SIGI Country Report for Tanzania

Annex A. Conceptual framework of the SIGI Tanzania

The four dimensions of the SIGI Tanzania conceptual framework

The conceptual framework of the SIGI Tanzania covers four dimensions spanning major socio-economic areas that affect women’s and girls’ entire lifetimes:

• “Discrimination in the family” captures discriminatory social norms, attitudes and practices that limit women’s decision-making power and undervalue their status in the household and the family.

• “Restricted physical integrity” captures discriminatory social norms, attitudes and practices that increase women’s and girls’ vulnerability to multiple forms of violence and limit their control over their bodies and reproductive autonomy.

• “Restricted access to productive and financial resources” captures women’s restricted access to and control over critical productive and economic resources and assets.

• “Restricted civil liberties” captures discriminatory social norms, attitudes and practices restricting women’s access to and participation and voice in the public and social spheres.

Each dimension builds on three to five indicators. Each indicator results from the aggregation of two variables: one measuring the level of discrimination in attitudes and the other one measuring the level of discrimination in practice (Figure A A.1). Each variable builds on a different number of sub-variables that draw directly on the data of the SIGI Tanzania household survey (Table A A.1).

Figure A A.1. Conceptual framework of the SIGI Tanzania

Construction of the SIGI Tanzania

The SIGI Tanzania is a composite index. The scores for the overall index, the dimensions and the indicators range from 0 to 100, with 0 indicating no discrimination and 100 indicating absolute discrimination against women.

To compute the SIGI Tanzania, the same function is applied four successive times in order to:

1. For each indicator, aggregate all sub‑variables into one attitudinal variable and one practice variable.

2. For each indicator, aggregate the attitudinal variable and the practice variable into the indicator.

3. For each dimension, aggregate the three to five indicators into the dimension.

4. Aggregate the four dimension into the SIGI Tanzania.

The aggregation function used is the same one used for the global SIGI, formalised for step (4) above as:

$\mathrm{S}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{z}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}=\ln \left(\frac{1}{4}{e}^{Discrimination\mathrm{ }in\mathrm{ }the\mathrm{ }family}+\frac{1}{4}{e}^{Restricted\mathrm{ }physical\mathrm{ }integrity}+\frac{1}{4}{e}^{Restricted\mathrm{ }access\mathrm{ }to\mathrm{ }productive\mathrm{ }and\mathrm{ }financial\mathrm{ }resources}+\frac{1}{4}{e}^{Restricted\mathrm{ }civil\mathrm{ }liberties}\right)$

Depending on the number of sub-variables included in each indicator, different weights were used. In some cases, certain sub-variables within an indicator were given more weights than other sub-variables – see for instance the “Decision-making in the household” indicator in Table A A.1.

In order to fit the SIGI scale that ranges from 0 to 100, with 0 being the best outcome and 100 being the worst, all sub-variables are rescaled following a min-max normalisation process, which slightly varies depending on what the sub-variable measures:

• Sub-variables measuring absolute levels of women’s deprivation: These sub-variables do not have a male counterpart. Examples include the prevalence rate of female genital mutilation or the share of women facing unmet needs for family planning. These sub-variables are expressed so that 0% corresponds to the best outcome for women – e.g. no women having experienced female genital mutilation – and 100% as the worst possible outcome for women – e.g. all women of reproductive age who want to delay a pregnancy with unmet needs for family planning.

• Sub-variables measuring relative levels of achievement or deprivation of women compared to men as the fraction of women among a particular sub-population: For these sub-variables, the best possible outcome is 50% indicating equality between men and women and the worst possible outcome is 100% indicating that women account for the entire population deprived or facing discrimination. These sub-variables are capped at 50%, meaning that discrimination is considered as long as women’s share is above 50%. No penalties are applied if women are actually performing better than men and if their share drops below 50%. Examples include the share of the population declaring that they do not feel safe walking alone at night who are women, or the share of the population working in paid employment who are not women. These sub-variables are rescaled following a min-max normalisation process so that scores range from 0 to 100 with 0 being the best outcome for gender equality and 100 the worst possible outcome.

