[26] Adema, W. (2012), “Setting the scene: The mix of family policy objectives and packages across the OECD”, Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 34/3, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.10.007.
[68] Ahn, S. and H. Baek (2012), “Academic Achievement-Oriented Society and Its Relationship to the Psychological Well-Being of Korean Adolescents”, Springer, Dordrecht, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4081-5_13.
[69] Anderson, T. and H. Kohler (2013), “Education Fever and the East Asian Fertility Puzzle”, Asian Population Studies, Vol. 9/2, pp. 196-215, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2013.797293.
[55] Baker, D. (2005), Demand for Achievement The worldwide growth of shadow education systems, Standford University Press.
[64] Baker, D. (2001), “Worldwide Shadow Education: Outside-School Learning, Institutional Quality of Scholling, and Cross-National Mathematics Achievement”, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol. 23/1, pp. 1-17, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3102/01623737023001001.
[93] Bidzan-Bluma, I. and M. Lipowska (2018), “Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning of Children: A Systematic Review”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15/4, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH15040800.
[19] Camilli, G. et al. (2010), “Meta-analysis of the Effects of Early Education Interventions on Cognitive and Social Development”, Teachers College Record, Vol. 112/3, pp. 579-620, http://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=15440 (accessed on 16 December 2017).
[96] CBNCCAS (2012), Child Development and Arts Education: A review of Current Research and Best Practices, College Board for The National Coalition for Core Arts Standards, https://www.nationalartsstandards.org/sites/default/files/College%20Board%20Research%20-%20Child%20Development%20Report.pdf (accessed on 14 June 2019).
[39] Child Care Act (2019), , https://elaw.klri.re.kr/kor_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=42644&type=sogan&key=10.
[48] Cho, I. (2018), Current university entrance system reform and future, Korea National Assembly Research Service, http://www.nars.go.kr/brdView.do?brd_Seq=23929&cmsCd=CM0155.
[99] Danniels, E. and A. Pyle (2018), Play-based learning, Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development, http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/play-based-learning/according-experts/defining-play-based-learning.
[89] de Singly, F. and Wisnia-Weil V. (2015), Pour un développement complet de l’enfant et de l’adolescent, France Stratégie - Commission Enfance et Adloescence, http://www.strategie.gouv.fr/sites/strategie.gouv.fr/files/atoms/files/fs_rapport_commission_enfance_29092015_bat.pdf (accessed on 7 September 2018).
[17] Del Boca, D. (2015), “The impact of child care costs and availability on mothers’ labor supply”, ImPRovE Working Papers, No. 15/04, Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp, https://ideas.repec.org/p/hdl/improv/1504.html (accessed on 16 December 2017).
[78] Doepke, M. and F. Zilibotti (2019), Love, money and parenting : how economics explains the way we raise our kids, Princeton University Press, https://press.princeton.edu/titles/13326.html (accessed on 15 May 2019).
[57] Education Institute of Seoul National University (ed.) (1997), Formation and development of modern education system, Kyoyook Book.
[45] Enforcement Decree of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (2017), Enforcement Decree of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; article 45, https://elaw.klri.re.kr/kor_service/lawView.do?hseq=43974&lang=ENG (accessed on 15 April 2019).
[75] Fawaz, Y. and J. Lee (2016), Under Pressure: Education and Subjective Well-Being in South Korea, http://pagines.uab.cat/appliedeconomics/sites/pagines.uab.cat.appliedeconomics/files/Lee,%20Junhee_paper_0.pdf (accessed on 14 June 2019).
[95] Felfe, C., M. Lechner and A. Steinmayr (2016), “Sports and Child Development.”, PloS one, Vol. 11/5, p. e0151729, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151729.
[82] Foo, K. (2019), Intercultural parenting : how Eastern and Western parenting styles affect child development, Routledge, https://www.routledge.com/Intercultural-Parenting-How-Eastern-and-Western-Parenting-Styles-Affect/Foo/p/book/9781138580879 (accessed on 13 June 2019).
