The competitiveness of any economy is heavily influenced by its energy policies. This chapter investigates the energy policies to ensure that energy markets are well-regulated, sustainable and competitive. The first sub-dimension, governance and regulation, focuses on how the energy markets are governed and whether policy is conducive to establishing efficient and competitive energy markets. The second, energy security, explores measures taken to make the energy sector more resilient, including diversification of energy supply. The third sub‑dimension, sustainability, focuses on the energy sector decarbonisation, including promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency policies. The fourth sub-dimension, energy markets, analyses how energy markets are operated, whether competition is used to facilitate efficient allocation of energy resources and the degree of regional integration.
Western Balkans Competitiveness Outlook 2024: Bosnia and Herzegovina
13. Energy policy
Abstract
Key findings
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)’s overall performance in energy policy has not progressed since the last assessment (Table 13.1), and its score remained the lowest in the Western Balkans. The economy did make progress in renewable energy policy, with the adoption of additional legislation in line with the EU acquis. However, insufficient action in decarbonisation and energy poverty outweighs these positive developments. Moreover, BiH has also demonstrated limited reform efforts in energy markets, as no major advancements occurred during the assessment period.
Table 13.1. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s scores for energy policy
The key findings are:
BiH’s legal framework has yet to transpose the Third Energy Package fully, ensuring competitive energy markets and unbundling in the electricity and natural gas sectors. Insufficient alignment in legal frameworks and regulatory approaches between the entities and the state level remains an obstacle to the full implementation of integrated energy markets and the advancement of regional integration. A working group comprising representatives of the state and both entities was established in October 2023 to address these issues.
Progress has been made on creating a framework for the decarbonisation of the energy sector and the economy at large, with the development of the draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) in 2023. Yet, the NECP needs to be revised based on feedback from the Energy Community Secretariat and be formally adopted.
Preparatory work is being conducted on introducing an emissions trading system (ETS) and the development of a roadmap for the just transition of coal-rich regions. These policy areas will be key for the decarbonisation of BiH’s energy sector and its adaptation to the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) Regulation – to which BiH is highly exposed as a net electricity exporter and an economy that is highly reliant on coal, which represents around 60% of its electricity generation.
Both entities of BiH, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Republika Srpska (RS), adopted new laws on renewable energy sources (RES), paving the way for the establishment of competitive capacity assignment mechanisms such as auctions and moving away from old, less competitive incentives systems based on feed-in tariffs.
State of play and key developments
Sub-dimension 12.1: Governance and regulation
BiH's energy policy, legal, and institutional framework are defined at both the state and entity levels and at the level of the Brčko District. The overarching strategic document is the Framework Energy Strategy of BiH 2018-35, which was developed jointly by the state and entity levels1 and constitutes an overall roadmap for the energy sector’s development involving the different levels of government.
State level legislation2 governs the electricity transmission system, while the legal frameworks of the entities3 govern aspects such as generation, use, distribution, and energy efficiency. Most notably, in 2023, the FBiH introduced updates to its legal framework to ensure distribution system operator (DSO) unbundling, strengthen the protection of consumers, and introduce other important concepts such as self-consumption, energy communities and provisions to improve the uptake of market-based support programmes for renewables. Republika Srpska (RS) also adopted a new renewable energy sources law in 2022, introducing similar provisions.
The framework remains fragmented as the state level, RS, and the FBiH sometimes follow different approaches, and insufficient alignment between the entities and with the state level prevents a comprehensive transposition of the Third Energy Package and the Clean Energy Package (European Commission, 2023[1]). This challenge was recognised by the respective stakeholders at the state and entity levels. It created a working group in October 2023 to harmonise the existing legal framework and improve its alignment with the acquis. This working group consists of representatives from state and entity levels and has the potential to create a more aligned legal framework in BiH.4 However, the extent to which this will be fully achieved remains to be seen. During the assessment period, some positive developments have taken place, such as the drafting process of the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), which has advanced at the state level with the participation of both entities.
Concerning the energy regulator in BiH, the latest Implementation Report of the Energy Community Secretariat still points out that the framework is not in compliance with the acquis (Energy Community Secretariat, 2023[2]). Structurally, the coexistence of three regulators, namely the State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) at the state level, the Regulatory Commission for Energy (FERK) in FBiH and the Regulatory Commission for Energy of RS (RERS), remains complicated and prone to insufficient alignment and overlapping competencies.