• Sub-variables measuring the relative levels of achievement or deprivation of women compared to men as the female-to-male ratio: These sub-variables are calculated as the value for women divided by the value for men. For these sub-variables, the best possible outcome is 1, indicating equality between men and women. The worst possible outcome is the maximum value of the ratio across Tanzania’s 31 regions. These sub-variables are capped at 1, meaning that discrimination are considered as long as the female-to-male ratio is above 1. No penalties are applied if women are actually performing better than men and if the ratio drops below 1. Examples include the female-to male ratio of time spent on unpaid, domestic, care and voluntary work in a 7‑day period on specific tasks or the ratio of number of boys wished over number of girls wished. These sub-variables are rescaled following a min-max normalisation process so that scores range from 0 to 100 with 0 being the best outcome for gender equality and 100 the worst possible outcome.

Scores in index, dimensions, indicators, variables and sub-variables of the SIGI Tanzania were computed at the national level, for rural and urban areas, for Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar as well as for the 31 regions of the country.

Table A A.1. Conceptual framework of the SIGI Tanzania

Indicator	Variable	Sub-variable	Description	Weight of sub-variable
DISCRIMINATION IN THE FAMILY
Child marriage	Attitude	Attitude towards girl child marriage	Percentage of the population setting the minimum age for girl’s marriage before the age of 18.	100%
	Practice	Prevalence of girl child marriage	Percentage of women aged more than 15 years old who have been married before the age of 18.	100%
Household responsibilities	Attitude	Attitude towards the responsibility of household chores	Percentage of the population declaring that women should exclusively be in charge of certain household tasks: cooking for the household; cleaning the household; washing clothes; cleaning the bathroom/toilet; taking care of the elderly; taking care of the sick/disabled; repairing the house; taking care of the yard; buying groceries; fetching water for household; fetching firewood for household; supervising children's homework; giving the bath to children; and feeding the children.	100% (tasks are equally weighted)
	Practice	Women's and men's share of unpaid care work responsibility	Female-to male ratio of time spent in a 7-day period on the following tasks: cooking for the household; cleaning the household; washing clothes; cleaning the bathroom/toilet; taking care of the elderly; taking care of the sick/disabled; repairing the house; taking care of the yard; buying groceries; fetching water for household; fetching firewood for household; supervising children's homework; giving the bath to children; and feeding the children.	100%
Decision-making in the household	Attitude	Attitude towards decision-making regarding a child's education and health	Percentage of the population declaring that only fathers should be in charge of making decisions regarding a child's education and a child's health.	33% (health and education are equally weighted)
		Attitudes towards decision-making regarding important decisions at home	Percentage of the population who agrees or strongly agrees that "a man should have the final word about important decisions at home".	67%
	Practice	Practice in terms of decision-making regarding a child's education and health	Percentage of the population declaring that fathers are exclusively in charge of making decisions regarding a child's education and a child's health.	33% (health and education are equally weighted)
		Practice in terms of decision-making regarding basic consumption spending	Percentage of the population declaring that, in their household, only the male household head decides on how to spend money on food and on clothing.	33% (food and clothing are equally weighted)
		Practice in terms of decision-making regarding productive purchases	Percentage of the population declaring that, in their household, only the male household head decides on buying or renting a house; buying transport equipment; buying agricultural land; buying agricultural equipment; or choosing farm inputs.	33% (all items are equally weighted)
Bride price	Attitude	Attitude towards bride price	Percentage of the population who agrees or strongly agrees that "If a man pays a bride price for his wife, it means that he owns her".	100%
	Practice	Prevalence of bride price	Percentage of married women that have been married with a bride price.	100%
Inheritance	Attitude	Attitude towards inheritance of land assets for widows	Percentage of the population declaring that, in their opinion, a widow and a widower should not have equal opportunities towards inheritance of land.	25%
		Attitude towards inheritance of non-land assets for widows	Percentage of the population declaring that, in their opinion, a widow and a widower should not have equal opportunities towards inheritance of non-land assets.	25%
		Attitude towards inheritance of land assets for daughters	Percentage of the population declaring that, in their opinion, a daughter and a son should not have equal opportunities towards inheritance of land.	25%