[25] García, J. et al. (2016), “The Life-cycle Benefits of an Influential Early Childhood Program”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. 22993, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22993.
[103] Ghafouri, F. and C. Wien (2005), ““Give Us a Privacy”: Play and Social Literacy in Young Children”, Journal of Research in Childhood Education, Vol. 19/4, pp. 279-291, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02568540509595071.
[98] Habibi, A. et al. (2018), “Music training and child development: a review of recent findings from a longitudinal study”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1423/1, pp. 73-81, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13606.
[24] Havnes, T. and M. Mogstad (2015), “Is universal child care leveling the playing field?”, Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 127, pp. 100-114, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JPUBECO.2014.04.007.
[20] Havnes, T. and M. Mogstad (2011), “No Child Left Behind: Subsidized Child Care and Children’s Long-Run Outcomes”, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Vol. 3/2, pp. 97-129, http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.3.2.97.
[91] HCFEA (2019), Pilotage de la qualité affective, éducative et sociale de l’accueil du jeune enfant, Haut Conseil de la Famille, de l’Enfance et de l’Âge, http://www.hcfea.fr/IMG/pdf/rapport_qualite_29-04-19_-_FINAL-2.pdf (accessed on 13 June 2019).
[22] Heckman, J. et al. (2010), “The Rate of Return to the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program.”, Journal of public economics, Vol. 94/1-2, pp. 114-128, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21804653 (accessed on 16 December 2017).
[15] Jaumotte, F. (2003), “Female Labour Force Participation: Past Trends and Main Determinants in OECD Countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 376, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/082872464507.
[9] Jung, E. and M. Jang (2014), Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey V: a report of basic analyssis I - Children and youth time use analysis, National Youth Policy Institute.
[58] Kang, D. and S. Choi (2014), “Exploratory case study on the emerging and growth of listed education enterprises in Korea”, Korea Education, Vol. 41/1, pp. 197-230.
[61] Kim, B. and S. Kang (2017), “A study on effects of the regulation of teaching hours of academies on expenditure on private education”, International Trade Study, pp. 73-100.
[4] Kim, E. et al. (2016), Longitudinal Study on Korean Children Growth and Development (Korea Child Panel II), Korea Institute of Child Care and Education.
[60] KIm, J. (2009), “An analysis on private education demands and limiting opening hours of private education”, The Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 27, pp. 465-487.
[10] Kim, J. et al. (2010), Korea Child and Youth Panel Survey 2010, Korea National Youth Policy Institute, http://lib.nypi.re.kr/pdfs/2010/1.pdf.
[32] Kim, J., Y. Lee and Y. Cho (2016), A study on improving the efficiency of out-of-pre-primary education in kindergartens, Korea Institute of Child Care and Education, http://www.kicce.re.kr/kor/publication/02_02.jsp?mode=view&idx=20469&startPage=20&listNo=62&code=report02&search_item=&search_order=&order_list=10&list_scale=10&view_level=0.
[81] Kim, S., J. Ahn and B. Lee (2019), “Why Do Children Become Unhappier as They Get Older? Comparing Key Dimensions of Children’s Subjective Well-Being Between 8- and 12-Year-Old Groups in South Korea”, Child Indicators Research, Vol. 12/1, pp. 9-27, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9513-4.
[70] Kim, S. and J. Lee (2010), “Private Tutoring and Demand for Education in South Korea”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 58/2, pp. 259-296, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/648186.
[41] Korea Childcare Promotion Institute (2018), The number of public-like childcare facilities, https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15003449/fileData.do (accessed on 14 March 2019).
[46] Korea Ministry of Education (2019), Ministry of Education, https://www.moe.go.kr/boardCnts/view.do?boardID=294&boardSeq=77259&lev=0&searchType=null&statusYN=W&page=2&s=moe&m=020402&opType=N.