Salaries of the regulatory authorities in RS and the FBiH are comparable to industry standards; no information was provided concerning SERC’s salaries. All regulators are reportedly endowed with sufficient resources, and all regulatory bodies implement capacity-building initiatives. No involvement with the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) seems to occur in the case of SERC and FERK, while RERS reports some collaboration with ACER.
Sub-dimension 12.2: Energy security
In 2022, in the energy crisis exacerbated by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, BiH experienced significant socio-economic impacts due to unexpected and substantial increases in energy prices, particularly affecting oil and gas. The economy’s full dependence on the import of these energy sources exacerbated the effects of the crisis. Nevertheless, BiH still has no structural approach to crisis response and resilience. Ad hoc actions to tackle the price increases included publishing guidelines for reducing energy consumption and drawing inspiration from EU Commission recommendations on gas savings.5 An Energy Security Stress Test was also done, which included an assessment of the risks associated with natural gas supply disruptions in BiH and supply security. This assessment aimed to explore the capacity of transnational energy systems to respond to serious interruptions, with a key goal of maximising synergies at both European and regional levels for the benefit of consumers.
In the FBiH, some measures were taken to respond to the financial challenges and concerns about the security of supply due to the crisis. The FBiH's response included wholesale and retail price caps and full price regulation. However, a structured policy framework to counteract external shocks or produce emergency plans is also absent, indicating a lack of a systematic approach to crisis management. For example, the government's decision to restrict the price of electrical energy for qualified consumers under amendments to the electricity law reflects an ad hoc response rather than a consistent strategy.
While in BiH, diversification of energy supply is emphasised as crucial for achieving security of supply – with the acknowledgement that it cannot fully ensure energy security independently, particularly due to the absence of its own oil and gas production6 – a comprehensive diversification strategy seems to be absent. The relevant EU regulation concerning measures to safeguard the security of gas supply has also not been transposed into national law.7
At the state level, the Framework Energy Strategy until 2035 outlines the current state of play and future plans for gas pipelines. This strategy envisions the development of capacities for electricity production from various renewable sources, including hydroelectric, wind, and solar power plants, as well as plants for electricity production from biomass, along with cogeneration (combined heat and power, CHP) plants. Active management of physical market integration with neighbouring economies, understanding and implementing options for supply route diversification, and developing partnerships with suppliers are regarded as key strategies. The NECP further broadens this view of supply security, looking at least incidentally at the role of new concepts and services for energy communities.
In RS, a natural gas transport system development plan for 2024-33 is in place. There are plans to connect the city of Bijeljina to the gas network by 2024. Studies have assessed the adequacy of supply and infrastructure to meet future demand, with an anticipated average increase in consumption of 3.5% per year over the next decade. Even though natural gas makes up only around 3.6% of BiH’s energy mix, it needs to be highlighted that the economy’s reliance on a single source of gas presents a big risk and negatively impacts its supply security (Milovan, 2024[3]) (Radio Slobodna Evropa, 2024[4]). The NECP also highlights this deficiency, adding that not only does the economy rely on a single supplier, but there is also only one gas pipeline in place.
Infrastructure projects like the BiH—Croatia South Interconnection Gas Pipeline, which is in the design and permitting phase, are thus important as they could enable access to alternative gas sources and competitive European Union markets via Croatia, enhancing the security of supply and price competition. However, this project has not seen much progress recently.
Sub-dimension 12.3: Sustainability
BiH relies on coal for around 60% of its electricity generation, compensating for a lack of hydro-powered generation in periods of insufficient rainfall. This leads to negative environmental and health impacts and a high carbon intensity (around 0.43 kilogrammes of Co2 per unit of GDP, compared to a regional average of 0.30 and an EU average of 0.13 in 2020).
The state-level Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations (MoFTER) plays a key role in the process of energy sector decarbonisation. It is systematically managing its implementation and working closely with the entity ministries of energy and environment and the government of the Brčko District to establish a coherent policy framework for decarbonisation. In line with these efforts, MoFTER and these institutions prepared and submitted the first draft of the NECP to the Energy Community Secretariat in June 2023. To facilitate the drafting of the NECP, MoFTER established seven different working groups, engaging over 120 nominated representatives from all relevant institutions in BiH, including the Brčko District and the entities. In RS, Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 on the governance of the energy union and climate action has been partially transposed into national law through the 2023 amendment of the Law on Energy by providing the legal basis for an NECP, marking a first step towards integrating additional EU standards and policies in the area of decarbonisation. The Energy Community Secretariat published its recommendations on the draft NECP in December 2023, giving BiH until June 2024 to address them.
