The Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development’s (OECD) work on tackling antimicrobial resistance was conducted on behalf of its Health Committee between 2019 and 2022. Michele Cecchini was responsible for the overall implementation of the project with support from Ece A Özçelik. They also led the production of Chapter 1. Ece A Özçelik led the production of Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6 and co‑ordinated the production of the country profiles. Aliénor Lerouge was in charge of the modelling work. Tiago Cravo Oliveira Hashiguchi led the production of Chapters 2 and, in collaboration with Nkiruka Eze, of Chapter 7. Isabelle Feldhaus gave substantial contributions to Chapter 3 and Chapter 6. Outputs from Hyunjin Kang, Noémie Levy, Yuki Yoshikawa and Aurea Alacreu Oradini contributed to Chapter 6. Pedro Isaac Vazquez Venegas and Hyunjin Kang provided support to build data visualisations. Country profiles were developed by Pedro Isaac Vazquez Venegas, Hyunjin Kang, Roberto Croci, Espen Hasselgreen, Marina Dorfmuller Ciampi, Suzannah Chapman and Hikaru Aihara, with additional support from Cédric Doucet, Ricarda Milstein, Gabriel Di Paolantonio and Tom Raitzik Zonenschein. Alexandra Aldea and Fabien Lenthy developed the online platform for the report.
The production of this report benefited greatly from the inputs and comments received from other OECD colleagues, national experts, member states representatives and other stakeholders. Within OECD, the authors would like to thank Lucy Hulett and Eleonore Morena for the editorial assistance, Alastair Wood and Marie‑Clémence Canaud for enhancing the online presence of the report. Paul Gallagher and Spencer Wilson were of great help in sharpening the key messages from this work and in preparing messages for the media. Isabelle Vallard, Şahnur Soykan, Hannah Whybrow and Guillaume Haquin provided administrative assistance. Stefano Scarpetta, Mark Pearson and Francesca Colombo provided senior leadership and advice throughout the project. In addition, the authors would like to acknowledge useful comments from Michael Ryan from the OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate, as well as colleagues from the Environment Directorate.
Preliminary versions of the chapters of this book were presented and discussed at meetings of the 2019‑22 OECD Expert Group on the Economics of Public Health chaired by Silvio Brusaferro (in 2021‑22) and at the 2022 meeting of the OECD Health Committee chaired by Hans Brug. Country experts and delegates are too many to name individually, but the authors would like to thank in particular delegates from Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, Switzerland and the European Commission (EC) for providing comments throughout the process. The preparation of the report has also benefitted from inputs received from members of the Expert Steering Group on Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock and Agriculture that discussed the advancement of the report in their 2020 and 2021 meetings.
For its work on public health, the OECD maintains a close partnership with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), the World Health Organization (WHO) and its Regional Offices and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). Authors would like to acknowledge Tommi Kärki (ECDC), Diamantis Plachouras (ECDC), Dominique L. Monnet (ECDC), Benedetta Allegranzi (WHO), Alessandro Cassini (WHO), Danilo Lo Fo Wong (WHO-Europe), Saskia Andrea Nahrgang (WHO-Europe), Marcello Gelormini (WHO-Europe), Javier Yugueros-Marcos (WOAH), Ana Luisa Pereira Mateus (WOAH) and Edna Massay Kallon (WOAH) for their inputs and comments on the different drafts of the report. Special thanks go to Velina Pendolovska (EC), Julia Langer (EC) and Jurgita Kaminskaite (EC) who followed the development of the project since its conceptualisation and provided inputs throughout on their respective areas of expertise.
The authors would like to thank the following organisations and institutions for providing the data used in the analyses presented in this report. These organisations and institutions do not bear any responsibility for the analysis or interpretation of the data:
The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) provided data for EU/EEA;
The staff of laboratories and national healthcare services providing data to the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net), the staff of hospitals participating in the relevant ECDC point prevalence surveys and the national teams co‑ordinating these surveys in participating countries;
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;
Swiss Centre for Antibiotic Resistance (ANRESIS);
Japan’s Drug resistance (AMR) One Health Platform;
World Health Organization European Office and the Central Asian and European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance network (CAESAR) of national antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems.
The work was funded through regular contributions from OECD member countries and received support from the Health Programme of the European Union and from the Government of France.
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the OECD member countries or the European Union.
The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of ECDC. The accuracy of the authors’ statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data.