
(4.2) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
497 |
(2.5) |
94 |
(1.6) |
341 |
(4.8) |
373 |
(4.0) |
430 |
(3.7) |
497 |
(3.1) |
564 |
(3.1) |
620 |
(2.9) |
651 |
(3.6) |
|
|
Denmark |
493 |
(1.9) |
91 |
(1.3) |
337 |
(3.8) |
372 |
(3.4) |
431 |
(2.6) |
496 |
(2.5) |
558 |
(2.6) |
609 |
(3.1) |
637 |
(3.6) |
|
|
Estonia |
530 |
(1.9) |
88 |
(1.2) |
384 |
(3.9) |
417 |
(3.5) |
469 |
(2.9) |
531 |
(2.4) |
591 |
(2.4) |
644 |
(2.7) |
674 |
(3.0) |
|
|
Finland |
522 |
(2.5) |
96 |
(1.3) |
356 |
(4.4) |
393 |
(4.1) |
458 |
(3.2) |
526 |
(2.9) |
590 |
(2.8) |
643 |
(2.9) |
673 |
(3.8) |
|
|
France |
493 |
(2.2) |
96 |
(1.4) |
330 |
(4.2) |
364 |
(3.5) |
425 |
(3.1) |
497 |
(3.1) |
563 |
(2.9) |
615 |
(3.2) |
644 |
(3.8) |
|
|
Germany |
503 |
(2.9) |
103 |
(1.6) |
328 |
(5.2) |
363 |
(4.0) |
430 |
(3.9) |
508 |
(3.9) |
577 |
(3.5) |
633 |
(3.3) |
665 |
(3.3) |
|
|
Greece |
452 |
(3.1) |
86 |
(1.6) |
309 |
(5.2) |
338 |
(4.6) |
392 |
(4.1) |
453 |
(3.6) |
513 |
(3.3) |
561 |
(3.4) |
591 |
(4.2) |
|
|
Hungary |
481 |
(2.3) |
94 |
(1.4) |
325 |
(4.4) |
356 |
(3.9) |
412 |
(3.1) |
484 |
(3.1) |
549 |
(3.3) |
602 |
(3.6) |
631 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Iceland |
475 |
(1.8) |
91 |
(1.0) |
325 |
(3.6) |
354 |
(3.1) |
410 |
(3.0) |
476 |
(2.6) |
540 |
(2.7) |
594 |
(3.1) |
623 |
(3.7) |
|
|
Ireland |
496 |
(2.2) |
88 |
(1.2) |
348 |
(4.1) |
380 |
(3.5) |
435 |
(2.6) |
498 |
(2.6) |
558 |
(2.6) |
610 |
(3.2) |
639 |
(4.2) |
|
|
Israel |
462 |
(3.6) |
111 |
(1.9) |
279 |
(5.6) |
314 |
(5.0) |
381 |
(5.1) |
464 |
(5.0) |
544 |
(3.7) |
607 |
(3.8) |
640 |
(4.0) |
|
|
Italy |
468 |
(2.4) |
90 |
(1.7) |
316 |
(4.7) |
348 |
(3.9) |
407 |
(3.1) |
470 |
(3.0) |
532 |
(3.0) |
583 |
(3.7) |
612 |
(4.7) |
|
|
Japan |
529 |
(2.6) |
92 |
(1.6) |
371 |
(4.5) |
405 |
(4.4) |
466 |
(3.7) |
534 |
(2.9) |
595 |
(3.0) |
646 |
(3.5) |
673 |
(3.9) |
|
|
Korea |
519 |
(2.8) |
98 |
(1.7) |
352 |
(4.9) |
388 |
(4.1) |
453 |
(3.7) |
524 |
(3.3) |
589 |
(3.1) |
642 |
(3.8) |
672 |
(4.4) |
|
|
Latvia |
487 |
(1.8) |
84 |
(1.2) |
347 |
(3.8) |
377 |
(3.3) |
429 |
(2.8) |
489 |
(2.2) |
546 |
(2.3) |
595 |
(2.7) |
623 |
(3.3) |
|
|
Lithuania |
482 |
(1.6) |
90 |
(1.0) |
334 |
(3.6) |
364 |
(2.9) |
418 |
(2.8) |
483 |
(2.2) |
546 |
(1.8) |
599 |
(2.3) |
629 |
(3.0) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
477 |
(1.2) |
98 |
(1.2) |
317 |
(3.6) |
347 |
(2.6) |
404 |
(2.1) |
477 |
(1.7) |
549 |
(2.2) |
606 |
(2.9) |
637 |
(3.8) |
|
|
Mexico |
419 |
(2.6) |
74 |
(1.6) |
303 |
(4.3) |
326 |
(3.9) |
367 |
(2.7) |
416 |
(2.7) |
469 |
(3.0) |
518 |
(4.3) |
548 |
(4.5) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
503 |
(2.8) |
104 |
(1.9) |
329 |
(5.5) |
364 |
(5.2) |
428 |
(4.5) |
508 |
(3.7) |
581 |
(3.1) |
636 |
(3.5) |
666 |
(3.8) |
|
|
New Zealand |
508 |
(2.1) |
102 |
(1.4) |
336 |
(4.5) |
371 |
(3.7) |
437 |
(2.8) |
512 |
(2.7) |
582 |
(2.7) |
640 |
(2.9) |
670 |
(3.3) |
|
|
Norway |
490 |
(2.3) |
98 |
(1.2) |
321 |
(4.5) |
357 |
(3.9) |
424 |
(3.3) |
495 |
(2.5) |
560 |
(2.8) |
616 |
(2.9) |
645 |
(3.4) |
|
|
Poland |
511 |
(2.6) |
92 |
(1.4) |
359 |
(4.2) |
392 |
(3.4) |
448 |
(2.8) |
511 |
(3.0) |
576 |
(3.4) |
630 |
(4.0) |
660 |
(4.4) |
|
|
Portugal* |
492 |
(2.8) |
92 |
(1.3) |
336 |
(5.6) |
368 |
(4.3) |
427 |
(3.6) |
494 |
(3.0) |
558 |
(3.1) |
609 |
(3.5) |
638 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
464 |
(2.3) |
96 |
(1.5) |
307 |
(3.9) |
338 |
(3.5) |
397 |
(3.2) |
464 |
(2.9) |
531 |
(2.9) |
589 |
(3.5) |
622 |
(3.7) |
|
|
Slovenia |
507 |
(1.3) |
88 |
(1.1) |
359 |
(3.3) |
390 |
(3.4) |
447 |
(2.1) |
510 |
(1.9) |
569 |
(1.9) |
621 |
(2.8) |
648 |
(3.7) |
|
|
Spain |
483 |
(1.6) |
89 |
(0.8) |
334 |
(2.3) |
365 |
(2.4) |
421 |
(1.9) |
485 |
(1.7) |
547 |
(1.8) |
598 |
(2.2) |
627 |
(2.2) |
|
|
Sweden |
499 |
(3.1) |
98 |
(1.5) |
333 |
(6.0) |
368 |
(5.1) |
431 |
(4.0) |
503 |
(3.4) |
570 |
(3.1) |
624 |
(3.3) |
655 |
(3.8) |
|
|
Switzerland |
495 |
(3.0) |
97 |
(1.4) |
335 |
(3.9) |
367 |
(3.5) |
426 |
(3.8) |
497 |
(3.8) |
565 |
(4.0) |
622 |
(4.6) |
651 |
(4.0) |
|
|
Turkey |
468 |
(2.0) |
84 |
(1.6) |
335 |
(3.4) |
361 |
(3.1) |
409 |
(2.8) |
466 |
(2.3) |
526 |
(2.4) |
579 |
(3.9) |
608 |
(4.8) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
505 |
(2.6) |
99 |
(1.4) |
340 |
(4.7) |
374 |
(3.8) |
437 |
(3.2) |
507 |
(2.7) |
575 |
(3.2) |
632 |
(3.2) |
664 |
(3.7) |
|
|
United States* |
502 |
(3.3) |
99 |
(1.6) |
336 |
(6.1) |
371 |
(4.9) |
433 |
(4.4) |
505 |
(3.9) |
574 |
(3.8) |
629 |
(3.9) |
660 |
(3.8) |
|
|
OECD average |
489 |
(0.4) |
94 |
(0.2) |
333 |
(0.7) |
365 |
(0.6) |
423 |
(0.5) |
491 |
(0.5) |
555 |
(0.5) |
609 |
(0.5) |
639 |
(0.6) |
|
|
OECD total |
486 |
(1.1) |
99 |
(0.5) |
325 |
(1.5) |
357 |
(1.5) |
415 |
(1.3) |
486 |
(1.2) |
558 |
(1.3) |
616 |
(1.4) |
648 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Mean score |
Standard deviation |
Percentiles |
|||||||||||||||||
|
5th |
10th |
25th |
Median (50th) |
75th |
90th |
95th |
|||||||||||||
|
Mean |
S.E. |
S.D. |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
Score |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
417 |
(2.0) |
74 |
(1.1) |
298 |
(3.2) |
323 |
(3.1) |
366 |
(2.4) |
416 |
(2.5) |
466 |
(2.6) |
514 |
(3.2) |
541 |
(3.6) |
|
Argentina |
404 |
(2.9) |
90 |
(1.6) |
261 |
(4.7) |
291 |
(4.0) |
340 |
(3.4) |
401 |
(3.3) |
466 |
(3.7) |
523 |
(4.0) |
555 |
(3.7) |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
398 |
(2.4) |
74 |
(1.6) |
281 |
(3.0) |
305 |
(2.5) |
347 |
(2.3) |
395 |
(2.2) |
446 |
(3.0) |
494 |
(4.6) |
524 |
(6.2) |
|
|
Belarus |
471 |
(2.4) |
85 |
(1.3) |
331 |
(3.7) |
361 |
(3.5) |
412 |
(3.4) |
472 |
(2.9) |
531 |
(2.7) |
581 |
(2.7) |
610 |
(3.7) |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
398 |
(2.7) |
77 |
(1.3) |
278 |
(3.6) |
302 |
(3.1) |
344 |
(2.7) |
396 |
(3.2) |
451 |
(3.6) |
499 |
(3.8) |
528 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Brazil |
404 |
(2.1) |
90 |
(1.5) |
268 |
(3.0) |
292 |
(2.3) |
338 |
(2.1) |
396 |
(2.3) |
464 |
(3.1) |
527 |
(3.6) |
563 |
(4.8) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
431 |
(1.2) |
96 |
(1.1) |
290 |
(2.6) |
315 |
(2.0) |
359 |
(1.9) |
421 |
(1.5) |
497 |
(1.7) |
566 |
(2.8) |
603 |
(2.8) |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
590 |
(2.7) |
83 |
(1.7) |
448 |
(5.0) |
482 |
(4.0) |
536 |
(3.4) |
594 |
(2.8) |
649 |
(3.1) |
695 |
(3.7) |
721 |
(3.9) |
|
|
Bulgaria |
424 |
(3.6) |
95 |
(2.0) |
279 |
(5.1) |
305 |
(4.3) |
355 |
(4.0) |
418 |
(4.1) |
490 |
(4.8) |
552 |
(5.3) |
587 |
(6.1) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
416 |
(3.3) |
73 |
(1.9) |
300 |
(3.9) |
324 |
(3.2) |
364 |
(3.0) |
414 |
(3.4) |
466 |
(4.3) |
512 |
(5.6) |
540 |
(6.6) |
|
|
Croatia |
472 |
(2.8) |
90 |
(1.6) |
327 |
(4.2) |
356 |
(4.0) |
409 |
(3.5) |
471 |
(3.2) |
536 |
(3.1) |
590 |
(3.5) |
622 |
(3.9) |
|
|
Cyprus |
439 |
(1.4) |
93 |
(1.1) |
291 |
(3.3) |
319 |
(2.6) |
372 |
(2.7) |
437 |
(2.2) |
505 |
(2.2) |
562 |
(2.2) |
592 |
(2.9) |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
336 |
(2.5) |
71 |
(1.6) |
231 |
(2.7) |
250 |
(2.8) |
286 |
(2.4) |
329 |
(2.9) |
379 |
(3.5) |
431 |
(4.8) |
463 |
(5.7) |
|
|
Georgia |
383 |
(2.3) |
81 |
(1.3) |
255 |
(3.6) |
281 |
(2.7) |
326 |
(2.7) |
379 |
(2.9) |
437 |
(3.0) |
491 |
(3.9) |
522 |
(4.9) |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
517 |
(2.5) |
86 |
(1.2) |
364 |
(4.6) |
401 |
(4.3) |
461 |
(3.2) |
522 |
(2.7) |
577 |
(2.5) |
623 |
(3.3) |
650 |
(4.0) |
|
|
Indonesia |
396 |
(2.4) |
69 |
(1.7) |
289 |
(3.2) |
312 |
(3.0) |
348 |
(2.6) |
392 |
(2.6) |
440 |
(3.1) |
488 |
(4.6) |
517 |
(5.7) |
|
|
Jordan |
429 |
(2.9) |
88 |
(1.5) |
282 |
(5.5) |
316 |
(4.4) |
370 |
(3.7) |
431 |
(3.0) |
490 |
(3.1) |
541 |
(3.4) |
570 |
(3.9) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
397 |
(1.7) |
76 |
(1.4) |
284 |
(2.6) |
307 |
(2.1) |
346 |
(1.9) |
391 |
(1.8) |
442 |
(2.4) |
498 |
(3.4) |
533 |
(4.8) |
|
|
Kosovo |
365 |
(1.2) |
65 |
(0.8) |
265 |
(2.6) |
285 |
(2.5) |
320 |
(1.5) |
361 |
(1.6) |
406 |
(1.7) |
450 |
(2.6) |
478 |
(3.8) |
|
|
Lebanon |
384 |
(3.5) |
95 |
(1.6) |
237 |
(4.0) |
265 |
(3.6) |
315 |
(3.7) |
377 |
(4.3) |
449 |
(4.8) |
513 |
(4.9) |
549 |
(4.9) |
|
|
Macao (China) |
544 |
(1.5) |
83 |
(1.0) |
402 |
(4.3) |
434 |
(3.0) |
489 |
(2.6) |
547 |
(1.8) |
601 |
(1.9) |
648 |
(2.2) |
674 |
(3.5) |
|
|
Malaysia |
438 |
(2.7) |
77 |
(1.5) |
313 |
(3.6) |
339 |
(2.9) |
384 |
(2.7) |
436 |
(2.8) |
490 |
(3.4) |
538 |
(4.3) |
565 |
(5.2) |
|
|
Malta |
457 |
(1.9) |
107 |
(1.2) |
278 |
(4.8) |
314 |
(3.5) |
380 |
(2.9) |
460 |
(2.5) |
534 |
(2.9) |
594 |
(3.3) |
628 |
(4.2) |
|
|
Moldova |
428 |
(2.3) |
89 |
(1.4) |
285 |
(3.8) |
314 |
(2.9) |
365 |
(2.5) |
427 |
(2.7) |
492 |
(3.2) |
546 |
(3.7) |
575 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Montenegro |
415 |
(1.3) |
81 |
(1.0) |
285 |
(2.7) |
311 |
(2.2) |
358 |
(1.6) |
413 |
(1.5) |
470 |
(2.0) |
523 |
(2.2) |
554 |
(3.0) |
|
|
Morocco |
377 |
(3.0) |
67 |
(1.2) |
275 |
(2.9) |
293 |
(2.7) |
328 |
(2.8) |
372 |
(3.7) |
422 |
(4.0) |
468 |
(3.9) |
493 |
(3.8) |
|
|
North Macedonia |
413 |
(1.4) |
92 |
(1.2) |
265 |
(3.2) |
296 |
(2.5) |
349 |
(2.0) |
411 |
(2.0) |
476 |
(2.4) |
533 |
(3.1) |
566 |
(3.9) |
|
|
Panama |
365 |
(2.9) |
85 |
(1.9) |
230 |
(4.8) |
259 |
(3.8) |
305 |
(3.2) |
361 |
(2.8) |
420 |
(4.1) |
478 |
(5.7) |
514 |
(6.1) |
|
|
Peru |
404 |
(2.7) |
80 |
(1.5) |
280 |
(3.9) |
304 |
(3.0) |
347 |
(2.6) |
400 |
(2.9) |
458 |
(3.6) |
511 |
(4.4) |
543 |
(5.3) |
|
|
Philippines |
357 |
(3.2) |
75 |
(2.3) |
250 |
(3.3) |
269 |
(3.1) |
304 |
(2.6) |
347 |
(3.1) |
401 |
(4.5) |
461 |
(6.6) |
500 |
(8.3) |
|
|
Qatar |
419 |
(0.9) |
103 |
(0.9) |
259 |
(2.6) |
290 |
(1.5) |
345 |
(1.4) |
414 |
(1.4) |
490 |
(1.5) |
557 |
(2.1) |
596 |
(2.7) |
|
|
Romania |
426 |
(4.6) |
90 |
(1.8) |
282 |
(5.5) |
312 |
(4.7) |
362 |
(4.6) |
424 |
(5.4) |
488 |
(5.5) |
545 |
(5.8) |
577 |
(6.2) |
|
|
Russia |
478 |
(2.9) |
84 |
(1.7) |
339 |
(4.7) |
369 |
(4.1) |
420 |
(3.6) |
478 |
(3.2) |
536 |
(3.2) |
586 |
(3.7) |
616 |
(4.0) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
386 |
(2.8) |
79 |
(1.4) |
261 |
(4.4) |
287 |
(3.2) |
331 |
(3.3) |
384 |
(3.2) |
440 |
(3.4) |
489 |
(3.6) |
519 |
(4.3) |
|
|
Serbia |
440 |
(3.0) |
92 |
(1.3) |
293 |
(3.8) |
322 |
(3.9) |
375 |
(3.8) |
438 |
(3.9) |
504 |
(3.6) |
562 |
(4.0) |
593 |
(3.7) |
|
|
Singapore |
551 |
(1.5) |
97 |
(1.0) |
376 |
(3.5) |
416 |
(3.2) |
487 |
(2.7) |
560 |
(2.1) |
621 |
(1.6) |
670 |
(1.8) |
698 |
(2.7) |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
516 |
(2.9) |
99 |
(1.5) |
346 |
(4.3) |
382 |
(3.9) |
449 |
(3.7) |
521 |
(3.2) |
587 |
(3.7) |
641 |
(4.0) |
670 |
(4.1) |
|
|
Thailand |
426 |
(3.2) |
82 |
(1.6) |
299 |
(3.7) |
324 |
(3.2) |
367 |
(3.0) |
421 |
(3.5) |
481 |
(4.4) |
535 |
(5.2) |
567 |
(5.8) |
|
|
Ukraine |
469 |
(3.3) |
91 |
(1.8) |
319 |
(5.0) |
351 |
(4.4) |
406 |
(3.8) |
469 |
(3.8) |
532 |
(3.7) |
588 |
(4.5) |
619 |
(5.5) |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
434 |
(2.0) |
103 |
(0.8) |
272 |
(2.4) |
302 |
(2.1) |
358 |
(2.2) |
430 |
(2.6) |
506 |
(2.8) |
572 |
(3.0) |
609 |
(2.8) |
|
|
Uruguay |
426 |
(2.5) |
87 |
(1.4) |
287 |
(3.2) |
314 |
(3.1) |
364 |
(2.9) |
423 |
(3.2) |
486 |
(3.6) |
540 |
(3.9) |
573 |
(4.0) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
543 |
(3.3) |
77 |
(1.7) |
418 |
(4.5) |
445 |
(3.9) |
492 |
(3.9) |
543 |
(3.5) |
595 |
(3.9) |
642 |
(4.0) |
669 |
(5.0) |
|
* Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Table I.B1.7. Percentage of low achievers and top performers in reading, 2009 through 2018
|
Proficiency level in PISA 2009 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2012 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2015 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2018 |
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
||||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
14.2 |
(0.6) |
12.8 |
(0.8) |
14.2 |
(0.5) |
11.7 |
(0.5) |
18.1 |
(0.5) |
11.0 |
(0.5) |
19.6 |
(0.5) |
13.0 |
(0.5) |
|
Austria |
m |
m |
m |
m |
19.5 |
(1.1) |
5.5 |
(0.6) |
22.5 |
(1.0) |
7.2 |
(0.6) |
23.6 |
(1.0) |
7.4 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Belgium |
17.7 |
(0.9) |
11.2 |
(0.6) |
16.1 |
(0.8) |
11.8 |
(0.6) |
19.5 |
(0.9) |
9.3 |
(0.6) |
21.3 |
(0.9) |
9.5 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Canada |
10.3 |
(0.5) |
12.8 |
(0.5) |
10.9 |
(0.5) |
12.9 |
(0.6) |
10.7 |
(0.6) |
14.0 |
(0.7) |
13.8 |
(0.5) |
15.0 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Chile |
30.6 |
(1.5) |
1.3 |
(0.3) |
33.0 |
(1.7) |
0.6 |
(0.1) |
28.4 |
(1.2) |
2.3 |
(0.3) |
31.7 |
(1.2) |
2.6 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Colombia |
47.1 |
(1.9) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
51.4 |
(1.8) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
42.8 |
(1.5) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
49.9 |
(1.7) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
23.1 |
(1.3) |
5.1 |
(0.5) |
16.9 |
(1.2) |
6.1 |
(0.5) |
22.0 |
(1.1) |
7.9 |
(0.6) |
20.7 |
(1.1) |
8.2 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Denmark |
15.2 |
(0.9) |
4.7 |
(0.5) |
14.6 |
(1.1) |
5.4 |
(0.6) |
15.0 |
(0.8) |
6.5 |
(0.6) |
16.0 |
(0.7) |
8.4 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Estonia |
13.3 |
(1.0) |
6.1 |
(0.6) |
9.1 |
(0.6) |
8.3 |
(0.7) |
10.6 |
(0.7) |
11.0 |
(0.7) |
11.1 |
(0.6) |
13.9 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Finland |
8.1 |
(0.5) |
14.5 |
(0.8) |
11.3 |
(0.7) |
13.5 |
(0.6) |
11.1 |
(0.8) |
13.7 |
(0.7) |
13.5 |
(0.7) |
14.2 |
(0.7) |
|
|
France |
19.8 |
(1.2) |
9.6 |
(1.0) |
18.9 |
(1.0) |
12.9 |
(0.8) |
21.5 |
(0.9) |
12.5 |
(0.7) |
20.9 |
(0.7) |
9.2 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Germany |
18.5 |
(1.1) |
7.6 |
(0.6) |
14.5 |
(0.9) |
8.9 |
(0.7) |
16.2 |
(0.9) |
11.7 |
(0.7) |
20.7 |
(1.1) |
11.3 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Greece |
21.3 |
(1.8) |
5.6 |
(0.5) |
22.6 |
(1.2) |
5.1 |
(0.6) |
27.3 |
(1.8) |
4.0 |
(0.5) |
30.5 |
(1.5) |
3.7 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Hungary |
17.6 |
(1.4) |
6.1 |
(0.7) |
19.7 |
(1.2) |
5.6 |
(0.8) |
27.5 |
(1.1) |
4.3 |
(0.4) |
25.3 |
(0.9) |
5.7 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Iceland |
16.8 |
(0.6) |
8.5 |
(0.6) |
21.0 |
(0.7) |
5.8 |
(0.5) |
22.1 |
(1.0) |
6.6 |
(0.6) |
26.4 |
(0.9) |
7.1 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Ireland |
17.2 |
(1.0) |
7.0 |
(0.5) |
9.6 |
(0.9) |
11.4 |
(0.7) |
10.2 |
(0.8) |
10.7 |
(0.7) |
11.8 |
(0.7) |
12.1 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Israel |
26.5 |
(1.2) |
7.4 |
(0.6) |
23.6 |
(1.6) |
9.6 |
(0.8) |
26.6 |
(1.3) |
9.2 |
(0.7) |
31.1 |
(1.3) |
10.4 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Italy |
21.0 |
(0.6) |
5.8 |
(0.3) |
19.5 |
(0.7) |
6.7 |
(0.3) |
21.0 |
(1.0) |
5.7 |
(0.5) |
23.3 |
(1.0) |
5.3 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Japan |
13.6 |
(1.1) |
13.4 |
(0.9) |
9.8 |
(0.9) |
18.5 |
(1.3) |
12.9 |
(1.0) |
10.8 |
(0.9) |
16.8 |
(1.0) |
10.3 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Korea |
5.8 |
(0.8) |
12.9 |
(1.1) |
7.6 |
(0.9) |
14.1 |
(1.2) |
13.7 |
(1.0) |
12.7 |
(1.0) |
15.1 |
(0.9) |
13.1 |
(0.9) |
|
|
Latvia |
17.6 |
(1.2) |
2.9 |
(0.4) |
17.0 |
(1.1) |
4.2 |
(0.6) |
17.7 |
(0.9) |
4.3 |
(0.5) |
22.4 |
(0.7) |
4.8 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Lithuania |
24.4 |
(1.2) |
2.9 |
(0.4) |
21.2 |
(1.2) |
3.3 |
(0.4) |
25.1 |
(0.9) |
4.4 |
(0.5) |
24.4 |
(0.8) |
5.0 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
26.0 |
(0.6) |
5.7 |
(0.5) |
22.2 |
(0.7) |
8.9 |
(0.4) |
25.6 |
(0.6) |
8.1 |
(0.4) |
29.3 |
(0.6) |
7.6 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Mexico |
40.1 |
(1.0) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
41.1 |
(0.9) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
41.7 |
(1.3) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
44.7 |
(1.3) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
14.3 |
(1.5) |
9.8 |
(1.1) |
14.0 |
(1.2) |
9.8 |
(0.8) |
18.1 |
(1.0) |
10.9 |
(0.6) |
24.1 |
(1.0) |
9.1 |
(0.6) |
|
|
New Zealand |
14.3 |
(0.7) |
15.7 |
(0.8) |
16.3 |
(0.8) |
14.0 |
(0.8) |
17.3 |
(0.8) |
13.6 |
(0.9) |
19.0 |
(0.8) |
13.1 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Norway |
15.0 |
(0.8) |
8.4 |
(0.9) |
16.2 |
(1.0) |
10.2 |
(0.7) |
14.9 |
(0.8) |
12.2 |
(0.7) |
19.3 |
(0.8) |
11.3 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Poland |
15.0 |
(0.8) |
7.2 |
(0.6) |
10.6 |
(0.8) |
10.0 |
(0.9) |
14.4 |
(0.8) |
8.2 |
(0.7) |
14.7 |
(0.8) |
12.2 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Portugal* |
17.6 |
(1.2) |
4.8 |
(0.5) |
18.8 |
(1.4) |
5.8 |
(0.6) |
17.2 |
(0.9) |
7.5 |
(0.6) |
20.2 |
(0.9) |
7.3 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
22.2 |
(1.2) |
4.5 |
(0.5) |
28.2 |
(1.8) |
4.4 |
(0.7) |
32.1 |
(1.1) |
3.5 |
(0.4) |
31.4 |
(1.0) |
4.6 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Slovenia |
21.2 |
(0.6) |
4.6 |
(0.5) |
21.1 |
(0.7) |
5.0 |
(0.4) |
15.1 |
(0.6) |
8.9 |
(0.7) |
17.9 |
(0.7) |
7.8 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Spain |
19.6 |
(0.9) |
3.3 |
(0.3) |
18.3 |
(0.8) |
5.5 |
(0.3) |
16.2 |
(0.9) |
5.5 |
(0.5) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Sweden |
17.4 |
(0.9) |
9.0 |
(0.7) |
22.7 |
(1.2) |
7.9 |
(0.6) |
18.4 |
(1.1) |
10.0 |
(0.8) |
18.4 |
(1.0) |
13.3 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Switzerland |
16.8 |
(0.9) |
8.1 |
(0.7) |
13.7 |
(0.8) |
9.1 |
(0.7) |
20.0 |
(1.1) |
7.8 |
(0.6) |
23.6 |
(1.1) |
8.1 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Turkey |
24.5 |
(1.4) |
1.9 |
(0.4) |
21.6 |
(1.4) |
4.3 |
(0.9) |
40.0 |
(2.0) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
26.1 |
(1.0) |
3.3 |
(0.5) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
18.4 |
(0.8) |
8.0 |
(0.5) |
16.6 |
(1.3) |
8.8 |
(0.7) |
17.9 |
(0.9) |
9.2 |
(0.6) |
17.3 |
(0.9) |
11.5 |
(0.8) |
|
|
United States* |
17.6 |
(1.1) |
9.9 |
(0.9) |
16.6 |
(1.3) |
7.9 |
(0.7) |
19.0 |
(1.1) |
9.6 |
(0.7) |
19.3 |
(1.1) |
13.5 |
(0.9) |
|
|
OECD average-35a |
19.4 |
(0.2) |
7.3 |
(0.1) |
18.9 |
(0.2) |
8.1 |
(0.1) |
20.9 |
(0.2) |
8.1 |
(0.1) |
22.6 |
(0.2) |
8.8 |
(0.1) |
|
|
OECD average-36a |
m |
m |
m |
m |
18.9 |
(0.2) |
8.0 |
(0.1) |
21.0 |
(0.2) |
8.1 |
(0.1) |
22.6 |
(0.2) |
8.7 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Proficiency level in PISA 2009 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2012 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2015 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2018 |
||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
||||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
56.7 |
(1.9) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
52.3 |
(1.3) |
1.2 |
(0.2) |
50.3 |
(1.9) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
52.2 |
(1.1) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
Argentina |
51.6 |
(1.9) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
53.6 |
(1.7) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
52.1 |
(1.3) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
60.4 |
(1.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
23.4 |
(1.0) |
3.9 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
53.7 |
(1.6) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Brazil |
49.6 |
(1.3) |
1.3 |
(0.2) |
50.8 |
(1.1) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
51.0 |
(1.1) |
1.4 |
(0.2) |
50.0 |
(0.9) |
1.8 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
51.8 |
(0.6) |
1.3 |
(0.2) |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
5.2 |
(0.6) |
21.7 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Bulgaria |
41.0 |
(2.6) |
2.8 |
(0.5) |
39.4 |
(2.2) |
4.3 |
(0.6) |
41.5 |
(2.0) |
3.6 |
(0.5) |
47.1 |
(1.7) |
2.3 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
32.6 |
(1.5) |
0.8 |
(0.3) |
32.4 |
(1.8) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
40.3 |
(1.4) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
42.0 |
(1.6) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Croatia |
22.4 |
(1.3) |
3.2 |
(0.4) |
18.7 |
(1.3) |
4.4 |
(0.7) |
19.9 |
(1.1) |
5.9 |
(0.5) |
21.6 |
(1.2) |
4.7 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Cyprus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
32.8 |
(0.7) |
4.0 |
(0.3) |
35.6 |
(0.9) |
3.1 |
(0.3) |
43.7 |
(0.7) |
1.8 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
72.1 |
(1.5) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
79.1 |
(1.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Georgia |
62.0 |
(1.3) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
51.7 |
(1.3) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
64.4 |
(1.1) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
8.3 |
(0.7) |
12.4 |
(0.8) |
6.8 |
(0.7) |
16.8 |
(1.2) |
9.3 |
(0.8) |
11.6 |
(0.9) |
12.6 |
(0.8) |
14.8 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Indonesia |
53.4 |
(2.3) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
55.2 |
(2.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
55.4 |
(1.5) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
69.9 |
(1.4) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Jordan |
48.0 |
(1.6) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
50.7 |
(1.6) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
46.3 |
(1.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
41.2 |
(1.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
58.7 |
(1.5) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
57.1 |
(1.6) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
64.2 |
(0.7) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
76.9 |
(0.9) |
0.0 |
c |
78.7 |
(0.6) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
70.4 |
(1.6) |
0.8 |
(0.3) |
67.8 |
(1.5) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Macao (China) |
14.9 |
(0.5) |
2.9 |
(0.2) |
11.5 |
(0.4) |
7.0 |
(0.4) |
11.7 |
(0.5) |
6.7 |
(0.5) |
10.8 |
(0.5) |
13.8 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Malaysia |
44.0 |
(1.6) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
52.7 |
(1.7) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
45.8 |
(1.4) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Malta |
36.3 |
(0.7) |
4.4 |
(0.4) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
35.6 |
(0.8) |
5.6 |
(0.4) |
35.9 |
(0.8) |
5.3 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Moldova |
57.2 |
(1.5) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
45.8 |
(1.1) |
1.2 |
(0.2) |
43.0 |
(1.1) |
1.0 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Montenegro |
49.5 |
(1.0) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
43.3 |
(0.7) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
41.9 |
(0.7) |
1.4 |
(0.3) |
44.4 |
(0.7) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
73.3 |
(1.6) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
North Macedonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
70.7 |
(0.7) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
55.1 |
(0.7) |
0.3 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Panama |
65.3 |
(2.6) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
64.3 |
(1.4) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Peru |
64.8 |
(1.7) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
59.9 |
(2.0) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
53.9 |
(1.5) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
54.3 |
(1.3) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
80.6 |
(1.4) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Qatar |
63.5 |
(0.5) |
1.7 |
(0.2) |
57.1 |
(0.4) |
1.6 |
(0.1) |
51.6 |
(0.5) |
