A Decade of Development Finance for Biodiversity

Annex C. Sector classifications

Purpose codes

In the CRS, data on the sector of outflows’ destination are recorded using purpose codes (OECD, n.d.[1]), reflecting the specific area of the recipient’s economic or social structure that the transfer is intended to foster. Some contributions are not susceptible to allocation by sector and are reported as non-sector allocable aid. For this analysis, as seen in Table C.1, some purpose codes were reclassified into sector areas, seeking to depict activities captured through purpose codes within sector areas that are related by descriptions or functions.

Table C.1. Purpose codes classified by sector areas

Sector areas	Purpose codes descriptions
General environment protection	Environmental policy and administrative management, Biosphere protection, Biodiversity, Site preservation, Environmental education/training, Environmental research
Energy	Energy policy and administrative management, Energy education/training, Energy research, Energy conservation and demand-side efficiency, Energy generation, renewable sources - multiple technologies, Hydro-electric power plants, Solar energy for centralised grids, Solar energy for isolated grids and standalone systems, Solar energy - thermal applications, Wind energy, Marine energy, Geothermal energy, Biofuel-fired power plants, Energy generation, non-renewable sources, unspecified, Coal-fired electric power plants, Oil-fired electric power plants, Natural gas-fired electric power plants, Non-renewable waste-fired electric power plants, Hybrid energy electric power plants, Nuclear energy electric power plants and nuclear safety, Heat plants, District heating and cooling, Electric power transmission and distribution (centralised grids), Electric power transmission and distribution (isolated mini-grids), Retail gas distribution
Other multisector	Multisector aid, Urban development and management, Rural development, Non-agricultural alternative development, Food security policy and administrative management, Household food security programmes, Food safety and quality, Multisector education/training, Research/scientific institutions
Agriculture	Agricultural policy and administrative management, Agricultural development, Agricultural land resources, Agricultural water resources, Agricultural inputs, Food crop production, Industrial crops/export crops, Livestock, Agrarian reform, Agricultural alternative development, Agricultural extension, Agricultural education/training, Agricultural research, Agricultural services, Plant and post-harvest protection and pest control, Agricultural financial services, Agricultural co-operatives, Livestock/veterinary services
Water supply and sanitation	Water sector policy and administrative management, Water resources conservation (including data collection), Water supply and sanitation - large systems, Water supply - large systems, Sanitation - large systems, Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation, Basic drinking water supply, Basic sanitation, River basins development, Waste management/disposal, Education and training in water supply and sanitation
Forestry	Forestry policy and administrative management, Forestry development, Fuelwood/charcoal, Forestry education/training, Forestry research, Forestry services
Other economic infrastructure	Transport policy and administrative management, Road transport, Rail transport, Water transport, Air transport, Education and training in transport and storage, Communications policy and administrative management, Telecommunications, Radio/television/print media, Information and communication technology (ICT), Construction policy and administrative management
Government, policies and regulations	Public sector policy and administrative management, Public finance management (PFM), Decentralisation and support to subnational government, Anti-corruption organisations and institutions, Domestic revenue mobilisation, Public Procurement, Legal and judicial development, Macroeconomic policy, Democratic participation and civil society, Elections, Legislatures and political parties, Media and free flow of information, Human rights, Women's rights organisations and movements, and government institutions, Ending violence against women and girls, Facilitation of orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility, Security system management and reform, Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and resolution, Participation in international peacekeeping operations, Reintegration and SALW control, Removal of land mines and explosive remnants of war, Child soldiers (prevention and demobilisation), Business policy and administration, Privatisation, Business development services, Responsible business conduct, Trade policy and administrative management, Trade facilitation, Regional trade agreements (RTAs), Multilateral trade negotiations, Trade-related adjustment, Trade education/training
Disaster risk reduction	Disaster Risk Reduction, Food assistance, Material relief assistance and services, Emergency food assistance, Relief co-ordination and support services, Immediate post-emergency reconstruction and rehabilitation, Multi-hazard response preparedness, Import support (capital goods), Import support (commodities), Debt for development swap
Fishing	Fishing policy and administrative management, Fishery development, Fishery education/training, Fishery research, Fishery services
Education	Education policy and administrative management, Education facilities and training, Teacher training, Educational research, Primary education, Basic life skills for adults, Basic life skills for youth, Primary education equivalent for adults, Early childhood education, School feeding, Upper Secondary Education (modified and includes data from 11322), Vocational training, Higher education
Industry	Industrial policy and administrative management, Industrial development, Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development, Cottage industries and handicraft, Agro-industries, Forest industries, Textiles, leather and substitutes, Chemicals, Cement/lime/plaster, Energy manufacturing (fossil fuels), Pharmaceutical production, Engineering, Transport equipment industry, Clean cooking appliances manufacturing, Technological research and development
Unallocated / unspecified	Administrative costs (non-sector allocable), Sectors not specified, Promotion of development awareness (non-sector allocable)
Financial systems	Financial policy and administrative management, Monetary institutions, Formal sector financial intermediaries, Informal/semi-formal financial intermediaries, Remittance facilitation, promotion and optimisation, Education/training in banking and financial services
Other social infrastructure & services	Social Protection, Employment creation, Housing policy and administrative management, Low-cost housing, Multisector aid for basic social services, Culture and recreation, Statistical capacity building, Narcotics control, Social mitigation of HIV/AIDS, Labour rights, Social dialogue
Health	Health policy and administrative management, Medical education/training, Medical research, Medical services, Basic health care, Basic health infrastructure, Basic nutrition, Infectious disease control, Health education, Malaria control, Tuberculosis control, COVID-19 control, Health personnel development, NCDs control, general, Control of harmful use of alcohol and drugs, Promotion of mental health and well-being, Other prevention and treatment of NCDs, Research for prevention and control of NCDs, Population policy and administrative management, Reproductive health care, Family planning, STD control including HIV/AIDS, Personnel development for population and reproductive health
Tourism	Tourism policy and administrative management
Mineral resources & mining	Mineral/mining policy and administrative management, Mineral prospection and exploration, Coal, Oil and gas (upstream), Nonferrous metals, Precious metals/materials, Industrial minerals, Offshore minerals
General budget support	General budget support-related aid

