The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) assesses the knowledge and skills of 15-year-old students in mathematics, reading and science. The tests explore how well students can solve complex problems, think critically and communicate effectively. This gives insights into how well education systems are preparing students for real life challenges and future success. Singapore participated for the first time in PISA in 2009. By comparing results internationally, policy makers and educators in Singapore can learn from other countries’ policies and practices.

• Average 2022 results were about the same as in 2018 in mathematics; down compared to 2018 in reading; and up compared to 2018 in science.

• In all three subjects, mean performance was higher than the performance of students who sat the test in 2009, when Singapore participated in PISA for the first time. Singapore is one of the very few countries in PISA that show consistent improvement over time; this is even more remarkable in light of the fact that Singapore is one of the highest-performing countries in PISA.

• Over the most recent period (2018 to 2022), the gap between the highest-scoring students (10% with the highest scores) and the weakest students (10% with the lowest scores) widened in mathematics; narrowed in reading; and did not change significantly in science. In mathematics, high-achievers became stronger, while performance did not change significantly amongst low-achievers.

• Compared to 2012 the proportion of students scoring below a baseline level of proficiency (Level 2) did not change significantly in mathematics, reading and science.

• Students in Singapore scored higher than the OECD average in mathematics, reading and science.

• More students in Singapore, than on average across OECD countries, were top performers (Level 5 or 6) in at least one subject. At the same time a larger proportion of students than on average across OECD countries achieved a minimum level of proficiency (Level 2 or higher) in all three subjects.

• In Singapore, 92% of students attained at least Level 2 proficiency in mathematics, significantly more than on average across OECD countries (OECD average: 69%). At a minimum, these students can interpret and recognize, without direct instructions, how a simple situation can be represented mathematically (e.g. comparing the total distance across two alternative routes, or converting prices into a different currency).

• Some 41% of students in Singapore were top performers in mathematics, meaning that they attained Level 5 or 6 in the PISA mathematics test (OECD average: 9%). Six Asian countries and economies had the largest shares of students who did so: Singapore (41%), Chinese Taipei (32%), Macao (China) (29%), Hong Kong (China)* (27%), Japan (23%) and Korea (23%). At these levels, students can model complex situations mathematically, and can select, compare and evaluate appropriate problem-solving strategies for dealing with them. Only in 16 out of 81 countries and economies participating in PISA 2022 did more than 10% of students attain Level 5 or 6 proficiency.

• Some 89% of students in Singapore attained Level 2 or higher in reading (OECD average: 74%). At a minimum, these students can identify the main idea in a text of moderate length, find information based on explicit, though sometimes complex criteria, and can reflect on the purpose and form of texts when explicitly directed to do so. The share of 15-year-old students who attained minimum levels of proficiency in reading (Level 2 or higher) varied from 89% in Singapore to 8% in Cambodia.

• In Singapore, 23% of students scored at Level 5 or higher in reading (OECD average: 7%). These students can comprehend lengthy texts, deal with concepts that are abstract or counterintuitive, and establish distinctions between fact and opinion, based on implicit cues pertaining to the content or source of the information.

• Some 92% of students in Singapore attained Level 2 or higher in science (OECD average: 76%). At a minimum, these students can recognize the correct explanation for familiar scientific phenomena and can use such knowledge to identify, in simple cases, whether a conclusion is valid based on the data provided.

• In Singapore, 24% of students were top performers in science, meaning that they were proficient at Level 5 or 6 (OECD average: 7%). These students can creatively and autonomously apply their knowledge of and about science to a wide variety of situations, including unfamiliar ones.

• The PISA index of economic, social and cultural status is computed in such a way that all students taking the PISA test, regardless of the country where they live, can be placed on the same socio-economic scale. This means that it is possible to use this index to compare the performance of students of similar socio-economic background in different countries. In Singapore, 50% of students (the largest share) were in the top international quintile of the socio-economic scale, meaning that they were among the most advantaged students who took the PISA test in 2022. Their average score in mathematics was 613 score points; one of the highest for students of similar socio-economic background.

• The PISA index of economic, social and cultural status can also be used to order students from the most disadvantaged to the most advantaged within each country and economy, and to create four groups of students of equal size (each comprising 25% of the population of 15-year-old students in each country/economy). In Singapore socio-economically advantaged students (the top 25% in terms of socio-economic status) outperformed disadvantaged students (the bottom 25%) by 112 score points in mathematics. This is larger than the average difference between the two groups (93 score points) across OECD countries.

• Between 2012 and 2022, the gap in mathematics performance between the top and the bottom 25% of students in terms of socio-economic status remained stable in Singapore, as well as across OECD countries on average.