1.6 |
(0.2) |
50.9 |
(0.4) |
2.6 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Romania |
40.4 |
(2.0) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
37.3 |
(1.9) |
1.6 |
(0.4) |
38.7 |
(1.9) |
2.0 |
(0.4) |
40.8 |
(2.2) |
1.4 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Russia |
27.4 |
(1.3) |
3.2 |
(0.5) |
22.3 |
(1.3) |
4.6 |
(0.6) |
16.2 |
(1.2) |
6.7 |
(0.6) |
22.1 |
(1.2) |
5.4 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
52.4 |
(1.5) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Serbia |
32.8 |
(1.3) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
33.1 |
(1.7) |
2.2 |
(0.4) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
37.7 |
(1.5) |
2.5 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Singapore |
12.5 |
(0.5) |
15.7 |
(0.5) |
9.9 |
(0.4) |
21.2 |
(0.6) |
11.1 |
(0.5) |
18.4 |
(0.7) |
11.2 |
(0.5) |
25.8 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
15.6 |
(0.9) |
5.2 |
(0.8) |
11.5 |
(0.9) |
11.8 |
(0.8) |
17.2 |
(0.8) |
6.9 |
(0.8) |
17.8 |
(0.8) |
10.9 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Thailand |
42.9 |
(1.5) |
0.3 |
(0.2) |
33.0 |
(1.4) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
50.0 |
(1.8) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
59.5 |
(1.7) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
25.9 |
(1.4) |
3.4 |
(0.5) |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
39.8 |
(1.2) |
2.3 |
(0.3) |
35.5 |
(1.1) |
2.2 |
(0.3) |
40.4 |
(1.2) |
3.0 |
(0.3) |
42.9 |
(0.8) |
4.8 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Uruguay |
41.9 |
(1.2) |
1.8 |
(0.3) |
47.0 |
(1.4) |
0.9 |
(0.3) |
39.0 |
(1.1) |
2.5 |
(0.4) |
41.9 |
(1.3) |
1.5 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
m |
m |
m |
m |
9.4 |
(1.4) |
4.5 |
(0.8) |
13.8 |
(1.4) |
2.7 |
(0.7) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Change between 2009 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) |
Change between 2012 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012) |
Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015) |
|||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
||||||||||||
|
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
||||||
|
OECD |
Australia |
5.4 |
(1.1) |
0.3 |
(1.1) |
5.4 |
(1.1) |
1.3 |
(1.1) |
1.6 |
(1.2) |
2.0 |
(1.1) |
||||
|
Austria |
m |
m |
m |
m |
4.1 |
(1.7) |
1.9 |
(0.9) |
1.1 |
(1.8) |
0.2 |
(0.9) |
|||||
|
Belgium |
3.5 |
(1.6) |
- 1.6 |
(0.9) |
5.2 |
(1.6) |
- 2.2 |
(1.0) |
1.7 |
(1.7) |
0.2 |
(1.0) |
|||||
|
Canada |
3.5 |
(0.9) |
2.2 |
(1.2) |
2.9 |
(0.9) |
2.1 |
(1.4) |
3.1 |
(1.1) |
1.0 |
(1.6) |
|||||
|
Chile |
1.2 |
(2.7) |
1.3 |
(0.4) |
- 1.3 |
(2.9) |
2.0 |
(0.3) |
3.3 |
(2.9) |
0.3 |
(0.4) |
|||||
|
Colombia |
2.8 |
(3.4) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
- 1.5 |
(3.5) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
7.1 |
(3.6) |
0.0 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Czech Republic |
- 2.3 |
(2.0) |
3.1 |
(0.8) |
3.9 |
(2.0) |
2.2 |
(0.9) |
- 1.3 |
(2.0) |
0.4 |
(0.9) |
|||||
|
Denmark |
0.8 |
(1.4) |
3.7 |
(0.9) |
1.4 |
(1.6) |
3.0 |
(1.1) |
1.0 |
(1.5) |
1.9 |
(1.1) |
|||||
|
Estonia |
- 2.3 |
(1.3) |
7.8 |
(1.2) |
1.9 |
(1.1) |
5.5 |
(1.3) |
0.4 |
(1.1) |
2.8 |
(1.4) |
|||||
|
Finland |
5.4 |
(1.0) |
- 0.3 |
(1.5) |
2.2 |
(1.1) |
0.7 |
(1.6) |
2.5 |
(1.1) |
0.5 |
(1.7) |
|||||
|
France |
1.2 |
(1.6) |
- 0.4 |
(1.3) |
2.0 |
(1.5) |
- 3.7 |
(1.3) |
- 0.5 |
(1.5) |
- 3.3 |
(1.2) |
|||||
|
Germany |
2.2 |
(1.7) |
3.7 |
(1.1) |
6.2 |
(1.6) |
2.4 |
(1.2) |
4.5 |
(1.7) |
- 0.4 |
(1.3) |
|||||
|
Greece |
9.2 |
(2.8) |
- 2.0 |
(0.7) |
7.9 |
(2.6) |
- 1.5 |
(0.8) |
3.2 |
(3.0) |
- 0.4 |
(0.7) |
|||||
|
Hungary |
7.7 |
(2.1) |
- 0.4 |
(0.9) |
5.6 |
(2.1) |
0.1 |
(1.0) |
- 2.2 |
(2.1) |
1.4 |
(0.8) |
|||||
|
Iceland |
9.5 |
(1.6) |
- 1.4 |
(0.9) |
5.4 |
(1.7) |
1.3 |
(0.8) |
4.3 |
(2.0) |
0.5 |
(0.9) |
|||||
|
Ireland |
- 5.4 |
(1.4) |
5.1 |
(1.3) |
2.2 |
(1.3) |
0.7 |
(1.4) |
1.6 |
(1.3) |
1.4 |
(1.5) |
|||||
|
Israel |
4.5 |
(1.9) |
3.0 |
(1.0) |
7.5 |
(2.3) |
0.8 |
(1.2) |
4.5 |
(2.0) |
1.2 |
(1.1) |
|||||
|
Italy |
2.2 |
(1.7) |
- 0.5 |
(0.7) |
3.8 |
(1.9) |
- 1.3 |
(0.7) |
2.3 |
(2.2) |
- 0.3 |
(0.8) |
|||||
|
Japan |
3.2 |
(1.7) |
- 3.2 |
(1.2) |
7.0 |
(1.6) |
- 8.2 |
(1.6) |
3.9 |
(1.7) |
- 0.5 |
(1.3) |
|||||
|
Korea |
9.3 |
(1.3) |
0.2 |
(1.6) |
7.5 |
(1.4) |
- 1.0 |
(1.7) |
1.5 |
(1.5) |
0.5 |
(1.6) |
|||||
|
Latvia |
4.9 |
(2.0) |
1.9 |
(0.7) |
5.5 |
(2.1) |
0.7 |
(0.8) |
4.8 |
(2.1) |
0.5 |
(0.7) |
|||||
|
Lithuania |
0.0 |
(1.8) |
2.1 |
(0.6) |
3.2 |
(1.9) |
1.7 |
(0.6) |
- 0.7 |
(1.8) |
0.5 |
(0.7) |
|||||
|
Luxembourg |
3.3 |
(1.3) |
1.9 |
(0.7) |
7.1 |
(1.4) |
- 1.3 |
(0.7) |
3.6 |
(1.5) |
- 0.5 |
(0.8) |
|||||
|
Mexico |
4.6 |
(3.6) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
3.6 |
(3.9) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
2.9 |
(4.3) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Netherlands* |
9.8 |
(2.2) |
- 0.7 |
(1.3) |
10.1 |
(2.1) |
- 0.7 |
(1.2) |
6.0 |
(2.1) |
- 1.8 |
(1.1) |
|||||
|
New Zealand |
4.6 |
(1.4) |
- 2.6 |
(1.4) |
2.7 |
(1.5) |
- 0.9 |
(1.4) |
1.7 |
(1.6) |
- 0.5 |
(1.6) |
|||||
|
Norway |
4.3 |
(1.3) |
2.9 |
(1.2) |
3.1 |
(1.5) |
1.1 |
(1.1) |
4.4 |
(1.4) |
- 0.9 |
(1.1) |
|||||
|
Poland |
- 0.4 |
(1.4) |
5.0 |
(1.3) |
4.1 |
(1.4) |
2.2 |
(1.6) |
0.3 |
(1.5) |
4.0 |
(1.5) |
|||||
|
Portugal* |
2.6 |
(1.8) |
2.5 |
(0.9) |
1.4 |
(2.0) |
1.5 |
(1.0) |
3.0 |
(1.8) |
- 0.2 |
(1.0) |
|||||
|
Slovak Republic |
9.2 |
(2.3) |
0.2 |
(0.7) |
3.2 |
(2.8) |
0.3 |
(0.8) |
- 0.7 |
(2.6) |
1.2 |
(0.6) |
|||||
|
Slovenia |
- 3.3 |
(1.2) |
3.2 |
(0.8) |
- 3.3 |
(1.3) |
2.7 |
(0.8) |
2.7 |
(1.3) |
- 1.2 |
(0.9) |
|||||
|
Spain |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Sweden |
1.0 |
(1.5) |
4.2 |
(1.4) |
- 4.3 |
(1.7) |
5.4 |
(1.5) |
0.0 |
(1.7) |
3.3 |
(1.7) |
|||||
|
Switzerland |
6.8 |
(1.6) |
0.0 |
(1.1) |
9.9 |
(1.7) |
- 1.0 |
(1.1) |
3.7 |
(1.9) |
0.3 |
(1.1) |
|||||
|
Turkey |
1.6 |
(2.6) |
1.5 |
(0.6) |
4.5 |
(2.8) |
- 1.0 |
(1.0) |
- 13.8 |
(3.3) |
2.7 |
(0.6) |
|||||
|
United Kingdom |
- 1.1 |
(1.5) |
3.4 |
(1.0) |
0.7 |
(1.9) |
2.7 |
(1.2) |
- 0.6 |
(1.7) |
2.3 |
(1.2) |
|||||
|
United States* |
1.6 |
(1.7) |
3.7 |
(1.5) |
2.7 |
(1.8) |
5.6 |
(1.4) |
0.3 |
(1.8) |
4.0 |
(1.5) |
|||||
|
OECD average-35a |
3.2 |
(1.0) |
1.4 |
(0.5) |
3.7 |
(1.2) |
0.7 |
(0.6) |
1.7 |
(1.3) |
0.7 |
(0.6) |
|||||
|
OECD average-36a |
m |
m |
m |
m |
3.7 |
(1.1) |
0.7 |
(0.6) |
1.7 |
(1.3) |
0.6 |
(0.5) |
|||||
|
Change between 2009 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) |
Change between 2012 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012) |
Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015) |
|||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 407.47 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 625.61 score points) |
||||||||||||
|
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
||||||
|
Partners |
Albania |
- 4.4 |
(4.0) |
0.2 |
(0.2) |
- 0.1 |
(4.2) |
- 0.8 |
(0.3) |
2.0 |
(4.8) |
- 0.6 |
(0.3) |
||||
|
Argentina |
0.5 |
(3.2) |
- 0.3 |
(0.3) |
- 1.4 |
(3.3) |
0.2 |
(0.2) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Brazil |
0.4 |
(2.4) |
0.5 |
(0.3) |
- 0.8 |
(2.5) |
1.3 |
(0.3) |
- 1.0 |
(2.6) |
0.4 |
(0.3) |
|||||
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Bulgaria |
6.1 |
(3.5) |
- 0.4 |
(0.6) |
7.7 |
(3.4) |
- 2.0 |
(0.7) |
5.6 |
(3.3) |
- 1.2 |
(0.6) |
|||||
|
Costa Rica |
9.3 |
(3.8) |
- 0.2 |
(0.3) |
9.6 |
(4.2) |
0.1 |
(0.3) |
1.7 |
(4.4) |
0.0 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Croatia |
- 0.9 |
(2.1) |
1.5 |
(0.7) |
2.9 |
(2.2) |
0.3 |
(0.9) |
1.7 |
(2.2) |
- 1.2 |
(0.8) |
|||||
|
Cyprus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
10.9 |
(2.2) |
- 2.2 |
(0.4) |
8.1 |
(2.5) |
- 1.3 |
(0.4) |
|||||
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
6.9 |
(2.4) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|||||
|
Georgia |
2.4 |
(2.9) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
12.7 |
(3.4) |
- 0.9 |
(0.3) |
|||||
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
4.3 |
(1.1) |
2.4 |
(1.4) |
5.8 |
(1.1) |
- 2.0 |
(1.7) |
3.3 |
(1.1) |
3.3 |
(1.6) |
|||||
|
Indonesia |
16.5 |
(3.7) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
14.7 |
(3.9) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
14.5 |
(3.8) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|||||
|
Jordan |
- 6.8 |
(3.8) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
- 9.5 |
(4.1) |
0.1 |
(0.2) |
- 5.1 |
(4.3) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|||||
|
Kazakhstan |
5.5 |
(3.5) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
7.1 |
(3.9) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
1.9 |
(2.9) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|||||
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 2.6 |
(2.5) |
- 0.1 |
(0.3) |
|||||
|
Macao (China) |
- 4.1 |
(0.9) |
10.9 |
(1.0) |
- 0.7 |
(0.9) |
6.8 |
(1.1) |
- 0.9 |
(0.9) |
7.1 |
(1.3) |
|||||
|
Malaysia |
1.9 |
(3.7) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
- 6.9 |
(4.0) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Malta |
- 0.4 |
(1.6) |
0.9 |
(0.6) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
0.3 |
(1.9) |
- 0.3 |
(0.7) |
|||||
|
Moldova |
- 14.2 |
(2.9) |
0.9 |
(0.3) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 2.8 |
(3.2) |
- 0.2 |
(0.4) |
|||||
|
Montenegro |
- 5.1 |
(2.9) |
0.2 |
(0.3) |
1.1 |
(3.2) |
- 0.2 |
(0.3) |
2.5 |
(3.5) |
- 0.6 |
(0.4) |
|||||
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
North Macedonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 15.5 |
(2.9) |
0.2 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Panama |
- 0.9 |
(3.7) |
- 0.3 |
(0.2) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Peru |
- 10.5 |
(2.9) |
0.3 |
(0.3) |
- 5.6 |
(3.2) |
0.3 |
(0.3) |
0.4 |
(3.2) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Qatar |
- 12.6 |
(1.7) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
- 6.3 |
(1.9) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
- 0.7 |
(2.1) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Romania |
0.4 |
(3.5) |
0.7 |
(0.4) |
3.6 |
(3.5) |
- 0.2 |
(0.5) |
2.1 |
(3.7) |
- 0.6 |
(0.5) |
|||||
|
Russia |
- 5.3 |
(2.2) |
2.3 |
(0.7) |
- 0.2 |
(2.3) |
0.8 |
(0.8) |
5.9 |
(2.3) |
- 1.2 |
(0.8) |
|||||
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Serbia |
4.9 |
(2.7) |
1.7 |
(0.4) |
4.6 |
(3.0) |
0.3 |
(0.5) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Singapore |
- 1.2 |
(0.7) |
10.1 |
(1.8) |
1.4 |
(0.7) |
4.6 |
(2.0) |
0.1 |
(0.8) |
7.5 |
(2.2) |
|||||
|
Chinese Taipei |
2.2 |
(1.4) |
5.7 |
(1.3) |
6.3 |
(1.5) |
- 0.9 |
(1.4) |
0.6 |
(1.5) |
4.0 |
(1.4) |
|||||
|
Thailand |
16.7 |
(3.7) |
- 0.1 |
(0.2) |
26.6 |
(3.9) |
- 0.6 |
(0.2) |
9.6 |
(4.4) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|||||
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
United Arab Emirates |
3.1 |
(2.0) |
2.5 |
(0.4) |
7.4 |
(2.0) |
2.6 |
(0.4) |
2.5 |
(2.2) |
1.8 |
(0.5) |
|||||
|
Uruguay |
0.0 |
(2.9) |
- 0.2 |
(0.4) |
- 5.2 |
(3.2) |
0.6 |
(0.4) |
2.9 |
(3.3) |
- 1.0 |
(0.5) |
|||||
|
Viet Nam** |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
* PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).
Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
Table I.B1.8. Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, 2003 through 2018
|
Proficiency level in PISA 2003 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2006 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2009 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
||||||||||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||||||||||
|
OECD |
Australia |
14.3 |
(0.7) |
19.8 |
(0.8) |
13.0 |
(0.6) |
16.4 |
(0.8) |
15.9 |
(0.7) |
16.4 |
(0.9) |
||||||||
|
Austria |
18.8 |
(1.2) |
14.3 |
(1.0) |
20.0 |
(1.4) |
15.8 |
(1.0) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Belgium |
16.5 |
(0.8) |
26.4 |
(0.8) |
17.3 |
(1.0) |
22.3 |
(0.8) |
19.1 |
(0.8) |
20.4 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Canada |
10.1 |
(0.5) |
20.3 |
(0.7) |
10.8 |
(0.6) |
17.9 |
(0.7) |
11.5 |
(0.5) |
18.3 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Chile |
m |
m |
m |
m |
55.1 |
(2.2) |
1.5 |
(0.4) |
51.0 |
(1.7) |
1.3 |
(0.3) |
|||||||||
|
Colombia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
71.9 |
(1.6) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
70.4 |
(1.6) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
Czech Republic |
16.6 |
(1.3) |
18.3 |
(1.2) |
19.2 |
(1.2) |
18.3 |
(1.2) |
22.3 |
(1.1) |
11.6 |
(0.9) |
|||||||||
|
Denmark |
15.4 |
(0.8) |
15.9 |
(0.9) |
13.6 |
(1.0) |
13.7 |
(0.8) |
17.1 |
(0.9) |
11.6 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Estonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
12.1 |
(1.0) |
12.5 |
(0.8) |
12.6 |
(0.9) |
12.1 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Finland |
6.8 |
(0.5) |
23.4 |
(0.8) |
6.0 |
(0.6) |
24.4 |
(1.0) |
7.8 |
(0.5) |
21.7 |
(0.9) |
|||||||||
|
France |
16.6 |
(1.1) |
15.1 |
(0.9) |
22.3 |
(1.3) |
12.5 |
(0.9) |
22.5 |
(1.3) |
13.7 |
(1.0) |
|||||||||
|
Germany |
21.6 |
(1.2) |
16.2 |
(0.9) |
19.9 |
(1.4) |
15.4 |
(1.0) |
18.6 |
(1.1) |
17.8 |
(0.9) |
|||||||||
|
Greece |
38.9 |
(1.9) |
4.0 |
(0.6) |
32.3 |
(1.4) |
5.0 |
(0.5) |
30.3 |
(1.8) |
5.7 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Hungary |
23.0 |
(1.0) |
10.7 |
(0.9) |
21.2 |
(1.1) |
10.3 |
(0.9) |
22.3 |
(1.5) |
10.1 |
(1.1) |
|||||||||
|
Iceland |
15.0 |
(0.7) |
15.5 |
(0.7) |
16.8 |
(0.8) |
12.7 |
(0.7) |
17.0 |
(0.6) |
13.6 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Ireland |
16.8 |
(1.0) |
11.4 |
(0.8) |
16.4 |
(1.2) |
10.2 |
(0.8) |
20.8 |
(1.0) |
6.7 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Israel |
m |
m |
m |
m |
42.0 |
(1.7) |
6.1 |
(0.6) |
39.5 |
(1.3) |
5.9 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Italy |
31.9 |
(1.5) |
7.0 |
(0.5) |
32.8 |
(0.9) |
6.2 |
(0.5) |
24.9 |
(0.6) |
9.0 |
(0.5) |
|||||||||
|
Japan |
13.3 |
(1.2) |
24.3 |
(1.5) |
13.0 |
(1.1) |
18.3 |
(1.0) |
12.5 |
(1.0) |
20.9 |
(1.2) |
|||||||||
|
Korea |
9.5 |
(0.8) |
24.8 |
(1.4) |
8.9 |
(1.0) |
27.1 |
(1.5) |
8.1 |
(1.0) |
25.6 |
(1.6) |
|||||||||
|
Latvia |
23.7 |
(1.4) |
8.0 |
(0.8) |
20.7 |
(1.2) |
6.6 |
(0.6) |
22.6 |
(1.4) |
5.7 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Lithuania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
23.0 |
(1.1) |
9.1 |
(0.9) |
26.3 |
(1.2) |
7.0 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Luxembourg |
21.7 |
(0.6) |
10.8 |
(0.6) |
22.8 |
(0.6) |
10.6 |
(0.5) |
23.9 |
(0.6) |
11.4 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Mexico |
65.9 |
(1.7) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
56.5 |
(1.3) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
50.8 |
(1.0) |
0.7 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
Netherlands* |
10.9 |
(1.1) |
25.5 |
(1.3) |
11.5 |
(1.0) |
21.1 |
(1.1) |
13.4 |
(1.4) |
19.9 |
(1.5) |
|||||||||
|
New Zealand |
15.1 |
(0.8) |
20.7 |
(0.7) |
14.0 |
(0.8) |
18.9 |
(0.9) |
15.4 |
(0.9) |
18.9 |
(0.9) |
|||||||||
|
Norway |
20.8 |
(1.0) |
11.4 |
(0.6) |
22.2 |
(1.2) |
10.4 |
(0.7) |
18.2 |
(0.9) |
10.2 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Poland |
22.0 |
(1.1) |
10.1 |
(0.6) |
19.8 |
(0.9) |
10.6 |
(0.8) |
20.5 |
(1.1) |
10.4 |
(0.9) |
|||||||||
|
Portugal* |
30.1 |
(1.7) |
5.4 |
(0.5) |
30.7 |
(1.5) |
5.7 |
(0.5) |
23.7 |
(1.1) |
9.6 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Slovak Republic |
19.9 |
(1.4) |
12.7 |
(0.9) |
20.9 |
(1.0) |
11.0 |
(0.9) |
21.0 |
(1.2) |
12.7 |
(1.0) |
|||||||||
|
Slovenia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
17.7 |
(0.7) |
13.7 |
(0.6) |
20.3 |
(0.5) |
14.2 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Spain |
23.0 |
(1.0) |
7.9 |
(0.7) |
24.7 |
(1.1) |
7.2 |
(0.5) |
23.7 |
(0.8) |
8.0 |
(0.5) |
|||||||||
|
Sweden |
17.3 |
(0.9) |
15.8 |
(0.8) |
18.3 |
(1.0) |
12.6 |
(0.7) |
21.1 |
(1.0) |
11.4 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Switzerland |
14.5 |
(0.8) |
21.2 |
(1.5) |
13.5 |
(0.9) |
22.6 |
(1.2) |
13.5 |
(0.8) |
24.1 |
(1.4) |
|||||||||
|
Turkey |
52.2 |
(2.6) |
5.5 |
(1.6) |
52.1 |
(1.8) |
4.2 |
(1.2) |
42.1 |
(1.8) |
5.6 |
(1.2) |
|||||||||
|
United Kingdom |
m |
m |
m |
m |
19.8 |
(0.8) |
11.1 |
(0.6) |
20.2 |
(0.9) |
9.8 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
United States* |
25.7 |
(1.2) |
10.1 |
(0.7) |
28.1 |
(1.7) |
7.6 |
(0.8) |
23.4 |
(1.3) |
9.9 |
(1.0) |
|||||||||
|
OECD average-29a |
21.7 |
(0.2) |
14.4 |
(0.2) |
21.4 |
(0.2) |
13.1 |
(0.2) |
20.8 |
(0.2) |
13.2 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
OECD average-30 |
21.6 |
(0.2) |
14.4 |
(0.2) |
21.3 |
(0.2) |
13.2 |
(0.2) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
OECD average-36b |
m |
m |
m |
m |
23.9 |
(0.2) |
12.1 |
(0.1) |
23.5 |
(0.2) |
12.0 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
OECD average-37 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
23.8 |
(0.2) |
12.2 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Proficiency level in PISA 2003 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2006 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2009 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
||||||||||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||||||||||
|
Partners |
Albania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
67.7 |
(1.9) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
||||||||
|
Argentina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
64.1 |
(2.5) |
1.0 |
(0.4) |
63.6 |
(2.0) |
0.9 |
(0.3) |
|||||||||
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Brazil |
75.2 |
(1.7) |
1.2 |
(0.4) |
72.5 |
(1.2) |
1.0 |
(0.3) |
69.1 |
(1.2) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Bulgaria |
m |
m |
m |
m |
53.3 |
(2.4) |
3.1 |
(0.8) |
47.1 |
(2.5) |
3.8 |
(1.0) |
|||||||||
|
Costa Rica |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
56.7 |
(1.9) |
0.3 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Croatia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
28.6 |
(1.2) |
4.7 |
(0.5) |
33.2 |
(1.4) |
4.9 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Cyprus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Georgia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
68.7 |
(1.2) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
10.4 |
(1.2) |
30.7 |
(1.5) |
9.5 |
(0.9) |
27.7 |
(1.2) |
8.8 |
(0.7) |
30.7 |
(1.2) |
|||||||||
|
Indonesia |
78.1 |
(1.7) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
65.8 |
(3.1) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
76.7 |
(1.9) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|||||||||
|
Jordan |
m |
m |
m |
m |
66.4 |
(1.6) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
65.3 |
(1.9) |
0.3 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Kazakhstan |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
59.1 |
(1.5) |
1.2 |
(0.4) |
|||||||||
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Macao (China) |
11.2 |
(1.2) |
18.7 |
(1.4) |
10.9 |
(0.7) |
17.4 |
(0.7) |
11.0 |
(0.5) |
17.1 |
(0.5) |
|||||||||
|
Malaysia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
59.3 |
(1.6) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
Malta |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
33.7 |
(0.8) |
7.7 |
(0.4) |
|||||||||
|
Moldova |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
60.7 |
(1.6) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Montenegro |
m |
m |
m |
m |
60.1 |
(1.0) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
58.4 |
(1.1) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
North Macedonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Panama |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
78.8 |
(2.2) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Peru |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
73.5 |
(1.8) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Qatar |
m |
m |
m |
m |
87.2 |
(0.6) |
0.6 |
(0.1) |
73.8 |
(0.4) |
1.8 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Romania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
52.7 |
(2.2) |
1.3 |
(0.3) |
47.0 |
(2.0) |
1.3 |
(0.3) |
|||||||||
|
Russia |
30.2 |
(1.8) |
7.0 |
(0.8) |
26.6 |
(1.6) |
7.4 |
(0.8) |
28.6 |
(1.5) |
5.2 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Serbia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
42.6 |
(1.7) |
2.8 |
(0.4) |
40.6 |
(1.4) |
3.5 |
(0.5) |
|||||||||
|
Singapore |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
9.8 |
(0.6) |
35.6 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Chinese Taipei |
m |
m |
m |
m |
12.0 |
(1.1) |
31.9 |
(1.4) |
12.8 |
(0.8) |
28.6 |
(1.5) |
|||||||||
|
Thailand |
54.0 |
(1.7) |
1.6 |
(0.4) |
53.0 |
(1.3) |
1.3 |
(0.3) |
52.5 |
(1.6) |
1.3 |
(0.4) |
|||||||||
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
United Arab Emirates |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
51.3 |
(1.1) |
2.9 |
(0.3) |
|||||||||
|
Uruguay |
48.1 |
(1.5) |
2.8 |
(0.4) |
46.1 |
(1.2) |
3.2 |
(0.5) |
47.6 |
(1.3) |
2.4 |
(0.4) |
|||||||||
|
Viet Nam** |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Proficiency level in PISA 2012 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2015 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2018 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
||||||||||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||||||||||
|
OECD |
Australia |
19.7 |
(0.6) |
14.8 |
(0.6) |
22.0 |
(0.6) |
11.3 |
(0.6) |
22.4 |
(0.7) |
10.5 |
(0.5) |
||||||||
|
Austria |
18.7 |
(1.0) |
14.3 |
(0.9) |
21.8 |
(1.1) |
12.5 |
(0.9) |
21.1 |
(1.2) |
12.6 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Belgium |
19.0 |
(0.8) |
19.5 |
(0.8) |
20.1 |
(1.0) |
15.9 |
(0.7) |
19.7 |
(0.9) |
15.7 |
(0.9) |
|||||||||
|
Canada |
13.8 |
(0.5) |
16.4 |
(0.6) |
14.4 |
(0.7) |
15.1 |
(0.8) |
16.3 |
(0.7) |
15.3 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Chile |
51.5 |
(1.7) |
1.6 |
(0.2) |
49.4 |
(1.3) |
1.4 |
(0.2) |
51.9 |
(1.3) |
1.2 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Colombia |
73.8 |
(1.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
66.3 |
(1.2) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
65.4 |
(1.6) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
Czech Republic |
21.0 |
(1.2) |
12.9 |
(0.8) |
21.7 |
(1.1) |
10.4 |
(0.8) |
20.4 |
(1.1) |
12.7 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Denmark |
16.8 |
(1.0) |
10.0 |
(0.7) |
13.6 |
(0.9) |
11.7 |
(0.7) |
14.6 |
(0.6) |
11.6 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Estonia |
10.5 |
(0.6) |
14.6 |
(0.8) |
11.2 |
(0.7) |
14.2 |
(0.8) |
10.2 |
(0.6) |
15.5 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Finland |
12.3 |
(0.7) |
15.3 |
(0.7) |
13.6 |
(0.8) |
11.7 |
(0.7) |
15.0 |
(0.7) |
11.1 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
France |
22.4 |
(0.9) |
12.9 |
(0.8) |
23.5 |
(0.9) |
11.4 |
(0.7) |
21.3 |
(0.8) |
11.0 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Germany |
17.7 |
(1.0) |
17.5 |
(0.9) |
17.2 |
(1.0) |
12.9 |
(0.8) |
21.1 |
(1.1) |
13.3 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Greece |
35.7 |
(1.3) |
3.9 |
(0.4) |
35.8 |
(1.8) |
3.9 |
(0.5) |
35.8 |
(1.5) |
3.7 |
(0.5) |
|||||||||
|
Hungary |
28.1 |
(1.3) |
9.3 |
(1.1) |
28.0 |
(1.2) |
8.1 |
(0.6) |
25.6 |
(1.0) |
8.0 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Iceland |
21.5 |
(0.7) |
11.2 |
(0.7) |
23.6 |
(1.0) |
10.3 |
(0.8) |
20.7 |
(1.0) |
10.4 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Ireland |
16.9 |
(1.0) |
10.7 |
(0.5) |
15.0 |
(0.9) |
9.8 |
(0.6) |
15.7 |
(0.8) |
8.2 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Israel |
33.5 |
(1.7) |