Note: Sector areas were classified according to the CRS guidelines and further consulted with internal and external experts.

Additional sector and thematic analyses

Additional methodologies for tracking ODF spending and activities that are related to biodiversity are included in this report, namely to identify whether activities support marine or terrestrial biodiversity; Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) and Ecosystem-based Mitigation (EbM); Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT); capacity development; and Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs). The following sub-sections provide details on the approaches used.

Marine and terrestrial biodiversity

To assess the financial flows targeting marine and terrestrial biodiversity, the SDGs 14 (marine) and 15 (terrestrial) tags could be used. However, reporting on these was only introduced in 2019 for 2018 flows. In this report, for bilateral donors a more granular approach is applied, based on data tracked through the Biodiversity Marker and SDGs 14 and 15 tags:

• First, a number of purpose codes found in the “Indicative Table for the Rio Marker for Biodiversity” (OECD, 2019[2]) can be directly identified as being marine or terrestrial related and, as such, are assigned to one of the two categories (see Table C.1 for the list of purpose codes).

• Second, for other purpose codes that cannot be directly assigned to marine or terrestrial categories, a keyword search is applied to the remaining eligible purpose codes corresponding to the “Indicative Table for the Rio Marker for Biodiversity”. A complete list of biodiversity-related keywords can be found in Table C.2. This search will help assign activities to either marine or terrestrial categories. In some cases, activities may concern both categories – a third category reflects such cases. When activities cannot be assigned through this method, a manual review is applied.

• Lastly, once filters are applied, all projects were assessed to verify their positive contribution to biodiversity (e.g. do no harm to biodiversity).

Table C.2. Biodiversity-related purpose codes and keywords for bilateral donors, to distinguish between marine and terrestrial biodiversity