BiH has also secured several critical technical assistance measures to support decarbonisation. Notable among these is the development of a Roadmap for the transition of coal-rich regions, with the support of the World Bank. This roadmap explores options for energy conversion, recommendations for retraining and labour mobility, and the repurposing of land from former mines and associated facilities. Furthermore, efforts are under way to create a Roadmap for introducing carbon pricing and an ETS in BiH. This initiative aims to identify which elements of the EU ETS and related legislation can be introduced and implemented in the economy. Taking a more active stance on these issues is particularly pressing given the introduction of the CBAM (Box 13.1), which increases the pressure to internalise externalities in electricity generation fully.
Box 13.1. The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
The CBAM is a groundbreaking policy initiative by the European Union to mitigate climate change by preventing carbon leakage. Introduced as part of the European Green Deal, it seeks to ensure that climate efforts within the EU are not undermined by importing goods from economies with less stringent greenhouse gas emission standards. CBAM introduces administrative and financial burdens for importers bringing CBAM-regulated goods into the EU from third countries and thus also applies to Energy Community Contracting Parties.
The CBAM regulation targets emission-intensive products such as iron, steel, cement, aluminium, fertilisers, and electricity. Importers of these goods into the EU must purchase carbon certificates that reflect the carbon price that would have been paid if the goods had been produced under the EU's carbon pricing rules. The price of these certificates is linked to the price of EU ETS allowances.
Specifically for electricity imports, an exemption from CBAM might be granted if the exporting economy's electricity sector is closely integrated with that of the EU and adheres to specific climate and energy legislation prerequisites. These prerequisites demand the establishment of an ETS by the year 2030. This direct link between integrating the electricity market and promoting decarbonisation via CBAM underscores the need for a harmonised policy development, implementation and oversight strategy.
Source: European Union (2023[5]).
A national Long-Term Strategy with goals to reduce GHG emissions by 2050 has been developed, but it does not have a carbon neutrality target for 2050. Thus, insufficient commitments in the area of decarbonisation are present. A positive development, however, is that plans to expand fossil fuel generation capacity at the Tuzla power plant appear to be off the table (Spasic, 2023[6]). Hydropower remains the dominant source of renewable energy in BiH, with other renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, gradually increasing in capacity over the years, albeit slowly and from a very low level (Figure 13.1). Significant additional efforts are needed to diversify BiH’s renewable energy mix.
Figure 13.1. Renewable energy capacities installed in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2020-23)
In megawatts
Source: IRENA (2024[7]).
BiH duly recognised the importance of a comprehensive renewable energy policy framework, as it boasts considerable potential in renewable energy, including hydropower, solar, and wind. Furthermore, BiH also possesses significant geothermal and biomass potential. Over the past months, several developments have strengthened such a framework. In February 2022, the National Assembly of RS adopted the Law on Renewable Energy Sources. The FBiH has also adopted a new Law on Renewables in 2023. The two entity laws are harmonised with each other and transpose key provisions of the Renewable Energy Directive. They introduce new concepts such as prosumers, related incentive mechanisms, and energy communities. Furthermore, they provide the legal basis for reforming the incentive system, abandoning the current feed-in tariffs and moving to market-oriented mechanisms. As also noted by the Energy Community Secretariat (Energy Community Secretariat, 2023[2]), the implementation of actual auctions remains outstanding.
Detailed analyses and data from the relevant institutions have informed the draft NECP, which defines future installed capacities for renewable energy sources and their annual production. The draft NECP envisages the development of capacities for electricity production using various technologies, such as hydroelectric, wind, and solar power plants and plants for electricity production from biomass.
In the area of energy efficiency, despite significant room for improvement, some positive developments are taking place in BiH. The Assembly of the Brčko District of BiH adopted the Law on Energy Efficiency in July 2022. This law is set to be harmonised with the provisions of the Energy Efficiency Directive. Additionally, both entities of BiH plan to work on amending their respective energy efficiency laws to transpose the requirements of that directive. This would allow them to reap the benefits of a legal framework in line with EU best practices in energy efficiency, fostering more sustainable, competitive, and secure energy systems. Related advantages entail environmental and economic gains associated with reduced energy consumption and broader benefits like enhanced competitiveness and innovation driven by the adaptation to more stringent technical standards. Thus, further alignment with the energy efficiency acquis would improve the economy’s competitiveness.