[52] Korea Ministry of Education (2019), Press Release: the operation of after-school childcare class, https://www.moe.go.kr/boardCnts/view.do?boardID=294&boardSeq=76440&lev=0&searchType=null&statusYN=W&page=1&s=moe&m=0204&opType=N.
[51] Korea Ministry of Education (2019), Statistics on After-School Education 2018, https://moe.go.kr/boardCnts/view.do?boardID=316&boardSeq=76304&lev=0&searchType=null&statusYN=W&page=1&s=moe&m=0302&opType=N.
[67] Korea Ministry of Education (2008), Private Education Provider Survey, Korea Ministry of Education.
[30] Korea Ministry of Gender Equality and Family (2018), Statistics on personal childcare service at the children’s home, https://www.idolbom.go.kr/intro/index2.go.
[7] Korea Ministry of Gender Equality and Family (2017), The Korean adolescent survey, Korea Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, http://www.prism.go.kr/homepage/entire/retrieveEntireDetail.do?research_id=1382000-201700053.
[53] Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare (2018), 2017 Report of Community Childcare Centre.
[40] Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare (2018), A Guide of Public-like childcare facilities, Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/jb/sjb0406vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=03&MENU_ID=030406&CONT_SEQ=345208&page=1.
[54] Korean government (2018), The basic framework to create all-day care ecology.
[29] Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare (2018), Childcare Statistics, https://central.childcare.go.kr/.
[2] Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare (2016), The National Childcare Survey Report 2015, The Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/jb/sjb030301vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=03&MENU_ID=0321&CONT_SEQ=332764&page=1.
[85] Kwon, K., G. Yoo and G. Bingham (2016), “Helicopter Parenting in Emerging Adulthood: Support or Barrier for Korean College Students’ Psychological Adjustment?”, Journal of Child and Family Studies, Vol. 25/1, pp. 136-145, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0195-6.
[83] Kwon, K., G. Yoo and J. De Gagne (2017), “Does Culture Matter? A Qualitative Inquiry of Helicopter Parenting in Korean American College Students”, Journal of Child and Family Studies, Vol. 26/7, pp. 1979-1990, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0694-8.
[80] Lee, B. and M. Yoo (2017), “What accounts for the variations in children’s subjective well-being across nations?: A decomposition method study”, Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 80, pp. 15-21, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.065.
[87] Lee, J. (2016), Qualitative Study on Understanding the Community Needs and Achievement, Master’s Thesis, University of Seoul.
[84] Lee, J. and S. Kang (2018), “Perceived Helicopter Parenting and Korean Emerging Adults’ Psychological Adjustment: The Mediational Role of Parent-Child Affection and Pressure from Parental Career Expectations”, Journal of Child and Family Studies, Vol. 27, pp. 3672-3686, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1193-2.
[74] Lee, M. and R. Larson (2000), “The Korean ‘Examination Hell’: Long Hours of Studying, Distress, and Depression”, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 29/2, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023%2FA%3A1005160717081.pdf (accessed on 14 June 2019).
[71] Lee, S. and R. Shouse (2011), “The Impact of Prestige Orientation on Shadow Education in South Korea”, Sociology of Education, Vol. 84/3, pp. 212-224, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038040711411278.
[3] Lee, Y. (2011), “Separate but near: Senior parents’ living arrangement and married women’s employment in South Korea”, Asian Journal of Social Science, Vol. 39/1, pp. 75-91.
[100] Lillard, A. et al. (2013), “The impact of pretend play on children’s development: A review of the evidence.”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 139/1, pp. 1-34, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029321.
[102] McInnes, K. et al. (2009), “Behavioural differences exhibited by children when practising a task under formal and playful conditions. - PsycNET”, Educational and Child Psychology, Vol. 26/2, pp. 31-39, https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-16552-004 (accessed on 14 June 2019).
[65] Mori, I. (2010), “The origin of universal shadow education: what the supplemental education phenomenon tells us about the postmodern institution of education”, Asia Pacific Education Review, Vol. 11, pp. 36-48, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12564-009-9057-5.