Steps	Category	Details
Step 1: Assign biodiversity-related purpose codes to marine or terrestrial categories for 2011-20	Marine biodiversity Terrestrial biodiversity	Marine energy (23250) River basins development (14040), Road transport (21020), Feeder road construction (21021), National road construction (21023), National road maintenance (21024), Rail transport (21030), Air transport (21050), Geothermal energy (23260), Biofuel-fired power plants (23270), Agricultural land resources (31130), Agricultural water resources (31140), Food crop production (31161), Industrial crops/export crops (31162), Livestock (31163), Forestry development (31220), Fuelwood/charcoal (31261), Forest industries (32162), Modern biofuels manufacturing (32173)
Step 2: Apply a biodiversity-related keyword search to all other purpose codes under the Rio Marker as found in (OECD, 2019[2]) for the period 2011-20, including activities classified through the tagging of SDGs 14 and 15	Marine biodiversity Terrestrial biodiversity	red algae, bay, beach, bivalves, blue abadi, blue action fund, blue carbon, blue economy, caribbean biodiversity fund, cetaceans, coast, coastal areas, coastal erosion, coastal eutrophication, coastal fishery resources, coastal flooding, coastal forest, coastal management, coastal protected areas, coastal resources, coastal tourism, coastal wetlands, coastal zones, coastline, commercial whaling, coral, coral reef, CZM, dolphin, Exclusive Economic Zone, EEZ, fin fish, grouper, gulf, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, integrated coastal, integrated coastal management, ICM, island biodiversity, island protected area, islands protected areas, islands fisheries, kelp, marine pollution, laver, lionfish, lobster, manatee, mangroves, mangrove forests, mariculture, marine, marine activities, marine aquaculture, marine areas, marine biodiversity, marine ecosystem, marine environment, marine fisheries, marine institutions, marine management, marine protected areas, marine resources, marine sanctuary, marine tourism, marine turtles, maritime, mussels, ocean freight, oceanfront, oceanic, oceanographic, Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange, ocean-related, ocean, ocean fisheries, oceans, offshore, off-shore, offshore fisheries, offshore management, offshore renewable energy, oyster, pelagic, pelican, porpoises, prawn boats, problue, Protected Fishing Zones, ZPPs, rays, red snapper, reef, reef restoration, reef species, salt marsh, saltwater, sargassum, scallops, sdg 14, sdg14, sea, sea ship, sea turtle, sea vegetables, seabed, seabird, seafood, seagrass, sealife, seaport, seascape, seawall, seawater, seaweed, sea turtle, sharks, shorebird, shrimp, SIDS, Small Island Developing States, snapper, submarine, sunfish, tuna, tuna fisheries, whale, whale conservation, whales, whaling, deep-sea. Afforestation, agroecology, agroforestry, agroecosystems, agro-ecosystems, agri-environmental, agricultural, agricultural fields, agricultural lands, agriculture forestry, amazon, apes, bamboo, bat, bark, beetle, buffalo, bushmeat, bush, bush fires, butterfly, cats, chimpanzees, conifer, coniferous, continental, conservation landscape, corn, coffee, cotton, crop, croplands, danube, delta, deforestation, desertification, deciduous, drought, drylands, elephants, fluvial, forest, forest landscape, forest management, forestry, forestland, freshwater ecosystems, freshwater fisheries, freshwater turtles, freshwater wetlands, fruit trees, geese, gorillas, grasslands, groundwater, hawk, hayfields, highlands, hippo, horseback, horticulture, iguanas, inland aquaculture, inland fisheries, inland freshwater, ivory, jaguars, jungle, lagoon, lake, land, land-based, land degradation, land management, land use policies, landscape, livestock, lizards, lowland, lumber, macaws, mainland, milk, meadow, monkeys, mountain, mushroom, mudflats, orang-utan, pangolin, park encroachment, parrots, pollinators, prairies, pulp, owl, rainforest, rangelands, REDD, reforestation, rhinoceros, rhinos, riparian, river, rivers, riverbeds, savannah, sdg 15, sdg15, shrubland, soil, soy, soybeans, swamp, sustainable landscape, tapir, terrestrial, terrestrial protected area, tigers, timber, trees, upland, watershed, wetlands, wheat, woodlands, wildfire management.

Note: An additional filter is applied to ensure no land-locked countries are included in the marine biodiversity category. The list of keywords was derived using a search of the CRS database of biodiversity marked projects. In addition, marine biodiversity keywords builds upon the methodology put forward for the Sustainable Ocean Economy Framework (OECD, Forthcoming[3]). Keywords were also derived from the OECD PINE database [see (OECD, n.d.[4])]. The keyword search is done in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese and German.

Nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches

The recent definition adopted by the United Nations Environment Assembly allows for the operationalisation of the concept through the CRS (UNEP, 2022[5]). The definition refers to “actions to protect, conserve, restore, sustainably use and manage natural or modified terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems which address social, economic and environmental challenges effectively and adaptively, while simultaneously providing human well-being, ecosystem services, resilience and biodiversity benefits, and recognises that NbS: (…) effectively and efficiently address major social, economic and environmental challenges, such as biodiversity loss, climate change, land degradation, desertification, food security, disaster risks, urban development, water availability, poverty eradication, inequality and unemployment, as well as social development, sustainable economic development, human health and a broad range of ecosystem services” (UNEP, 2022[5]). The concept of NbS is a broader term generally used for Ecosystem-based Approaches – and often used interchangeably. However, there is no globally agreed definition on what constitutes ecosystem-based approaches. For the purpose of this analysis, the umbrella concept for ecosystem approaches put forward by the CBD is retained (Lo, 2016[6]), i.e. a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. Although this concept is broader, for the purpose of this report, the definition seeks to be operationalised mainly for the following subsets:

• Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), according to CBD (SCBD, 2009[7]) refers to the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services in an overall adaptation strategy – including the sustainable management, conservation and restoration of ecosystems to provide services that help people adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR), in turn, is the sustainable management, conservation and restoration of ecosystems to reduce disaster risk, with the aim of achieving sustainable and resilient development (Estrella and Saalismaa, 2013[8]). As stated in (CBD, 2018[9]), while EbA and Eco-DRR are conceptually similar and overlap, the former largely addresses climate hazards and impacts, the latter addresses extreme weather events (such as tropical cyclones, floods and droughts), it also tackles events that are not necessarily linked to the effect of climate variations (e.g. earthquakes, tsunamis). Yet, in practice, EbA and Eco-DRR are difficult to distinguish, and here will be identified through the combined use of the climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction and biodiversity markers.

• Ecosystem based-mitigation (EbM), according to UNEP-WCMC (Doswald and Osti, 2011[10]), refers to the use of ecosystems for their carbon storage and sequestration service to aid climate change mitigation. Emissions reductions are achieved through the protection, restoration and management of ecosystems (e.g. forest restoration, agroforestry).

These definitions were used to select purpose codes, as can be seen in Table C.3, and will be used to identify EbA and EbM for bilateral donors. The analysis will be applied to activities identified with the biodiversity Rio Marker, cross-checking with the climate change adaptation marker to delineate EbA, the DRR marker to delineate Eco-DRR, and the climate change mitigation marker for EbM.

Table C.3. Ecosystem-based approaches related purpose codes

Concept	Definition	Purpose codes
Ecosystem-based adaptation / Eco-DRR	The use of biodiversity and ecosystem services to help people adapt to the adverse effects of climate change The sustainable management, conservation and restoration of ecosystems to reduce disaster risk, with the aim of achieving sustainable and resilient development	Water sector policy and administrative management (14010), Water resources conservation (including data collection) (14015), Water supply and sanitation - large systems (14020), Water supply - large systems (14021), Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation (14030), Basic drinking water supply (14031), River basins development (14040), Education and training in water supply and sanitation (14081),Agricultural policy and administrative management (31110), Agricultural development (31120), Agricultural land resources (31130), Agricultural water resources (31140), Agrarian reform (31164), Agricultural extension (31166), Agricultural education/training (31181), Agricultural research (31182), Plant and post-harvest protection and pest control (31192), Forestry policy and administrative management (31210), Forestry development (31220), Forestry education/training (31281), Forestry research (31282), Fishing policy and administrative management (31310), Fishery development (31320), Fishery education/training (31381), Fishery research (31382), Tourism policy and administrative management (33210), Environmental policy and administrative management (41010), Biosphere protection (41020), Biodiversity (41030), Environmental education/training (41081), Environmental research (41082), Urban development and management (43030), Urban land policy and management (43031), Urban development (43032), Rural development (43040), Rural land policy and management (43041), Rural development (43042); Disaster risk reduction (43060).
Ecosystem-based mitigation	The use of ecosystems for their carbon storage and sequestration service to aid climate change mitigation. Emissions reductions are achieved through creation, restoration and management of ecosystems (e.g. forest restoration, peat conservation)	Waste management/disposal (14050), Transport policy and administrative management (21010), Water transport (21040), Energy research (23182), Energy conservation and demand-side efficiency (23183), Agricultural policy and administrative management (31110), Agricultural development (31120), Agricultural land resources (31130), Agricultural water resources (31140), Agricultural inputs (31150), Food crop production (31161), Industrial crops/export crops (31162), Livestock (31163), Agrarian reform (31164), Agricultural extension (31166), Agricultural education/training (31181), Agricultural research (31182), Agricultural services (31191), Forestry policy and administrative management (31210), Forestry development (31220), Forestry education/training (31281), Forestry research (31282), Fishing policy and administrative management (31310), Fishery services (31391), Tourism policy and administrative management (33210), Environmental policy and administrative management (41010), Biosphere protection (41020), Biodiversity (41030), Environmental education/training (41081), Environmental research (41082), Urban development and management (43030), Urban land policy and management (43031), Urban development (43032), Rural development (43040), Rural land policy and management (43041), Rural development (43042).