9.4 |
(1.0) |
32.1 |
(1.4) |
8.9 |
(0.9) |
34.1 |
(1.4) |
8.8 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Italy |
24.7 |
(0.8) |
9.9 |
(0.6) |
23.3 |
(1.1) |
10.5 |
(0.8) |
23.8 |
(1.1) |
9.5 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Japan |
11.1 |
(1.0) |
23.7 |
(1.5) |
10.7 |
(0.8) |
20.3 |
(1.3) |
11.5 |
(0.8) |
18.3 |
(1.1) |
|||||||||
|
Korea |
9.1 |
(0.9) |
30.9 |
(1.8) |
15.5 |
(1.1) |
20.9 |
(1.3) |
15.0 |
(0.9) |
21.4 |
(1.1) |
|||||||||
|
Latvia |
19.9 |
(1.1) |
8.0 |
(0.8) |
21.4 |
(1.0) |
5.2 |
(0.4) |
17.3 |
(1.0) |
8.5 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Lithuania |
26.0 |
(1.2) |
8.1 |
(0.6) |
25.4 |
(1.1) |
6.9 |
(0.7) |
25.6 |
(0.9) |
8.4 |
(0.5) |
|||||||||
|
Luxembourg |
24.3 |
(0.5) |
11.2 |
(0.4) |
25.8 |
(0.7) |
10.0 |
(0.5) |
27.2 |
(0.7) |
10.8 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Mexico |
54.7 |
(0.8) |
0.6 |
(0.1) |
56.6 |
(1.3) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
56.2 |
(1.4) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
Netherlands* |
14.8 |
(1.3) |
19.3 |
(1.2) |
16.7 |
(0.9) |
15.5 |
(0.8) |
15.8 |
(1.1) |
18.4 |
(1.0) |
|||||||||
|
New Zealand |
22.6 |
(0.8) |
15.0 |
(0.9) |
21.6 |
(1.0) |
11.4 |
(0.7) |
21.8 |
(0.8) |
11.6 |
(0.5) |
|||||||||
|
Norway |
22.3 |
(1.1) |
9.4 |
(0.7) |
17.1 |
(0.8) |
10.6 |
(0.7) |
18.9 |
(0.8) |
12.2 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Poland |
14.4 |
(0.9) |
16.7 |
(1.3) |
17.2 |
(1.0) |
12.2 |
(0.9) |
14.7 |
(0.8) |
15.8 |
(1.0) |
|||||||||
|
Portugal* |
24.9 |
(1.5) |
10.6 |
(0.8) |
23.8 |
(1.0) |
11.4 |
(0.7) |
23.3 |
(1.0) |
11.6 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Slovak Republic |
27.5 |
(1.3) |
11.0 |
(0.9) |
27.7 |
(1.2) |
7.8 |
(0.6) |
25.1 |
(1.1) |
10.7 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Slovenia |
20.1 |
(0.6) |
13.7 |
(0.6) |
16.1 |
(0.6) |
13.5 |
(0.7) |
16.4 |
(0.6) |
13.6 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Spain |
23.6 |
(0.8) |
8.0 |
(0.4) |
22.2 |
(1.0) |
7.2 |
(0.6) |
24.7 |
(0.6) |
7.3 |
(0.4) |
|||||||||
|
Sweden |
27.1 |
(1.1) |
8.0 |
(0.5) |
20.8 |
(1.2) |
10.4 |
(0.9) |
18.8 |
(1.0) |
12.6 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Switzerland |
12.4 |
(0.7) |
21.4 |
(1.2) |
15.8 |
(1.0) |
19.2 |
(1.0) |
16.8 |
(0.9) |
17.0 |
(1.0) |
|||||||||
|
Turkey |
42.0 |
(1.9) |
5.9 |
(1.1) |
51.4 |
(2.2) |
1.1 |
(0.4) |
36.7 |
(1.1) |
4.8 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
United Kingdom |
21.8 |
(1.3) |
11.8 |
(0.8) |
21.9 |
(1.0) |
10.6 |
(0.7) |
19.2 |
(0.9) |
12.9 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
United States* |
25.8 |
(1.4) |
8.8 |
(0.8) |
29.4 |
(1.4) |
5.9 |
(0.7) |
27.1 |
(1.4) |
8.3 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
OECD average-29a |
22.3 |
(0.2) |
12.8 |
(0.2) |
22.9 |
(0.2) |
10.8 |
(0.1) |
22.2 |
(0.2) |
11.4 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
OECD average-30 |
22.2 |
(0.2) |
12.9 |
(0.2) |
22.9 |
(0.2) |
10.8 |
(0.1) |
22.1 |
(0.2) |
11.4 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
OECD average-36b |
24.5 |
(0.2) |
12.0 |
(0.1) |
24.7 |
(0.2) |
10.2 |
(0.1) |
24.1 |
(0.2) |
10.9 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
OECD average-37 |
24.4 |
(0.2) |
12.1 |
(0.1) |
24.6 |
(0.2) |
10.3 |
(0.1) |
24.0 |
(0.2) |
10.9 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
Proficiency level in PISA 2012 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2015 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2018 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
||||||||||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||||||||||
|
Partners |
Albania |
60.7 |
(1.0) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
53.3 |
(1.9) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
42.4 |
(1.4) |
2.3 |
(0.3) |
||||||||
|
Argentina |
66.5 |
(2.0) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
69.0 |
(1.3) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
50.7 |
(1.3) |
2.0 |
(0.3) |
|||||||||
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
29.4 |
(1.1) |
7.3 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
57.6 |
(1.6) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Brazil |
68.3 |
(1.0) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
70.3 |
(1.2) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
68.1 |
(1.0) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
47.9 |
(0.7) |
3.0 |
(0.3) |
|||||||||
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
2.4 |
(0.4) |
44.3 |
(1.3) |
|||||||||
|
Bulgaria |
43.8 |
(1.8) |
4.1 |
(0.6) |
42.1 |
(1.8) |
4.4 |
(0.6) |
44.4 |
(1.7) |
4.2 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Costa Rica |
59.9 |
(1.9) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
62.5 |
(1.5) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
60.0 |
(1.9) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
Croatia |
29.9 |
(1.4) |
7.0 |
(1.1) |
32.0 |
(1.4) |
5.6 |
(0.5) |
31.2 |
(1.3) |
5.1 |
(0.5) |
|||||||||
|
Cyprus |
42.0 |
(0.6) |
3.7 |
(0.3) |
42.6 |
(0.8) |
3.2 |
(0.4) |
36.9 |
(0.7) |
4.4 |
(0.4) |
|||||||||
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
90.5 |
(1.0) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
90.6 |
(1.0) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|||||||||
|
Georgia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
57.1 |
(1.2) |
1.6 |
(0.4) |
61.1 |
(1.3) |
1.0 |
(0.3) |
|||||||||
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
8.5 |
(0.8) |
33.7 |
(1.4) |
9.0 |
(0.8) |
26.5 |
(1.1) |
9.2 |
(0.8) |
29.0 |
(1.1) |
|||||||||
|
Indonesia |
75.7 |
(2.1) |
0.3 |
(0.2) |
68.6 |
(1.6) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
71.9 |
(1.5) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Jordan |
68.6 |
(1.5) |
0.6 |
(0.4) |
67.5 |
(1.3) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
59.3 |
(1.6) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Kazakhstan |
45.2 |
(1.7) |
0.9 |
(0.3) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
49.1 |
(0.9) |
1.9 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
77.7 |
(1.0) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
76.6 |
(0.9) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
60.2 |
(1.6) |
2.0 |
(0.3) |
59.8 |
(1.7) |
2.0 |
(0.3) |
|||||||||
|
Macao (China) |
10.8 |
(0.5) |
24.3 |
(0.6) |
6.6 |
(0.5) |
21.9 |
(0.6) |
5.0 |
(0.5) |
27.6 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Malaysia |
51.8 |
(1.7) |
1.3 |
(0.3) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
41.5 |
(1.4) |
2.5 |
(0.4) |
|||||||||
|
Malta |
m |
m |
m |
m |
29.1 |
(0.8) |
11.8 |
(0.7) |
30.2 |
(1.0) |
8.5 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Moldova |
m |
m |
m |
m |
50.3 |
(1.2) |
1.7 |
(0.3) |
50.3 |
(1.1) |
2.4 |
(0.4) |
|||||||||
|
Montenegro |
56.6 |
(1.0) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
51.9 |
(1.0) |
1.5 |
(0.2) |
46.2 |
(0.8) |
1.8 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
75.6 |
(1.6) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
North Macedonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
70.2 |
(0.8) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
61.0 |
(0.9) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Panama |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
81.2 |
(1.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
Peru |
74.6 |
(1.8) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
66.2 |
(1.4) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
60.3 |
(1.3) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
80.7 |
(1.6) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
Qatar |
69.6 |
(0.5) |
2.0 |
(0.2) |
58.7 |
(0.7) |
2.2 |
(0.2) |
53.7 |
(0.6) |
2.9 |
(0.2) |
|||||||||
|
Romania |
40.8 |
(1.9) |
3.2 |
(0.6) |
39.9 |
(1.8) |
3.3 |
(0.5) |
46.6 |
(2.3) |
3.2 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
Russia |
24.0 |
(1.1) |
7.8 |
(0.8) |
18.9 |
(1.2) |
8.8 |
(0.7) |
21.6 |
(1.3) |
8.1 |
(0.7) |
|||||||||
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
72.7 |
(1.5) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|||||||||
|
Serbia |
38.9 |
(1.5) |
4.6 |
(0.7) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
39.7 |
(1.4) |
5.2 |
(0.4) |
|||||||||
|
Singapore |
8.3 |
(0.5) |
40.0 |
(0.7) |
7.6 |
(0.4) |
34.8 |
(0.8) |
7.1 |
(0.4) |
36.9 |
(0.8) |
|||||||||
|
Chinese Taipei |
12.8 |
(0.8) |
37.2 |
(1.2) |
12.7 |
(0.7) |
28.1 |
(1.2) |
14.0 |
(0.8) |
23.2 |
(1.1) |
|||||||||
|
Thailand |
49.7 |
(1.7) |
2.6 |
(0.5) |
53.8 |
(1.6) |
1.4 |
(0.3) |
52.7 |
(1.7) |
2.3 |
(0.4) |
|||||||||
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
35.9 |
(1.6) |
5.0 |
(0.6) |
|||||||||
|
United Arab Emirates |
46.3 |
(1.2) |
3.5 |
(0.3) |
48.7 |
(1.2) |
3.7 |
(0.3) |
45.5 |
(0.9) |
5.4 |
(0.3) |
|||||||||
|
Uruguay |
55.8 |
(1.3) |
1.4 |
(0.3) |
52.4 |
(1.2) |
1.7 |
(0.4) |
50.7 |
(1.5) |
1.0 |
(0.3) |
|||||||||
|
Viet Nam** |
14.2 |
(1.7) |
13.3 |
(1.5) |
19.1 |
(1.7) |
9.3 |
(1.3) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||||||
|
Change between 2003 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2003) |
Change between 2006 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2006) |
Change between 2009 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) |
Change between 2012 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012) |
Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015) |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
||||||||||||
|
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
8.1 |
(1.2) |
- 9.3 |
(1.0) |
9.5 |
(1.3) |
- 6.0 |
(1.1) |
6.6 |
(1.6) |
- 6.0 |
(1.2) |
2.8 |
(1.4) |
- 4.3 |
(1.0) |
0.5 |
(1.0) |
- 0.9 |
(0.9) |
|
Austria |
2.3 |
(1.8) |
- 1.7 |
(1.4) |
1.1 |
(2.0) |
- 3.2 |
(1.4) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
2.4 |
(1.8) |
- 1.7 |
(1.5) |
- 0.7 |
(1.7) |
0.1 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Belgium |
3.2 |
(1.3) |
- 10.7 |
(1.4) |
2.3 |
(1.5) |
- 6.6 |
(1.5) |
0.6 |
(1.5) |
- 4.6 |
(1.6) |
0.7 |
(1.4) |
- 3.8 |
(1.5) |
- 0.4 |
(1.4) |
- 0.1 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Canada |
6.1 |
(1.1) |
- 5.0 |
(1.3) |
5.5 |
(1.3) |
- 2.6 |
(1.4) |
4.8 |
(1.4) |
- 3.0 |
(1.5) |
2.4 |
(1.3) |
- 1.1 |
(1.4) |
1.9 |
(1.1) |
0.3 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Chile |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 3.2 |
(3.7) |
- 0.2 |
(0.4) |
0.9 |
(3.8) |
- 0.1 |
(0.4) |
0.4 |
(3.5) |
- 0.4 |
(0.3) |
2.6 |
(2.3) |
- 0.2 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Colombia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 6.5 |
(3.4) |
0.1 |
(0.2) |
- 5.1 |
(3.8) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
- 8.4 |
(3.5) |
0.2 |
(0.2) |
- 0.9 |
(2.4) |
0.2 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
3.8 |
(1.9) |
- 5.6 |
(1.4) |
1.2 |
(1.9) |
- 5.6 |
(1.5) |
- 1.9 |
(2.0) |
1.0 |
(1.4) |
- 0.6 |
(2.0) |
- 0.2 |
(1.3) |
- 1.3 |
(1.6) |
2.3 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Denmark |
- 0.8 |
(1.2) |
- 4.3 |
(1.3) |
0.9 |
(1.3) |
- 2.1 |
(1.2) |
- 2.5 |
(1.4) |
0.1 |
(1.4) |
- 2.3 |
(1.4) |
1.7 |
(1.2) |
1.0 |
(1.1) |
0.0 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Estonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 1.9 |
(1.4) |
2.9 |
(1.5) |
- 2.4 |
(1.4) |
3.4 |
(1.7) |
- 0.3 |
(1.2) |
0.9 |
(1.6) |
- 1.0 |
(1.1) |
1.3 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Finland |
8.2 |
(1.1) |
- 12.3 |
(1.1) |
9.0 |
(1.3) |
- 13.3 |
(1.3) |
7.1 |
(1.4) |
- 10.5 |
(1.3) |
2.7 |
(1.4) |
- 4.1 |
(1.2) |
1.4 |
(1.2) |
- 0.6 |
(1.0) |
|
|
France |
4.6 |
(1.5) |
- 4.1 |
(1.3) |
- 1.0 |
(1.7) |
- 1.5 |
(1.3) |
- 1.3 |
(1.7) |
- 2.7 |
(1.4) |
- 1.1 |
(1.4) |
- 1.9 |
(1.2) |
- 2.2 |
(1.3) |
- 0.4 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Germany |
- 0.5 |
(1.7) |
- 2.9 |
(1.4) |
1.2 |
(1.9) |
- 2.1 |
(1.5) |
2.5 |
(1.8) |
- 4.5 |
(1.6) |
3.4 |
(1.7) |
- 4.1 |
(1.5) |
3.9 |
(1.5) |
0.4 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Greece |
- 3.1 |
(2.7) |
- 0.3 |
(0.8) |
3.5 |
(2.6) |
- 1.3 |
(0.7) |
5.5 |
(3.1) |
- 2.0 |
(0.8) |
0.1 |
(2.7) |
- 0.2 |
(0.7) |
0.1 |
(2.5) |
- 0.2 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Hungary |
2.6 |
(1.8) |
- 2.7 |
(1.2) |
4.5 |
(2.0) |
- 2.4 |
(1.2) |
3.3 |
(2.5) |
- 2.1 |
(1.4) |
- 2.4 |
(2.2) |
- 1.3 |
(1.4) |
- 2.3 |
(1.7) |
- 0.2 |
(1.0) |
|
|
Iceland |
5.7 |
(1.4) |
- 5.1 |
(1.0) |
3.9 |
(1.6) |
- 2.3 |
(1.1) |
3.7 |
(1.7) |
- 3.2 |
(1.1) |
- 0.8 |
(1.6) |
- 0.8 |
(1.1) |
- 2.9 |
(1.5) |
0.1 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Ireland |
- 1.1 |
(1.5) |
- 3.1 |
(1.1) |
- 0.7 |
(1.8) |
- 2.0 |
(1.1) |
- 5.1 |
(1.8) |
1.6 |
(1.1) |
- 1.2 |
(1.7) |
- 2.4 |
(1.0) |
0.7 |
(1.4) |
- 1.6 |
(0.9) |
|
|
Israel |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 7.9 |
(2.4) |
2.7 |
(0.9) |
- 5.4 |
(2.2) |
2.9 |
(1.0) |
0.6 |
(2.4) |
- 0.6 |
(1.3) |
2.0 |
(2.0) |
- 0.1 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Italy |
- 8.1 |
(2.1) |
2.5 |
(1.0) |
- 9.0 |
(1.9) |
3.3 |
(1.1) |
- 1.1 |
(1.9) |
0.6 |
(1.1) |
- 0.8 |
(1.9) |
- 0.4 |
(1.1) |
0.6 |
(1.7) |
- 1.0 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Japan |
- 1.9 |
(1.4) |
- 5.9 |
(2.1) |
- 1.6 |
(1.4) |
0.0 |
(1.9) |
- 1.0 |
(1.4) |
- 2.5 |
(2.2) |
0.4 |
(1.3) |
- 5.3 |
(2.2) |
0.8 |
(1.1) |
- 2.0 |
(1.8) |
|
|
Korea |
5.5 |
(1.3) |
- 3.4 |
(2.0) |
6.1 |
(1.4) |
- 5.7 |
(2.3) |
6.9 |
(1.5) |
- 4.2 |
(2.5) |
5.9 |
(1.4) |
- 9.5 |
(2.5) |
- 0.5 |
(1.4) |
0.5 |
(1.9) |
|
|
Latvia |
- 6.4 |
(1.9) |
0.5 |
(1.1) |
- 3.4 |
(1.9) |
1.9 |
(1.0) |
- 5.2 |
(2.1) |
2.8 |
(1.0) |
- 2.6 |
(1.9) |
0.5 |
(1.1) |
- 4.1 |
(1.5) |
3.3 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Lithuania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
2.7 |
(1.9) |
- 0.7 |
(1.1) |
- 0.7 |
(2.1) |
1.5 |
(0.9) |
- 0.4 |
(2.0) |
0.4 |
(0.9) |
0.2 |
(1.6) |
1.5 |
(0.9) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
5.5 |
(1.3) |
0.0 |
(0.9) |
4.4 |
(1.4) |
0.2 |
(0.9) |
3.3 |
(1.6) |
- 0.5 |
(1.0) |
2.9 |
(1.5) |
- 0.4 |
(0.8) |
1.4 |
(1.1) |
0.8 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Mexico |
- 9.7 |
(2.9) |
0.1 |
(0.2) |
- 0.3 |
(3.2) |
- 0.3 |
(0.2) |
5.4 |
(3.6) |
- 0.2 |
(0.2) |
1.5 |
(3.2) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
- 0.4 |
(2.3) |
0.2 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
4.8 |
(1.6) |
- 7.1 |
(1.8) |
4.2 |
(1.6) |
- 2.7 |
(1.8) |
2.3 |
(1.9) |
- 1.4 |
(2.2) |
1.0 |
(1.7) |
- 0.8 |
(1.9) |
- 1.0 |
(1.4) |
2.9 |
(1.4) |
|
|
New Zealand |
6.7 |
(1.5) |
- 9.1 |
(1.0) |
7.7 |
(1.6) |
- 7.4 |
(1.2) |
6.4 |
(1.8) |
- 7.3 |
(1.3) |
- 0.9 |
(1.7) |
- 3.4 |
(1.2) |
0.1 |
(1.4) |
0.2 |
(1.0) |
|
|
Norway |
- 2.0 |
(1.4) |
0.8 |
(1.1) |
- 3.4 |
(1.6) |
1.8 |
(1.2) |
0.7 |
(1.5) |
2.0 |
(1.3) |
- 3.4 |
(1.6) |
2.8 |
(1.2) |
1.8 |
(1.2) |
1.5 |
(1.0) |
|
|
Poland |
- 7.3 |
(1.4) |
5.7 |
(1.3) |
- 5.1 |
(1.3) |
5.2 |
(1.5) |
- 5.8 |
(1.5) |
5.4 |
(1.6) |
0.3 |
(1.3) |
- 1.0 |
(1.9) |
- 2.5 |
(1.3) |
3.6 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Portugal* |
- 6.8 |
(2.1) |
6.2 |
(1.0) |
- 7.4 |
(2.0) |
5.9 |
(1.0) |
- 0.4 |
(1.8) |
2.0 |
(1.3) |
- 1.6 |
(2.0) |
1.0 |
(1.2) |
- 0.5 |
(1.5) |
0.2 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
5.1 |
(1.9) |
- 1.9 |
(1.2) |
4.2 |
(1.7) |
- 0.2 |
(1.3) |
4.1 |
(1.9) |
- 1.9 |
(1.4) |
- 2.4 |
(1.9) |
- 0.2 |
(1.3) |
- 2.6 |
(1.7) |
2.9 |
(1.0) |
|
|
Slovenia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 1.2 |
(1.1) |
- 0.1 |
(1.2) |
- 3.9 |
(1.1) |
- 0.6 |
(1.3) |
- 3.7 |
(1.1) |
- 0.1 |
(1.2) |
0.3 |
(0.9) |
0.1 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Spain |
1.7 |
(1.5) |
- 0.7 |
(0.8) |
0.0 |
(1.8) |
0.0 |
(0.8) |
1.0 |
(1.9) |
- 0.8 |
(0.8) |
1.1 |
(1.7) |
- 0.7 |
(0.7) |
2.5 |
(1.3) |
0.0 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Sweden |
1.5 |
(1.5) |
- 3.2 |
(1.2) |
0.5 |
(1.6) |
0.0 |
(1.2) |
- 2.3 |
(1.7) |
1.2 |
(1.4) |
- 8.3 |
(1.7) |
4.6 |
(1.1) |
- 2.0 |
(1.6) |
2.2 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Switzerland |
2.3 |
(1.3) |
- 4.3 |
(1.9) |
3.3 |
(1.4) |
- 5.7 |
(1.7) |
3.4 |
(1.5) |
- 7.2 |
(1.9) |
4.4 |
(1.4) |
- 4.4 |
(1.7) |
1.0 |
(1.4) |
- 2.3 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Turkey |
- 15.6 |
(3.3) |
- 0.7 |
(1.7) |
- 15.4 |
(3.1) |
0.6 |
(1.3) |
- 5.5 |
(3.6) |
- 0.9 |
(1.4) |
- 5.3 |
(3.4) |
- 1.1 |
(1.3) |
- 14.7 |
(2.8) |
3.6 |
(0.7) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 0.5 |
(1.6) |
1.7 |
(1.1) |
- 1.0 |
(1.8) |
3.0 |
(1.2) |
- 2.6 |
(1.9) |
1.0 |
(1.3) |
- 2.6 |
(1.5) |
2.2 |
(1.1) |
|
|
United States* |
1.4 |
(2.1) |
- 1.8 |
(1.1) |
- 1.0 |
(2.6) |
0.6 |
(1.2) |
3.7 |
(2.5) |
- 1.7 |
(1.3) |
1.3 |
(2.4) |
- 0.5 |
(1.2) |
- 2.3 |
(2.1) |
2.4 |
(1.1) |
|
|
OECD average-29a |
0.5 |
(0.8) |
- 3.0 |
(0.5) |
0.8 |
(1.0) |
- 1.7 |
(0.6) |
1.3 |
(1.2) |
- 1.7 |
(0.7) |
- 0.1 |
(1.1) |
- 1.4 |
(0.6) |
- 0.8 |
(0.6) |
0.6 |
(0.4) |
|
|
OECD average-30 |
0.5 |
(0.8) |
- 3.0 |
(0.5) |
0.8 |
(1.0) |
- 1.8 |
(0.6) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
0.0 |
(1.1) |
- 1.4 |
(0.6) |
- 0.8 |
(0.6) |
0.6 |
(0.4) |
|
|
OECD average-36b |
m |
m |
m |
m |
0.1 |
(1.0) |
- 1.2 |
(0.5) |
0.6 |
(1.3) |
- 1.1 |
(0.6) |
- 0.5 |
(1.1) |
- 1.1 |
(0.6) |
- 0.6 |
(0.6) |
0.6 |
(0.3) |
|
|
OECD average-37 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
0.2 |
(1.0) |
- 1.3 |
(0.5) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 0.4 |
(1.1) |
- 1.1 |
(0.6) |
- 0.6 |
(0.6) |
0.6 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Change between 2003 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2003) |
Change between 2006 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2006) |
Change between 2009 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) |
Change between 2012 and 2018 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2012) |
Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015) |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 420.07 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 606.99 score points) |
||||||||||||
|
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 25.4 |
(3.8) |
1.9 |
(0.3) |
- 18.3 |
(3.1) |
1.5 |
(0.3) |
- 10.9 |
(2.7) |
1.2 |
(0.4) |
|
Argentina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
4.8 |
(3.3) |
- 0.7 |
(0.4) |
5.4 |
(3.1) |
- 0.5 |
(0.3) |
2.5 |
(3.0) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Brazil |
- 7.1 |
(2.2) |
- 0.3 |
(0.5) |
- 4.4 |
(2.1) |
- 0.1 |
(0.4) |
- 1.0 |
(2.3) |
0.1 |
(0.3) |
- 0.2 |
(2.0) |
0.2 |
(0.3) |
- 2.2 |
(1.7) |
0.0 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bulgaria |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 8.9 |
(3.3) |
1.1 |
(1.0) |
- 2.7 |
(3.6) |
0.4 |
(1.2) |
0.7 |
(3.0) |
0.2 |
(0.9) |
2.3 |
(2.6) |
- 0.2 |
(0.9) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
3.3 |
(4.3) |
0.0 |
(0.2) |
0.1 |
(4.0) |
- 0.2 |
(0.2) |
- 2.5 |
(2.8) |
0.1 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Croatia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
2.6 |
(2.5) |
0.4 |
(0.8) |
- 2.0 |
(2.9) |
0.2 |
(0.9) |
1.3 |
(2.7) |
- 1.8 |
(1.3) |
- 0.9 |
(2.1) |
- 0.4 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Cyprus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 5.2 |
(1.9) |
0.7 |
(0.5) |
- 5.7 |
(1.4) |
1.2 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
0.0 |
(1.4) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Georgia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 7.7 |
(2.9) |
0.4 |
(0.4) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
4.0 |
(2.0) |
- 0.5 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
- 1.2 |
(1.4) |
- 1.7 |
(2.1) |
- 0.4 |
(1.3) |
1.2 |
(2.1) |
0.4 |
(1.1) |
- 1.7 |
(2.3) |
0.7 |
(1.2) |
- 4.7 |
(2.3) |
0.2 |
(1.1) |
2.4 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Indonesia |
- 6.3 |
(2.8) |
0.2 |
(0.2) |
6.1 |
(4.1) |
0.1 |
(0.2) |
- 4.8 |
(3.6) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
- 3.8 |
(3.5) |
0.2 |
(0.2) |
3.2 |
(2.5) |
- 0.2 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Jordan |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 7.0 |
(3.4) |
0.4 |
(0.3) |
- 5.9 |
(4.0) |
0.4 |
(0.3) |
- 9.2 |
(3.5) |
0.1 |
(0.5) |
- 8.2 |
(2.5) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 10.0 |
(3.4) |
0.8 |
(0.5) |
3.9 |
(3.3) |
1.0 |
(0.4) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 1.1 |
(1.7) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 0.5 |
(2.4) |
0.1 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Macao (China) |
- 6.2 |
(1.3) |
9.0 |
(2.5) |
- 5.9 |
(0.8) |
10.2 |
(2.7) |
- 6.0 |
(0.7) |
10.5 |
(3.1) |
- 5.8 |
(0.7) |
3.3 |
(2.9) |
- 1.6 |
(0.7) |
5.8 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Malaysia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 17.8 |
(3.8) |
2.1 |
(0.5) |
- 10.3 |
(3.6) |
1.1 |
(0.5) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Malta |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 3.5 |
(1.8) |
0.8 |
(0.9) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
1.1 |
(1.4) |
- 3.4 |
(1.0) |
|
|
Moldova |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 10.3 |
(2.7) |
1.8 |
(0.4) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
0.1 |
(1.9) |
0.7 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Montenegro |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 13.9 |
(2.5) |
0.9 |
(0.3) |
- 12.3 |
(3.0) |
0.8 |
(0.3) |
- 10.5 |
(2.7) |
0.7 |
(0.3) |
- 5.7 |
(1.7) |
0.3 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
North Macedonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 9.2 |
(1.6) |
0.3 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Panama |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
2.4 |
(2.9) |
- 0.3 |
(0.2) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Peru |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 13.2 |
(3.5) |
0.2 |
(0.3) |
- 14.2 |
(3.2) |
0.3 |
(0.3) |
- 5.8 |
(2.2) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Qatar |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 33.5 |
(1.8) |
2.3 |
(0.2) |
- 20.1 |
(2.1) |
1.2 |
(0.3) |
- 15.9 |
(1.9) |
0.9 |
(0.3) |
- 5.0 |
(1.3) |
0.7 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Romania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 6.2 |
(3.5) |
1.9 |
(0.7) |
- 0.5 |
(3.6) |
1.9 |
(0.7) |
5.7 |
(3.4) |
0.0 |
(0.9) |
6.6 |
(3.0) |
- 0.1 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Russia |
- 8.6 |
(2.4) |
1.0 |
(1.1) |
- 5.0 |
(2.4) |
0.6 |
(1.1) |
- 6.9 |
(2.5) |
2.8 |
(1.1) |
- 2.3 |
(2.2) |
0.3 |
(1.2) |
2.7 |
(1.8) |
- 0.7 |
(1.0) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Serbia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 2.9 |
(2.5) |
2.4 |
(0.6) |
- 0.8 |
(2.6) |
1.7 |
(0.7) |
0.8 |
(2.5) |
0.7 |
(0.9) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Singapore |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 2.7 |
(0.7) |
1.3 |
(2.7) |
- 1.1 |
(0.7) |
- 3.1 |
(2.4) |
- 0.4 |
(0.6) |
2.1 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
m |
m |
m |
m |
2.0 |
(1.4) |
- 8.7 |
(2.2) |
1.2 |
(1.1) |
- 5.4 |
(2.4) |
1.1 |
(1.2) |
- 14.0 |
(2.1) |
1.3 |
(1.1) |
- 4.9 |
(1.8) |
|
|
Thailand |
- 1.3 |
(2.8) |
0.6 |
(0.5) |
- 0.3 |
(2.9) |
0.9 |
(0.4) |
0.2 |
(3.4) |
1.0 |
(0.6) |
3.0 |
(3.3) |
- 0.3 |
(0.6) |
- 1.1 |
(2.6) |
0.8 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 5.8 |
(2.3) |
2.6 |
(0.5) |
- 0.8 |
(2.2) |
2.0 |
(0.5) |
- 3.2 |
(1.7) |
1.7 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Uruguay |
2.6 |
(2.7) |
- 1.8 |
(0.5) |
4.6 |
(2.8) |
- 2.2 |
(0.5) |
3.1 |
(3.2) |
- 1.4 |
(0.4) |
- 5.1 |
(3.0) |
- 0.3 |
(0.4) |
- 1.7 |
(2.3) |
- 0.7 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
* PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).
Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
Table I.B1.9. Percentage of low achievers and top performers in science, 2006 through 2018
|
Proficiency level in PISA 2006 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2009 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2012 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2015 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2018 |
|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
||||||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
12.9 |
(0.6) |
14.6 |
(0.7) |
12.6 |
(0.6) |
14.5 |
(0.8) |
13.6 |
(0.5) |
13.6 |
(0.5) |
17.6 |
(0.6) |
11.2 |
(0.5) |
18.9 |
(0.6) |
9.5 |
(0.5) |
|
Austria |
16.3 |
(1.4) |
10.0 |
(0.8) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
15.8 |
(1.0) |
7.9 |
(0.7) |
20.8 |
(1.0) |
7.7 |
(0.5) |
21.9 |
(1.0) |
6.3 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Belgium |
17.0 |
(1.0) |
10.1 |
(0.5) |
18.0 |
(0.8) |
10.1 |
(0.7) |
17.7 |
(0.9) |
9.1 |
(0.4) |
19.8 |
(0.9) |
9.0 |
(0.4) |
20.0 |
(0.9) |
8.0 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Canada |
10.0 |
(0.6) |
14.4 |
(0.5) |
9.6 |
(0.5) |
12.1 |
(0.5) |
10.4 |
(0.5) |
11.3 |
(0.5) |
11.1 |
(0.5) |
12.4 |
(0.6) |
13.4 |
(0.5) |
11.3 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Chile |
39.7 |
(2.1) |
1.9 |
(0.3) |
32.3 |
(1.4) |
1.1 |
(0.2) |
34.5 |
(1.6) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
34.8 |
(1.2) |
1.2 |
(0.2) |
35.3 |
(1.2) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Colombia |
60.2 |
(1.8) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
54.1 |
(1.9) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
56.2 |
(1.6) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
49.0 |
(1.3) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
50.4 |
(1.7) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
15.5 |
(1.2) |
11.6 |
(0.9) |
17.3 |
(1.2) |
8.4 |
(0.7) |
13.8 |
(1.1) |
7.6 |
(0.6) |
20.7 |
(1.0) |
7.3 |
(0.5) |
18.8 |
(1.1) |
7.5 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Denmark |
18.4 |
(1.1) |
6.8 |
(0.7) |
16.6 |
(0.8) |
6.7 |
(0.6) |
16.7 |
(1.0) |
6.8 |
(0.7) |
15.9 |
(0.8) |
7.0 |
(0.6) |
18.7 |
(0.7) |
5.5 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Estonia |
7.7 |
(0.6) |
11.5 |
(0.8) |
8.3 |
(0.8) |
10.4 |
(0.8) |
5.0 |
(0.5) |
12.8 |
(0.7) |
8.8 |
(0.7) |
13.5 |
(0.7) |
8.8 |
(0.6) |
12.2 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Finland |
4.1 |
(0.5) |
20.9 |
(0.8) |
6.0 |
(0.5) |
18.7 |
(0.9) |
7.7 |
(0.6) |
17.1 |
(0.7) |
11.5 |
(0.7) |
14.3 |
(0.6) |
12.9 |
(0.7) |
12.3 |
(0.7) |
|
|
France |
21.2 |
(1.4) |
8.0 |
(0.7) |
19.3 |
(1.3) |
8.1 |
(0.8) |
18.7 |
(1.0) |
7.9 |
(0.8) |
22.1 |
(0.9) |
8.0 |
(0.5) |
20.5 |
(0.8) |
6.6 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Germany |
15.4 |
(1.3) |
11.8 |
(0.7) |
14.8 |
(1.0) |
12.8 |
(0.8) |
12.2 |
(0.9) |
12.2 |
(1.0) |
17.0 |
(1.0) |
10.6 |
(0.6) |
19.6 |
(1.0) |
10.0 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Greece |
24.0 |
(1.3) |
3.4 |
(0.4) |
25.3 |
(1.6) |
3.1 |
(0.4) |
25.5 |
(1.5) |
2.5 |
(0.4) |
32.7 |
(1.9) |
2.1 |
(0.3) |
31.7 |
(1.5) |
1.3 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Hungary |
15.0 |
(1.0) |
6.9 |
(0.6) |
14.1 |
(1.4) |
5.4 |
(0.6) |
18.0 |
(1.1) |
5.9 |
(0.8) |
26.0 |
(1.0) |
4.6 |
(0.5) |
24.1 |
(0.9) |
4.7 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Iceland |
20.6 |
(0.8) |
6.3 |
(0.5) |
17.9 |
(0.7) |
7.0 |
(0.4) |
24.0 |
(0.8) |
5.2 |
(0.6) |
25.3 |
(0.9) |
3.8 |
(0.4) |
25.0 |
(0.9) |
3.8 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Ireland |
15.5 |
(1.1) |
9.4 |
(0.7) |
15.2 |
(1.1) |
8.7 |
(0.8) |
11.1 |
(0.9) |
10.7 |
(0.6) |
15.3 |
(1.0) |
7.1 |
(0.5) |
17.0 |
(0.8) |
5.8 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Israel |
36.1 |
(1.4) |
5.2 |
(0.6) |
33.1 |
(1.2) |
3.9 |
(0.4) |
28.9 |
(1.7) |
5.8 |
(0.6) |
31.4 |
(1.4) |
5.8 |
(0.5) |
33.1 |
(1.4) |
5.8 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Italy |
25.3 |
(0.9) |
4.6 |
(0.3) |
20.6 |
(0.6) |
5.8 |
(0.3) |
18.7 |
(0.7) |
6.1 |
(0.4) |
23.2 |
(1.0) |
4.1 |
(0.4) |
25.9 |
(1.0) |
2.7 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Japan |
12.0 |
(1.0) |
15.1 |
(0.8) |
10.7 |
(1.0) |
16.9 |
(0.9) |
8.5 |
(0.9) |
18.2 |
(1.2) |
9.6 |
(0.7) |
15.3 |
(1.0) |
10.8 |
(0.8) |
13.1 |
(0.9) |
|
|
Korea |
11.2 |
(1.1) |
10.3 |
(1.1) |
6.3 |
(0.8) |
11.6 |
(1.1) |
6.6 |
(0.8) |
11.7 |
(1.1) |
14.4 |
(0.9) |
10.6 |
(0.8) |
14.2 |
(0.8) |
11.8 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Latvia |
17.4 |
(1.2) |
4.1 |
(0.4) |
14.7 |
(1.2) |
3.1 |
(0.5) |
12.4 |
(1.0) |
4.4 |
(0.5) |
17.2 |
(0.8) |
3.8 |
(0.4) |
18.5 |
(0.8) |
3.7 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Lithuania |
20.3 |
(1.0) |
5.0 |
(0.7) |
17.0 |
(1.1) |
4.6 |
(0.5) |
16.1 |
(1.1) |
5.1 |
(0.5) |
24.7 |
(1.1) |
4.2 |
(0.5) |
22.2 |
(0.9) |
4.4 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
22.1 |
(0.5) |
5.9 |
(0.4) |
23.7 |
(0.8) |
6.7 |
(0.5) |
22.2 |
(0.6) |
8.2 |
(0.5) |
25.9 |
(0.7) |
6.9 |
(0.4) |
26.8 |
(0.6) |
5.4 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Mexico |
50.9 |
(1.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
47.4 |
(1.0) |
0.2 |
(0.0) |
47.0 |
(0.8) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
47.8 |
(1.3) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
46.8 |
(1.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
13.0 |
(1.0) |
13.1 |
(0.9) |
13.2 |
(1.6) |
12.7 |
(1.2) |
13.1 |
(1.1) |
11.8 |
(1.1) |
18.5 |
(1.0) |
11.1 |
(0.6) |
20.0 |
(1.1) |
10.6 |
(0.8) |
|
|
New Zealand |
13.7 |
(0.7) |
17.6 |
(0.8) |
13.4 |
(0.7) |
17.6 |
(0.8) |
16.3 |
(0.9) |
13.4 |
(0.7) |
17.4 |
(0.9) |
12.8 |
(0.7) |
18.0 |
(0.8) |
11.3 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Norway |
21.1 |
(1.3) |
6.1 |
(0.5) |
15.8 |
(0.9) |
6.4 |
(0.6) |
19.6 |
(1.1) |
7.5 |
(0.6) |
18.7 |
(0.8) |
8.0 |
(0.5) |
20.8 |
(1.0) |
6.8 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Poland |
17.0 |
(0.8) |
6.8 |
(0.5) |
13.1 |
(0.8) |
7.5 |
(0.5) |
9.0 |
(0.7) |
10.8 |
(1.0) |
16.3 |
(0.8) |
7.3 |
(0.6) |
13.8 |
(0.8) |
9.3 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Portugal* |
24.5 |
(1.4) |
3.1 |
(0.4) |
16.5 |
(1.1) |
4.2 |
(0.5) |
19.0 |
(1.4) |
4.5 |
(0.5) |
17.4 |
(0.9) |
7.4 |
(0.5) |
19.6 |
(1.0) |
5.6 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
20.2 |
(1.0) |
5.8 |
(0.5) |
19.3 |
(1.2) |
6.2 |
(0.6) |
26.9 |
(1.6) |
4.9 |
(0.7) |
30.7 |
(1.1) |
3.6 |
(0.4) |
29.3 |
(1.0) |
3.7 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Slovenia |
13.9 |
(0.6) |
12.9 |
(0.6) |
14.8 |
(0.5) |
9.9 |
(0.6) |
12.9 |
(0.6) |
9.6 |
(0.7) |
15.0 |
(0.5) |
10.6 |
(0.6) |
14.6 |
(0.7) |
7.3 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Spain |
19.6 |
(0.9) |
4.9 |
(0.4) |
18.2 |
(0.9) |
4.0 |
(0.3) |
15.7 |
(0.7) |
4.8 |
(0.3) |
18.3 |
(0.8) |
5.0 |
(0.4) |
21.3 |
(0.6) |
4.2 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Sweden |
16.4 |
(0.8) |
7.9 |
(0.5) |
19.1 |
(1.0) |
8.1 |
(0.6) |
22.2 |
(1.1) |
6.3 |
(0.5) |
21.6 |
(1.1) |
8.5 |
(0.7) |
19.0 |
(1.1) |
8.3 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Switzerland |
16.1 |
(0.9) |
10.5 |
(0.8) |
14.0 |
(0.8) |
10.7 |
(0.9) |
12.8 |
(0.7) |
9.3 |
(0.8) |
18.5 |
(1.1) |
9.8 |
(0.6) |
20.2 |
(1.0) |
7.8 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Turkey |
46.6 |
(1.6) |
0.9 |
(0.3) |
30.0 |
(1.5) |
1.1 |
(0.3) |
26.4 |
(1.5) |
1.8 |
(0.4) |
44.5 |
(2.1) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
25.2 |
(1.1) |
2.5 |
(0.5) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
16.7 |
(0.8) |
13.7 |
(0.6) |
15.0 |
(0.8) |
11.4 |
(0.7) |
15.0 |
(1.1) |
11.2 |
(0.8) |
17.4 |
(0.8) |
10.9 |
(0.7) |
17.4 |
(0.9) |
9.7 |
(0.6) |
|
|
United States* |
24.4 |
(1.6) |
9.1 |
(0.7) |
18.1 |
(1.1) |
9.2 |
(1.0) |
18.1 |
(1.3) |
7.5 |
(0.7) |
20.3 |
(1.1) |
8.5 |
(0.6) |
18.6 |
(1.2) |
9.1 |
(0.7) |
|
|
OECD average-36b |
21.0 |
(0.2) |
8.4 |
(0.1) |
18.8 |
(0.2) |
8.0 |
(0.1) |
18.7 |
(0.2) |
8.0 |
(0.1) |
22.1 |
(0.2) |
7.4 |
(0.1) |
22.0 |
(0.2) |
6.8 |
(0.1) |
|
|
OECD average-37 |
20.9 |
(0.2) |
8.4 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
18.6 |
(0.2) |
8.0 |
(0.1) |
22.1 |
(0.2) |
7.4 |
(0.1) |
22.0 |
(0.2) |
6.8 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Proficiency level in PISA 2006 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2009 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2012 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2015 |
Proficiency level in PISA 2018 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
||||||||||||
|
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
% |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
57.3 |
(2.0) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
53.1 |
(1.2) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
41.7 |
(1.7) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
47.0 |
(1.3) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
Argentina |
56.3 |
(2.5) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
52.4 |
(1.9) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
50.9 |
(2.2) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
53.5 |
(1.4) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
57.8 |
(1.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
24.2 |
(1.2) |
2.6 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
56.8 |
(1.6) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Brazil |
61.0 |
(1.4) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
54.2 |
(1.3) |
0.6 |
(0.1) |
55.2 |
(1.1) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
56.6 |
(1.1) |
0.7 |
(0.1) |
55.4 |
(1.0) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
45.7 |
(0.6) |
2.3 |
(0.3) |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
2.1 |
(0.3) |
31.5 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Bulgaria |
42.6 |
(2.4) |
3.1 |
(0.6) |
38.8 |
(2.5) |
2.6 |
(0.5) |
36.9 |
(2.0) |
3.1 |
(0.6) |
37.9 |
(1.9) |
2.9 |
(0.4) |
46.5 |
(1.6) |
1.5 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
m |
m |
m |
m |
39.0 |
(1.5) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
39.3 |
(1.7) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
46.4 |
(1.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
47.8 |
(1.8) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Croatia |
17.0 |
(0.9) |
5.1 |
(0.5) |
18.5 |
(1.1) |
3.7 |
(0.6) |
17.3 |
(0.9) |
4.6 |
(0.8) |
24.6 |
(1.2) |
3.9 |
(0.4) |
25.4 |
(1.2) |
3.6 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Cyprus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
38.0 |
(0.7) |
2.0 |
(0.3) |
42.1 |
(0.8) |
1.6 |
(0.2) |
39.0 |
(1.0) |
1.6 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
85.7 |
(1.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
84.8 |
(1.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Georgia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
65.6 |
(1.3) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
50.8 |
(1.3) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
64.4 |
(1.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
8.7 |
(0.8) |
15.9 |
(0.9) |
6.6 |
(0.7) |
16.2 |
(1.0) |
5.6 |
(0.6) |
16.7 |
(1.0) |
9.4 |
(0.7) |
7.4 |
(0.6) |
11.6 |
(0.8) |
7.8 |
(0.7) |
|
|
Indonesia |
61.6 |
(3.4) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
65.6 |
(2.3) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
66.6 |
(2.2) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
56.0 |
(1.6) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
60.0 |
(1.5) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Jordan |
44.3 |
(1.2) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
45.6 |
(1.7) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
49.6 |
(1.5) |
0.2 |
(0.2) |
49.8 |
(1.4) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
40.3 |
(1.4) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
m |
m |
m |
m |
55.4 |
(1.6) |
0.3 |
(0.2) |
41.9 |
(1.8) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
60.3 |
(1.0) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
67.7 |
(1.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
76.5 |
(0.7) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
62.6 |
(1.7) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
62.3 |
(1.6) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Macao (China) |
10.3 |
(0.5) |
5.3 |
(0.4) |
9.6 |
(0.4) |
4.8 |
(0.5) |
8.8 |
(0.5) |
6.7 |
(0.4) |
8.1 |
(0.4) |
9.2 |
(0.5) |
6.0 |
(0.5) |
13.6 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Malaysia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
43.0 |
(1.5) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
45.5 |
(1.6) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
36.6 |
(1.3) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Malta |
m |
m |
m |
m |
32.5 |
(0.8) |
6.0 |
(0.6) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
32.5 |
(0.8) |
7.6 |
(0.5) |
33.5 |
(0.9) |
4.4 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Moldova |
m |
m |
m |
m |
47.3 |
(1.5) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
42.2 |
(1.1) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
42.6 |
(1.2) |
0.9 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Montenegro |
50.2 |
(0.9) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
53.6 |
(1.0) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
50.7 |
(0.7) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
51.0 |
(0.7) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
48.2 |
(0.7) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
69.4 |
(1.8) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
North Macedonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
62.9 |
(0.8) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
49.5 |
(0.8) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Panama |
m |
m |
m |
m |
65.1 |
(2.8) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
71.3 |
(1.4) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Peru |
m |
m |
m |
m |
68.3 |
(1.7) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
68.5 |
(2.0) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
58.5 |
(1.4) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
54.5 |
(1.4) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
78.0 |
(1.5) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Qatar |
79.1 |
(0.4) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
65.2 |
(0.6) |
1.4 |
(0.1) |
62.6 |
(0.5) |
1.5 |
(0.1) |
49.8 |
(0.5) |
1.7 |
(0.2) |
48.4 |
(0.5) |
2.2 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Romania |
46.9 |
(2.4) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
41.4 |
(2.1) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
37.3 |
(1.6) |
0.9 |
(0.3) |
38.5 |
(1.8) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
43.9 |
(2.1) |
1.0 |
(0.3) |
|
|
Russia |
22.2 |
(1.4) |
4.2 |
(0.5) |
22.0 |
(1.4) |
4.4 |
(0.5) |
18.8 |
(1.1) |
4.3 |
(0.6) |
18.2 |
(1.1) |
3.7 |
(0.4) |
21.2 |
(1.2) |
3.1 |
(0.4) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
62.3 |
(1.5) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Serbia |
38.5 |
(1.6) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
34.4 |
(1.3) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
35.0 |
(1.8) |
1.7 |
(0.4) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
38.3 |
(1.5) |
1.6 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Singapore |
m |
m |
m |
m |
11.5 |
(0.5) |
19.9 |
(0.6) |
9.6 |
(0.5) |
22.7 |
(0.8) |
9.6 |
(0.4) |
24.2 |
(0.6) |
9.0 |
(0.4) |
20.7 |
(0.6) |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
11.6 |
(1.0) |
14.6 |
(0.9) |
11.1 |
(0.7) |
8.8 |
(0.9) |
9.8 |
(0.8) |
8.3 |
(0.6) |
12.4 |
(0.8) |
15.4 |
(1.1) |
15.1 |
(0.8) |
11.7 |
(0.9) |
|
|
Thailand |
46.1 |
(1.2) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
42.8 |
(1.6) |
0.6 |
(0.3) |
33.6 |
(1.6) |
0.9 |
(0.3) |
46.7 |
(1.5) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
44.5 |
(1.5) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
26.4 |
(1.4) |
3.5 |
(0.5) |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
m |
m |
m |
m |
39.2 |
(1.2) |
2.2 |
(0.2) |
35.2 |
(1.3) |
2.5 |
(0.3) |
41.8 |
(1.1) |
2.8 |
(0.2) |
42.8 |
(0.9) |
2.9 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Uruguay |
42.1 |
(1.4) |
1.4 |
(0.2) |
42.6 |
(1.1) |
1.5 |
(0.2) |
46.9 |
(1.3) |
1.0 |
(0.2) |
40.8 |
(1.1) |
1.3 |
(0.2) |
43.9 |
(1.3) |
0.7 |
(0.2) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
6.7 |
(1.1) |
8.1 |
(1.1) |
5.9 |
(0.8) |
8.3 |
(1.2) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Change between 2006 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2006) |
Change between 2009 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) |
Change between 2012 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012) |
Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015) |
||||||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
||||||||||||||
|
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
||||||
|
OECD |
Australia |
6.0 |
(1.2) |
- 5.1 |
(1.0) |
6.3 |
(1.3) |
- 5.1 |
(1.1) |
5.2 |
(1.4) |
- 4.1 |
(1.0) |
1.2 |
(0.8) |
- 1.7 |
(0.7) |
||||
|
Austria |
5.5 |
(2.1) |
- 3.7 |
(1.0) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
6.1 |
(2.2) |
- 1.6 |
(1.0) |
1.0 |
(1.4) |
- 1.4 |
(0.8) |
|||||
|
Belgium |
3.0 |
(1.5) |
- 2.0 |
(0.8) |
2.0 |
(1.5) |
- 2.1 |
(1.0) |
2.3 |
(1.6) |
- 1.0 |
(0.9) |
0.2 |
(1.3) |
- 1.0 |
(0.6) |
|||||
|
Canada |
3.4 |
(1.0) |
- 3.1 |
(1.0) |
3.9 |
(1.0) |
- 0.8 |
(1.0) |
3.0 |
(1.1) |
0.0 |
(1.1) |
2.3 |
(0.8) |
- 1.0 |
(0.9) |
|||||
|
Chile |
- 4.4 |
(3.2) |
- 0.9 |
(0.4) |
3.1 |
(3.0) |
- 0.1 |
(0.3) |
0.9 |
(3.6) |
0.0 |
(0.2) |
0.5 |
(1.7) |
- 0.2 |
(0.3) |
|||||
|
Colombia |
- 9.8 |
(4.0) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
- 3.7 |
(4.3) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
- 5.8 |
(4.8) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
1.4 |
(2.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|||||
|
Czech Republic |
3.2 |
(1.9) |
- 4.1 |
(1.1) |
1.5 |
(1.9) |
- 0.8 |
(0.9) |
5.0 |
(2.0) |
- 0.1 |
(0.9) |
- 1.9 |
(1.5) |
0.2 |
(0.7) |
|||||
|
Denmark |
0.2 |
(1.6) |
- 1.3 |
(0.9) |
2.1 |
(1.4) |
- 1.2 |
(0.8) |
2.0 |
(1.7) |
- 1.2 |
(0.9) |
2.8 |
(1.1) |
- 1.5 |
(0.8) |
|||||
|
Estonia |
1.1 |
(1.0) |
0.7 |
(1.2) |
0.4 |
(1.1) |
1.8 |
(1.2) |
3.7 |
(1.0) |
- 0.6 |
(1.3) |
0.0 |
(0.9) |
- 1.3 |
(0.9) |
|||||
|
Finland |
8.8 |
(1.0) |
- 8.6 |
(1.3) |
6.9 |
(1.0) |
- 6.4 |
(1.4) |
5.2 |
(1.2) |
- 4.8 |
(1.5) |
1.4 |
(1.0) |
- 2.1 |
(0.9) |
|||||
|
France |
- 0.7 |
(1.8) |
- 1.5 |
(0.9) |
1.2 |
(1.8) |
- 1.6 |
(1.0) |
1.8 |
(1.7) |
- 1.3 |
(1.1) |
- 1.6 |
(1.2) |
- 1.4 |
(0.8) |
|||||
|
Germany |
4.2 |
(1.8) |
- 1.8 |
(1.0) |
4.8 |
(1.6) |
- 2.8 |
(1.1) |
7.4 |
(1.7) |
- 2.2 |
(1.2) |
2.6 |
(1.4) |
- 0.6 |
(0.9) |
|||||
|
Greece |
7.7 |
(2.9) |
- 2.1 |
(0.4) |
6.5 |
(3.1) |
- 1.7 |
(0.4) |
6.2 |
(3.5) |
- 1.2 |
(0.5) |
- 1.0 |
(2.4) |
- 0.8 |
(0.4) |
|||||
|
Hungary |
9.1 |
(1.9) |
- 2.2 |
(0.8) |
10.0 |
(2.2) |
- 0.7 |
(0.8) |
6.1 |
(2.3) |
- 1.2 |
(1.0) |
- 1.9 |
(1.4) |
0.1 |
(0.7) |
|||||
|
Iceland |
4.4 |
(2.0) |
- 2.5 |
(0.7) |
7.0 |
(2.1) |
- 3.1 |
(0.6) |
1.0 |
(2.4) |
- 1.4 |
(0.8) |
- 0.3 |
(1.3) |
0.1 |
(0.5) |
|||||
|
Ireland |
1.5 |
(1.6) |
- 3.6 |
(0.9) |
1.9 |
(1.6) |
- 2.9 |
(1.0) |
5.9 |
(1.6) |
- 4.9 |
(0.9) |
1.7 |
(1.3) |
- 1.2 |
(0.7) |
|||||
|
Israel |
- 3.0 |
(2.2) |
0.6 |
(0.8) |
0.0 |
(2.2) |
1.9 |
(0.7) |
4.2 |
(2.6) |
0.0 |
(0.9) |
1.7 |
(2.0) |
0.0 |
(0.7) |
|||||
|
Italy |
0.6 |
(2.0) |
- 1.9 |
(0.5) |
5.2 |
(1.9) |
- 3.1 |
(0.5) |
7.2 |
(2.3) |
- 3.3 |
(0.6) |
2.7 |
(1.5) |
- 1.3 |
(0.6) |
|||||
|
Japan |
- 1.2 |
(1.4) |
- 2.0 |
(1.6) |
0.2 |
(1.4) |
- 3.9 |
(1.7) |
2.4 |
(1.4) |
- 5.2 |
(2.0) |
1.2 |
(1.0) |
- 2.3 |
(1.4) |
|||||
|
Korea |
2.9 |
(1.5) |
1.5 |
(1.5) |
7.8 |
(1.3) |
0.2 |
(1.5) |
7.5 |
(1.3) |
0.1 |
(1.7) |
- 0.2 |
(1.2) |
1.2 |
(1.2) |
|||||
|
Latvia |
1.1 |
(1.8) |
- 0.4 |
(0.6) |
3.8 |
(1.9) |
0.6 |
(0.6) |
6.1 |
(1.9) |
- 0.7 |
(0.7) |
1.2 |
(1.1) |
- 0.1 |
(0.5) |
|||||
|
Lithuania |
1.8 |
(1.7) |
- 0.5 |
(0.8) |
5.2 |
(1.8) |
- 0.2 |
(0.6) |
6.1 |
(2.0) |
- 0.7 |
(0.6) |
- 2.5 |
(1.4) |
0.3 |
(0.6) |
|||||
|
Luxembourg |
4.7 |
(1.5) |
- 0.4 |
(0.7) |
3.1 |
(1.7) |
- 1.3 |
(0.8) |
4.5 |
(2.0) |
- 2.7 |
(0.9) |
0.9 |
(0.9) |
- 1.5 |
(0.6) |
|||||
|
Mexico |
- 4.1 |
(4.2) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
- 0.5 |
(4.4) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
- 0.2 |
(5.2) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
- 1.0 |
(2.1) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|||||
|
Netherlands* |
7.1 |
(1.7) |
- 2.5 |
(1.3) |
6.9 |
(2.1) |
- 2.1 |
(1.6) |
6.9 |
(1.9) |
- 1.2 |
(1.5) |
1.5 |
(1.5) |
- 0.5 |
(1.0) |
|||||
|
New Zealand |
4.3 |
(1.2) |
- 6.3 |
(1.1) |
4.7 |
(1.3) |
- 6.3 |
(1.2) |
1.8 |
(1.4) |
- 2.0 |
(1.2) |
0.6 |
(1.2) |
- 1.5 |
(0.9) |
|||||
|
Norway |
- 0.2 |
(1.9) |
0.7 |
(0.8) |
5.1 |
(1.8) |
0.4 |
(0.9) |
1.2 |
(2.0) |
- 0.8 |
(0.9) |
2.1 |
(1.3) |
- 1.2 |
(0.7) |
|||||
|
Poland |
- 3.1 |
(1.3) |
2.5 |
(1.2) |
0.7 |
(1.4) |
1.7 |
(1.2) |
4.8 |
(1.4) |
- 1.5 |
(1.6) |
- 2.4 |
(1.2) |
1.9 |
(1.0) |
|||||
|
Portugal* |
- 4.9 |
(1.9) |
2.5 |
(0.7) |
3.1 |
(1.7) |
1.5 |
(0.9) |
0.6 |
(2.1) |
1.1 |
(0.9) |
2.2 |
(1.4) |
- 1.8 |
(0.8) |
|||||
|
Slovak Republic |
9.1 |
(2.3) |
- 2.1 |
(0.7) |
10.0 |
(2.4) |
- 2.5 |
(0.7) |
2.4 |
(3.0) |
- 1.2 |
(0.8) |
- 1.4 |
(1.5) |
0.1 |
(0.5) |
|||||
|
Slovenia |
0.7 |
(1.1) |
- 5.6 |
(0.9) |
- 0.2 |
(1.1) |
- 2.5 |
(1.0) |
1.7 |
(1.3) |
- 2.2 |
(1.1) |
- 0.4 |
(0.8) |
- 3.3 |
(0.8) |
|||||
|
Spain |
1.6 |
(1.6) |
- 0.7 |
(0.5) |
3.0 |
(1.7) |
0.2 |
(0.4) |
5.6 |
(1.8) |
- 0.6 |
(0.5) |
3.0 |
(1.0) |
- 0.8 |
(0.5) |
|||||
|
Sweden |
2.6 |
(1.5) |
0.4 |
(0.9) |
- 0.1 |
(1.7) |
0.2 |
(0.9) |
- 3.2 |
(1.8) |
2.0 |
(0.9) |
- 2.6 |
(1.6) |
- 0.2 |
(0.9) |
|||||
|
Switzerland |
4.2 |
(1.8) |
- 2.7 |
(1.2) |
6.2 |
(1.8) |
- 2.9 |
(1.2) |
7.4 |
(2.0) |
- 1.5 |
(1.2) |
1.8 |
(1.5) |
- 2.0 |
(1.0) |
|||||
|
Turkey |
- 21.4 |
(2.7) |
1.5 |
(0.6) |
- 4.8 |
(2.7) |
1.3 |
(0.6) |
- 1.2 |
(3.1) |
0.7 |
(0.6) |
- 19.3 |
(2.4) |
2.2 |
(0.5) |
|||||
|
United Kingdom |
0.7 |
(1.5) |
- 4.1 |
(1.0) |
2.4 |
(1.6) |
- 1.7 |
(1.1) |
2.5 |
(1.9) |
- 1.5 |
(1.2) |
0.0 |
(1.2) |
- 1.2 |
(0.9) |
|||||
|
United States* |
- 5.7 |
(2.1) |
0.0 |
(1.2) |
0.5 |
(1.8) |
0.0 |
(1.4) |
0.5 |
(2.0) |
1.7 |
(1.3) |
- 1.7 |
(1.6) |
0.6 |
(1.0) |
|||||
|
OECD average-36b |
1.0 |
(1.1) |
- 1.6 |
(0.3) |
3.2 |
(1.2) |
- 1.3 |
(0.4) |
3.3 |
(1.5) |
- 1.2 |
(0.4) |
- 0.1 |
(0.3) |
- 0.7 |
(0.1) |
|||||
|
OECD average-37 |
1.1 |
(1.1) |
- 1.6 |
(0.3) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
3.4 |
(1.5) |
- 1.2 |
(0.4) |
- 0.1 |
(0.3) |
- 0.7 |
(0.1) |
|||||
|
Change between 2006 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2006) |
Change between 2009 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) |
Change between 2012 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012) |
Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015) |
||||||||||||||||||
|
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
Below Level 2 (less than 409.54 score points) |
Level 5 or above (at or above 633.33 score points) |
||||||||||||||
|
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
% dif. |
S.E. |
||||||
|
Partners |
Albania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 10.3 |
(4.4) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
- 6.1 |
(4.9) |
- 0.2 |
(0.2) |
5.3 |
(2.2) |
- 0.1 |
(0.2) |
||||
|
Argentina |
- 2.8 |
(3.5) |
0.0 |
(0.2) |
1.1 |
(3.2) |
- 0.2 |
(0.2) |
2.6 |
(3.8) |
0.2 |
(0.2) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Brazil |
- 5.6 |
(2.3) |
0.2 |
(0.3) |
1.2 |
(2.4) |
0.2 |
(0.2) |
0.2 |
(2.6) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
- 1.2 |
(1.5) |
0.1 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Bulgaria |
3.9 |
(3.5) |
- 1.5 |
(0.7) |
7.7 |
(3.7) |
- 1.1 |
(0.6) |
9.6 |
(3.7) |
- 1.6 |
(0.7) |
8.6 |
(2.5) |
- 1.4 |
(0.6) |
|||||
|
Costa Rica |
m |
m |
m |
m |
8.8 |
(4.4) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
8.5 |
(5.3) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
1.5 |
(2.2) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|||||
|
Croatia |
8.4 |
(2.0) |
- 1.5 |
(0.6) |
6.9 |
(2.2) |
- 0.1 |
(0.7) |
8.1 |
(2.4) |
- 0.9 |
(0.9) |
0.7 |
(1.7) |
- 0.3 |
(0.5) |
|||||
|
Cyprus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
0.9 |
(2.8) |
- 0.3 |
(0.4) |
- 3.2 |
(1.3) |
0.1 |
(0.3) |
|||||
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 0.9 |
(1.6) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|||||
|
Georgia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 1.2 |
(3.2) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
13.6 |
(1.8) |
- 0.8 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
2.8 |
(1.3) |
- 8.1 |
(1.3) |
4.9 |
(1.3) |
- 8.4 |
(1.3) |
6.0 |
(1.3) |
- 8.9 |
(1.4) |
2.1 |
(1.1) |
0.5 |
(1.0) |
|||||
|
Indonesia |
- 1.6 |
(5.5) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
- 5.6 |
(5.1) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
- 6.6 |
(6.1) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
4.1 |
(2.3) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|||||
|
Jordan |
- 4.0 |
(2.9) |
0.0 |
(0.3) |
- 5.3 |
(3.3) |
0.2 |
(0.2) |
- 9.2 |
(3.7) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
- 9.5 |
(2.0) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Kazakhstan |
m |
m |
m |
m |
4.9 |
(4.3) |
0.1 |
(0.2) |
18.4 |
(5.3) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
8.8 |
(1.3) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|||||
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 0.4 |
(2.4) |
0.1 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Macao (China) |
- 4.3 |
(0.8) |
8.3 |
(1.3) |
- 3.6 |
(0.7) |
8.9 |
(1.3) |
- 2.8 |
(0.8) |
7.0 |
(1.5) |
- 2.1 |
(0.7) |
4.5 |
(0.8) |
|||||
|
Malaysia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 6.4 |
(3.8) |
0.4 |
(0.2) |
- 8.9 |
(4.5) |
0.3 |
(0.2) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Malta |
m |
m |
m |
m |
1.0 |
(1.5) |
- 1.6 |
(0.7) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
1.0 |
(1.2) |
- 3.2 |
(0.6) |
|||||
|
Moldova |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 4.7 |
(3.7) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
0.4 |
(1.7) |
0.1 |
(0.3) |
|||||
|
Montenegro |
- 2.0 |
(3.3) |
0.1 |
(0.2) |
- 5.3 |
(3.6) |
0.1 |
(0.2) |
- 2.5 |
(4.3) |
- 0.1 |
(0.2) |
- 2.8 |
(1.1) |
- 0.1 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
North Macedonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 13.5 |
(1.2) |
0.6 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Panama |
m |
m |
m |
m |
6.2 |
(3.7) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Peru |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 13.8 |
(3.8) |
0.0 |
(0.2) |
- 14.0 |
(4.6) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
- 4.0 |
(2.0) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|||||
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Qatar |
- 30.7 |
(1.9) |
1.9 |
(0.2) |
- 16.8 |
(2.1) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
- 14.3 |
(2.5) |
0.8 |
(0.2) |
- 1.4 |
(0.8) |
0.5 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Romania |
- 3.0 |
(4.1) |
0.5 |
(0.3) |
2.6 |
(4.0) |
0.6 |
(0.3) |
6.6 |
(4.3) |
0.1 |
(0.4) |
5.4 |
(2.9) |
0.3 |
(0.3) |
|||||
|
Russia |
- 1.0 |
(2.5) |
- 1.1 |
(0.6) |
- 0.8 |
(2.5) |
- 1.3 |
(0.7) |
2.5 |
(2.7) |
- 1.2 |
(0.7) |
3.1 |
(1.7) |
- 0.7 |
(0.5) |
|||||
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Serbia |
- 0.2 |
(2.8) |
0.8 |
(0.3) |
3.9 |
(2.7) |
0.5 |
(0.3) |
3.3 |
(3.3) |
- 0.1 |
(0.4) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
Singapore |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 2.5 |
(0.7) |
0.8 |
(1.9) |
- 0.6 |
(0.8) |
- 2.0 |
(2.3) |
- 0.6 |
(0.6) |
- 3.4 |
(0.9) |
|||||
|
Chinese Taipei |
3.5 |
(1.4) |
- 3.0 |
(1.4) |
4.1 |
(1.2) |
2.8 |
(1.4) |
5.3 |
(1.3) |
3.3 |
(1.3) |
2.7 |
(1.1) |
- 3.7 |
(1.4) |
|||||
|
Thailand |
- 1.6 |
(3.3) |
0.3 |
(0.2) |
1.7 |
(3.6) |
0.1 |
(0.3) |
10.9 |
(4.2) |
- 0.2 |
(0.3) |
- 2.3 |
(2.2) |
0.3 |
(0.2) |
|||||
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
|
United Arab Emirates |
m |
m |
m |
m |
3.6 |
(2.6) |
0.7 |
(0.3) |
7.6 |
(3.1) |
0.3 |
(0.4) |
1.0 |
(1.5) |
0.1 |
(0.3) |
|||||
|
Uruguay |
1.7 |
(3.1) |
- 0.7 |
(0.3) |
1.3 |
(3.1) |
- 0.8 |
(0.3) |
- 3.0 |
(3.7) |
- 0.3 |
(0.3) |
3.1 |
(1.8) |
- 0.6 |
(0.3) |
|||||
|
Viet Nam** |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|||||
* PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).
Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
Table I.B1.10. Mean reading performance, 2000 through 2018
|
Reading performance, by PISA cycle |
||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
PISA 2000 |
PISA 2003 |
PISA 2006 |
PISA 2009 |
PISA 2012 |
PISA 2015 |
PISA 2018 |
||||||||||||||
|
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
|||||||
|
OECD |
Australia |
528 |
(3.5) |
525 |
(2.1) |
513 |
(2.1) |
515 |
(2.3) |
512 |
(1.6) |
503 |
(1.7) |
503 |
(1.6) |
|||||
|
Austria |
492 |
(2.7) |
491 |
(3.8) |
490 |
(4.1) |
m |
m |
490 |
(2.8) |
485 |
(2.8) |
484 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Belgium |
507 |
(3.6) |
507 |
(2.6) |
501 |
(3.0) |
506 |
(2.3) |
509 |
(2.3) |
499 |
(2.4) |
493 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
Canada |
534 |
(1.6) |
528 |
(1.7) |
527 |
(2.4) |
524 |
(1.5) |
523 |
(1.9) |
527 |
(2.3) |
520 |
(1.8) |
||||||
|
Chile |
410 |
(3.6) |
m |
m |
442 |
(5.0) |
449 |
(3.1) |
441 |
(2.9) |
459 |
(2.6) |
452 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
Colombia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
385 |
(5.1) |
413 |
(3.7) |
403 |
(3.4) |
425 |
(2.9) |
412 |
(3.3) |
||||||
|
Czech Republic |
492 |
(2.4) |
489 |
(3.5) |
483 |
(4.2) |
478 |
(2.9) |
493 |
(2.9) |
487 |
(2.6) |
490 |
(2.5) |
||||||
|
Denmark |
497 |
(2.4) |
492 |
(2.8) |
494 |
(3.2) |
495 |
(2.1) |
496 |
(2.6) |
500 |
(2.5) |
501 |
(1.8) |
||||||
|
Estonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
501 |
(2.9) |
501 |
(2.6) |
516 |
(2.0) |
519 |
(2.2) |
523 |
(1.8) |
||||||
|
Finland |
546 |
(2.6) |
543 |
(1.6) |
547 |
(2.1) |
536 |
(2.3) |
524 |
(2.4) |
526 |
(2.5) |
520 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
France |
505 |
(2.7) |
496 |
(2.7) |
488 |
(4.1) |
496 |
(3.4) |
505 |
(2.8) |
499 |
(2.5) |
493 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
Germany |
484 |
(2.5) |
491 |
(3.4) |
495 |
(4.4) |
497 |
(2.7) |
508 |
(2.8) |
509 |
(3.0) |
498 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Greece |
474 |
(5.0) |
472 |
(4.1) |
460 |
(4.0) |
483 |
(4.3) |
477 |
(3.3) |
467 |
(4.3) |
457 |
(3.6) |
||||||
|
Hungary |
480 |
(4.0) |
482 |
(2.5) |
482 |
(3.3) |
494 |
(3.2) |
488 |
(3.2) |
470 |
(2.7) |
476 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
Iceland |
507 |
(1.5) |
492 |
(1.6) |
484 |
(1.9) |
500 |
(1.4) |
483 |
(1.8) |
482 |
(2.0) |
474 |
(1.7) |
||||||
|
Ireland |
527 |
(3.2) |
515 |
(2.6) |
517 |
(3.5) |
496 |
(3.0) |
523 |
(2.6) |
521 |
(2.5) |
518 |
(2.2) |
||||||
|
Israel |
452 |
(8.5) |
m |
m |
439 |
(4.6) |
474 |
(3.6) |
486 |
(5.0) |
479 |
(3.8) |
470 |
(3.7) |
||||||
|
Italy |
487 |
(2.9) |
476 |
(3.0) |
469 |
(2.4) |
486 |
(1.6) |
490 |
(2.0) |
485 |
(2.7) |
476 |
(2.4) |
||||||
|
Japan |
522 |
(5.2) |
498 |
(3.9) |
498 |
(3.6) |
520 |
(3.5) |
538 |
(3.7) |
516 |
(3.2) |
504 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Korea |
525 |
(2.4) |
534 |
(3.1) |
556 |
(3.8) |
539 |
(3.5) |
536 |
(3.9) |
517 |
(3.5) |
514 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Latvia |
458 |
(5.3) |
491 |
(3.7) |
479 |
(3.7) |
484 |
(3.0) |
489 |
(2.4) |
488 |
(1.8) |
479 |
(1.6) |
||||||
|
Lithuania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
470 |
(3.0) |
468 |
(2.4) |
477 |
(2.5) |
472 |
(2.7) |
476 |
(1.5) |
||||||
|
Luxembourg |
m |
m |
479 |
(1.5) |
479 |
(1.3) |
472 |
(1.3) |
488 |
(1.5) |
481 |
(1.4) |
470 |
(1.1) |
||||||
|
Mexico |
422 |
(3.3) |
400 |
(4.1) |
410 |
(3.1) |
425 |
(2.0) |
424 |
(1.5) |
423 |
(2.6) |
420 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Netherlands* |
m |
m |
513 |
(2.9) |
507 |
(2.9) |
508 |
(5.1) |
511 |
(3.5) |
503 |
(2.4) |
485 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
New Zealand |
529 |
(2.8) |
522 |
(2.5) |
521 |
(3.0) |
521 |
(2.4) |
512 |
(2.4) |
509 |
(2.4) |
506 |
(2.0) |
||||||
|
Norway |
505 |
(2.8) |
500 |
(2.8) |
484 |
(3.2) |
503 |
(2.6) |
504 |
(3.2) |
513 |
(2.5) |
499 |
(2.2) |
||||||
|
Poland |
479 |
(4.5) |
497 |
(2.9) |
508 |
(2.8) |
500 |
(2.6) |
518 |
(3.1) |
506 |
(2.5) |
512 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Portugal* |
470 |
(4.5) |
478 |
(3.7) |
472 |
(3.6) |
489 |
(3.1) |
488 |
(3.8) |
498 |
(2.7) |
492 |
(2.4) |
||||||
|
Slovak Republic |
m |
m |
469 |
(3.1) |
466 |
(3.1) |
477 |
(2.5) |
463 |
(4.2) |
453 |
(2.8) |
458 |
(2.2) |
||||||
|
Slovenia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
494 |
(1.0) |
483 |
(1.0) |
481 |
(1.2) |
505 |
(1.5) |
495 |
(1.2) |
||||||
|
Spain |
493 |
(2.7) |
481 |
(2.6) |
461 |
(2.2) |
481 |
(2.0) |
488 |
(1.9) |
496 |
(2.4) |
m |
m |
||||||
|
Sweden |
516 |
(2.2) |
514 |
(2.4) |
507 |
(3.4) |
497 |
(2.9) |
483 |
(3.0) |
500 |
(3.5) |
506 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Switzerland |
494 |
(4.2) |
499 |
(3.3) |
499 |
(3.1) |
501 |
(2.4) |
509 |
(2.6) |
492 |
(3.0) |
484 |
(3.1) |
||||||
|
Turkey |
m |
m |
441 |
(5.8) |
447 |
(4.2) |
464 |
(3.5) |
475 |
(4.2) |
428 |
(4.0) |
466 |
(2.2) |
||||||
|
United Kingdom |
m |
m |
m |
m |
495 |
(2.3) |
494 |
(2.3) |
499 |
(3.5) |
498 |
(2.8) |
504 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
United States* |
504 |
(7.0) |
495 |
(3.2) |
m |
m |
500 |
(3.7) |
498 |
(3.7) |
497 |
(3.4) |
505 |
(3.6) |
||||||
|
OECD average-23 |
500 |
(0.7) |
497 |
(0.6) |
495 |
(0.7) |
499 |
(0.6) |
501 |
(0.6) |
497 |
(0.6) |
493 |
(0.5) |
||||||
|
OECD average-27 |
494 |
(0.8) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
498 |
(0.6) |
495 |
(0.5) |
491 |
(0.5) |
||||||
|
OECD average-29b |
m |
m |
494 |
(0.6) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
498 |
(0.5) |
493 |
(0.5) |
490 |
(0.5) |
||||||
|
OECD average-35a |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
491 |
(0.5) |
493 |
(0.5) |
490 |
(0.5) |
487 |
(0.4) |
||||||
|
OECD average-35b |
m |
m |
m |
m |
486 |
(0.6) |
m |
m |
493 |
(0.5) |
490 |
(0.5) |
487 |
(0.4) |
||||||
|
OECD average-36a |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
493 |
(0.5) |
490 |
(0.5) |
487 |
(0.4) |
||||||
|
Reading performance, by PISA cycle |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
PISA 2000 |
PISA 2003 |
PISA 2006 |
PISA 2009 |
PISA 2012 |
PISA 2015 |
PISA 2018 |
||||||||||||||
|
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
|||||||
|
Partners |
Albania |
349 |
(3.3) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
385 |
(4.0) |
394 |
(3.2) |
405 |
(4.1) |
405 |
(1.9) |
|||||
|
Argentina |
418 |
(9.9) |
m |
m |
374 |
(7.2) |
398 |
(4.6) |
396 |
(3.7) |
m |
m |
402 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
389 |
(2.5) |
||||||
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
474 |
(2.4) |
||||||
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
403 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Brazil |
396 |
(3.1) |
403 |
(4.6) |
393 |
(3.7) |
412 |
(2.7) |
407 |
(2.0) |
407 |
(2.8) |
413 |
(2.1) |
||||||
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
408 |
(0.9) |
||||||
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
555 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Bulgaria |
430 |
(4.9) |
m |
m |
402 |
(6.9) |
429 |
(6.7) |
436 |
(6.0) |
432 |
(5.0) |
420 |
(3.9) |
||||||
|
Costa Rica |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
443 |
(3.2) |
441 |
(3.5) |
427 |
(2.6) |
426 |
(3.4) |
||||||
|
Croatia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
477 |
(2.8) |
476 |
(2.9) |
485 |
(3.3) |
487 |
(2.7) |
479 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Cyprus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
449 |
(1.2) |
443 |
(1.7) |
424 |
(1.4) |
||||||
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
358 |
(3.1) |
342 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Georgia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
374 |
(2.9) |
m |
m |
401 |
(3.0) |
380 |
(2.2) |
||||||
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
525 |
(2.9) |
510 |
(3.7) |
536 |
(2.4) |
533 |
(2.1) |
545 |
(2.8) |
527 |
(2.7) |
524 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Indonesia |
371 |
(4.0) |
382 |
(3.4) |
393 |
(5.9) |
402 |
(3.7) |
396 |
(4.2) |
397 |
(2.9) |
371 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
Jordan |
m |
m |
m |
m |
401 |
(3.3) |
405 |
(3.3) |
399 |
(3.6) |
408 |
(2.9) |
419 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Kazakhstan |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
390 |
(3.1) |
393 |
(2.7) |
m |
m |
387 |
(1.5) |
||||||
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
347 |
(1.6) |
353 |
(1.1) |
||||||
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
347 |
(4.4) |
353 |
(4.3) |
||||||
|
Macao (China) |
m |
m |
498 |
(2.2) |
492 |
(1.1) |
487 |
(0.9) |
509 |
(0.9) |
509 |
(1.3) |
525 |
(1.2) |
||||||
|
Malaysia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
414 |
(2.9) |
398 |
(3.3) |
m |
m |
415 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Malta |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
442 |
(1.6) |
m |
m |
447 |
(1.8) |
448 |
(1.7) |
||||||
|
Moldova |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
388 |
(2.8) |
m |
m |
416 |
(2.5) |
424 |
(2.4) |
||||||
|
Montenegro |
m |
m |
m |
m |
392 |
(1.2) |
408 |
(1.7) |
422 |
(1.2) |
427 |
(1.6) |
421 |
(1.1) |
||||||
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
359 |
(3.1) |
||||||
|
North Macedonia |
373 |
(1.9) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
352 |
(1.4) |
393 |
(1.1) |
||||||
|
Panama |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
371 |
(6.5) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
377 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Peru |
327 |
(4.4) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
370 |
(4.0) |
384 |
(4.3) |
398 |
(2.9) |
401 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
340 |
(3.3) |
||||||
|
Qatar |
m |
m |
m |
m |
312 |
(1.2) |
372 |
(0.8) |
388 |
(0.8) |
402 |
(1.0) |
407 |
(0.8) |
||||||
|
Romania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
396 |
(4.7) |
424 |
(4.1) |
438 |
(4.0) |
434 |
(4.1) |
428 |
(5.1) |
||||||
|
Russia |
462 |
(4.2) |
442 |
(3.9) |
440 |
(4.3) |
459 |
(3.3) |
475 |
(3.0) |
495 |
(3.1) |
479 |
(3.1) |
||||||
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
399 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Serbia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
401 |
(3.5) |
442 |
(2.4) |
446 |
(3.4) |
m |
m |
439 |
(3.3) |
||||||
|
Singapore |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
526 |
(1.1) |
542 |
(1.4) |
535 |
(1.6) |
549 |
(1.6) |
||||||
|
Chinese Taipei |
m |
m |
m |
m |
496 |
(3.4) |
495 |
(2.6) |
523 |
(3.0) |
497 |
(2.5) |
503 |
(2.8) |
||||||
|
Thailand |
431 |
(3.2) |
420 |
(2.8) |
417 |
(2.6) |
421 |
(2.6) |
441 |
(3.1) |
409 |
(3.3) |
393 |
(3.2) |
||||||
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
466 |
(3.5) |
||||||
|
United Arab Emirates |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
431 |
(2.9) |
442 |
(2.5) |
434 |
(2.9) |
432 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
Uruguay |
m |
m |
434 |
(3.4) |
413 |
(3.4) |
426 |
(2.6) |
411 |
(3.2) |
437 |
(2.5) |
427 |
(2.8) |
||||||
|
Viet Nam** |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
508 |
(4.4) |
487 |
(3.7) |
m |
m |
||||||
|
Change in reading performance between PISA 2018 and: |
Average 3-year trend in reading performance1 across PISA assessments (since 2000 or earliest assessment available) |
Curvilinear trend in reading performance across PISA assessments2 |
||||||||||||||||||
|
PISA 2000 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2000) |
PISA 2003 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2003) |
PISA 2006 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2006) |
PISA 2009 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2009) |
PISA 2012 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2012) |
PISA 2015 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2015) |
Annual rate of change in 2018 (linear term) |
Rate of acceleration or deceleration in performance (quadratic term) |
|||||||||||||
|
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
p-value |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
- 26 |
(5.6) |
- 23 |
(8.2) |
- 10 |
(5.9) |
- 12 |
(4.5) |
- 9 |
(4.4) |
0 |
(4.6) |
- 4.4 |
(1.3) |
0.001 |
- 1.0 |
(0.5) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
Austria |
- 8 |
(5.6) |
- 6 |
(9.0) |
- 6 |
(7.2) |
m |
m |
- 5 |
(5.4) |
0 |
(5.5) |
- 1.3 |
(2.0) |
0.512 |
- 0.8 |
(0.8) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Belgium |
- 14 |
(5.9) |
- 14 |
(8.5) |
- 8 |
(6.5) |
- 13 |
(4.8) |
- 16 |
(4.9) |
- 6 |
(5.2) |
- 1.8 |
(1.3) |
0.172 |
- 1.8 |
(0.6) |
- 0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Canada |
- 14 |
(4.7) |
- 8 |
(8.2) |
- 7 |
(6.1) |
- 4 |
(4.2) |
- 3 |
(4.6) |
- 7 |
(4.9) |
- 1.7 |
(1.3) |
0.173 |
0.0 |
(0.4) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Chile |
43 |
(6.0) |
m |
m |
10 |
(7.7) |
3 |
(5.4) |
11 |
(5.4) |
- 6 |
(5.4) |
7.1 |
(1.4) |
0.000 |
- 1.3 |
(0.8) |
- 0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Colombia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
27 |
(8.0) |
- 1 |
(6.1) |
9 |
(6.0) |
- 13 |
(5.9) |
6.6 |
(1.8) |
0.000 |
- 2.5 |
(1.3) |
- 0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
- 1 |
(5.3) |
2 |
(8.9) |
8 |
(7.2) |
12 |
(5.2) |
- 3 |
(5.4) |
3 |
(5.4) |
0.1 |
(1.3) |
0.925 |
1.7 |
(0.7) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Denmark |
4 |
(5.0) |
9 |
(8.5) |
7 |
(6.4) |
6 |
(4.5) |
5 |
(4.9) |
1 |
(5.0) |
1.1 |
(1.3) |
0.398 |
1.3 |
(0.5) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Estonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
22 |
(6.3) |
22 |
(4.8) |
7 |
(4.6) |
4 |
(4.9) |
6.3 |
(1.4) |
0.000 |
1.6 |
(0.8) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Finland |
- 26 |
(5.3) |
- 23 |
(8.3) |
- 27 |
(6.1) |
- 16 |
(4.8) |
- 4 |
(5.0) |
- 6 |
(5.2) |
- 4.9 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
- 2.2 |
(0.5) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
France |
- 12 |
(5.4) |
- 4 |
(8.5) |
5 |
(7.0) |
- 3 |
(5.4) |
- 13 |
(5.2) |
- 7 |
(5.2) |
- 0.4 |
(1.3) |
0.745 |
0.5 |
(0.7) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Germany |
14 |
(5.6) |
7 |
(9.0) |
3 |
(7.5) |
1 |
(5.3) |
- 9 |
(5.6) |
- 11 |
(5.8) |
3.3 |
(1.3) |
0.015 |
- 0.9 |
(0.7) |
- 0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Greece |
- 16 |
(7.4) |
- 15 |
(9.5) |
- 2 |
(7.5) |
- 25 |
(6.6) |
- 20 |
(6.1) |
- 10 |
(6.9) |
- 1.5 |
(1.5) |
0.293 |
- 2.5 |
(0.9) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Hungary |
- 4 |
(6.1) |
- 6 |
(8.5) |
- 6 |
(6.6) |
- 18 |
(5.2) |
- 12 |
(5.4) |
6 |
(5.3) |
- 1.1 |
(1.4) |
0.416 |
- 3.0 |
(0.7) |
- 0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Iceland |
- 33 |
(4.6) |
- 18 |
(8.1) |
- 10 |
(5.9) |
- 26 |
(4.2) |
- 9 |
(4.5) |
- 8 |
(4.7) |
- 4.4 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
- 1.4 |
(0.4) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Ireland |
- 9 |
(5.6) |
3 |
(8.5) |
1 |
(6.7) |
22 |
(5.1) |
- 5 |
(5.1) |
- 3 |
(5.2) |
- 0.3 |
(1.3) |
0.824 |
2.8 |
(0.6) |
0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Israel |
18 |
(10.1) |
m |
m |
32 |
(7.9) |
- 4 |
(6.3) |
- 15 |
(7.2) |
- 9 |
(6.6) |
6.1 |
(1.9) |
0.001 |
- 1.0 |
(1.2) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Italy |
- 11 |
(5.5) |
1 |
(8.7) |
8 |
(6.3) |
- 10 |
(4.6) |
- 13 |
(4.9) |
- 8 |
(5.3) |
0.2 |
(1.3) |
0.862 |
0.1 |
(0.5) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Japan |
- 18 |
(7.1) |
6 |
(9.1) |
6 |
(6.9) |
- 16 |
(5.6) |
- 34 |
(5.9) |
- 12 |
(5.7) |
0.8 |
(1.4) |
0.594 |
- 1.1 |
(0.8) |
- 0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Korea |
- 11 |
(5.6) |
- 20 |
(8.9) |
- 42 |
(7.1) |
- 25 |
(5.7) |
- 22 |
(6.2) |
- 3 |
(6.0) |
- 3.1 |
(1.3) |
0.021 |
- 6.7 |
(0.7) |
- 0.3 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Latvia |
21 |
(6.8) |
- 12 |
(8.7) |
- 1 |
(6.6) |
- 5 |
(4.9) |
- 10 |
(4.7) |
- 9 |
(4.6) |
2.3 |
(1.4) |
0.094 |
- 3.0 |
(0.7) |
- 0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Lithuania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
6 |
(6.2) |
7 |
(4.5) |
- 1 |
(4.7) |
3 |
(5.0) |
1.6 |
(1.4) |
0.268 |
0.2 |
(0.8) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
m |
m |
- 9 |
(8.0) |
- 9 |
(5.5) |
- 2 |
(3.9) |
- 18 |
(4.2) |
- 11 |
(4.3) |
- 0.7 |
(1.3) |
0.576 |
- 1.8 |
(0.3) |
- 0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Mexico |
- 1 |
(5.9) |
21 |
(9.2) |
10 |
(6.7) |
- 5 |
(4.9) |
- 3 |
(4.9) |
- 3 |
(5.4) |
2.0 |
(1.3) |
0.134 |
0.9 |
(0.6) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
m |
m |
- 28 |
(8.7) |
- 22 |
(6.6) |
- 24 |
(6.8) |
- 26 |
(5.7) |
- 18 |
(5.3) |
- 4.3 |
(1.4) |
0.002 |
- 4.4 |
(1.0) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
New Zealand |
- 23 |
(5.3) |
- 16 |
(8.4) |
- 15 |
(6.4) |
- 15 |
(4.7) |
- 6 |
(4.9) |
- 4 |
(5.0) |
- 3.7 |
(1.3) |
0.005 |
- 1.5 |
(0.5) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Norway |
- 6 |
(5.4) |
0 |
(8.5) |
15 |
(6.5) |
- 4 |
(4.9) |
- 4 |
(5.4) |
- 14 |
(5.1) |
1.0 |
(1.3) |
0.429 |
1.4 |
(0.6) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Poland |
33 |
(6.6) |
15 |
(8.7) |
4 |
(6.5) |
11 |
(5.1) |
- 6 |
(5.6) |
6 |
(5.4) |
4.5 |
(1.4) |
0.001 |
- 1.4 |
(0.7) |
- 0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Portugal* |
22 |
(6.5) |
14 |
(9.0) |
19 |
(6.8) |
2 |
(5.3) |
4 |
(5.8) |
- 6 |
(5.3) |
4.3 |
(1.4) |
0.002 |
0.8 |
(0.7) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
m |
m |
- 11 |
(8.7) |
- 8 |
(6.5) |
- 19 |
(4.9) |
- 5 |
(6.0) |
5 |
(5.3) |
- 3.2 |
(1.4) |
0.019 |
- 2.4 |
(0.8) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Slovenia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
1 |
(5.5) |
12 |
(3.9) |
14 |
(4.1) |
- 10 |
(4.4) |
2.4 |
(1.3) |
0.062 |
3.5 |
(0.5) |
0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Spain |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Sweden |
- 11 |
(5.5) |
- 8 |
(8.7) |
- 2 |
(7.0) |
8 |
(5.5) |
22 |
(5.7) |
6 |
(6.1) |
- 3.0 |
(1.3) |
0.024 |
2.6 |
(0.7) |
0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Switzerland |
- 10 |
(6.6) |
- 15 |
(9.0) |
- 15 |
(6.8) |
- 17 |
(5.3) |
- 25 |
(5.5) |
- 8 |
(5.9) |
- 1.3 |
(1.4) |
0.339 |
- 3.7 |
(0.7) |
- 0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Turkey |
m |
m |
25 |
(9.9) |
18 |
(7.1) |
1 |
(5.4) |
- 10 |
(6.0) |
37 |
(6.0) |
2.2 |
(1.6) |
0.160 |
- 2.3 |
(1.0) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
m |
m |
m |
m |
9 |
(6.3) |
10 |
(4.9) |
5 |
(5.7) |
6 |
(5.5) |
2.1 |
(1.4) |
0.137 |
1.5 |
(1.0) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
United States* |
1 |
(8.9) |
10 |
(9.1) |
m |
m |
6 |
(6.2) |
8 |
(6.4) |
8 |
(6.3) |
0.2 |
(1.6) |
0.916 |
1.7 |
(1.0) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
OECD average-23 |
- 7 |
(4.1) |
- 5 |
(7.8) |
- 3 |
(5.3) |
- 7 |
(3.6) |
- 9 |
(3.8) |
- 4 |
(3.8) |
- 0.5 |
(1.2) |
0.672 |
- 0.8 |
(0.1) |
- 0.03 |
(0.01) |
|
|
OECD average-27 |
- 4 |
(4.1) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 7 |
(3.8) |
- 4 |
(3.8) |
0.0 |
(1.2) |
0.997 |
- 0.7 |
(0.1) |
- 0.04 |
(0.01) |
|
|
OECD average-29b |
m |
m |
- 4 |
(7.8) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 9 |
(3.8) |
- 3 |
(4.0) |
- 0.7 |
(1.2) |
0.598 |
- 1.0 |
(0.1) |
- 0.05 |
(0.01) |
|
|
OECD average-35a |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 4 |
(3.6) |
- 6 |
(3.8) |
- 3 |
(4.0) |
0.4 |
(1.2) |
0.736 |
- 0.7 |
(0.1) |
- 0.05 |
(0.01) |
|
|
OECD average-35b |
m |
m |
m |
m |
1 |
(5.3) |
m |
m |
- 7 |
(3.8) |
- 3 |
(4.0) |
0.4 |
(1.2) |
0.765 |
- 0.8 |
(0.1) |
- 0.06 |
(0.01) |
|
|
OECD average-36a |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 6 |
(3.8) |
- 3 |
(4.0) |
0.4 |
(1.2) |
0.769 |
- 0.7 |
(0.1) |
- 0.05 |
(0.01) |
|
|
Change in reading performance between PISA 2018 and: |
Average 3-year trend in reading performance1 across PISA assessments (since 2000 or earliest assessment available) |
Curvilinear trend in reading performance across PISA assessments2 |
||||||||||||||||||
|
PISA 2000 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2000) |
PISA 2003 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2003) |
PISA 2006 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2006) |
PISA 2009 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2009) |
PISA 2012 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2012) |
PISA 2015 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2015) |
Annual rate of change in 2018 (linear term) |
Rate of acceleration or deceleration in performance (quadratic term) |
|||||||||||||
|
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
p-value |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
57 |
(5.6) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
21 |
(5.7) |
11 |
(5.3) |
0 |
(6.0) |
10.5 |
(1.4) |
0.000 |
1.1 |
(0.8) |
- 0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
Argentina |
- 17 |
(11.1) |
m |
m |
28 |
(9.4) |
3 |
(6.5) |
6 |
(6.0) |
m |
m |
- 1.2 |
(2.0) |
0.553 |
4.3 |
(1.2) |
0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Brazil |
17 |
(5.5) |
10 |
(9.3) |
20 |
(6.8) |
1 |
(4.9) |
6 |
(4.8) |
6 |
(5.2) |
2.6 |
(1.3) |
0.051 |
0.9 |
(0.6) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bulgaria |
- 11 |
(7.5) |
m |
m |
18 |
(9.5) |
- 9 |
(8.5) |
- 16 |
(8.1) |
- 12 |
(7.5) |
0.8 |
(1.6) |
0.598 |
0.4 |
(1.3) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 16 |
(5.8) |
- 14 |
(6.2) |
- 1 |
(5.8) |
- 6.8 |
(2.1) |
0.001 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Croatia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
2 |
(6.5) |
3 |
(5.3) |
- 6 |
(5.7) |
- 8 |
(5.5) |
1.4 |
(1.5) |
0.332 |
- 1.3 |
(1.1) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Cyprus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 25 |
(4.2) |
- 18 |
(4.5) |
- 12.2 |
(2.1) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 16 |
(5.7) |
- 16.1 |
(5.7) |
0.005 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Georgia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
5 |
(5.0) |
m |
m |
- 22 |
(5.4) |
3.5 |
(1.9) |
0.061 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
- 1 |
(5.7) |
15 |
(9.0) |
- 12 |
(6.4) |
- 9 |
(4.9) |
- 20 |
(5.4) |
- 2 |
(5.5) |
1.6 |
(1.4) |
0.251 |
- 4.0 |
(0.7) |
- 0.3 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Indonesia |
0 |
(6.2) |
- 11 |
(8.9) |
- 22 |
(8.3) |
- 31 |
(5.7) |
- 25 |
(6.2) |
- 26 |
(5.5) |
1.2 |
(1.4) |
0.403 |
- 6.6 |
(0.9) |
- 0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Jordan |
m |
m |
m |
m |
18 |
(6.8) |
14 |
(5.7) |
20 |
(5.9) |
11 |
(5.7) |
4.0 |
(1.6) |
0.010 |
4.0 |
(1.2) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 4 |
(4.9) |
- 6 |
(4.8) |
m |
m |
- 1.4 |
(1.6) |
0.376 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
6 |
(4.4) |
5.9 |
(4.4) |
0.175 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
7 |
(7.3) |
6.8 |
(7.3) |
0.352 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Macao (China) |
m |
m |
27 |
(8.2) |
33 |
(5.5) |
38 |
(3.8) |
16 |
(4.0) |
16 |
(4.3) |
6.0 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
5.9 |
(0.4) |
0.3 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Malaysia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
1 |
(5.4) |
17 |
(5.8) |
m |
m |
2.2 |
(2.0) |
0.260 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Malta |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
6 |
(4.2) |
m |
m |
2 |
(4.6) |
2.3 |
(1.5) |
0.127 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Moldova |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
36 |
(5.1) |
m |
m |
8 |
(5.3) |
13.7 |
(1.9) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Montenegro |
m |
m |
m |
m |
29 |
(5.5) |
14 |
(4.1) |
- 1 |
(4.1) |
- 6 |
(4.4) |
7.7 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
- 2.4 |
(0.4) |
- 0.4 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
North Macedonia |
20 |
(4.6) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
41 |
(4.3) |
1.1 |
(4.0) |
0.791 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Panama |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
6 |
(8.0) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
2.1 |
(2.7) |
0.435 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Peru |
73 |
(6.7) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
31 |
(6.1) |
16 |
(6.5) |
3 |
(5.7) |
13.5 |
(1.5) |
0.000 |
2.2 |
(0.9) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Qatar |
m |
m |
m |
m |
95 |
(5.4) |
35 |
(3.7) |
20 |
(3.9) |
5 |
(4.1) |
21.9 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
- 3.1 |
(0.3) |
- 0.9 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Romania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
32 |
(8.7) |
3 |
(7.5) |
- 10 |
(7.5) |
- 6 |
(7.6) |
7.2 |
(1.9) |
0.000 |
- 5.8 |
(1.7) |
- 0.7 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Russia |
17 |
(6.6) |
36 |
(9.2) |
39 |
(7.5) |
19 |
(5.7) |
3 |
(5.7) |
- 16 |
(5.9) |
6.8 |
(1.4) |
0.000 |
5.1 |
(0.8) |
0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Serbia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
38 |
(7.1) |
- 3 |
(5.4) |
- 7 |
(6.0) |
m |
m |
7.7 |
(1.6) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Singapore |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
24 |
(4.0) |
7 |
(4.3) |
14 |
(4.5) |
6.4 |
(1.4) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
m |
m |
m |
m |
6 |
(6.8) |
7 |
(5.2) |
- 21 |
(5.6) |
6 |
(5.5) |
1.5 |
(1.6) |
0.339 |
- 3.4 |
(1.1) |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Thailand |
- 38 |
(6.1) |
- 27 |
(8.9) |
- 24 |
(6.7) |
- 28 |
(5.5) |
- 48 |
(5.8) |
- 16 |
(6.1) |
- 4.1 |
(1.4) |
0.003 |
- 5.3 |
(0.7) |
- 0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
0 |
(5.1) |
- 10 |
(5.1) |
- 2 |
(5.4) |
- 0.7 |
(2.2) |
0.738 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Uruguay |
m |
m |
- 7 |
(8.9) |
15 |
(6.8) |
1 |
(5.2) |
16 |
(5.6) |
- 9 |
(5.4) |
0.6 |
(1.4) |
0.656 |
3.4 |
(0.8) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 21.4 |
(6.1) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
1. The average 3-year trend is the average change, per 3-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.
2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2018. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2018, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.
* PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).
Albania, Argentina, Bulgaria, Chile, Indonesia, the Republic of North Macedonia, Peru and Thailand conducted the PISA 2000 assessment in 2001, Hong Kong (China), Israel and Romania conducted the assessment in 2002, as part of PISA 2000+. Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
Estimates of the average 3-year trend and the curvilinear trend for these countries consider the year in which the assessment was conducted.