[49] National Center on Education and the Economy (2019), , South Korea: Learning Systems, http://ncee.org/what-we-do/center-on-international-education-benchmarking/top-performing-countries/south-korea-overview/south-korea-instructional-systems/ (accessed on 15 April 2019).
[36] OECD (2019), Good Practice for Good Jobs in Early Childhood Education and Care, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/64562be6-en.
[72] OECD (2018), A Broken Social Elevator? How to Promote Social Mobility, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264301085-en.
[1] OECD (2018), Education at a Glance 2018: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2018-en.
[5] OECD (2018), Education at a Glance 2018; OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2018-en.
[90] OECD (2018), Engaging Young Children - Lessons from Research about Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
[73] OECD (2018), Equity in Education: Breaking Down Barriers to Social Mobility, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264073234-en.
[28] OECD (2018), The OECD Tax-Benefit Model for Korea - Description of policy rules for 2018, OECD, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/els/benefits-and-wages.htm (accessed on 16 May 2019).
[77] OECD (2017), PISA 2015 Results (Volume III): Students’ Well-Being, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264273856-en.
[50] OECD (2017), The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264281318-en.
[14] OECD (2017), The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264281318-en.
[8] OECD (2016), Dare to Share: Germany’s Experience Promoting Equal Partnership in Families, OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/101787/9789264259157-en.
[63] OECD (2016), PISA 2015 Result (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools, OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264267510-en.
[11] OECD (2016), PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264267510-en.
[13] OECD (2016), Walking the tightrope: Background brief on parents’ work-life balance across the stages of childhood, http://www.oecd.org/els/family/Background-brief-parents-work-life-balance-stages-childhood.pdf (accessed on 16 December 2017).
[47] OECD (2014), OECD Economic Surveys: Korea 2014, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/19990707.
[21] OECD (2013), PISA 2012 Results: Excellence through Equity (Volume II): Giving Every Student the Chance to Succeed, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264201132-en.
[37] OECD (2012), Starting Strong III - A Quality Toolbox for Early Childhood Education and Care, OECD Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264123564-en.
[34] OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264098732-en.
[33] OECD (2007), Babies and Bosses - Reconciling Work and Family Life: A Synthesis of Findings for OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264032477-en.
[18] Olivetti, C. and B. Petrongolo (2017), “The Economic Consequences of Family Policies: Lessons from a Century of Legislation in High-Income Countries”, NBER Working Paper, No. 23051, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, United States, http://www.nber.org/papers/w23051 (accessed on 16 December 2017).
[42] Park, H. (ed.) (2010), Quality evaluation of Seoul-type childcare facility, and activation measures, Seoul Foundation of Women and Family, http://www.seoulwomen.or.kr/c2/sub1_1_view.jsp?regNo=1280794114705&nowPage=0&keyField=title&keyWord=서울형&order=DATA_REG_NO&orderDir=desc&mTitle=서울형어린이집 보육서비스 질 평가 및 활성화 방안 연구.
[56] Park, M. and I. Back (2016), “The history and meaning of private education market development in Korea”, The Educational Research for Tomorrow, Vol. 29/2, pp. 23-50.
[62] Park, S. and G. Lee (2015), “The growth of private education industry in metropolitan area and spatial change”, Korea Social Policy Review, Vol. 22/2, pp. 249-281.
[86] Park, S., H. Lim and H. Choi (2015), Gangnam Mom: A Qualitative Study on the Information Behaviors of Korean Helicopter Mothers.
[79] Rees, G. (2017), Children’s views on their lives and well-being : findings from the children’s worlds project, Springer.
[23] Ruhm, C. and J. Waldfogel (2012), “Long-term Effects of Early Childhood Care and Education”, Nordic Economic Policy Review, Vol. 1, pp. 23-51.
[97] Sachs, M. et al. (2017), “Increased engagement of the cognitive control network associated with music training in children during an fMRI Stroop task”, PLOS ONE, Vol. 12/10, p. e0187254, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187254.