Illegal wildlife trade

Activities targeting SDGs 15.7 and 15.c for 2018-20 flows were used to identify efforts to stop poaching and trafficking of protected species, as well as the trading of wildlife products (UN, 2018[11]). In addition, illegal wildlife trade (IWT) was identified using a keyword search. These were selected based on a range of IWT-related definitions by (CBD, 2021[12]); (World Bank, 2019[13]); (IUCN, 2022[14]); (Wright et al., 2016[15]); (BBOP, 2012[16]); and (CITES, n.d.[17]). The search was applied to DAC members, see Table C.4.

Table C.4. Illegal wildlife trade related keywords

Concept

Keywords

Illegal Wildlife Trade

Anti-poaching, anti-snare, anti-trafficking, bribery, camera-trap, CITES, combat wildlife, combating wildlife, combatting wildlife, confiscated animals, conservation, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES, corruption, cross-border, customs, decision support tools, detection, ecotourism, endangered, equipment, Fauna and Flora International, fight wildlife, forest crime, habitats, human-wildlife conflict, illegal chainsaw, illegal cross-border trade, illegal forest encroachment, illegal hunting, illegal killing, park encroachment, illegal supply chain, illegal trading, illegal wildlife trade, illicit trade, international trafficking of wildlife, land management, land use policies, loss, damage and sanctions, monitoring, natural resource management practices, poaching, protected area, protecting wildlife, protection, rangers, reserves, SDG 15.7, sdg15.7, smuggling, snare, sniffer dog, stop, wildlife crime, wildlife trade, wildlife trafficking.

Note: The keywords ‘illicit’ and ‘illegal’ can be accompanied by several terms (e.g. timber, harvest, financial flows, trafficking, logging, trade, wildlife). Thus, some keywords only trigger identification if they appear in conjunction with another keywords (e.g. “illicit” only triggers inclusion if any one of a set of keywords including “timber”, “harvest”, etc. also appears in the same string. This prevents projects that do not target IWT from being included in the estimate. The keyword search is done in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese and German.

Capacity development

A methodology was developed to account for the amounts corresponding to biodiversity-related capacity development. As such, the analysis is based on activities tagged with the Biodiversity Marker, SDG 14 and SDG 15, and biodiversity-related purpose codes, which are classified in the CRS as sector budge support, technical assistance, technical co‑operation and scholarships/training costs (co-operation modalities D01, D02 and E01). These activities are filtered for a number of purpose codes that contribute to developing biodiversity-related capacities in partner countries, as defined by the CBD’s Long-term Strategic Framework 2020 (CBD, 2020[18]). Accordingly, capacity development is the process whereby people, organisations and society as a whole, unleash, strengthen, create, adapt and maintain capacity over time, in order to achieve biodiversity results. Using this overarching definition, purpose codes were classified using the CBD’s levels of capacity, namely: enabling environment, organisational level, and individual level. A number of additional purpose codes were also retained, when the CRS purpose code definition pointed towards biodiversity-related capacity development (see Table C.5).