		Attitude towards inheritance of non-land assets for daughters	Percentage of the population declaring that, in their opinion, a daughter and a son should not have equal opportunities towards inheritance of non-land assets.	25%
	Practice	Practice of inheritance of land assets for widows	Percentage of the population declaring that, in practice, a widow and a widower do not have equal opportunities towards inheritance of land.	25%
		Practice of inheritance of non-land assets for widows	Percentage of the population declaring that, in practice, a widow and a widower do not have equal opportunities towards inheritance of non-land assets.	25%
		Practice of inheritance of land assets for daughters	Percentage of the population declaring that, in practice, a daughter and a son do not have equal opportunities towards inheritance of land.	25%
		Practice of inheritance of non-land assets for daughters	Percentage of the population declaring that, in practice, a daughter and a son do not have equal opportunities towards inheritance of non-land assets.	25%
RETRICTED PHYSICAL INTEGRITY
Violence against women	Attitude	Attitude towards violence against women	Percentage of the population declaring that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for at least one of the reasons listed: if she burns the food, if she goes out without telling him, if she neglects the children or if she argues with him.	100%
	Practice	Prevalence of intimate-partner violence	Percentage of women declaring that they have been victims of at least one kind of violence from their husband/partner in the last 12 months.	50%
		Prevalence of non-intimate partner violence	Percentage of women declaring that they have been victims of at least one kind of violence from someone else than their husband/partner over their lifetime.	50%
Female genital mutilation	Attitude	Attitude towards the abandonment of the practice of female genital mutilation	Percentage of the population declaring that female genital mutilation or cutting is a practice that should not be abandoned.	100%
	Practice	Prevalence of female genital mutilation	Percentage of women declaring that they have undergone female genital mutilation.	100%
Missing women	Attitude	Attitudes related to the number of boys and girls wished	Ratio of number of boys wished over number of girls wished.	100%
	Practice	Male-to-female ratio at birth	Boy-to-girl ratio among 0-4-year-old	100%
Reproductive autonomy	Attitude	Attitude towards women's right to decide whether to use contraception	Percentage of the population declaring that women should not have the right to decide whether to use contraception.	50%
		Attitude towards legal reasons for abortion	Percentage of the population declaring that if there was a law on abortion, it should not be allowed for at least one of the reasons listed i.e. to preserve the physical health of the woman, due to rape, statutory rape or incest, due to foetal unviability or to prevent the woman from dying.	50%
	Practice	Unmet needs for family planning	Percentage of women of reproductive age, currently with a spouse or partner, who are not trying to have a child and do not use any contraceptive method.	100%
RESTRICTED ACCESS TO PRODUCTIVE AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Access to agricultural land	Attitude	Attitude towards women's agricultural land ownership	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "women and men should have equal access to agricultural land ownership".	50%
		Attitude towards women's decision-making power on land	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "women and men should have equal decision-making power regarding land".	50%
	Practice	Women's ownership of agricultural land	Percentage of landowners who are not women.	50%
		Women's ability to sell agricultural land	Percentage of landowners without the right to sell agricultural land who are women.	17%
		Women's ability to use agricultural land as collateral	Percentage of landowners without the right to use agricultural land as collateral who are women.	17%
		Women's ability to rent agricultural land	Percentage of landowners without the right to rent agricultural land who are women.	17%
Access to housing	Attitude	Attitude towards women's ownership of real estate	Percentage of the population who disagree or strongly disagree that "women and men should have equal access to housing ownership".	50%
		Attitude towards women's decision-making power over real estate	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "women and men should have equal decision-making power over housing".	50%
	Practice	Women's ownership of real estate	Percentage of house owners who are not women.	50%
		Women's ability to sell real estate	Percentage of house owners without the right to sell real estate who are women.	25%
		Women's ability to use real estate as collateral	Percentage of house owners without the right to use real estate as collateral who are women.	25%
Access to business	Attitude	Attitude towards female spouse/partner being a business owner or manager	Percentage of men who do not accept their spouse to be business owner.	25%
		Attitude towards a woman starting a business on her own	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "it is perfectly acceptable for any woman in your family to start a business on her own".	25%