[92] SACSA (2009), Learners and Learning in the Early Years, South Australian Curriculum Standards and Accountability Framework, http://www.sacsa.sa.edu.au/ATT/%7BD9F66314-029C-4243-A807-0FB4E41DD89C%7D/B1.1-EYB-Learners-and-learning.html.
[38] SAD (2015), Learning through Play Sport and Play-based Early Childhood Development Toolkit for Facilitators, Swiss Academy for Development, https://www.sportanddev.org/sites/default/files/downloads/sad_2015_learning_through_play_toolkit.pdf (accessed on 13 August 2019).
[44] Seoul Early Childhood Education & Promotion Centre (2018), A handbook of 2018 kindergarten assessment: the fourth cycle (2017-2019), Seoul Early Childhood Education & Promotion Centre; Seoul Education Research & Information Institute;.
[43] Seoul Metropolitan Government (2018), Seoul Metropolitan Government, https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/sanction/14983204.
[31] Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education (2018), A guideline of after-kindergarten services (in Korean), http://buseo.sen.go.kr/web/services/bbs/bbsView.action?bbsBean.bbsCd=94&bbsBean.bbsSeq=6862&ctgCd=740 (accessed on 8 August 2019).
[88] Shuey, E. and M. Kankaras (2018), “The Power and Promise of Early Learning”, OECD Working paper, OECD Publishing, Paris.
[104] Stagnitti, K. et al. (2016), “An investigation into the effect of play-based instruction on the development of play skills and oral language”, Journal of Early Childhood Research, Vol. 14/4, pp. 389-406, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476718X15579741.
[6] Statistics Korea (2019), The 2018 Private Education Expenditures Survey Report, http://www.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156321151&pageIndex=1&repCodeType=&repCode=&startDate=2008-02-29&2019-03-12&srchWord=.
[12] Statistics Korea (2018), ECEC participation rate of age 0-2, http://www.index.go.kr/potal/stts/idxMain/selectPoSttsIdxSearch.do?idx_cd=4034&stts_cd=403402.
[66] Statistics Korea (2008), The 2007 survey on private education expenditure (in Korean only), http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/1/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=54355&pageNo=2&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&sTarget=title&sTxt=%EC%82%AC%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1%EB%B9%84 (accessed on 19 December 2017).
[27] Sung, H. (2006), “A Review of Childcare Policies in Korea”, Journal of Gender Studies, Vol. 70, pp. 27-49, http://www.kwdi.re.kr/researchWomenList.kw?sgrp=S01&siteCmsCd=CM0001&topCmsCd=CM0002&cmsCd=CM0009&pnum=7&cnum=1&volumeSel=%EC%A0%9C70%ED%98%B8 (accessed on 16 December 2017).
[101] Sylva, K. et al. (2010), Early childhood matters : evidence from the effective pre-school and primary education project, Routledge, https://www.routledge.com/Early-Childhood-Matters-Evidence-from-the-Effective-Pre-school-and-Primary/Sylva-Melhuish-Sammons-Siraj-Blatchford-Taggart/p/book/9780415482431 (accessed on 14 June 2019).
[76] Thévenon, O. (2018), “Tackling child poverty in Korea”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 219, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/e27ce3a7-en.
[35] Thévenon, O. (2016), ““L’accueil de la petite enfance en France et dans les pays de l’OCDE: une politique d’investissement social?”, Revue Française des Affaires Sociales, Vol. 1, pp. 165-188, https://www.cairn.info/revue-francaise-des-affaires-sociales-2016-1-page-163.htm.
[16] Thévenon, O. (2013), “Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 145, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k46cvrgnms6-en.
[94] UNICEF (2019), Getting into the Game: Understanding the evidence for child-focused sport for development, Unicef - Office of Research - Innocenti, https://www.unicef.org/media/51556/file/%20Getting-into-the-game-summary-2019.pdf%20.pdf.
[59] Yeo, Y. and M. Um (2015), “The way to normalise public education by patterns and causes of the evolution of private education”, The Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 13/4, pp. 157-183.