This report was prepared by the OECD Public Governance Directorate (GOV), under the leadership of Elsa Pilichowski, Director, and Martin Forst, Head of the Governance Reviews and Partnerships Division.
The report was prepared by Morgane Gaudiau, Economist at the OECD Directorate for Public Governance and Peter Avery, Senior Consultant. Piotr Stryszowski, Senior Project Manager in Charge of the TF-CIT provided overall guidance. Raed Khelifi, and Jean-Paul Rebillard provided significant inputs to the report. The authors wish to thank the OECD experts who provided valuable knowledge and insights: Amr Soliman, Caroline Mina and Jean-Jacques Hible and from the OECD Public Governance Directorate.
Andrea Uhrhammer and Ciara Muller provided editorial and production support.
The database on customs seizures was provided by the World Customs Organization (WCO) and supplemented with regional data submitted by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union, the US Customs and Border Protection Agency and the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The authors express their gratitude for the data and for the valuable support of these institutions.