SIGI 2024 Regional Report for Southeast Asia

Annex A. Results of the fifth edition of the SIGI for Southeast Asia

The fifth edition of the SIGI in 2023 covers 179 countries, including all 11 Southeast Asian countries (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam). Because of data gaps, SIGI scores are calculated for 9 out of 11 countries in Southeast Asia. SIGI scores range from 0 to 100, with 0 indicating no discrimination and 100 indicating absolute discrimination. Based on their SIGI scores, countries and territories are classified into five levels of discrimination, ranging from very low to very high.1

SIGI 2023 scores for Southeast Asia

Table A A.1 provides full overview of the results for the 11 Southeast Asian countries included in the fifth edition of the SIGI. Aggregated scores are calculated at different geographical levels using the countries and territories for which data and scores are available.

Table A A.1. SIGI 2023 results: Southeast Asia

Geographical area	SIGI score	Classification	SIGI score by dimension
			Discrimination in the family	Restricted physical integrity	Restricted access to productive and financial resources	Restricted civil liberties
Southeast Asian countries
Cambodia	22	Low	22	18	29	17
Viet Nam	24	Low	38	38	8	10
Lao PDR	25	Low	25	28	25	23
Thailand	33	Medium	39	20	22	47
Indonesia	45	High	80	32	18	36
Singapore	45	High	39	46	41	53
Myanmar	47	High	63	55	34	33
Philippines	50	High	57	49	50	42
Malaysia	61	Very high	86	47	44	61
Brunei Darussalam	NA	NA	92	NA	NA	NA
Timor-Leste	NA	NA	26	37	20	NA
Regional aggregates
Southeast Asia	39	Medium	52	37	29	36
Asia	37	Medium	51	33	31	36
OECD	15	Very low	14	18	13	15
World	29	Low	38	27	27	26

Note: The regional SIGI score for Southeast Asia is calculated as the weighted average among the nine countries with available data, representing 99% of the region’s population.

Source: (OECD, 2023[1]), “Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) 2023”, https://doi.org/10.1787/33beb96e-en.

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Geographical coverage of the SIGI 2023 for Southeast Asia

For the fifth edition of the SIGI, the OECD Development Centre collected data for 179 countries. This included primary data collection on the status of gender-based discrimination in legal frameworks, and mapping of secondary data on social norms and practices that can be gender discriminatory. Legal data is available for all 11 Southeast Asian countries, but two countries have data gaps in the variables used to capture social norms and practices. In other words, SIGI scores could not be calculated for Brunei Darussalam and Timor-Leste to missing data points (Table A A.2).

Table A A.2. Number of SIGI variables missing, by country

			Countries
			Brunei Darussalam	Timor-Leste
Discrimination in the family	Child marriage	L	+	+
		P	+	+
	Household responsibilities	L	+	+
	Divorce	L	+	+
	Inheritance	L	+	+
Restricted physical integrity	Violence against women	L	+	+
		A	-	+
		P	-	+
	Female genital mutilation	L	+	+
	Missing women	P	+	+
	Reproductive autonomy	L	+	+
		P	-	+
Restricted access to productive and financial resources	Land assets	L	+	+
	Non-land assets	L	+	+
	Financial services	L	+	+
		P	-	+
	Workplace rights	L	+	+
		P	+	+
Restricted civil liberties	Citizenship rights	L	+	+
	Freedom of movement	L	+	+
		P	-	-
	Political voice	L	+	+
		P	+	+
	Access to justice	L	+	+
		P	-	-
Number of missing variables			6	3

Note: Legal variables are labelled L, attitudinal variables are labelled A and practice variables are labelled P. Although Brunei Darussalam and Timor-Leste did not obtain a SIGI score, available data are featured in the Gender, Institutions and Development Database (GID-DB).

Source: (OECD Development Centre/OECD, 2023[2]), “Gender, Institutions and Development Database (GID-DB) 2023”, https://doi.org/10.1787/7b0af638-en

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References

[1] OECD (2023), “Social Institutions and Gender Index (Edition 2023)”, OECD International Development Statistics (database), https://doi.org/10.1787/33beb96e-en (accessed on 20 February 2024).

[2] OECD Development Centre/OECD (2023), “Gender, Institutions and Development (Edition 2023)”, OECD International Development Statistics (database), https://doi.org/10.1787/7b0af638-en (accessed on 11 January 2024).

Note

← 1.  Scores range from 0 to 100, with 0 indicating no discrimination and 100 indicating absolute discrimination. Regions and countries are classified into five groups according to their SIGI score: (1) very low level of discrimination (0 < SIGI < 20); (2) low level of discrimination (20 < SIGI < 30); (3) medium level of discrimination (30 < SIGI < 40); (4) high level of discrimination (40 < SIGI < 50); and (5) very high level of discrimination (50 < SIGI < 100).