Table I.B1.11. Mean mathematics performance, 2003 through 2018
|
Mathematics performance, by PISA cycle |
||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
PISA 2003 |
PISA 2006 |
PISA 2009 |
PISA 2012 |
PISA 2015 |
PISA 2018 |
|||||||||||||
|
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
|||||||
|
OECD |
Australia |
524 |
(2.1) |
520 |
(2.2) |
514 |
(2.5) |
504 |
(1.6) |
494 |
(1.6) |
491 |
(1.9) |
|||||
|
Austria |
506 |
(3.3) |
505 |
(3.7) |
m |
m |
506 |
(2.7) |
497 |
(2.9) |
499 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Belgium |
529 |
(2.3) |
520 |
(3.0) |
515 |
(2.3) |
515 |
(2.1) |
507 |
(2.4) |
508 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
Canada |
532 |
(1.8) |
527 |
(2.0) |
527 |
(1.6) |
518 |
(1.8) |
516 |
(2.3) |
512 |
(2.4) |
||||||
|
Chile |
m |
m |
411 |
(4.6) |
421 |
(3.1) |
423 |
(3.1) |
423 |
(2.5) |
417 |
(2.4) |
||||||
|
Colombia |
m |
m |
370 |
(3.8) |
381 |
(3.2) |
376 |
(2.9) |
390 |
(2.3) |
391 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Czech Republic |
516 |
(3.5) |
510 |
(3.6) |
493 |
(2.8) |
499 |
(2.9) |
492 |
(2.4) |
499 |
(2.5) |
||||||
|
Denmark |
514 |
(2.7) |
513 |
(2.6) |
503 |
(2.6) |
500 |
(2.3) |
511 |
(2.2) |
509 |
(1.7) |
||||||
|
Estonia |
m |
m |
515 |
(2.7) |
512 |
(2.6) |
521 |
(2.0) |
520 |
(2.0) |
523 |
(1.7) |
||||||
|
Finland |
544 |
(1.9) |
548 |
(2.3) |
541 |
(2.2) |
519 |
(1.9) |
511 |
(2.3) |
507 |
(2.0) |
||||||
|
France |
511 |
(2.5) |
496 |
(3.2) |
497 |
(3.1) |
495 |
(2.5) |
493 |
(2.1) |
495 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
Germany |
503 |
(3.3) |
504 |
(3.9) |
513 |
(2.9) |
514 |
(2.9) |
506 |
(2.9) |
500 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
Greece |
445 |
(3.9) |
459 |
(3.0) |
466 |
(3.9) |
453 |
(2.5) |
454 |
(3.8) |
451 |
(3.1) |
||||||
|
Hungary |
490 |
(2.8) |
491 |
(2.9) |
490 |
(3.5) |
477 |
(3.2) |
477 |
(2.5) |
481 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
Iceland |
515 |
(1.4) |
506 |
(1.8) |
507 |
(1.4) |
493 |
(1.7) |
488 |
(2.0) |
495 |
(2.0) |
||||||
|
Ireland |
503 |
(2.4) |
501 |
(2.8) |
487 |
(2.5) |
501 |
(2.2) |
504 |
(2.1) |
500 |
(2.2) |
||||||
|
Israel |
m |
m |
442 |
(4.3) |
447 |
(3.3) |
466 |
(4.7) |
470 |
(3.6) |
463 |
(3.5) |
||||||
|
Italy |
466 |
(3.1) |
462 |
(2.3) |
483 |
(1.9) |
485 |
(2.0) |
490 |
(2.8) |
487 |
(2.8) |
||||||
|
Japan |
534 |
(4.0) |
523 |
(3.3) |
529 |
(3.3) |
536 |
(3.6) |
532 |
(3.0) |
527 |
(2.5) |
||||||
|
Korea |
542 |
(3.2) |
547 |
(3.8) |
546 |
(4.0) |
554 |
(4.6) |
524 |
(3.7) |
526 |
(3.1) |
||||||
|
Latvia |
483 |
(3.7) |
486 |
(3.0) |
482 |
(3.1) |
491 |
(2.8) |
482 |
(1.9) |
496 |
(2.0) |
||||||
|
Lithuania |
m |
m |
486 |
(2.9) |
477 |
(2.6) |
479 |
(2.6) |
478 |
(2.3) |
481 |
(2.0) |
||||||
|
Luxembourg |
493 |
(1.0) |
490 |
(1.1) |
489 |
(1.2) |
490 |
(1.1) |
486 |
(1.3) |
483 |
(1.1) |
||||||
|
Mexico |
385 |
(3.6) |
406 |
(2.9) |
419 |
(1.8) |
413 |
(1.4) |
408 |
(2.2) |
409 |
(2.5) |
||||||
|
Netherlands* |
538 |
(3.1) |
531 |
(2.6) |
526 |
(4.7) |
523 |
(3.5) |
512 |
(2.2) |
519 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
New Zealand |
523 |
(2.3) |
522 |
(2.4) |
519 |
(2.3) |
500 |
(2.2) |
495 |
(2.3) |
494 |
(1.7) |
||||||
|
Norway |
495 |
(2.4) |
490 |
(2.6) |
498 |
(2.4) |
489 |
(2.7) |
502 |
(2.2) |
501 |
(2.2) |
||||||
|
Poland |
490 |
(2.5) |
495 |
(2.4) |
495 |
(2.8) |
518 |
(3.6) |
504 |
(2.4) |
516 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
Portugal* |
466 |
(3.4) |
466 |
(3.1) |
487 |
(2.9) |
487 |
(3.8) |
492 |
(2.5) |
492 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Slovak Republic |
498 |
(3.3) |
492 |
(2.8) |
497 |
(3.1) |
482 |
(3.4) |
475 |
(2.7) |
486 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
Slovenia |
m |
m |
504 |
(1.0) |
501 |
(1.2) |
501 |
(1.2) |
510 |
(1.3) |
509 |
(1.4) |
||||||
|
Spain |
485 |
(2.4) |
480 |
(2.3) |
483 |
(2.1) |
484 |
(1.9) |
486 |
(2.2) |
481 |
(1.5) |
||||||
|
Sweden |
509 |
(2.6) |
502 |
(2.4) |
494 |
(2.9) |
478 |
(2.3) |
494 |
(3.2) |
502 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Switzerland |
527 |
(3.4) |
530 |
(3.2) |
534 |
(3.3) |
531 |
(3.0) |
521 |
(2.9) |
515 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Turkey |
423 |
(6.7) |
424 |
(4.9) |
445 |
(4.4) |
448 |
(4.8) |
420 |
(4.1) |
454 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
United Kingdom |
m |
m |
495 |
(2.1) |
492 |
(2.4) |
494 |
(3.3) |
492 |
(2.5) |
502 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
United States* |
483 |
(2.9) |
474 |
(4.0) |
487 |
(3.6) |
481 |
(3.6) |
470 |
(3.2) |
478 |
(3.2) |
||||||
|
OECD average-29a |
499 |
(0.6) |
497 |
(0.5) |
499 |
(0.5) |
496 |
(0.5) |
491 |
(0.5) |
494 |
(0.4) |
||||||
|
OECD average-30 |
499 |
(0.6) |
497 |
(0.5) |
m |
m |
496 |
(0.5) |
491 |
(0.5) |
494 |
(0.4) |
||||||
|
OECD average-36b |
m |
m |
490 |
(0.5) |
492 |
(0.5) |
490 |
(0.5) |
487 |
(0.4) |
489 |
(0.4) |
||||||
|
OECD average-37 |
m |
m |
490 |
(0.5) |
m |
m |
490 |
(0.5) |
487 |
(0.4) |
489 |
(0.4) |
||||||
|
Mathematics performance, by PISA cycle |
||||||||||||||||||
|
PISA 2003 |
PISA 2006 |
PISA 2009 |
PISA 2012 |
PISA 2015 |
PISA 2018 |
|||||||||||||
|
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
|||||||
|
Partners |
Albania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
377 |
(4.0) |
394 |
(2.0) |
413 |
(3.4) |
437 |
(2.4) |
|||||
|
Argentina |
m |
m |
381 |
(6.2) |
388 |
(4.1) |
388 |
(3.5) |
m |
m |
379 |
(2.8) |
||||||
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
420 |
(2.8) |
||||||
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
472 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
406 |
(3.1) |
||||||
|
Brazil |
356 |
(4.8) |
370 |
(2.9) |
386 |
(2.4) |
389 |
(1.9) |
377 |
(2.9) |
384 |
(2.0) |
||||||
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
430 |
(1.2) |
||||||
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
591 |
(2.5) |
||||||
|
Bulgaria |
m |
m |
413 |
(6.1) |
428 |
(5.9) |
439 |
(4.0) |
441 |
(4.0) |
436 |
(3.8) |
||||||
|
Costa Rica |
m |
m |
m |
m |
409 |
(3.0) |
407 |
(3.0) |
400 |
(2.5) |
402 |
(3.3) |
||||||
|
Croatia |
m |
m |
467 |
(2.4) |
460 |
(3.1) |
471 |
(3.5) |
464 |
(2.8) |
464 |
(2.5) |
||||||
|
Cyprus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
440 |
(1.1) |
437 |
(1.7) |
451 |
(1.4) |
||||||
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
328 |
(2.7) |
325 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
Georgia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
379 |
(2.8) |
m |
m |
404 |
(2.8) |
398 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
550 |
(4.5) |
547 |
(2.7) |
555 |
(2.7) |
561 |
(3.2) |
548 |
(3.0) |
551 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Indonesia |
360 |
(3.9) |
391 |
(5.6) |
371 |
(3.7) |
375 |
(4.0) |
386 |
(3.1) |
379 |
(3.1) |
||||||
|
Jordan |
m |
m |
384 |
(3.3) |
387 |
(3.7) |
386 |
(3.1) |
380 |
(2.7) |
400 |
(3.3) |
||||||
|
Kazakhstan |
m |
m |
m |
m |
405 |
(3.0) |
432 |
(3.0) |
m |
m |
423 |
(1.9) |
||||||
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
362 |
(1.6) |
366 |
(1.5) |
||||||
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
396 |
(3.7) |
393 |
(4.0) |
||||||
|
Macao (China) |
527 |
(2.9) |
525 |
(1.3) |
525 |
(0.9) |
538 |
(1.0) |
544 |
(1.1) |
558 |
(1.5) |
||||||
|
Malaysia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
404 |
(2.7) |
421 |
(3.2) |
m |
m |
440 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Malta |
m |
m |
m |
m |
463 |
(1.4) |
m |
m |
479 |
(1.7) |
472 |
(1.9) |
||||||
|
Moldova |
m |
m |
m |
m |
397 |
(3.1) |
m |
m |
420 |
(2.5) |
421 |
(2.4) |
||||||
|
Montenegro |
m |
m |
399 |
(1.4) |
403 |
(2.0) |
410 |
(1.1) |
418 |
(1.5) |
430 |
(1.2) |
||||||
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
368 |
(3.3) |
||||||
|
North Macedonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
371 |
(1.3) |
394 |
(1.6) |
||||||
|
Panama |
m |
m |
m |
m |
360 |
(5.2) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
353 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Peru |
m |
m |
m |
m |
365 |
(4.0) |
368 |
(3.7) |
387 |
(2.7) |
400 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
353 |
(3.5) |
||||||
|
Qatar |
m |
m |
318 |
(1.0) |
368 |
(0.7) |
376 |
(0.8) |
402 |
(1.3) |
414 |
(1.2) |
||||||
|
Romania |
m |
m |
415 |
(4.2) |
427 |
(3.4) |
445 |
(3.8) |
444 |
(3.8) |
430 |
(4.9) |
||||||
|
Russia |
468 |
(4.2) |
476 |
(3.9) |
468 |
(3.3) |
482 |
(3.0) |
494 |
(3.1) |
488 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
373 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Serbia |
m |
m |
435 |
(3.5) |
442 |
(2.9) |
449 |
(3.4) |
m |
m |
448 |
(3.2) |
||||||
|
Singapore |
m |
m |
m |
m |
562 |
(1.4) |
573 |
(1.3) |
564 |
(1.5) |
569 |
(1.6) |
||||||
|
Chinese Taipei |
m |
m |
549 |
(4.1) |
543 |
(3.4) |
560 |
(3.3) |
542 |
(3.0) |
531 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Thailand |
417 |
(3.0) |
417 |
(2.3) |
419 |
(3.2) |
427 |
(3.4) |
415 |
(3.0) |
419 |
(3.4) |
||||||
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
453 |
(3.6) |
||||||
|
United Arab Emirates |
m |
m |
m |
m |
421 |
(2.5) |
434 |
(2.4) |
427 |
(2.4) |
435 |
(2.1) |
||||||
|
Uruguay |
422 |
(3.3) |
427 |
(2.6) |
427 |
(2.6) |
409 |
(2.8) |
418 |
(2.5) |
418 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
Viet Nam** |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
511 |
(4.8) |
495 |
(4.5) |
m |
m |
||||||
|
Change in mathematics performance between PISA 2018 and: |
Average 3-year trend in mathematics performance1 across PISA assessments (since 2003 or earliest assessment available after 2003) |
Curvilinear trend in mathematics performance across PISA assessments2 |
||||||||||||||||
|
PISA 2003 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2003) |
PISA 2006 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2006) |
PISA 2009 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2009) |
PISA 2012 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2012) |
PISA 2015 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2015) |
Annual rate of change in 2018 (linear term) |
Rate of acceleration or deceleration in performance (quadratic term) |
||||||||||||
|
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
p-value |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
- 33 |
(4.0) |
- 29 |
(4.3) |
- 23 |
(4.8) |
- 13 |
(4.2) |
- 3 |
(3.4) |
- 7.2 |
(1.1) |
0.000 |
- 2.6 |
(0.6) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
Austria |
- 7 |
(5.2) |
- 7 |
(5.7) |
m |
m |
- 7 |
(5.2) |
2 |
(4.7) |
- 1.7 |
(1.2) |
0.154 |
- 1.3 |
(1.0) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Belgium |
- 21 |
(4.3) |
- 12 |
(4.9) |
- 7 |
(4.8) |
- 6 |
(4.6) |
1 |
(4.0) |
- 4.1 |
(1.1) |
0.000 |
- 0.2 |
(0.6) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Canada |
- 20 |
(4.1) |
- 15 |
(4.4) |
- 15 |
(4.5) |
- 6 |
(4.5) |
- 4 |
(4.0) |
- 4.1 |
(1.1) |
0.000 |
- 1.3 |
(0.6) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Chile |
m |
m |
6 |
(6.1) |
- 4 |
(5.3) |
- 5 |
(5.1) |
- 5 |
(4.2) |
1.4 |
(1.4) |
0.307 |
- 2.5 |
(1.1) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Colombia |
m |
m |
21 |
(5.8) |
10 |
(5.7) |
14 |
(5.3) |
1 |
(4.4) |
5.1 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
1.5 |
(1.1) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
- 17 |
(5.1) |
- 10 |
(5.4) |
7 |
(5.2) |
1 |
(5.0) |
7 |
(4.2) |
- 3.7 |
(1.2) |
0.002 |
2.1 |
(0.8) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Denmark |
- 5 |
(4.3) |
- 4 |
(4.5) |
6 |
(4.7) |
9 |
(4.4) |
- 2 |
(3.6) |
- 0.9 |
(1.1) |
0.390 |
2.1 |
(0.6) |
0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Estonia |
m |
m |
9 |
(4.5) |
11 |
(4.7) |
3 |
(4.3) |
4 |
(3.6) |
2.5 |
(1.1) |
0.032 |
1.1 |
(0.7) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Finland |
- 37 |
(3.9) |
- 41 |
(4.4) |
- 33 |
(4.6) |
- 11 |
(4.3) |
- 4 |
(3.8) |
- 9.1 |
(1.1) |
0.000 |
- 4.1 |
(0.6) |
- 0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
France |
- 15 |
(4.4) |
0 |
(5.1) |
- 1 |
(5.2) |
0 |
(4.8) |
2 |
(3.9) |
- 2.5 |
(1.1) |
0.025 |
1.3 |
(0.7) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Germany |
- 3 |
(5.1) |
- 4 |
(5.7) |
- 13 |
(5.3) |
- 13 |
(5.1) |
- 6 |
(4.6) |
- 0.1 |
(1.2) |
0.907 |
- 3.0 |
(0.8) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Greece |
6 |
(5.7) |
- 8 |
(5.3) |
- 15 |
(6.1) |
- 2 |
(5.2) |
- 2 |
(5.4) |
0.1 |
(1.3) |
0.950 |
- 3.2 |
(0.9) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Hungary |
- 9 |
(4.6) |
- 10 |
(4.9) |
- 9 |
(5.5) |
4 |
(5.2) |
4 |
(4.1) |
- 2.8 |
(1.1) |
0.013 |
- 0.3 |
(0.8) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Iceland |
- 20 |
(3.7) |
- 10 |
(4.1) |
- 11 |
(4.3) |
2 |
(4.2) |
7 |
(3.6) |
- 4.7 |
(1.0) |
0.000 |
0.2 |
(0.4) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Ireland |
- 3 |
(4.3) |
- 2 |
(4.8) |
12 |
(4.9) |
- 2 |
(4.6) |
- 4 |
(3.8) |
0.1 |
(1.1) |
0.897 |
1.6 |
(0.6) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Israel |
m |
m |
21 |
(6.4) |
16 |
(6.0) |
- 3 |
(6.7) |
- 7 |
(5.6) |
6.4 |
(1.5) |
0.000 |
- 1.6 |
(1.5) |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Italy |
21 |
(5.0) |
25 |
(4.8) |
4 |
(4.9) |
1 |
(4.8) |
- 3 |
(4.6) |
5.4 |
(1.2) |
0.000 |
- 0.1 |
(0.7) |
- 0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Japan |
- 7 |
(5.5) |
4 |
(5.2) |
- 2 |
(5.5) |
- 9 |
(5.5) |
- 5 |
(4.5) |
0.0 |
(1.2) |
0.998 |
- 0.3 |
(0.9) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Korea |
- 16 |
(5.3) |
- 22 |
(5.8) |
- 20 |
(6.2) |
- 28 |
(6.5) |
2 |
(5.4) |
- 4.1 |
(1.2) |
0.001 |
- 5.3 |
(1.0) |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Latvia |
13 |
(5.0) |
10 |
(4.8) |
14 |
(5.1) |
6 |
(4.8) |
14 |
(3.6) |
1.7 |
(1.2) |
0.162 |
1.7 |
(0.8) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Lithuania |
m |
m |
- 5 |
(4.7) |
5 |
(4.8) |
2 |
(4.7) |
3 |
(3.8) |
- 0.7 |
(1.2) |
0.532 |
2.0 |
(0.9) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
- 10 |
(3.2) |
- 7 |
(3.5) |
- 6 |
(3.9) |
- 6 |
(3.7) |
- 2 |
(2.9) |
- 1.7 |
(1.0) |
0.078 |
- 0.8 |
(0.3) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Mexico |
24 |
(5.2) |
3 |
(5.0) |
- 10 |
(4.7) |
- 4 |
(4.4) |
1 |
(4.1) |
3.4 |
(1.2) |
0.004 |
- 4.0 |
(0.7) |
- 0.3 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
- 19 |
(5.0) |
- 11 |
(4.9) |
- 7 |
(6.5) |
- 4 |
(5.5) |
7 |
(4.2) |
- 4.2 |
(1.2) |
0.000 |
0.0 |
(0.9) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
New Zealand |
- 29 |
(4.0) |
- 27 |
(4.3) |
- 25 |
(4.6) |
- 5 |
(4.4) |
- 1 |
(3.7) |
- 7.0 |
(1.1) |
0.000 |
- 2.4 |
(0.6) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Norway |
6 |
(4.3) |
11 |
(4.7) |
3 |
(4.8) |
12 |
(4.9) |
- 1 |
(3.9) |
1.5 |
(1.1) |
0.164 |
1.7 |
(0.7) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Poland |
25 |
(4.6) |
20 |
(4.8) |
21 |
(5.2) |
- 2 |
(5.6) |
11 |
(4.2) |
5.1 |
(1.1) |
0.000 |
1.1 |
(0.8) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Portugal* |
26 |
(5.2) |
26 |
(5.2) |
6 |
(5.3) |
5 |
(5.7) |
1 |
(4.3) |
6.0 |
(1.2) |
0.000 |
0.2 |
(0.9) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
- 12 |
(5.1) |
- 6 |
(5.0) |
- 11 |
(5.3) |
5 |
(5.4) |
11 |
(4.4) |
- 3.6 |
(1.2) |
0.002 |
0.1 |
(0.8) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Slovenia |
m |
m |
4 |
(3.6) |
7 |
(4.0) |
8 |
(3.8) |
- 1 |
(3.0) |
1.8 |
(0.9) |
0.060 |
1.8 |
(0.5) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Spain |
- 4 |
(4.0) |
1 |
(4.2) |
- 2 |
(4.4) |
- 3 |
(4.1) |
- 4 |
(3.5) |
0.0 |
(1.1) |
0.989 |
- 0.1 |
(0.6) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Sweden |
- 7 |
(4.6) |
0 |
(4.8) |
8 |
(5.3) |
24 |
(4.8) |
8 |
(4.7) |
- 2.1 |
(1.1) |
0.069 |
4.4 |
(0.7) |
0.3 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Switzerland |
- 11 |
(5.3) |
- 14 |
(5.3) |
- 19 |
(5.6) |
- 16 |
(5.4) |
- 6 |
(4.7) |
- 2.5 |
(1.2) |
0.039 |
- 3.9 |
(0.9) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Turkey |
30 |
(7.6) |
30 |
(6.3) |
8 |
(6.1) |
6 |
(6.3) |
33 |
(5.3) |
4.1 |
(1.5) |
0.006 |
0.4 |
(1.2) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
m |
m |
6 |
(4.6) |
9 |
(5.0) |
8 |
(5.3) |
9 |
(4.3) |
1.3 |
(1.1) |
0.250 |
2.5 |
(1.0) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
United States* |
- 5 |
(5.2) |
4 |
(6.1) |
- 9 |
(6.0) |
- 3 |
(5.9) |
9 |
(5.1) |
- 1.2 |
(1.2) |
0.313 |
- 0.8 |
(0.9) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
OECD average-29a |
- 5 |
(2.9) |
- 3 |
(3.3) |
- 5 |
(3.6) |
- 2 |
(3.4) |
2 |
(2.4) |
- 1.3 |
(1.0) |
0.166 |
- 0.5 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
OECD average-30 |
- 5 |
(2.9) |
- 3 |
(3.3) |
m |
m |
- 2 |
(3.4) |
2 |
(2.4) |
- 1.3 |
(1.0) |
0.161 |
- 0.6 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
OECD average-36b |
m |
m |
- 1 |
(3.2) |
- 3 |
(3.6) |
- 1 |
(3.4) |
2 |
(2.4) |
- 0.6 |
(0.9) |
0.538 |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
OECD average-37 |
m |
m |
- 1 |
(3.2) |
m |
m |
- 1 |
(3.4) |
2 |
(2.4) |
- 0.6 |
(0.9) |
0.516 |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Change in mathematics performance between PISA 2018 and: |
Average 3-year trend in mathematics performance1 across PISA assessments (since 2003 or earliest assessment available after 2003) |
Curvilinear trend in mathematics performance across PISA assessments2 |
||||||||||||||||
|
PISA 2003 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2003) |
PISA 2006 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2006) |
PISA 2009 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2009) |
PISA 2012 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2012) |
PISA 2015 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2015) |
Annual rate of change in 2018 (linear term) |
Rate of acceleration or deceleration in performance (quadratic term) |
||||||||||||
|
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
p-value |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
m |
m |
m |
m |
60 |
(5.9) |
43 |
(4.6) |
24 |
(4.8) |
19.8 |
(1.9) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
Argentina |
m |
m |
- 2 |
(7.5) |
- 9 |
(6.1) |
- 9 |
(5.6) |
m |
m |
- 1.0 |
(1.6) |
0.549 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Brazil |
28 |
(5.9) |
14 |
(4.8) |
- 2 |
(4.7) |
- 5 |
(4.4) |
6 |
(4.2) |
4.6 |
(1.2) |
0.000 |
- 2.9 |
(0.8) |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bulgaria |
m |
m |
23 |
(7.9) |
8 |
(7.8) |
- 3 |
(6.5) |
- 5 |
(6.0) |
5.9 |
(1.8) |
0.001 |
- 2.4 |
(1.6) |
- 0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 7 |
(5.7) |
- 5 |
(5.6) |
2 |
(4.7) |
- 3.0 |
(2.0) |
0.142 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Croatia |
m |
m |
- 3 |
(4.7) |
4 |
(5.3) |
- 7 |
(5.5) |
0 |
(4.4) |
- 0.2 |
(1.2) |
0.871 |
- 0.3 |
(1.1) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Cyprus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
11 |
(3.8) |
14 |
(3.2) |
5.7 |
(1.9) |
0.003 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 3 |
(4.4) |
- 2.6 |
(4.4) |
0.556 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Georgia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
18 |
(5.2) |
m |
m |
- 6 |
(4.5) |
7.6 |
(2.0) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
1 |
(6.1) |
4 |
(5.1) |
- 3 |
(5.4) |
- 10 |
(5.5) |
3 |
(4.8) |
0.4 |
(1.3) |
0.749 |
- 1.3 |
(0.9) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Indonesia |
19 |
(5.7) |
- 12 |
(7.2) |
7 |
(6.0) |
4 |
(6.1) |
- 7 |
(5.0) |
2.2 |
(1.3) |
0.086 |
- 1.4 |
(1.0) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Jordan |
m |
m |
16 |
(5.7) |
13 |
(6.1) |
14 |
(5.6) |
20 |
(4.8) |
2.5 |
(1.3) |
0.057 |
3.7 |
(1.3) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
m |
m |
m |
m |
18 |
(5.0) |
- 9 |
(4.9) |
m |
m |
4.7 |
(1.6) |
0.004 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
4 |
(3.2) |
4.6 |
(3.4) |
0.177 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 3 |
(6.0) |
- 2.8 |
(6.0) |
0.638 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Macao (China) |
30 |
(4.3) |
33 |
(3.8) |
32 |
(4.0) |
20 |
(3.8) |
14 |
(3.0) |
6.2 |
(1.1) |
0.000 |
5.0 |
(0.4) |
0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Malaysia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
36 |
(5.3) |
20 |
(5.4) |
m |
m |
12.7 |
(1.9) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Malta |
m |
m |
m |
m |
9 |
(4.3) |
m |
m |
- 7 |
(3.5) |
3.9 |
(1.6) |
0.014 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Moldova |
m |
m |
m |
m |
23 |
(5.3) |
m |
m |
1 |
(4.2) |
9.2 |
(2.0) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Montenegro |
m |
m |
30 |
(3.7) |
27 |
(4.3) |
20 |
(3.7) |
12 |
(3.0) |
7.6 |
(1.0) |
0.000 |
4.3 |
(0.4) |
0.1 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
North Macedonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
23 |
(3.1) |
23.3 |
(3.3) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Panama |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 7 |
(6.9) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 2.3 |
(2.3) |
0.317 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Peru |
m |
m |
m |
m |
35 |
(5.9) |
32 |
(5.6) |
13 |
(4.4) |
12.2 |
(1.9) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Qatar |
m |
m |
96 |
(3.6) |
46 |
(3.8) |
38 |
(3.6) |
12 |
(2.9) |
22.6 |
(0.9) |
0.000 |
1.8 |
(0.4) |
- 0.5 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Romania |
m |
m |
15 |
(7.2) |
3 |
(6.9) |
- 15 |
(7.0) |
- 14 |
(6.6) |
4.7 |
(1.7) |
0.005 |
- 5.2 |
(1.6) |
- 0.6 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Russia |
19 |
(5.8) |
12 |
(5.8) |
20 |
(5.7) |
6 |
(5.4) |
- 6 |
(4.9) |
4.7 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
1.9 |
(0.9) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Serbia |
m |
m |
13 |
(5.7) |
6 |
(5.6) |
- 1 |
(5.7) |
m |
m |
3.0 |
(1.4) |
0.031 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Singapore |
m |
m |
m |
m |
7 |
(4.1) |
- 4 |
(3.9) |
5 |
(3.2) |
1.1 |
(1.4) |
0.432 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
m |
m |
- 18 |
(5.9) |
- 12 |
(5.7) |
- 29 |
(5.5) |
- 11 |
(4.8) |
- 3.8 |
(1.4) |
0.007 |
- 5.5 |
(1.2) |
- 0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Thailand |
2 |
(5.4) |
1 |
(5.2) |
0 |
(5.9) |
- 8 |
(5.9) |
3 |
(5.1) |
0.3 |
(1.2) |
0.806 |
- 1.0 |
(0.9) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
m |
m |
m |
m |
14 |
(4.8) |
1 |
(4.7) |
7 |
(4.0) |
3.7 |
(2.0) |
0.059 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Uruguay |
- 5 |
(5.1) |
- 9 |
(4.9) |
- 9 |
(5.1) |
8 |
(5.1) |
0 |
(4.3) |
- 2.0 |
(1.2) |
0.093 |
- 0.4 |
(0.8) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 17.1 |
(6.7) |
0.011 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
1. The average 3-year trend is the average change, per 3-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.
2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2018. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2018, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.
* PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).
Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
Estimates of the average 3-year trend and the curvilinear trend for these countries consider the year in which the assessment was conducted.