Additional secondary legislation was drafted in the area of energy audits and certification of buildings, and a draft of the Long Term Building Renovation Strategy until 2050 has been prepared. A key priority within the strategy is adopting the programme to renovate residential buildings (individual and collective housing) in both the FBiH and RS. Efforts are also being made to establish a sustainable financial mechanism for implementing this programme. Furthermore, the transposition of the Energy Labelling Regulation has been moved forward, with the adoption of respective rulebooks in the FBiH and drafted rulebooks in RS, which have not been adopted yet.
No definition of energy poverty exists in BiH's policy and legal framework. The topic is, however, planned to form an integral part of the BiH National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). Its draft version also highlights that the absence of a systematic approach to energy poverty is a shortcoming of the legal framework in BiH and that this should be remedied. Currently, some support measures exist that focus on protecting vulnerable customers. The existing measures revolve around direct financial support and reduction of electricity bills. Thus, allocating funds to vulnerable customers is implemented as a rather ad hoc measure, and there is yet to be a structured policy or legal framework established to address energy poverty systematically.
Sub-dimension 12.4: Energy markets
No significant developments have taken place in the area of market operation in BiH, as no additional steps were taken towards creating a day-ahead or intraday market. BiH is thus lagging significantly behind in this area compared to other economies and the Western Balkan 6 region. Developments that can positively affect the overall market environment are taking place in the FBiH, as newly adopted laws are introducing new concepts, such as prosumers and energy communities, which can be an impetus for further market development. Also, Working Groups have been created to prepare for additional steps towards creating organised markets in line with the EU and Energy Community acquis. It needs to be noted, however, that the creation of such a dedicated Working Group already dates back to 2022, and insufficient progress in this area is continuously being highlighted by the European Commission and Energy Community Secretariat (Energy Community Secretariat, 2022[8]) (Energy Community Secretariat, 2023[2]) (European Commission, 2023[1]). The Transparency Regulation8 has been transposed and is implemented to a large extent, with most of the fundamental data being regularly submitted to the transparency platform (Energy Community Secretariat, 2023[2]) (State Electricity Regulatory Commission, 2022[9]).
In unbundling, the legal framework has been upgraded, as the new Electricity Law in the FBiH foresees unbundling provisions concerning distribution system operators that align with the EU and Energy Community acquis. However, Implementation of such unbundling allows a two-year delay, limiting the positive aspect of this legal enhancement. Progress in the unbundling of transmission system operators also remains outstanding; requirements in line with the Third Energy Package still have not been transposed, as pointed out in the latest Implementation Report of the Energy Community Secretariat. A positive development occurred in the gas sector in RS with the completion of ownership unbundling of GAS PROMET. This achievement has been validated by obtaining a licence and a positive opinion from the Energy Community, signifying compliance with European standards and practices.
Transparent third-party access rules are largely in place in the electricity sector, and the transmission network codes have largely transposed the Connection Codes. In the gas sector, however, third-party access remains an issue, as, for example, in the FBiH, access is subject to negotiation, according to the Energy Community Secretariat.
In April 2021, the Independent System Operator in BiH published the Indicative Production Development Plan for 2022-31. This plan comprehensively analyses electricity production, network issues within BiH, and its interconnections with neighbouring economies. Such planning is crucial for ensuring the stability and efficiency of the energy network and can also positively impact regional market integration initiatives. Moreover, BiH is part of a regional initiative involving all other WB6 economies to develop a Regional Feasibility Study for Voltage Profiles Improvement in the Western Balkan 6 Region. This collaborative effort underscores the importance of regional co-operation in addressing common challenges in the energy sector. The long-term plan for developing the transmission network in BiH, published by Elektroprijenos BiH in February 2021 for 2021-31, addresses congestion issues within the network. The plan suggests solutions such as constructing new interconnection transmission lines and reinforcing the existing transmission network. These measures aim to increase the total transfer capacity between BiH and neighbouring economies, enhancing regional connectivity and energy security. Regional integration could also be strengthened further through two gas interconnector projects—BiH—Croatia North and BiH—Croatia South. As mentioned above, however, the latter has not been progressing lately, and it remains to be seen whether the other project, currently in the design and permitting phase, can play a meaningful role in further regional integration and diversification of BiH’s gas supply.
