Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India 2023

Abbreviations and acronyms

ABS	Australian Bureau of Statistics
ADB	Asian Development Bank
AI	Artificial intelligence
APEC	Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
API	Application programming interface
AR	Augmented reality
ASEAN	Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN-5	Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam
ASEAN-10	Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam
ASEAN+3	ASEAN-10 countries plus China, Japan and Korea
BIS	Bank for International Settlements
BND	Brunei dollars
CAB	Current account balances
CBOE	Chicago Board Options Exchange
CBT	Community-based tourism
CLM	Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar
CPI	Consumer Price Index
ECU	Electric vehicle control units
ECC	Environmental compliance certificate
ESG	Environmental, Social and Governance
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organization
FAR	Floor area ratio
FDI	Foreign Direct Investment
FINMA	Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority
FFPI	FAO Food Price Index
FSR	Floor space ratio
G7	Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States
GDP	Gross Domestic Product
GDS	Global distribution systems
GIZ	German Agency for International Cooperation
GFC	Global Financial Crisis
GMV	Gross merchant value
GMTI	Global Muslim Travel Index
GPS	Global Positioning System
GWI	Global Wellness Institute
HHI	Herfindahl-Hirschman Index
IATA	International Air Transport Association
ICT	Information and communication technology
IDR	Indonesian rupiah
IFC	International Finance Corporation
ILO	International Labour Organization
IMF	International Monetary Fund
INR	Indian rupee
IoT	Internet of Things
IT	Information technology
ITC	Islamic Tourism Centre
JCI	Joint Commission International
KHR	Cambodian riel
KPI	Key performance indicator
LCCs	Low-cost carriers
LGU	Local government units
LNG	Liquified natural gas
LTV	Loan-to-value
MAS	Monetary Authority of Singapore
MICE	Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions
MMK	Myanmar kyat
MPD	Mobile positioning data
MSMEs	Micro, small and medium enterprises
MTCO	Mekong Tourism Co-ordination Office
MYR	Malaysian ringgit
NERC	Nature education research centres
NGO	Non-governmental organisation
NPL	Non-performing loan
NTZ	No-Take Zone
OECD	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OTA	Online travel agencies
PBOC	People’s Bank of China
PCR	Polymerase chain reaction
PFES	Payment for forest environmental services
PHP	Philippine peso
PMI	Purchasing Managers’ Index
PPP	Public-private partnership
PPP	Purchasing power parity
PSA	Philippine Statistics Authority
RCEP	Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
RBI	Reserve Bank of India
RMB	Chinese renminbi
SDGs	Sustainable Development Goals
SEA	Southeast Asian
STB	Singapore Tourism Board
SVB	Silicon Valley Bank
SMEs	Small and medium-sized enterprises
TAT	Tourism Authority of Thailand
THB	Thai baht
TRAs	Tourist rest areas
TRR	Tourism risk resilience
TSA	Tourism satellite account
UNCTAD	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UN	United Nations
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme
UNEP	United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCAP	United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
UNESCO	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNICEF	United Nations Children’s Fund
UNWTO	The World Tourism Organization
USD	US dollars
VAT	Value added tax
VND	Vietnamese dong
VR	Virtual reality
WB	World Bank
WEF	World Economic Forum
WHO	World Health Organization
WRI	World Resources Institute
WTO	World Trade Organization
WTTC	World Travel and Tourism Council