Table I.B1.12. Mean science performance, 2006 through 2018
|
Science performance, by PISA cycle |
||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
PISA 2006 |
PISA 2009 |
PISA 2012 |
PISA 2015 |
PISA 2018 |
||||||||||||
|
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
|||||||
|
OECD |
Australia |
527 |
(2.3) |
527 |
(2.5) |
521 |
(1.8) |
510 |
(1.5) |
503 |
(1.8) |
|||||
|
Austria |
511 |
(3.9) |
m |
m |
506 |
(2.7) |
495 |
(2.4) |
490 |
(2.8) |
||||||
|
Belgium |
510 |
(2.5) |
507 |
(2.5) |
505 |
(2.2) |
502 |
(2.3) |
499 |
(2.2) |
||||||
|
Canada |
534 |
(2.0) |
529 |
(1.6) |
525 |
(1.9) |
528 |
(2.1) |
518 |
(2.2) |
||||||
|
Chile |
438 |
(4.3) |
447 |
(2.9) |
445 |
(2.9) |
447 |
(2.4) |
444 |
(2.4) |
||||||
|
Colombia |
388 |
(3.4) |
402 |
(3.6) |
399 |
(3.1) |
416 |
(2.4) |
413 |
(3.1) |
||||||
|
Czech Republic |
513 |
(3.5) |
500 |
(3.0) |
508 |
(3.0) |
493 |
(2.3) |
497 |
(2.5) |
||||||
|
Denmark |
496 |
(3.1) |
499 |
(2.5) |
498 |
(2.7) |
502 |
(2.4) |
493 |
(1.9) |
||||||
|
Estonia |
531 |
(2.5) |
528 |
(2.7) |
541 |
(1.9) |
534 |
(2.1) |
530 |
(1.9) |
||||||
|
Finland |
563 |
(2.0) |
554 |
(2.3) |
545 |
(2.2) |
531 |
(2.4) |
522 |
(2.5) |
||||||
|
France |
495 |
(3.4) |
498 |
(3.6) |
499 |
(2.6) |
495 |
(2.1) |
493 |
(2.2) |
||||||
|
Germany |
516 |
(3.8) |
520 |
(2.8) |
524 |
(3.0) |
509 |
(2.7) |
503 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Greece |
473 |
(3.2) |
470 |
(4.0) |
467 |
(3.1) |
455 |
(3.9) |
452 |
(3.1) |
||||||
|
Hungary |
504 |
(2.7) |
503 |
(3.1) |
494 |
(2.9) |
477 |
(2.4) |
481 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
Iceland |
491 |
(1.6) |
496 |
(1.4) |
478 |
(2.1) |
473 |
(1.7) |
475 |
(1.8) |
||||||
|
Ireland |
508 |
(3.2) |
508 |
(3.3) |
522 |
(2.5) |
503 |
(2.4) |
496 |
(2.2) |
||||||
|
Israel |
454 |
(3.7) |
455 |
(3.1) |
470 |
(5.0) |
467 |
(3.4) |
462 |
(3.6) |
||||||
|
Italy |
475 |
(2.0) |
489 |
(1.8) |
494 |
(1.9) |
481 |
(2.5) |
468 |
(2.4) |
||||||
|
Japan |
531 |
(3.4) |
539 |
(3.4) |
547 |
(3.6) |
538 |
(3.0) |
529 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
Korea |
522 |
(3.4) |
538 |
(3.4) |
538 |
(3.7) |
516 |
(3.1) |
519 |
(2.8) |
||||||
|
Latvia |
490 |
(3.0) |
494 |
(3.1) |
502 |
(2.8) |
490 |
(1.6) |
487 |
(1.8) |
||||||
|
Lithuania |
488 |
(2.8) |
491 |
(2.9) |
496 |
(2.6) |
475 |
(2.7) |
482 |
(1.6) |
||||||
|
Luxembourg |
486 |
(1.1) |
484 |
(1.2) |
491 |
(1.3) |
483 |
(1.1) |
477 |
(1.2) |
||||||
|
Mexico |
410 |
(2.7) |
416 |
(1.8) |
415 |
(1.3) |
416 |
(2.1) |
419 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
Netherlands* |
525 |
(2.7) |
522 |
(5.4) |
522 |
(3.5) |
509 |
(2.3) |
503 |
(2.8) |
||||||
|
New Zealand |
530 |
(2.7) |
532 |
(2.6) |
516 |
(2.1) |
513 |
(2.4) |
508 |
(2.1) |
||||||
|
Norway |
487 |
(3.1) |
500 |
(2.6) |
495 |
(3.1) |
498 |
(2.3) |
490 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
Poland |
498 |
(2.3) |
508 |
(2.4) |
526 |
(3.1) |
501 |
(2.5) |
511 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
Portugal* |
474 |
(3.0) |
493 |
(2.9) |
489 |
(3.7) |
501 |
(2.4) |
492 |
(2.8) |
||||||
|
Slovak Republic |
488 |
(2.6) |
490 |
(3.0) |
471 |
(3.6) |
461 |
(2.6) |
464 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
Slovenia |
519 |
(1.1) |
512 |
(1.1) |
514 |
(1.3) |
513 |
(1.3) |
507 |
(1.3) |
||||||
|
Spain |
488 |
(2.6) |
488 |
(2.1) |
496 |
(1.8) |
493 |
(2.1) |
483 |
(1.6) |
||||||
|
Sweden |
503 |
(2.4) |
495 |
(2.7) |
485 |
(3.0) |
493 |
(3.6) |
499 |
(3.1) |
||||||
|
Switzerland |
512 |
(3.2) |
517 |
(2.8) |
515 |
(2.7) |
506 |
(2.9) |
495 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Turkey |
424 |
(3.8) |
454 |
(3.6) |
463 |
(3.9) |
425 |
(3.9) |
468 |
(2.0) |
||||||
|
United Kingdom |
515 |
(2.3) |
514 |
(2.5) |
514 |
(3.4) |
509 |
(2.6) |
505 |
(2.6) |
||||||
|
United States* |
489 |
(4.2) |
502 |
(3.6) |
497 |
(3.8) |
496 |
(3.2) |
502 |
(3.3) |
||||||
|
OECD average-36b |
494 |
(0.5) |
498 |
(0.5) |
498 |
(0.5) |
491 |
(0.4) |
489 |
(0.4) |
||||||
|
OECD average-37 |
495 |
(0.5) |
m |
m |
498 |
(0.5) |
491 |
(0.4) |
489 |
(0.4) |
||||||
|
Science performance, by PISA cycle |
||||||||||||||||
|
PISA 2006 |
PISA 2009 |
PISA 2012 |
PISA 2015 |
PISA 2018 |
||||||||||||
|
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
Mean score |
S.E. |
|||||||
|
Partners |
Albania |
m |
m |
391 |
(3.9) |
397 |
(2.4) |
427 |
(3.3) |
417 |
(2.0) |
|||||
|
Argentina |
391 |
(6.1) |
401 |
(4.6) |
406 |
(3.9) |
m |
m |
404 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
398 |
(2.4) |
||||||
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
471 |
(2.4) |
||||||
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
398 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Brazil |
390 |
(2.8) |
405 |
(2.4) |
402 |
(2.1) |
401 |
(2.3) |
404 |
(2.1) |
||||||
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
431 |
(1.2) |
||||||
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
590 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Bulgaria |
434 |
(6.1) |
439 |
(5.9) |
446 |
(4.8) |
446 |
(4.4) |
424 |
(3.6) |
||||||
|
Costa Rica |
m |
m |
430 |
(2.8) |
429 |
(2.9) |
420 |
(2.1) |
416 |
(3.3) |
||||||
|
Croatia |
493 |
(2.4) |
486 |
(2.8) |
491 |
(3.1) |
475 |
(2.5) |
472 |
(2.8) |
||||||
|
Cyprus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
438 |
(1.2) |
433 |
(1.4) |
439 |
(1.4) |
||||||
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
332 |
(2.6) |
336 |
(2.5) |
||||||
|
Georgia |
m |
m |
373 |
(2.9) |
m |
m |
411 |
(2.4) |
383 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
542 |
(2.5) |
549 |
(2.8) |
555 |
(2.6) |
523 |
(2.5) |
517 |
(2.5) |
||||||
|
Indonesia |
393 |
(5.7) |
383 |
(3.8) |
382 |
(3.8) |
403 |
(2.6) |
396 |
(2.4) |
||||||
|
Jordan |
422 |
(2.8) |
415 |
(3.5) |
409 |
(3.1) |
409 |
(2.7) |
429 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Kazakhstan |
m |
m |
400 |
(3.1) |
425 |
(3.0) |
m |
m |
397 |
(1.7) |
||||||
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
378 |
(1.7) |
365 |
(1.2) |
||||||
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
386 |
(3.4) |
384 |
(3.5) |
||||||
|
Macao (China) |
511 |
(1.1) |
511 |
(1.0) |
521 |
(0.8) |
529 |
(1.1) |
544 |
(1.5) |
||||||
|
Malaysia |
m |
m |
422 |
(2.7) |
420 |
(3.0) |
m |
m |
438 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Malta |
m |
m |
461 |
(1.7) |
m |
m |
465 |
(1.6) |
457 |
(1.9) |
||||||
|
Moldova |
m |
m |
413 |
(3.0) |
m |
m |
428 |
(2.0) |
428 |
(2.3) |
||||||
|
Montenegro |
412 |
(1.1) |
401 |
(2.0) |
410 |
(1.1) |
411 |
(1.0) |
415 |
(1.3) |
||||||
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
377 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
North Macedonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
384 |
(1.2) |
413 |
(1.4) |
||||||
|
Panama |
m |
m |
376 |
(5.7) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
365 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Peru |
m |
m |
369 |
(3.5) |
373 |
(3.6) |
397 |
(2.4) |
404 |
(2.7) |
||||||
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
357 |
(3.2) |
||||||
|
Qatar |
349 |
(0.9) |
379 |
(0.9) |
384 |
(0.7) |
418 |
(1.0) |
419 |
(0.9) |
||||||
|
Romania |
418 |
(4.2) |
428 |
(3.4) |
439 |
(3.3) |
435 |
(3.2) |
426 |
(4.6) |
||||||
|
Russia |
479 |
(3.7) |
478 |
(3.3) |
486 |
(2.9) |
487 |
(2.9) |
478 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
386 |
(2.8) |
||||||
|
Serbia |
436 |
(3.0) |
443 |
(2.4) |
445 |
(3.4) |
m |
m |
440 |
(3.0) |
||||||
|
Singapore |
m |
m |
542 |
(1.4) |
551 |
(1.5) |
556 |
(1.2) |
551 |
(1.5) |
||||||
|
Chinese Taipei |
532 |
(3.6) |
520 |
(2.6) |
523 |
(2.3) |
532 |
(2.7) |
516 |
(2.9) |
||||||
|
Thailand |
421 |
(2.1) |
425 |
(3.0) |
444 |
(2.9) |
421 |
(2.8) |
426 |
(3.2) |
||||||
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
469 |
(3.3) |
||||||
|
United Arab Emirates |
m |
m |
438 |
(2.6) |
448 |
(2.8) |
437 |
(2.4) |
434 |
(2.0) |
||||||
|
Uruguay |
428 |
(2.7) |
427 |
(2.6) |
416 |
(2.8) |
435 |
(2.2) |
426 |
(2.5) |
||||||
|
Viet Nam** |
m |
m |
m |
m |
528 |
(4.3) |
525 |
(3.9) |
m |
m |
||||||
|
Change in science performance between PISA 2018 and: |
Average 3-year trend in science performance1 across PISA assessments (since 2006 or earliest assessment available after 2006) |
Curvilinear trend in science performance across PISA assessments2 |
||||||||||||||
|
PISA 2006 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2006) |
PISA 2009 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2009) |
PISA 2012 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2012) |
PISA 2015 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2015) |
Annual rate of change in 2018 (linear term) |
Rate of acceleration or deceleration in performance (quadratic term) |
|||||||||||
|
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
p-value |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
- 24 |
(4.5) |
- 24 |
(4.7) |
- 19 |
(4.7) |
- 7 |
(2.8) |
- 6.5 |
(1.2) |
0.000 |
- 4.1 |
(0.7) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
Austria |
- 21 |
(5.9) |
m |
m |
- 16 |
(5.6) |
- 5 |
(4.0) |
- 5.5 |
(1.5) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Belgium |
- 12 |
(4.8) |
- 8 |
(4.9) |
- 6 |
(5.1) |
- 3 |
(3.5) |
- 2.7 |
(1.3) |
0.035 |
- 0.9 |
(0.8) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Canada |
- 16 |
(4.6) |
- 11 |
(4.5) |
- 7 |
(4.9) |
- 10 |
(3.4) |
- 3.4 |
(1.2) |
0.006 |
- 1.3 |
(0.7) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Chile |
5 |
(6.0) |
- 4 |
(5.2) |
- 1 |
(5.5) |
- 3 |
(3.7) |
1.1 |
(1.5) |
0.468 |
- 1.6 |
(1.1) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Colombia |
25 |
(5.7) |
12 |
(6.0) |
15 |
(5.9) |
- 2 |
(4.1) |
6.4 |
(1.4) |
0.000 |
1.0 |
(1.2) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
- 16 |
(5.5) |
- 4 |
(5.3) |
- 12 |
(5.6) |
4 |
(3.7) |
- 4.0 |
(1.4) |
0.004 |
- 0.4 |
(1.0) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Denmark |
- 3 |
(5.0) |
- 7 |
(4.8) |
- 6 |
(5.2) |
- 9 |
(3.4) |
- 0.4 |
(1.3) |
0.763 |
- 2.1 |
(0.9) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Estonia |
- 1 |
(4.7) |
2 |
(4.9) |
- 11 |
(4.8) |
- 4 |
(3.2) |
0.4 |
(1.3) |
0.771 |
- 2.0 |
(0.8) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Finland |
- 41 |
(4.7) |
- 32 |
(5.0) |
- 24 |
(5.2) |
- 9 |
(3.8) |
- 10.7 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
- 4.2 |
(0.9) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
France |
- 2 |
(5.3) |
- 5 |
(5.6) |
- 6 |
(5.3) |
- 2 |
(3.4) |
- 0.8 |
(1.4) |
0.581 |
- 1.7 |
(1.0) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Germany |
- 13 |
(5.9) |
- 17 |
(5.4) |
- 21 |
(5.8) |
- 6 |
(4.2) |
- 3.6 |
(1.5) |
0.014 |
- 5.0 |
(1.1) |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Greece |
- 22 |
(5.7) |
- 18 |
(6.2) |
- 15 |
(6.0) |
- 3 |
(5.2) |
- 5.9 |
(1.5) |
0.000 |
- 2.8 |
(1.2) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Hungary |
- 23 |
(5.0) |
- 22 |
(5.3) |
- 13 |
(5.5) |
4 |
(3.7) |
- 7.1 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
- 2.2 |
(1.0) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Iceland |
- 16 |
(4.2) |
- 21 |
(4.3) |
- 3 |
(4.9) |
2 |
(2.9) |
- 5.4 |
(1.2) |
0.000 |
- 1.2 |
(0.7) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Ireland |
- 12 |
(5.2) |
- 12 |
(5.3) |
- 26 |
(5.2) |
- 6 |
(3.6) |
- 3.0 |
(1.4) |
0.030 |
- 5.4 |
(0.9) |
- 0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Israel |
8 |
(6.2) |
7 |
(6.0) |
- 8 |
(7.3) |
- 4 |
(5.2) |
2.8 |
(1.5) |
0.066 |
- 1.9 |
(1.5) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Italy |
- 7 |
(4.7) |
- 21 |
(4.7) |
- 26 |
(5.1) |
- 13 |
(3.8) |
- 2.3 |
(1.3) |
0.063 |
- 7.4 |
(0.8) |
- 0.6 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Japan |
- 2 |
(5.5) |
- 10 |
(5.6) |
- 18 |
(6.0) |
- 9 |
(4.2) |
- 0.6 |
(1.4) |
0.668 |
- 5.0 |
(1.1) |
- 0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Korea |
- 3 |
(5.6) |
- 19 |
(5.7) |
- 19 |
(6.1) |
3 |
(4.5) |
- 2.9 |
(1.4) |
0.046 |
- 5.5 |
(1.2) |
- 0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Latvia |
- 2 |
(4.9) |
- 7 |
(5.0) |
- 15 |
(5.2) |
- 3 |
(2.8) |
- 0.8 |
(1.3) |
0.519 |
- 3.7 |
(0.9) |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Lithuania |
- 6 |
(4.7) |
- 9 |
(4.9) |
- 14 |
(5.0) |
7 |
(3.5) |
- 2.8 |
(1.3) |
0.032 |
- 2.7 |
(0.8) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
- 10 |
(3.8) |
- 7 |
(4.0) |
- 14 |
(4.4) |
- 6 |
(2.2) |
- 1.9 |
(1.1) |
0.082 |
- 2.8 |
(0.5) |
- 0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Mexico |
10 |
(5.1) |
3 |
(4.8) |
4 |
(4.9) |
3 |
(3.7) |
1.9 |
(1.3) |
0.158 |
0.2 |
(0.8) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
- 21 |
(5.3) |
- 19 |
(7.1) |
- 19 |
(6.0) |
- 5 |
(3.9) |
- 5.6 |
(1.4) |
0.000 |
- 3.6 |
(1.3) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
New Zealand |
- 22 |
(4.9) |
- 24 |
(4.9) |
- 7 |
(5.0) |
- 5 |
(3.5) |
- 6.2 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
- 1.9 |
(0.8) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Norway |
4 |
(5.2) |
- 9 |
(5.0) |
- 4 |
(5.6) |
- 8 |
(3.6) |
0.6 |
(1.3) |
0.657 |
- 3.0 |
(1.0) |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Poland |
13 |
(4.9) |
3 |
(5.1) |
- 15 |
(5.7) |
10 |
(3.9) |
2.1 |
(1.3) |
0.109 |
- 3.4 |
(1.0) |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Portugal* |
17 |
(5.4) |
- 1 |
(5.4) |
2 |
(6.1) |
- 9 |
(4.0) |
4.3 |
(1.4) |
0.002 |
- 2.4 |
(1.2) |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
- 24 |
(4.9) |
- 26 |
(5.2) |
- 7 |
(5.9) |
3 |
(3.8) |
- 7.8 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
- 1.5 |
(1.1) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Slovenia |
- 12 |
(3.9) |
- 5 |
(4.0) |
- 7 |
(4.4) |
- 6 |
(2.4) |
- 2.2 |
(1.1) |
0.043 |
- 0.9 |
(0.4) |
0.0 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Spain |
- 5 |
(4.6) |
- 5 |
(4.4) |
- 13 |
(4.7) |
- 10 |
(3.0) |
- 0.5 |
(1.2) |
0.674 |
- 3.0 |
(0.7) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Sweden |
- 4 |
(5.2) |
4 |
(5.5) |
15 |
(5.9) |
6 |
(5.0) |
- 1.0 |
(1.4) |
0.463 |
4.1 |
(1.1) |
0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Switzerland |
- 16 |
(5.6) |
- 21 |
(5.5) |
- 20 |
(5.7) |
- 10 |
(4.4) |
- 4.4 |
(1.4) |
0.002 |
- 5.2 |
(1.1) |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Turkey |
44 |
(5.6) |
14 |
(5.5) |
5 |
(5.9) |
43 |
(4.7) |
6.1 |
(1.5) |
0.000 |
0.0 |
(1.1) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
- 10 |
(4.9) |
- 9 |
(5.1) |
- 9 |
(5.8) |
- 5 |
(3.9) |
- 2.4 |
(1.3) |
0.064 |
- 2.0 |
(1.0) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
United States* |
13 |
(6.4) |
0 |
(6.1) |
5 |
(6.4) |
6 |
(4.8) |
2.1 |
(1.6) |
0.182 |
- 0.3 |
(1.3) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
OECD average-36b |
- 6 |
(3.5) |
- 9 |
(3.6) |
- 9 |
(4.1) |
- 2 |
(1.6) |
- 1.9 |
(1.1) |
0.075 |
- 2.4 |
(0.2) |
- 0.15 |
(0.01) |
|
|
OECD average-37 |
- 6 |
(3.5) |
m |
m |
- 10 |
(4.1) |
- 2 |
(1.6) |
- 2.0 |
(1.1) |
0.061 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Change in science performance between PISA 2018 and: |
Average 3-year trend in science performance1 across PISA assessments (since 2006 or earliest assessment available after 2006) |
Curvilinear trend in science performance across PISA assessments2 |
||||||||||||||
|
PISA 2006 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2006) |
PISA 2009 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2009) |
PISA 2012 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2012) |
PISA 2015 (PISA 2018 -PISA 2015) |
Annual rate of change in 2018 (linear term) |
Rate of acceleration or deceleration in performance (quadratic term) |
|||||||||||
|
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Score dif. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
p-value |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
m |
m |
26 |
(5.7) |
19 |
(5.1) |
- 10 |
(4.1) |
10.7 |
(2.0) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
Argentina |
13 |
(7.6) |
3 |
(6.5) |
- 2 |
(6.3) |
m |
m |
3.0 |
(1.7) |
0.076 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Brazil |
13 |
(4.9) |
- 2 |
(4.8) |
2 |
(5.0) |
3 |
(3.4) |
2.2 |
(1.3) |
0.087 |
- 1.3 |
(0.8) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bulgaria |
- 10 |
(7.9) |
- 15 |
(7.8) |
- 22 |
(7.2) |
- 22 |
(5.9) |
- 1.4 |
(1.9) |
0.452 |
- 6.4 |
(1.7) |
- 0.5 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
m |
m |
- 15 |
(5.6) |
- 14 |
(5.9) |
- 4 |
(4.2) |
- 6.1 |
(2.2) |
0.006 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Croatia |
- 21 |
(5.1) |
- 14 |
(5.4) |
- 19 |
(5.8) |
- 3 |
(4.0) |
- 5.3 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
- 3.1 |
(1.1) |
- 0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Cyprus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
1 |
(4.4) |
6 |
(2.5) |
0.7 |
(2.2) |
0.770 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
4 |
(3.9) |
4.0 |
(3.9) |
0.306 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Georgia |
m |
m |
10 |
(5.2) |
m |
m |
- 28 |
(3.7) |
5.6 |
(2.0) |
0.005 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
- 26 |
(5.0) |
- 32 |
(5.2) |
- 38 |
(5.4) |
- 7 |
(3.9) |
- 7.7 |
(1.3) |
0.000 |
- 8.6 |
(1.0) |
- 0.5 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Indonesia |
3 |
(7.1) |
14 |
(5.7) |
14 |
(6.0) |
- 7 |
(3.8) |
2.5 |
(1.7) |
0.139 |
3.6 |
(1.3) |
0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Jordan |
7 |
(5.4) |
14 |
(5.8) |
20 |
(5.9) |
21 |
(4.2) |
0.8 |
(1.4) |
0.574 |
6.0 |
(1.1) |
0.5 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
m |
m |
- 3 |
(5.0) |
- 28 |
(5.3) |
m |
m |
- 2.9 |
(1.6) |
0.073 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Kosovo |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 14 |
(2.6) |
- 13.6 |
(2.6) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Lebanon |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 3 |
(5.1) |
- 2.8 |
(5.1) |
0.590 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Macao (China) |
33 |
(3.9) |
33 |
(4.0) |
23 |
(4.4) |
15 |
(2.4) |
8.3 |
(1.1) |
0.000 |
5.3 |
(0.5) |
0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Malaysia |
m |
m |
15 |
(5.2) |
18 |
(5.7) |
m |
m |
6.6 |
(1.9) |
0.001 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Malta |
m |
m |
- 5 |
(4.4) |
m |
m |
- 8 |
(2.9) |
- 1.3 |
(1.7) |
0.433 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Moldova |
m |
m |
16 |
(5.2) |
m |
m |
0 |
(3.4) |
6.1 |
(2.0) |
0.003 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Montenegro |
3 |
(3.9) |
14 |
(4.3) |
5 |
(4.4) |
4 |
(2.2) |
1.7 |
(1.1) |
0.144 |
2.5 |
(0.4) |
0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
North Macedonia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
29 |
(2.4) |
28.7 |
(2.7) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Panama |
m |
m |
- 11 |
(7.4) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 3.8 |
(2.5) |
0.126 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Peru |
m |
m |
35 |
(5.7) |
31 |
(6.0) |
8 |
(3.9) |
12.8 |
(2.0) |
0.000 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Qatar |
70 |
(3.7) |
40 |
(3.8) |
35 |
(4.2) |
2 |
(2.0) |
17.9 |
(1.1) |
0.000 |
3.4 |
(0.3) |
- 0.2 |
(0.0) |
|
|
Romania |
7 |
(7.1) |
- 2 |
(6.7) |
- 13 |
(6.9) |
- 9 |
(5.8) |
2.1 |
(1.7) |
0.218 |
- 4.4 |
(1.5) |
- 0.4 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Russia |
- 2 |
(5.8) |
- 1 |
(5.7) |
- 9 |
(5.7) |
- 9 |
(4.4) |
0.5 |
(1.5) |
0.755 |
- 2.1 |
(1.1) |
- 0.2 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Serbia |
4 |
(5.5) |
- 3 |
(5.3) |
- 5 |
(6.1) |
m |
m |
0.7 |
(1.3) |
0.615 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Singapore |
m |
m |
9 |
(4.1) |
- 1 |
(4.5) |
- 5 |
(2.4) |
3.2 |
(1.6) |
0.039 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
- 17 |
(5.7) |
- 5 |
(5.3) |
- 8 |
(5.5) |
- 17 |
(4.2) |
- 2.2 |
(1.4) |
0.118 |
- 1.1 |
(1.0) |
0.0 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Thailand |
5 |
(5.2) |
1 |
(5.6) |
- 18 |
(5.9) |
4 |
(4.5) |
0.6 |
(1.3) |
0.677 |
- 3.8 |
(1.1) |
- 0.3 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
m |
m |
- 4 |
(4.9) |
- 15 |
(5.3) |
- 3 |
(3.5) |
- 2.5 |
(2.3) |
0.276 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Uruguay |
- 2 |
(5.1) |
- 1 |
(5.1) |
10 |
(5.5) |
- 10 |
(3.6) |
0.4 |
(1.3) |
0.746 |
1.5 |
(0.9) |
0.1 |
(0.1) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
- 3.8 |
(6.2) |
0.541 |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
1. The average 3-year trend is the average change, per 3-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.
2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2018. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2018, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.
* PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).
Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
Estimates of the average 3-year trend and the curvilinear trend for these countries consider the year in which the assessment was conducted.
Table I.B1.13. Distribution of reading scores, 2000 through 2018
|
Average 3-year trend in percentiles of reading performance across PISA assessments1 |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
10th percentile |
25th percentile |
Median (50th percentile) |
75th percentile |
90th percentile |
|||||||
|
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
- 6.2 |
(1.4) |
- 5.5 |
(1.4) |
- 4.6 |
(1.4) |
- 3.6 |
(1.4) |
- 2.4 |
(1.3) |
|
Austria |
- 0.9 |
(2.1) |
- 1.9 |
(2.0) |
- 1.9 |
(2.0) |
- 1.4 |
(2.0) |
- 1.3 |
(2.0) |
|
|
Belgium |
1.1 |
(1.7) |
- 2.0 |
(1.5) |
- 3.6 |
(1.4) |
- 2.9 |
(1.3) |
- 1.8 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Canada |
- 2.8 |
(1.3) |
- 2.7 |
(1.3) |
- 2.0 |
(1.3) |
- 1.1 |
(1.3) |
- 0.3 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Chile |
8.1 |
(1.6) |
7.3 |
(1.5) |
7.0 |
(1.5) |
6.8 |
(1.5) |
6.2 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Colombia |
12.0 |
(2.1) |
7.4 |
(2.1) |
4.3 |
(2.0) |
3.8 |
(1.8) |
4.5 |
(1.9) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
0.2 |
(1.5) |
- 1.0 |
(1.4) |
- 0.6 |
(1.4) |
0.2 |
(1.4) |
0.7 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Denmark |
2.2 |
(1.4) |
1.0 |
(1.3) |
0.6 |
(1.3) |
0.5 |
(1.4) |
0.7 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Estonia |
3.7 |
(1.9) |
4.1 |
(1.6) |
5.6 |
(1.5) |
7.7 |
(1.5) |
10.0 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Finland |
- 8.6 |
(1.5) |
- 6.9 |
(1.3) |
- 4.5 |
(1.3) |
- 2.8 |
(1.3) |
- 1.5 |
(1.3) |
|
|
France |
- 4.0 |
(1.5) |
- 2.7 |
(1.4) |
- 0.5 |
(1.3) |
1.6 |
(1.3) |
3.0 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Germany |
5.8 |
(1.7) |
3.2 |
(1.5) |
2.0 |
(1.4) |
2.1 |
(1.4) |
1.9 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Greece |
- 0.8 |
(1.8) |
- 1.9 |
(1.7) |
- 2.0 |
(1.5) |
- 1.8 |
(1.4) |
- 1.5 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Hungary |
- 2.4 |
(1.5) |
- 2.4 |
(1.5) |
- 1.4 |
(1.4) |
- 0.3 |
(1.4) |
0.3 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Iceland |
- 6.5 |
(1.4) |
- 5.9 |
(1.4) |
- 5.0 |
(1.3) |
- 3.2 |
(1.3) |
- 1.7 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Ireland |
0.6 |
(1.5) |
- 0.6 |
(1.4) |
- 1.0 |
(1.3) |
- 0.7 |
(1.4) |
- 0.2 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Israel |
2.6 |
(2.5) |
4.3 |
(2.3) |
6.1 |
(1.9) |
7.6 |
(1.8) |
8.7 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Italy |
0.1 |
(1.6) |
0.0 |
(1.4) |
- 0.1 |
(1.4) |
0.0 |
(1.3) |
0.4 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Japan |
0.9 |
(1.8) |
- 0.1 |
(1.6) |
0.2 |
(1.4) |
0.8 |
(1.4) |
1.8 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Korea |
- 9.5 |
(1.6) |
- 6.3 |
(1.4) |
- 2.7 |
(1.4) |
0.2 |
(1.4) |
2.6 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Latvia |
4.7 |
(1.6) |
3.2 |
(1.5) |
2.2 |
(1.4) |
1.0 |
(1.4) |
0.3 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Lithuania |
1.0 |
(1.6) |
0.7 |
(1.6) |
1.4 |
(1.6) |
2.3 |
(1.6) |
2.7 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
- 2.9 |
(1.4) |
- 3.8 |
(1.3) |
- 2.0 |
(1.3) |
0.7 |
(1.3) |
3.5 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Mexico |
4.9 |
(1.4) |
3.5 |
(1.4) |
1.8 |
(1.4) |
0.3 |
(1.4) |
- 0.4 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
- 9.0 |
(1.8) |
- 6.9 |
(1.6) |
- 4.6 |
(1.5) |
- 2.1 |
(1.5) |
0.6 |
(1.4) |
|
|
New Zealand |
- 3.2 |
(1.5) |
- 4.3 |
(1.4) |
- 4.4 |
(1.3) |
- 3.6 |
(1.3) |
- 3.3 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Norway |
1.4 |
(1.5) |
0.9 |
(1.4) |
0.5 |
(1.3) |
1.1 |
(1.3) |
1.3 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Poland |
6.4 |
(1.5) |
4.8 |
(1.4) |
4.1 |
(1.4) |
3.8 |
(1.5) |
3.3 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Portugal* |
5.2 |
(1.6) |
4.4 |
(1.5) |
4.1 |
(1.4) |
4.0 |
(1.4) |
4.1 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
- 5.4 |
(1.7) |
- 4.8 |
(1.6) |
- 3.6 |
(1.4) |
- 2.3 |
(1.5) |
- 0.8 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Slovenia |
1.3 |
(1.5) |
1.3 |
(1.4) |
1.6 |
(1.3) |
2.5 |
(1.4) |
4.3 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Spain |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Sweden |
- 6.4 |
(1.6) |
- 4.8 |
(1.4) |
- 3.0 |
(1.4) |
- 1.0 |
(1.3) |
0.1 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Switzerland |
- 1.7 |
(1.6) |
- 2.1 |
(1.5) |
- 1.8 |
(1.4) |
- 0.9 |
(1.5) |
- 0.5 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Turkey |
3.4 |
(1.8) |
2.7 |
(1.6) |
2.5 |
(1.6) |
2.2 |
(1.7) |
0.7 |
(2.2) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
2.9 |
(1.8) |
1.1 |
(1.5) |
1.3 |
(1.5) |
2.1 |
(1.5) |
2.9 |
(1.6) |
|
|
United States* |
0.2 |
(2.0) |
- 0.6 |
(1.7) |
- 0.2 |
(1.6) |
0.4 |
(1.6) |
0.4 |
(1.5) |
|
|
OECD average-23 |
- 0.8 |
(1.2) |
- 1.2 |
(1.2) |
- 0.9 |
(1.2) |
- 0.3 |
(1.2) |
0.3 |
(1.2) |
|
|
OECD average-27 |
- 0.3 |
(1.3) |
- 0.7 |
(1.3) |
- 0.4 |
(1.2) |
0.3 |
(1.2) |
0.8 |
(1.2) |
|
|
OECD average-29b |
- 1.1 |
(1.3) |
- 1.5 |
(1.2) |
- 1.1 |
(1.2) |
- 0.3 |
(1.2) |
0.3 |
(1.2) |
|
|
OECD average-35a |
0.0 |
(1.2) |
- 0.4 |
(1.2) |
- 0.1 |
(1.2) |
0.7 |
(1.2) |
1.5 |
(1.2) |
|
|
OECD average-35b |
0.0 |
(1.2) |
- 0.5 |
(1.2) |
- 0.1 |
(1.2) |
0.7 |
(1.2) |
1.4 |
(1.2) |
|
|
OECD average-36a |
0.0 |
(1.2) |
- 0.5 |
(1.2) |
- 0.1 |
(1.2) |
0.7 |
(1.2) |
1.4 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Average 3-year trend in percentiles of reading performance across PISA assessments1 |
|||||||||||
|
10th percentile |
25th percentile |
Median (50th percentile) |
75th percentile |
90th percentile |
|||||||
|
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
14.4 |
(1.7) |
12.3 |
(1.6) |
9.7 |
(1.5) |
7.9 |
(1.4) |
7.9 |
(1.4) |
|
Argentina |
4.4 |
(2.4) |
0.8 |
(2.4) |
- 2.5 |
(2.2) |
- 3.8 |
(2.0) |
- 4.3 |
(2.1) |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Brazil |
2.6 |
(1.5) |
1.5 |
(1.4) |
1.6 |
(1.4) |
3.3 |
(1.4) |
4.0 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bulgaria |
0.9 |
(1.8) |
- 0.4 |
(1.8) |
0.1 |
(1.8) |
1.2 |
(1.8) |
1.8 |
(1.9) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
- 7.6 |
(2.5) |
- 8.3 |
(2.2) |
- 8.3 |
(2.2) |
- 6.1 |
(2.5) |
- 3.7 |
(3.0) |
|
|
Croatia |
1.4 |
(2.0) |
0.7 |
(1.7) |
0.4 |
(1.6) |
1.7 |
(1.6) |
2.9 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Cyprus |
- 0.7 |
(3.1) |
- 12.6 |
(2.4) |
- 17.4 |
(2.4) |
- 16.8 |
(2.5) |
- 14.7 |
(2.7) |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
- 9.4 |
(6.0) |
- 15.6 |
(5.9) |
- 19.7 |
(6.1) |
- 20.8 |
(6.9) |
- 17.5 |
(8.5) |
|
|
Georgia |
11.6 |
(2.4) |
5.2 |
(2.2) |
0.3 |
(2.0) |
- 0.1 |
(2.0) |
0.5 |
(2.4) |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
- 1.5 |
(1.7) |
- 0.3 |
(1.5) |
1.3 |
(1.4) |
3.1 |
(1.3) |
4.8 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Indonesia |
1.2 |
(1.5) |
0.7 |
(1.4) |
0.7 |
(1.4) |
0.9 |
(1.5) |
2.1 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Jordan |
4.9 |
(2.2) |
4.7 |
(1.7) |
4.0 |
(1.6) |
3.5 |
(1.6) |
2.6 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
5.0 |
(1.7) |
0.9 |
(1.6) |
- 2.8 |
(1.7) |
- 6.1 |
(1.8) |
- 6.2 |
(2.2) |
|
|
Kosovo |
22.0 |
(5.2) |
10.0 |
(5.0) |
2.1 |
(4.7) |
- 4.3 |
(4.9) |
- 4.6 |
(5.2) |
|
|
Lebanon |
8.4 |
(8.4) |
3.5 |
(7.8) |
8.4 |
(8.8) |
8.6 |
(9.0) |
4.0 |
(9.4) |
|
|
Macao (China) |
- 0.1 |
(1.5) |
3.0 |
(1.4) |
6.3 |
(1.3) |
9.3 |
(1.5) |
11.2 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Malaysia |
1.1 |
(2.4) |
- 0.3 |
(2.2) |
0.8 |
(2.2) |
3.1 |
(2.2) |
5.6 |
(2.4) |
|
|
Malta |
5.4 |
(2.9) |
1.1 |
(2.0) |
0.3 |
(2.0) |
- 0.3 |
(2.0) |
2.2 |
(2.0) |
|
|
Moldova |
11.1 |
(2.3) |
11.1 |
(2.3) |
12.8 |
(2.1) |
15.9 |
(2.2) |
17.0 |
(2.2) |
|
|
Montenegro |
8.2 |
(1.5) |
7.5 |
(1.4) |
7.0 |
(1.3) |
7.4 |
(1.3) |
8.0 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
North Macedonia |
0.5 |
(4.0) |
1.1 |
(4.0) |
1.1 |
(4.0) |
0.8 |
(4.0) |
1.6 |
(4.0) |
|
|
Panama |
6.3 |
(3.7) |
3.5 |
(2.9) |
2.0 |
(2.8) |
- 0.0 |
(3.2) |
- 2.8 |
(3.8) |
|
|
Peru |
14.6 |
(1.6) |
13.9 |
(1.6) |
13.5 |
(1.6) |
12.9 |
(1.7) |
12.5 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Qatar |
19.3 |
(1.3) |
21.3 |
(1.3) |
24.2 |
(1.3) |
23.7 |
(1.3) |
20.9 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Romania |
5.4 |
(2.3) |
6.1 |
(2.4) |
7.0 |
(2.2) |
8.1 |
(2.1) |
10.1 |
(2.2) |
|
|
Russia |
7.7 |
(1.6) |
7.0 |
(1.5) |
6.1 |
(1.4) |
6.4 |
(1.4) |
6.7 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Serbia |
4.8 |
(1.9) |
4.9 |
(1.9) |
7.0 |
(1.8) |
9.0 |
(1.7) |
11.3 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Singapore |
0.3 |
(1.8) |
5.0 |
(1.6) |
7.4 |
(1.6) |
8.6 |
(1.6) |
9.5 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
- 3.7 |
(1.9) |
- 1.5 |
(1.8) |
1.2 |
(1.6) |
4.6 |
(1.6) |
7.4 |
(1.8) |
|
|
Thailand |
- 4.1 |
(1.4) |
- 4.8 |
(1.4) |
- 5.0 |
(1.4) |
- 4.0 |
(1.4) |
- 2.6 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
- 8.1 |
(2.5) |
- 6.6 |
(2.4) |
- 2.5 |
(2.3) |
3.8 |
(2.4) |
8.9 |
(2.4) |
|
|
Uruguay |
8.4 |
(1.6) |
3.4 |
(1.5) |
- 0.5 |
(1.5) |
- 3.2 |
(1.5) |
- 5.8 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
- 17.1 |
(9.7) |
- 24.2 |
(7.2) |
- 25.0 |
(5.9) |
- 22.7 |
(6.2) |
- 18.9 |
(7.8) |
|
1. The average 3-year trend is the average change, per 3-year-period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.
* PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).
Albania, Argentina, Bulgaria, Chile, Indonesia, the Republic of North Macedonia, Peru and Thailand conducted the PISA 2000 assessment in 2001, Hong Kong (China), Israel and Romania conducted the assessment in 2002, as part of PISA 2000+. Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
Estimates of the average 3-year trend and the curvilinear trend for these countries consider the year in which the assessment was conducted.
The full version of this table is available on line, at the StatLink below.
Table I.B1.14. Distribution of mathematics scores, 2003 through 2018
|
Average 3-year trend in percentiles of mathematics performance across PISA assessments1 |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
10th percentile |
25th percentile |
Median (50th percentile) |
75th percentile |
90th percentile |
|||||||
|
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
- 7.1 |
(1.1) |
- 7.5 |
(1.1) |
- 7.5 |
(1.1) |
- 7.4 |
(1.1) |
- 6.9 |
(1.2) |
|
Austria |
- 1.7 |
(1.5) |
- 1.5 |
(1.4) |
- 1.3 |
(1.3) |
- 1.8 |
(1.3) |
- 2.3 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Belgium |
- 1.1 |
(1.5) |
- 3.4 |
(1.2) |
- 4.8 |
(1.2) |
- 6.2 |
(1.1) |
- 6.8 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Canada |
- 5.5 |
(1.2) |
- 5.0 |
(1.2) |
- 4.2 |
(1.1) |
- 3.5 |
(1.1) |
- 2.9 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Chile |
0.9 |
(1.5) |
1.5 |
(1.4) |
2.1 |
(1.5) |
1.9 |
(1.6) |
0.9 |
(1.8) |
|
|
Colombia |
7.2 |
(1.8) |
5.2 |
(1.6) |
4.3 |
(1.5) |
4.4 |
(1.6) |
4.9 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
- 2.0 |
(1.5) |
- 2.7 |
(1.3) |
- 3.2 |
(1.3) |
- 4.8 |
(1.3) |
- 5.9 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Denmark |
1.0 |
(1.3) |
0.2 |
(1.2) |
- 0.9 |
(1.1) |
- 2.1 |
(1.2) |
- 3.4 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Estonia |
2.2 |
(1.4) |
1.8 |
(1.2) |
2.4 |
(1.2) |
2.6 |
(1.3) |
2.6 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Finland |
- 9.7 |
(1.2) |
- 9.2 |
(1.2) |
- 8.5 |
(1.1) |
- 9.2 |
(1.1) |
- 9.3 |
(1.1) |
|
|
France |
- 3.1 |
(1.4) |
- 2.7 |
(1.3) |
- 2.1 |
(1.2) |
- 2.2 |
(1.2) |
- 2.8 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Germany |
2.8 |
(1.5) |
1.1 |
(1.4) |
- 0.4 |
(1.3) |
- 1.7 |
(1.3) |
- 2.8 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Greece |
0.5 |
(1.6) |
0.0 |
(1.4) |
0.2 |
(1.3) |
0.1 |
(1.3) |
- 0.8 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Hungary |
- 3.7 |
(1.4) |
- 3.3 |
(1.2) |
- 2.3 |
(1.2) |
- 2.4 |
(1.3) |
- 3.0 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Iceland |
- 5.6 |
(1.3) |
- 5.2 |
(1.2) |
- 4.6 |
(1.1) |
- 4.5 |
(1.1) |
- 4.1 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Ireland |
1.3 |
(1.3) |
1.1 |
(1.3) |
0.2 |
(1.2) |
- 0.8 |
(1.1) |
- 1.8 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Israel |
4.4 |
(2.1) |
6.0 |
(1.8) |
7.6 |
(1.7) |
7.2 |
(1.6) |
5.8 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Italy |
5.2 |
(1.4) |
5.6 |
(1.3) |
5.9 |
(1.2) |
5.4 |
(1.2) |
4.6 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Japan |
2.9 |
(1.6) |
1.3 |
(1.4) |
- 0.2 |
(1.3) |
- 1.5 |
(1.3) |
- 2.7 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Korea |
- 7.3 |
(1.5) |
- 5.1 |
(1.3) |
- 3.6 |
(1.3) |
- 2.6 |
(1.4) |
- 1.9 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Latvia |
3.5 |
(1.5) |
2.5 |
(1.3) |
1.5 |
(1.2) |
0.8 |
(1.2) |
0.1 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Lithuania |
- 0.9 |
(1.4) |
- 1.2 |
(1.3) |
- 0.6 |
(1.2) |
- 0.6 |
(1.3) |
- 0.8 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
- 3.1 |
(1.2) |
- 3.2 |
(1.1) |
- 1.9 |
(1.1) |
- 0.5 |
(1.1) |
- 0.3 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Mexico |
6.0 |
(1.3) |
4.6 |
(1.2) |
3.1 |
(1.2) |
1.9 |
(1.3) |
0.7 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
- 5.2 |
(1.5) |
- 4.1 |
(1.5) |
- 3.6 |
(1.3) |
- 4.4 |
(1.2) |
- 4.1 |
(1.2) |
|
|
New Zealand |
- 6.0 |
(1.2) |
- 6.7 |
(1.2) |
- 7.2 |
(1.1) |
- 7.5 |
(1.1) |
- 7.9 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Norway |
1.8 |
(1.3) |
2.0 |
(1.2) |
2.1 |
(1.2) |
1.2 |
(1.2) |
0.5 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Poland |
4.4 |
(1.2) |
5.1 |
(1.2) |
5.3 |
(1.2) |
5.0 |
(1.2) |
4.7 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Portugal* |
2.6 |
(1.4) |
4.6 |
(1.4) |
6.7 |
(1.3) |
7.9 |
(1.2) |
7.8 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
- 6.1 |
(1.5) |
- 4.6 |
(1.4) |
- 2.7 |
(1.2) |
- 2.6 |
(1.2) |
- 2.8 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Slovenia |
2.0 |
(1.1) |
2.8 |
(1.1) |
2.8 |
(1.1) |
1.3 |
(1.0) |
- 0.8 |
(1.2) |
|
|
Spain |
0.4 |
(1.2) |
- 0.1 |
(1.2) |
0.1 |
(1.1) |
0.0 |
(1.1) |
- 0.6 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Sweden |
- 2.0 |
(1.4) |
- 2.0 |
(1.2) |
- 1.7 |
(1.3) |
- 2.4 |
(1.2) |
- 2.9 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Switzerland |
- 1.1 |
(1.3) |
- 2.8 |
(1.3) |
- 2.6 |
(1.3) |
- 3.0 |
(1.4) |
- 3.4 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Turkey |
6.3 |
(1.4) |
6.3 |
(1.4) |
5.3 |
(1.5) |
3.9 |
(1.8) |
- 0.2 |
(2.6) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
- 0.8 |
(1.4) |
0.6 |
(1.2) |
2.2 |
(1.2) |
2.5 |
(1.2) |
1.9 |
(1.4) |
|
|
United States* |
- 0.1 |
(1.4) |
- 1.0 |
(1.3) |
- 1.1 |
(1.3) |
- 1.6 |
(1.3) |
- 2.3 |
(1.3) |
|
|
OECD average-29a |
- 1.0 |
(1.0) |
- 1.2 |
(1.0) |
- 1.1 |
(1.0) |
- 1.5 |
(1.0) |
- 2.1 |
(1.0) |
|
|
OECD average-30 |
- 1.1 |
(1.0) |
- 1.2 |
(1.0) |
- 1.1 |
(1.0) |
- 1.6 |
(1.0) |
- 2.1 |
(1.0) |
|
|
OECD average-36b |
- 0.4 |
(0.9) |
- 0.5 |
(0.9) |
- 0.3 |
(0.9) |
- 0.7 |
(0.9) |
- 1.3 |
(0.9) |
|
|
OECD average-37 |
- 0.5 |
(0.9) |
- 0.5 |
(0.9) |
- 0.4 |
(0.9) |
- 0.7 |
(0.9) |
- 1.3 |
(0.9) |
|
|
Average 3-year trend in percentiles of mathematics performance across PISA assessments1 |
|||||||||||
|
10th percentile |
25th percentile |
Median (50th percentile) |
75th percentile |
90th percentile |
|||||||
|
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
24.0 |
(2.4) |
20.6 |
(2.3) |
18.5 |
(2.0) |
18.1 |
(2.1) |
16.7 |
(2.5) |
|
Argentina |
5.3 |
(2.4) |
1.0 |
(2.0) |
- 2.2 |
(1.8) |
- 4.1 |
(1.8) |
- 5.6 |
(2.2) |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Brazil |
7.4 |
(1.4) |
5.8 |
(1.2) |
4.3 |
(1.3) |
3.7 |
(1.4) |
2.6 |
(1.9) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bulgaria |
6.2 |
(2.1) |
5.8 |
(1.9) |
5.9 |
(1.9) |
5.7 |
(2.0) |
5.4 |
(2.5) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
- 5.0 |
(2.2) |
- 3.9 |
(1.9) |
- 2.8 |
(2.2) |
- 1.8 |
(2.4) |
- 1.5 |
(2.8) |
|
|
Croatia |
- 0.9 |
(1.4) |
- 0.9 |
(1.3) |
- 0.4 |
(1.3) |
0.2 |
(1.3) |
0.6 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Cyprus |
2.6 |
(2.4) |
4.5 |
(2.2) |
7.6 |
(2.2) |
7.6 |
(2.2) |
5.6 |
(2.3) |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
- 6.4 |
(5.3) |
- 4.7 |
(4.8) |
- 2.3 |
(4.8) |
- 2.5 |
(5.3) |
0.4 |
(7.1) |
|
|
Georgia |
5.9 |
(2.6) |
6.4 |
(2.2) |
6.6 |
(2.0) |
8.8 |
(2.2) |
11.2 |
(2.6) |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
1.6 |
(1.8) |
1.4 |
(1.6) |
0.1 |
(1.3) |
- 0.7 |
(1.2) |
- 1.0 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Indonesia |
2.7 |
(1.4) |
2.3 |
(1.2) |
2.2 |
(1.3) |
1.5 |
(1.5) |
1.5 |
(1.8) |
|
|
Jordan |
1.6 |
(1.6) |
1.8 |
(1.4) |
2.3 |
(1.4) |
2.8 |
(1.5) |
3.6 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
1.3 |
(1.7) |
4.0 |
(1.7) |
5.7 |
(1.7) |
6.5 |
(2.0) |
6.7 |
(2.4) |
|
|
Kosovo |
3.1 |
(4.6) |
3.6 |
(3.9) |
3.6 |
(3.5) |
3.0 |
(4.2) |
5.3 |
(5.8) |
|
|
Lebanon |
- 11.9 |
(7.4) |
- 7.0 |
(7.3) |
- 0.9 |
(7.1) |
4.3 |
(7.2) |
1.4 |
(7.7) |
|
|
Macao (China) |
7.4 |
(1.4) |
7.6 |
(1.2) |
6.5 |
(1.2) |
5.5 |
(1.1) |
4.5 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Malaysia |
8.7 |
(2.0) |
11.1 |
(1.9) |
12.8 |
(1.9) |
15.0 |
(2.3) |
16.8 |
(2.8) |
|
|
Malta |
3.1 |
(2.3) |
3.7 |
(2.3) |
4.6 |
(2.0) |
3.8 |
(1.9) |
2.4 |
(1.9) |
|
|
Moldova |
5.0 |
(2.4) |
6.0 |
(2.3) |
8.9 |
(2.2) |
11.9 |
(2.4) |
13.6 |
(2.9) |
|
|
Montenegro |
7.8 |
(1.3) |
7.0 |
(1.1) |
7.5 |
(1.1) |
8.1 |
(1.0) |
7.8 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
North Macedonia |
23.7 |
(4.8) |
23.7 |
(4.0) |
25.4 |
(3.7) |
24.1 |
(4.0) |
20.2 |
(4.6) |
|
|
Panama |
- 2.1 |
(2.9) |
- 1.9 |
(2.4) |
- 1.5 |
(2.4) |
- 1.7 |
(2.8) |
- 4.0 |
(3.6) |
|
|
Peru |
14.5 |
(2.0) |
13.1 |
(2.0) |
12.1 |
(2.0) |
11.3 |
(2.3) |
10.8 |
(2.7) |
|
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Qatar |
18.1 |
(1.2) |
20.6 |
(1.0) |
24.6 |
(1.0) |
26.9 |
(1.0) |
23.9 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Romania |
1.2 |
(2.3) |
2.4 |
(1.8) |
4.3 |
(1.8) |
6.9 |
(1.9) |
8.8 |
(2.3) |
|
|
Russia |
5.8 |
(1.5) |
5.5 |
(1.4) |
5.4 |
(1.3) |
4.5 |
(1.4) |
2.8 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Serbia |
1.2 |
(1.7) |
1.2 |
(1.6) |
2.2 |
(1.5) |
4.5 |
(1.6) |
5.6 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Singapore |
5.9 |
(1.9) |
5.3 |
(1.6) |
1.7 |
(1.5) |
- 2.4 |
(1.6) |
- 5.1 |
(1.8) |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
- 2.4 |
(1.8) |
- 2.1 |
(1.8) |
- 3.9 |
(1.5) |
- 5.0 |
(1.4) |
- 5.2 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Thailand |
- 1.1 |
(1.3) |
- 0.4 |
(1.2) |
0.4 |
(1.2) |
0.8 |
(1.3) |
1.4 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
- 3.7 |
(2.3) |
0.2 |
(2.2) |
4.3 |
(2.1) |
8.4 |
(2.1) |
10.0 |
(2.2) |
|
|
Uruguay |
3.1 |
(1.3) |
0.0 |
(1.3) |
- 2.9 |
(1.3) |
- 4.3 |
(1.3) |
- 5.4 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
- 12.9 |
(9.1) |
- 18.2 |
(7.3) |
- 18.3 |
(6.8) |
- 17.7 |
(7.3) |
- 21.2 |
(9.8) |
|
1. The average 3-year trend is the average change, per 3-year-period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.
* PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).
Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
Estimates of the average 3-year trend and the curvilinear trend for these countries consider the year in which the assessment was conducted.
The full version of this table is available on line, at the StatLink below.
Table I.B1.15. Distribution of science scores, 2006 through 2018
|
Average 3-year trend in percentiles of science performance across PISA assessments1 |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
10th percentile |
25th percentile |
Median (50th percentile) |
75th percentile |
90th percentile |
|||||||
|
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
||
|
OECD |
Australia |
- 7.6 |
(1.4) |
- 7.7 |
(1.3) |
- 6.6 |
(1.3) |
- 5.9 |
(1.3) |
- 6.0 |
(1.4) |
|
Austria |
- 4.7 |
(2.0) |
- 6.4 |
(1.9) |
- 6.3 |
(1.7) |
- 5.7 |
(1.6) |
- 5.1 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Belgium |
- 2.2 |
(1.9) |
- 3.5 |
(1.5) |
- 3.3 |
(1.4) |
- 3.3 |
(1.3) |
- 2.5 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Canada |
- 4.3 |
(1.4) |
- 4.3 |
(1.3) |
- 3.8 |
(1.3) |
- 3.0 |
(1.3) |
- 2.0 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Chile |
1.9 |
(1.6) |
1.7 |
(1.5) |
1.6 |
(1.6) |
0.8 |
(1.9) |
- 0.7 |
(1.8) |
|
|
Colombia |
8.0 |
(1.7) |
5.5 |
(1.7) |
5.0 |
(1.5) |
6.1 |
(1.7) |
7.3 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Czech Republic |
- 3.2 |
(1.8) |
- 3.9 |
(1.6) |
- 4.4 |
(1.5) |
- 4.5 |
(1.5) |
- 4.9 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Denmark |
0.2 |
(1.7) |
- 0.1 |
(1.5) |
- 0.3 |
(1.4) |
- 0.8 |
(1.4) |
- 1.2 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Estonia |
- 1.3 |
(1.7) |
- 0.9 |
(1.4) |
0.4 |
(1.3) |
1.5 |
(1.4) |
2.1 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Finland |
- 15.5 |
(1.6) |
- 12.8 |
(1.4) |
- 10.3 |
(1.3) |
- 8.1 |
(1.3) |
- 7.2 |
(1.4) |
|
|
France |
0.7 |
(1.8) |
- 1.0 |
(1.7) |
- 1.4 |
(1.6) |
- 1.4 |
(1.5) |
- 1.7 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Germany |
- 4.2 |
(2.1) |
- 4.4 |
(1.8) |
- 3.8 |
(1.6) |
- 3.3 |
(1.5) |
- 2.6 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Greece |
- 5.3 |
(2.0) |
- 6.6 |
(1.8) |
- 6.4 |
(1.6) |
- 6.1 |
(1.5) |
- 6.4 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Hungary |
- 10.6 |
(1.8) |
- 10.1 |
(1.5) |
- 7.3 |
(1.5) |
- 5.0 |
(1.4) |
- 3.6 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Iceland |
- 3.8 |
(1.5) |
- 5.7 |
(1.4) |
- 6.1 |
(1.3) |
- 6.4 |
(1.3) |
- 6.1 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Ireland |
- 0.7 |
(1.6) |
- 2.1 |
(1.5) |
- 3.6 |
(1.4) |
- 4.5 |
(1.5) |
- 5.0 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Israel |
2.0 |
(1.9) |
2.1 |
(1.9) |
3.3 |
(1.8) |
3.5 |
(1.7) |
2.9 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Italy |
- 0.9 |
(1.5) |
- 1.3 |
(1.4) |
- 2.4 |
(1.4) |
- 3.3 |
(1.3) |
- 4.3 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Japan |
2.3 |
(2.0) |
- 0.2 |
(1.7) |
- 1.5 |
(1.5) |
- 2.0 |
(1.4) |
- 2.2 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Korea |
- 7.6 |
(1.8) |
- 5.3 |
(1.6) |
- 2.5 |
(1.5) |
- 0.7 |
(1.5) |
1.0 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Latvia |
- 1.4 |
(1.7) |
- 1.4 |
(1.5) |
- 1.1 |
(1.4) |
- 0.3 |
(1.4) |
0.1 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Lithuania |
- 3.7 |
(1.5) |
- 3.6 |
(1.4) |
- 3.3 |
(1.4) |
- 2.1 |
(1.4) |
- 1.5 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Luxembourg |
- 1.4 |
(1.5) |
- 3.7 |
(1.3) |
- 3.2 |
(1.2) |
- 1.4 |
(1.2) |
- 0.6 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Mexico |
4.5 |
(1.6) |
2.7 |
(1.4) |
1.5 |
(1.4) |
0.4 |
(1.4) |
- 0.2 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Netherlands* |
- 8.5 |
(2.0) |
- 7.6 |
(1.8) |
- 5.8 |
(1.7) |
- 3.8 |
(1.4) |
- 2.9 |
(1.5) |
|
|
New Zealand |
- 5.1 |
(1.6) |
- 6.0 |
(1.5) |
- 6.5 |
(1.5) |
- 7.1 |
(1.4) |
- 7.1 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Norway |
- 2.7 |
(1.7) |
- 0.5 |
(1.5) |
1.3 |
(1.4) |
1.6 |
(1.4) |
1.9 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Poland |
1.0 |
(1.4) |
1.5 |
(1.4) |
2.2 |
(1.4) |
2.6 |
(1.4) |
3.0 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Portugal* |
1.7 |
(1.8) |
3.2 |
(1.6) |
4.3 |
(1.5) |
5.7 |
(1.4) |
6.0 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
- 10.0 |
(1.7) |
- 9.4 |
(1.4) |
- 7.7 |
(1.4) |
- 7.0 |
(1.5) |
- 6.2 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Slovenia |
- 0.2 |
(1.5) |
- 0.5 |
(1.3) |
- 1.8 |
(1.2) |
- 3.9 |
(1.2) |
- 5.0 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Spain |
- 0.9 |
(1.4) |
- 1.0 |
(1.3) |
- 0.8 |
(1.3) |
- 0.3 |
(1.3) |
- 0.2 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Sweden |
- 3.8 |
(1.9) |
- 2.3 |
(1.6) |
- 0.6 |
(1.5) |
0.4 |
(1.4) |
0.5 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Switzerland |
- 3.9 |
(1.7) |
- 5.7 |
(1.6) |
- 5.1 |
(1.5) |
- 4.3 |
(1.6) |
- 3.3 |
(1.8) |
|
|
Turkey |
4.8 |
(1.5) |
5.7 |
(1.4) |
7.1 |
(1.5) |
7.4 |
(1.8) |
5.1 |
(2.4) |
|
|
United Kingdom |
- 1.0 |
(1.6) |
- 1.8 |
(1.5) |
- 2.6 |
(1.3) |
- 3.3 |
(1.4) |
- 4.2 |
(1.4) |
|
|
United States* |
3.6 |
(1.9) |
3.4 |
(1.8) |
2.5 |
(1.7) |
1.0 |
(1.8) |
- 0.2 |
(1.7) |
|
|
OECD average-36b |
- 2.2 |
(1.1) |
- 2.4 |
(1.1) |
- 2.0 |
(1.1) |
- 1.7 |
(1.1) |
- 1.6 |
(1.1) |
|
|
OECD average-37 |
- 2.3 |
(1.1) |
- 2.5 |
(1.1) |
- 2.1 |
(1.1) |
- 1.8 |
(1.1) |
- 1.7 |
(1.1) |
|
|
Average 3-year trend in percentiles of science performance across PISA assessments1 |
|||||||||||
|
10th percentile |
25th percentile |
Median (50th percentile) |
75th percentile |
90th percentile |
|||||||
|
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
Coef. |
S.E. |
||
|
Partners |
Albania |
19.7 |
(2.4) |
13.4 |
(2.2) |
9.2 |
(2.2) |
5.6 |
(2.2) |
4.1 |
(2.5) |
|
Argentina |
8.3 |
(2.3) |
4.0 |
(1.9) |
1.5 |
(1.8) |
0.5 |
(1.8) |
0.0 |
(1.9) |
|
|
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Belarus |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Brazil |
1.2 |
(1.4) |
0.9 |
(1.2) |
1.8 |
(1.3) |
3.4 |
(1.5) |
4.0 |
(1.8) |
|
|
Brunei Darussalam |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
B-S-J-Z (China) |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Bulgaria |
2.0 |
(2.2) |
- 0.3 |
(2.0) |
- 2.0 |
(2.2) |
- 3.3 |
(2.3) |
- 4.6 |
(2.3) |
|
|
Costa Rica |
- 5.2 |
(2.3) |
- 6.4 |
(2.4) |
- 6.7 |
(2.3) |
- 5.8 |
(2.4) |
- 5.5 |
(3.1) |
|
|
Croatia |
- 7.4 |
(1.6) |
- 6.8 |
(1.5) |
- 5.8 |
(1.5) |
- 4.3 |
(1.4) |
- 2.9 |
(1.5) |
|
|
Cyprus |
3.1 |
(2.8) |
- 0.6 |
(2.5) |
- 1.0 |
(2.5) |
0.6 |
(2.6) |
0.7 |
(2.6) |
|
|
Dominican Republic |
6.2 |
(4.2) |
4.9 |
(3.8) |
3.5 |
(4.3) |
3.2 |
(5.1) |
2.0 |
(7.0) |
|
|
Georgia |
10.6 |
(2.2) |
6.7 |
(2.2) |
4.0 |
(2.2) |
3.3 |
(2.2) |
3.4 |
(2.5) |
|
|
Hong Kong (China)* |
- 5.4 |
(1.9) |
- 6.3 |
(1.5) |
- 8.1 |
(1.4) |
- 9.4 |
(1.3) |
- 9.6 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Indonesia |
3.0 |
(1.5) |
2.7 |
(1.6) |
2.3 |
(1.7) |
2.2 |
(2.1) |
1.9 |
(2.8) |
|
|
Jordan |
1.1 |
(1.7) |
1.0 |
(1.5) |
0.8 |
(1.4) |
0.3 |
(1.5) |
- 0.1 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
2.2 |
(1.9) |
- 1.0 |
(1.8) |
- 4.3 |
(1.7) |
- 7.1 |
(1.9) |
- 6.6 |
(2.5) |
|
|
Kosovo |
- 3.5 |
(3.6) |
- 8.2 |
(3.1) |
- 14.4 |
(2.9) |
- 20.3 |
(3.1) |
- 24.1 |
(4.8) |
|
|
Lebanon |
- 10.6 |
(5.5) |
- 6.9 |
(5.4) |
- 2.0 |
(6.2) |
2.5 |
(7.2) |
2.6 |
(7.1) |
|
|
Macao (China) |
6.0 |
(1.3) |
7.6 |
(1.2) |
8.4 |
(1.2) |
9.1 |
(1.2) |
9.7 |
(1.3) |
|
|
Malaysia |
6.5 |
(2.2) |
6.0 |
(1.9) |
6.1 |
(2.0) |
6.8 |
(2.1) |
7.5 |
(2.5) |
|
|
Malta |
2.6 |
(2.2) |
- 0.7 |
(2.1) |
- 2.2 |
(2.0) |
- 3.8 |
(2.2) |
- 4.3 |
(2.1) |
|
|
Moldova |
5.9 |
(2.4) |
4.1 |
(2.4) |
4.4 |
(2.3) |
7.1 |
(2.1) |
8.6 |
(2.4) |
|
|
Montenegro |
1.0 |
(1.3) |
1.4 |
(1.2) |
1.3 |
(1.2) |
1.7 |
(1.2) |
2.6 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Morocco |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
North Macedonia |
18.9 |
(3.8) |
23.9 |
(3.1) |
29.1 |
(3.3) |
36.1 |
(4.3) |
36.6 |
(4.8) |
|
|
Panama |
- 0.4 |
(3.2) |
- 3.3 |
(3.0) |
- 4.1 |
(2.8) |
- 5.4 |
(2.9) |
- 5.5 |
(3.5) |
|
|
Peru |
17.3 |
(2.2) |
13.5 |
(2.0) |
11.7 |
(2.0) |
11.0 |
(2.3) |
10.3 |
(2.7) |
|
|
Philippines |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Qatar |
11.3 |
(1.1) |
14.3 |
(1.1) |
19.2 |
(1.1) |
23.1 |
(1.2) |
22.2 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Romania |
0.1 |
(1.8) |
0.8 |
(1.8) |
2.1 |
(1.9) |
3.3 |
(1.9) |
4.5 |
(2.1) |
|
|
Russia |
2.5 |
(1.8) |
1.4 |
(1.6) |
0.6 |
(1.6) |
- 0.6 |
(1.5) |
- 1.9 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
Serbia |
- 1.8 |
(1.6) |
- 1.3 |
(1.5) |
0.0 |
(1.5) |
1.9 |
(1.6) |
4.4 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Singapore |
4.4 |
(2.1) |
5.6 |
(1.7) |
4.4 |
(1.8) |
1.8 |
(1.7) |
- 0.9 |
(1.8) |
|
|
Chinese Taipei |
- 4.6 |
(1.7) |
- 3.2 |
(1.8) |
- 2.5 |
(1.5) |
- 0.9 |
(1.5) |
0.5 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Thailand |
- 0.5 |
(1.5) |
- 0.9 |
(1.4) |
0.1 |
(1.4) |
1.6 |
(1.6) |
2.3 |
(1.7) |
|
|
Ukraine |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
m |
|
|
United Arab Emirates |
- 6.5 |
(2.4) |
- 6.2 |
(2.4) |
- 3.7 |
(2.4) |
0.9 |
(2.4) |
3.0 |
(2.4) |
|
|
Uruguay |
4.0 |
(1.7) |
1.1 |
(1.5) |
- 0.4 |
(1.4) |
- 1.0 |
(1.5) |
- 1.9 |
(1.6) |
|
|
Viet Nam** |
- 0.7 |
(8.4) |
- 8.5 |
(7.0) |
- 7.9 |
(6.2) |
- 4.2 |
(6.3) |
- 0.9 |
(9.1) |
|
1. The average 3-year trend is the average change, per 3-year-period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.
* PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
** The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).
Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
Estimates of the average 3-year trend and the curvilinear trend for these countries consider the year in which the assessment was conducted
The full version of this table is available on line, at the StatLink below.
Annex B1. List of tables available on line
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.16 |
Percentage of students at each level on the cognitive process subscale of reading "locate information" |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.17 |
Percentage of students at each level on the cognitive process subscale of reading "understand" |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.18 |
Percentage of students at each level on the cognitive process subscale of reading "evaluate and reflect" |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.19 |
Percentage of students at each level on the text structure subscale of reading "single" |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.20 |
Percentage of students at each level on the text structure subscale of reading "multiple" |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.21 |
Mean score and variation in the cognitive process subscale of reading "locate information" |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.22 |
Mean score and variation in the cognitive process subscale of reading "understand" |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.23 |
Mean score and variation in the cognitive process subscale of reading "evaluate and reflect" |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.24 |
Mean score and variation in the text structure subscale of reading "single" |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.25 |
Mean score and variation in the text structure subscale of reading "multiple" |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.26 |
Top performers in reading, mathematics and science |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.27 |
Low achievers in reading, mathematics and science |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.28 |
Variation in reading performance, 2000 through 2018 |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.29 |
Variation in mathematics performance, 2003 through 2018 |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.30 |
Variation in science performance, 2006 through 2018 |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.31 |
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in reading among all 15-year-olds, 2009 through 2018 |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.32 |
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics among all 15-year-olds, 2006 through 2018 |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.33 |
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in sicence among all 15-year-olds, 2009 through 2018 |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.34 |
Distribution of reading scores among 15-year-olds, 2009 through 2018 |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.35 |
Distribution of mathematics scores among 15-year-olds, 2003 through 2018 |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.36 |
Distribution of science scores among 15-year-olds, 2006 through 2018 |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.37 |
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in reading, 2009 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.38 |
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, 2012 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.39 |
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in science, in 2015 and 2018, adjusted for demographic changes |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.40 |
Mean reading performance, 2009 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.41 |
Mean mathematics performance, 2012 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.42 |
Mean science performance, 2015 and 2018, adjusted for demographic changes |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.43 |
Distribution of reading scores, 2009 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.44 |
Distribution of mathematics scores, 2012 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.45 |
Distribution of science scores, 2015 and 2018, adjusted for demographic changes |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.46 |
Variation in reading performance, 2009 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.47 |
Variation in mathematics performance, 2012 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.48 |
Variation in science performance, 2015 and 2018, adjusted for demographic changes |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.49 |
Minimum achievement in reading and mathematics (SDG 4.1) |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.50 |
Disparities in minimum achievement in reading and mathematics (SDG 4.5) |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.51 |
Time spent using the Internet (2012) |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.52 |
Time spent using the Internet (2018) |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.53 |
Change in time spent using the Internet (2012 to 2018) |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.54 |
Availability of digital devices at home (2009) |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.55 |
Availability of digital devices at home (2018) |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.56 |
Change in the vailability of digital devices at home (2012 to 2018) |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.57 |
Students’ reading habits and attitudes towards reading (2009) |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.58 |
Students’ reading habits and attitudes towards reading (2018) |
|
WEB |
Table I.B1.59 |
Changes in students’ reading habits and attitudes towards reading (2009 to 2018) |