Overview of implementation of Competitiveness Outlook 2021 recommendations
BiH has tackled the past CO Recommendations only to a limited extent and largely remains valid (Table 13.2). Additional transposition efforts took place, some even covering aspects of the Clean Energy Package. However, overall, a sizeable gap must be closed for the complete transposition of the Third Energy Package. No progress towards creating day-ahead and intraday markets was achieved, and regional integration has not been moved forward. Deficiencies persist in decarbonisation and energy efficiency, where additional actions are required.
Table 13.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s progress on past recommendations for energy
The way forward for energy
To tackle the insufficient progress since the last CO, BiH must streamline its efforts to close the gap with the other economies in the Western Balkan 6 region. The recommendations below would be a good starting point for the needed reforms:
Complete the transposition of the Third Energy Package and advance on the Clean Energy Package. While the first steps in this direction have been taken, those efforts need to be further streamlined in full alignment between the state level and the entities. In this regard, it is essential to ensure the creation of a regulatory authority with sufficient competencies in both the gas and electricity sectors, as the absence of it is still present in compliance with the Third Energy Package. Creating an organised electricity market will also require additional legislative action at the state level. To continue work on drafting and harmonising the Law on Electricity and Gas Regulators, Transmission and Electricity Market in BiH, the Working Group should thus develop concrete proposals for the necessary actions as soon as possible.
Create organised markets in line with the EU target model. BiH is the only economy in the Western Balkans without a day-ahead market for electricity. Creation of day‑ahead and intraday markets would strengthen the energy sector of BiH and allow to reap the benefits of well-functioning markets, as well as provide the basis for further regional integration. Parts of the Third Energy Package and the Clean Energy Package have not yet been transposed, as has the adoption of the Law on Electricity and Gas Regulators, Transmission and Electricity Market in BiH.
Phase out coal and develop a comprehensive decarbonisation and diversification policy. BiH should not rely on additional coal generation, which contradicts commitments to a more sustainable energy sector and creates additional lock-in effects. The relevant legislation should establish A carbon neutrality target, going beyond references to achieve carbon neutrality in the NECP. The Energy Community Secretariat’s recommendation in response to the submitted NECP should be fully implemented, asking for more concrete targets and policies to implement and monitor the decarbonisation and diversification pathway.
Develop a structural approach to crisis response and resilience. The envisaged working groups to review existing plans and analyses concerning supply security and disruption risks should be created without delay to develop comprehensive measures to strengthen the energy sector’s resilience. Attention should be given to additional regional integration and institutional co-operation. Furthermore, the Risk Preparedness Regulation should be transposed.
Initiate the first RES auctions. With the legal framework for competitive auctions in place, BiH should swiftly develop additional secondary legislation and hold its first RES auctions to showcase its ability to accommodate competitive mechanisms for additional RES generation. In that regard, the removal of remaining administrative hurdles and further simplification of permitting procedures should also be sought to the extent needed to boost the uptake of RES generation in the economy.
Introduce prerequisite legislation for implementing the ETS. An effective monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system is a precondition for establishing a fully-fledged ETS and should be covered by the preparatory activities for establishing an ETS. Framework legislation that provides a suitable legal basis to introduce ETS and the MRV system into BiH’s legal system is necessary. Furthermore, secondary legislation is necessary to provide detailed rules on MRV.
References
[2] Energy Community Secretariat (2023), Annual Implementation Report 2023, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjPjo-C7tiGAxWLcKQEHWpNAwIQFnoECBAQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy-community.org%2Fdam%2Fjcr%3A3da7c4f8-ea23-4169-b1e9-66b0ed05fcb7%2FEnC_IR2023.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0SyimfcQ-shn3B1tLQrMnh&.
[8] Energy Community Secretariat (2022), Annual Implementation Report 2022, https://www.energy-community.org/implementation/report/reports/IR2022.html.
[1] European Commission (2023), Bosnia and Herzegovina 2023 Report, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf.
[5] European Union (2023), Regulation (EU) 2023/956 of 10 May 2023 Establishing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/956/oj (accessed on 13 June 2024).
[7] IRENA (2024), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2024, https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2024.pdf?rev=a587503ac9a2435c8d13e40081d2ec34. (accessed on 13 June 2024).