• Socio-economic status was a predictor of performance in mathematics in all PISA participating countries and economies. It accounted for 17% of the variation in mathematics performance in PISA 2022 in Singapore (compared to 15% on average across OECD countries).

• Some 10% of disadvantaged students in Singapore were able to score in the top quarter of mathematics performance. These students can be considered academically resilient because, despite their socio-economic disadvantage, they have attained educational excellence by comparison with students in their own country. On average across OECD countries, 10% of disadvantaged students scored in the top quarter of mathematics performance in their own countries.

• Boys outperformed girls in mathematics by 12 score points; girls outperformed boys in reading by 20 score points in Singapore. Globally, in mathematics, boys outperformed girls in 40 countries and economies, girls outperformed boys in another 17 countries or economies, and no significant difference was found in the remaining 24. In reading, girls, on average, scored above boys in all but two countries and economies that participated in PISA 2022 (79 out of 81).

• In Singapore, the share of low performers is similar among boys (8%) and girls (8%) in mathematics; in reading, however, the share is larger among boys (9% of girls and 14% of boys scored below Level 2 in reading). When it comes to top performers, the share is larger among boys (44%) than among girls (37%) in mathematics; in reading, however, the share is larger among girls (25% of girls and 20% of boys scored at Level 5 or 6 in reading).

• Between 2012 and 2022, performance in mathematics improved among boys, but remained stable among girls in Singapore.

• Immigrant students are defined as students whose parents were born in a country/economy other than that where the student took the PISA test. Students with an immigrant background can be distinguished between first- and second-generation immigrants. First-generation immigrants are those who were also born outside the country of assessment; second-generation students are students born in the country of assessment but whose parent(s) were born outside the country of assessment.

• The share of immigrant students has increased in Singapore to 29% in 2022 (18% in 2012). In 2022, 17% of 15-year-old students were first-generation immigrants, meaning that they were born in another country/economy, and their families moved to Singapore only in recent years. Among these first-generation immigrant students, 51% arrived in Singapore at or before age 5; 23% arrived after age 12, and after completing the elementary grades in another education system.

• Immigrant students in Singapore tend to have a more advantaged socio-economic profile than non-immigrant students; while 25% of all students are considered socio-economically disadvantaged, the corresponding share among students with an immigrant background is 15%. Some 64% of immigrant students (and 28% of all remaining students) reported that the language they speak at home most of the time is different from the language in which they took the PISA assessment.

• In mathematics, the average difference in performance between immigrant and non-immigrant students was 30 score points in favour of immigrant students, a significant difference. After accounting for students’ socio-economic profile, a significant difference of 15 score points in favour of immigrant students was observed.

• In reading, the average difference in performance between immigrant and non-immigrant students was 12 score points in favour of immigrant students, a significant difference. After accounting for students’ socio-economic profile, a not significant difference was observed.

• In 2022, 77% of students in Singapore reported that they make friends easily at school (OECD average: 76%) and 73% felt that they belong at school (OECD average: 75%). Meanwhile, 19% reported feeling lonely at school, and 20% like an outsider or left out of things at school (OECD average: 16% and 17%).

• In Singapore, 77% of students reported that, in most mathematics lessons, the teacher shows an interest in every student’s learning (OECD average: 63%), and 86% that the teacher gives extra help when students need it (OECD average: 70%). In 2012, the corresponding shares were 75% and 88%. Mathematics results in 2022 tended to decline less, on average, in education systems where more students reported that teachers give extra help when students need it, compared to ten years earlier.

• Some students study mathematics in a disciplinary climate that is not favourable to learning: in 2022, about 11% of students in Singapore reported that they cannot work well in most or all lessons (OECD average: 23%); 17% of students do not listen to what the teacher says (OECD average: 30%); 27% of students get distracted using digital devices (OECD average: 30%); and 21% get distracted by other students who are using digital devices (OECD average: 25%). On average across OECD countries, students were less likely to report getting distracted using digital devices when the use of cell phones on school premises is banned.

• PISA 2022 data show that in education systems where performance remained high and students’ sense of belonging improved, students tended to feel safer and less exposed to bullying and other risks at their school.

• In Singapore, 3% of students reported not feeling safe on their way to school (OECD average: 8%); 4% of students reported not feeling safe in their classrooms at school (OECD average: 7%); 7% of students reported not feeling safe at other places at school (e.g. hallway, cafeteria, restroom) (OECD average: 10%).

• Some 15% of girls and 26% of boys reported being the victim of bullying acts at least a few times a month (OECD average: 20% of girls and 21% of boys). On average across OECD countries, fewer students were exposed to bullying in 2022 compared to 2018: for example, only 7% of students reported that other students spread nasty rumours about them in 2022, compared to 11% in 2018. In Singapore, too, the corresponding proportions shrank (5% in 2022 compared to 9% in 2018).