Table C.5. Capacity development for biodiversity purpose codes by level of capacity

Levels of capacity	Description	Purpose Codes
Enabling environment	Broad system and set of conditions needed for organisations and individuals to function in pursuit of their goals. These may be policies, laws, agreements, conventions, protocols and social norms. It also relates to the political will for change, relationships with external actors and the availability of resources.	Water sector policy and administrative management (14010), Macroeconomic policy (15142), Transport policy and administrative management (21010), Communications policy and administrative management (22010), Communications policy, planning and administration (22011), Energy policy and administrative management (23110), Energy sector policy, planning and administration (23111), Energy regulation (23112), Energy generation, renewable sources - multiple technologies (23210), Financial policy and administrative management (24010), Business policy and administration (25010), Privatisation (25020), Responsible business conduct (25040), Agricultural policy and administrative management (31110), Forestry policy and administrative management (31210), Fishing policy and administrative management (31310), Industrial policy and administrative management (32110), Mineral/mining policy and administrative management (32210), Construction policy and administrative management (32310), Trade policy and administrative management (33110), Tourism policy and administrative management (33210), Environmental policy and administrative management (41010), Urban development and management (43030), Urban land policy and management (43031), Rural land policy and management (43041).
Organisational level	Internal structures, processes and procedures, leadership, management systems, and other elements that influence the ability of any government or non-government actor, network or partnership, to operate effectively and achieve their mission.	Water resources conservation (including data collection) (14015), Education and training in water supply and sanitation (14081), Education and training in transport and storage (21081), Energy education/training (23181), Energy research (23182), Education/training in banking and financial services (24081), Agricultural extension (31166), Agricultural education/training (31181), Agricultural research (31182), Forestry education/training (31281), Forestry research (31282), Fishery education/training (31381), Fishery research (31382), Trade education/training (33181), Environmental education/training (41081), Environmental research (41082), Multisector education/training (43081), Research/scientific institutions (43082)
Individual level	Knowledge, skills, expertise, attitude and experience of the people within organisations or systems who need capacity to do their work effectively.	Public sector policy and administrative management (15110), Administration of developing countries' foreign aid (15123), Public finance management (PFM) (15111), Domestic revenue mobilisation (15114), Public Procurement (15125), Legal and judicial development (15130), Women's rights organisations and movements, and government institutions (15170), Statistical capacity building (16062), Social dialogue (16080), Agricultural co-operatives (31194), Technological research and development (32182), Trade facilitation (33120), Multilateral trade negotiations (33140), Multi-hazard response preparedness (74020)

Indigenous people and local communities (IPLCs)

The methodology chosen to depict ODF targeting Indigenous People and Local Communities (IPLCs) builds upon a keyword search based on a range of definitions provided by (IUCN, 2022[19]); (CBD, 2008[20]); (UN, 1982[21]); (BBOP, 2021[22]); (IFC, 2012[23]); (Corrigan and Hay-Edie, 2013[24]); and (Rainforest Foundation Norway, 2021[25]). These are applied to DAC members reporting on the Biodiversity Marker, SDGs 14 and 15 and the biodiversity-related purpose codes (see Table C.6).

Table C.6. Indigenous People and Local Communities related keywords

Concept

Keywords

Indigenous People and Local Communities

Alternative livelihoods; Indigenous peoples; indigenous lands; indigenous territories; indigenous landscapes; descendants; indigenous knowledge; indigenous areas; indigenous communities; indigenous rural; descendent; ethnic; colonial; tradition; traditional ecological knowledge; local knowledge; traditional knowledge; tribal; spiritual; identity; participatory management; institutional arrangement; local users; local community; local communities; coastal communities; rural village; clan; inhabitants (has to be plural); indigenous cultural; cultural groups; ethnic groups; ancestral; ancestral domain; ancestral territories; dialect; ICCAs; ICCA; community conserved; community conservation; indigenous ethnic; ethnic minorities; aboriginal; hill tribes; scheduled tribes; tribal groups; tribal; tribal communities; land governance; family farming; forest governance; land rights; resource rights; customary; land tenure; tenure; intercultural; rural communities; forest communities; cultural identity; traditional identity.

Note: The keyword ‘indigenous’ can be accompanied by several terms (e.g. species and livestock). Thus, some keywords only trigger identification if they appear in conjunction with another keywords (e.g. “indigenous” only triggers inclusion if any one of a set of keywords including “species”, “rights”, etc. also appears in the same string. This prevents projects that do not target IPLCs from being included in the estimate. The keyword search is done in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese and German.

References

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[15] Wright, E. et al. (2016), Analysis of international funding to tackle illegal wildlife trade (English), World Bank Group, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/695451479221164739/Analysis-of-international-funding-to-tackle-illegal-wildlife-trade.