[3] Milovan, A. (2024), US’ Blinken wants Bosnia to End Dependence on Russian Gas, https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/us-blinken-wants-bosnia-to-end-dependence-on-russian-gas/ (accessed on 1 March 2024).
[4] Radio Slobodna Evropa (2024), The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Will Pay the Republika Srpska More for the Transport of Russian Gas, https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/gas-federacija-rs-plin-bih/32771944.html.
[6] Spasic, V. (2023), Tuzla 7 Coal Plant Project in BiH is Dead, Entity Prime Minister Says, https://balkangreenenergynews.com/tuzla-7-coal-plant-project-in-bih-is-dead-entity-prime-minister-says/.
[9] State Electricity Regulatory Commission (2022), Annual Report, https://www.derk.ba/DocumentsPDFs/BIH-SERC-Annual-Report-2022.pdf.
Notes
← 1. Based on a proposal from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Council of Ministers issued the Decision to adopt the Framework Energy Strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina until 2035 at its 152nd session on 29 August 2018, as documented in the Official Gazette of BiH (number 70/18).
← 2. Through legislation such as the Law on Transmission of Electric Power, Regulator and System Operator of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Official Gazette BiH, number 7/02 as amended in 2003 (Official Gazette BiH, number 13/03), 2009 (Official Gazette BiH, number 76/09) and 2011 (Official Gazette BiH, number 1/11), the Law Establishing the Company for the Transmission of Electric Power in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Official Gazette BiH, number 35/04 as amended in 2009 (Official Gazette BiH, number 76/09) and 2014 (Official Gazette BiH, number 20/14) and the Law Еstablishing an Independent System Operator for the Transmission System of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Official Gazette BiH, number 35/04.
← 3. At the level of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), the three most important laws are the Law on Energy and Regulation of Energy Activities (Official Gazette FBIH, number 60/23), Law on Electricity (Official Gazette FBIH, number 60/23) and the Law on the Use of Renewable Energy Sources and Efficient Cogeneration (Official Gazette FBIH, number 82/23).
RS legislation includes the Law on Energy, Official Gazette RS, number 49/09, as amended in 2023 (Official Gazette of RS, number 16/23), Electricity Act, Official Gazette RS, number 68/20, and the Law on Renewable Sources of Energy, Official Gazette RS, number 16/22.
← 4. See Decision number 09-1-02-4032-52/16, dated 2 October 2023 on the appointment of the Working Group for the continuation of work on the drafting and harmonisation of the Law on Electricity and Gas Regulators, Transmission and Electricity Market in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
← 5. The guidelines for reducing the consumption of energy and energy sources in the FBiH are based on the EU’s ”Save gas for a safe winter” from July 2022 and the REPowerEU plan published in May 2022. They emphasise the need for increased energy efficiency and a clean transition and diversification of energy supply. Reference is also made to the need to enhance awareness about the potential for energy savings and to introduce proper incentives to change consumer behaviour. The guidelines are available at https://zzofbih.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/informacija-o-donosenju-smjernice-za-smanjenje-potrosnje-u-fbih_cro.pdf.
← 6. See the Framework Energy Strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina until 2035, Official Gazette of BiH, number 70/18 and draft NECP, available at https://www.energy-community.org/dam/jcr:fffa65bf-d137-454d-aad7-992eee783af6/NECP%20BiH%20v.7_ENG.pdf.
← 7. Regulation 2017/1938 concerning measures to safeguard the security of gas supply is designed to ensure a reliable and continuous supply of natural gas, especially during supply disruptions. It established several obligations and principles in the area of regular planning and risk assessment as well as in transparency and reporting. It also highlights the importance of regional co-operation and supply diversification, and provides standards for the infrastructure necessary to ensure the security of gas supply. Overall, these principles aim to enhance the preparedness and response to potential gas supply crises, ensuring that the energy needs of citizens and critical services are met even in challenging circumstances. See https://www.energy-community.org/dam/jcr:7af0171c-ddc8-4788-a97b-c9ad4d703a99/REGULATION_EU20171938.pdf and https://www.entsog.eu/security-supply.
← 8. Commission Regulation No. 543/2013 of 14 June 2013 on submission and publication of data in electricity markets and amending Annex I to Regulation (EC) No. 714/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:163:0001:0012:EN:PDF.