• PISA data collected from school principals show that the percentage of parents who were involved in school and learning decreased substantially between 2018 and 2022 in many countries/economies. This was also the case in Singapore. In 2022, 24% of students in Singapore were in schools whose principal reported that during the previous academic year at least half of all families discussed their child’s progress with a teacher on their own initiative (and 83% on the teacher’s initiative). In 2018, the corresponding number was 42% (and 83%). Systems that had more positive trends in parental involvement between 2018 and 2022 (i.e. systems in which the share of parents who discussed their child’s progress with a teacher on their own initiative shrank less) tended to show more stable or improved performance in mathematics.

• Expenditure on education is related to student performance only to a certain extent. Among the countries/economies whose cumulative expenditure per student, over all primary and secondary school years between the ages of 6 and 15, was under USD 75 000 (PPP) in 2019, higher expenditure on education was associated with higher scores in the PISA mathematics test. But this was not the case among countries/economies whose cumulative expenditure was greater than USD 75 000 (PPP). For this latter group of countries/economies, the ways in which financial resources are used seems to matter more for student performance than the level of investment in education. In Singapore, the cumulative expenditure per student, over ten years of age between 6 and 15, was equivalent to about USD 166 100 (PPP).

• In about half of all countries/economies with comparable data, school principals in 2022 were more likely than their counterparts in 2018 to report a shortage of teaching staff. This was also the case in Singapore. In 2022, 26% of students in Singapore were in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered by a lack of teaching staff (and 8%, by inadequate or poorly qualified teaching staff). In 2018, the corresponding proportions were 5% and 6%. In most countries/economies, students attending schools whose principal reported shortages of teaching staff scored lower in mathematics than students in schools whose principal reported fewer or no shortages of teaching staff.

• When they sat the PISA test in 2022, 93% of 15-year-old students in Singapore were enrolled in 10th grade.

• In Singapore, 99% reported that they had attended pre-primary education for one year or more (OECD average: 94%). On average across OECD countries, students who had attended pre-primary education for one year or more scored higher in mathematics at the age of 15 than students who never attended or who had attended for less than one year, even after accounting for socio-economic factors.

• Some 4% of students in Singapore reported that they had repeated a grade at least once (OECD average: 9%) after entering primary school. Grade repetition tends to be less prevalent in high performing systems.

• In Singapore, 20% of students attended a school where principals had the main responsibility for hiring teachers (OECD average: 60%), and 77% were enrolled in a school where teachers had the main responsibility for choosing which learning materials are used (OECD average: 76%). Many high-performing school systems tend to entrust principals and teachers with these responsibilities.

• The PISA 2022 survey focused on mathematics, with reading and science as minor areas and creative thinking as the innovative area of assessment. PISA 2022 also included an assessment of young people’s financial literacy, which was optional for countries and economies. Results for mathematics, reading and science are released on 5 December 2023 and results for creative thinking and financial literacy in 2024.

• Some 690 000 students took the assessment in 2022, representing about 29 million 15-year-olds in the schools of the 81 participating countries and economies.

• In Singapore, 6606 students, in 164 schools, completed the assessment in mathematics, reading or science, representing about 42 000 15-year-old students (an estimated 95% of the total population of 15-year-olds).

• Students took two hour-long tests, each devoted to one subject. Different students were given different test questions and different combinations of subjects (e.g. mathematics followed by reading, or science followed by mathematics, etc.). Test items were a mixture of multiple-choice questions and questions requiring students to construct their own responses.

• Students also answered a background questionnaire, which took about 35 minutes to complete. The questionnaire sought information about the students themselves, their attitudes, dispositions and beliefs, their homes, and their school and learning experiences. School principals completed a questionnaire about school management, organisation, and the learning environment.

• Some countries/economies also distributed additional questionnaires, to students, parents and/or teachers, to elicit more information. The findings from these optional questionnaires are not covered by this note.

OECD (2023), PISA 2022 Results (Volume I): The State of Learning and Equity in Education, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/53f23881-en

OECD (2023), PISA 2022 Results (Volume II): Learning During – and From – Disruption, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/a97db61c-en

For more information about PISA 2022 visit www.oecd.org/pisa

Explore, compare and visualise more data and analysis using http://gpseducation.oecd.org.

Questions can be directed to the PISA team at the Directorate for Education and Skills: edu.pisa@oecd.org.

This note was written by Francesco Avvisati and Rodolfo Ilizaliturri, Directorate for Education and Skills.

This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO). For specific information regarding the scope and terms of the licence as well as possible commercial use of this work or the use of PISA data please consult Terms and Conditions on www.oecd.org.