		Attitude towards women's management of a business	Percentage of the population who agrees or strongly agrees that “men make better business managers than women".	25%
		Attitude towards women's decision-making power over a business	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "women and men should have equal decision-making power over a business".	25%
	Practice	Women's ownership of businesses	Percentage of business owners who are not women.	50%
		Women's ability to sell businesses	Percentage of business owners without the right to sell a business who are women.	25%
		Women's ability to use businesses as collateral	Percentage of business owners without the right to use business as collateral who are women.	25%
Access to financial services	Attitude	Attitude towards women's right to open an account at a bank or a formal financial institution	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "men and women should have equal rights to open an account at a bank or a financial institution".	25%
		Attitude towards women's right to obtain a credit at a formal financial institution	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "men and women should have equal access to obtain a credit at a formal financial institution".	25%
		Attitude towards women's decision-making power over a bank or formal financial institution account	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "men and women should have equal decision-making power over a bank account".	25%
		Attitude towards women's decision-making power over a credit at a formal financial institution	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "men and women should have equal decision-making power over a credit at a formal financial institution".	25%
	Practice	Women's ownership of bank account, microfinance account or mobile money service account.	Percentage of owners of bank account, microfinance account or mobile money service account who are not women.	100%
Access to labour market	Attitude	Attitude towards working women	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "it is perfectly acceptable for any woman in their family to have a paid job outside the home if she wants one".	75%
		Attitude towards equal remuneration	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "men and women should receive equal remuneration for a work of equal value".	25%
	Practice	Women's access to paid employment	Percentage of the population working in paid employment who are not women.	100%
RESTRICTED CIVIL LIBERTIES
Freedom of movement	Attitude	Attitude towards women's right to visit public places	Percentage of the population declaring that a wife or partner should ask permission to her husband or partner to go to at least one of the selected places, i.e. the market, movie theatre, restaurant, bar, hospital/centre, sports' field, temple/church/mosque, community meeting.	100%
	Practice	Security feeling	Percentage of the population declaring that they do not feel safe walking alone at night in the city or in the area where they live who are women.	100%
Political voice	Attitude	Attitude towards women's capacity to be good political leaders	Percentage of the population who agrees or strongly agrees that "men make better political leaders than women".	50%
		Attitude towards women's capacity to be president of Tanzania	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "a woman is competent enough to be president of Tanzania".	17%
		Attitude towards women's capacity to be representative in the National Parliament	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "a woman is competent enough to be a representative in the National Parliament or the House of Representative (Zanzibar)".	17%
		Attitude towards women's capacity to be representative in a Local Government	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "a woman is competent enough to be a representative in the Local Government Authorities".	17%
	Practice	Political representation in the National Assembly	Percentage of men in the total number of representatives of the National Assembly of Tanzania.	100%
Access to justice	Attitude	Attitude towards women's capacity to be judges	Percentage of the population who agrees or strongly agrees that "men make better judges than women".	33%
		Attitude towards women's access to courts of law	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "women and men should have equal opportunity to access courts of law".	17%
		Attitude towards women filing a complain	Percentage of the population who disagrees or strongly disagrees that "women and men should have equal opportunity to file a complaint at the police station".	17%
		Attitude towards women's ability to go to the court or the police	Percentage of the population declaring that a wife or partner should ask her husband or partner for permission to go to the police or the court.	33%
	Practice	Confidence in the judicial system and courts	Percentage of the population who are women and declare that, in case of conflict, they would not turn towards a judge.	50%
		Confidence in the police	Percentage of the population who are women and declare that, in case of conflict, they would not turn towards the police.	50%