[94] Alnahas, F. et al. (2020), “Expired Medication: Societal, Regulatory and Ethical Aspects of a Wasted Opportunity”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 17/3, p. 787, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030787.
[84] Amanda J. Wheeler, Fiona Kelly, Jean Spinks, E. (2016), National Return and Disposal of Unwanted Medicines Project Audit 2016, Griffith University, https://returnmed.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/NatRUM-Project-Final-Report-Griffith-University.pdf.
[147] Anthony Roberts (2015), SUBMISSION ON PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, https://www.parliament.nz/resource/en-nz/51SCHE_EVI_51DBHOH_PET63223_1_A448630/403a29a2be0a6d14998f70bdb7a100c16f7c12bc (accessed on 12 March 2020).
[47] Araújo, A. et al. (2019), “Anti-cancer drugs in aquatic environment can cause cancer: Insight about mutagenicity in tadpoles”, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 650, pp. 2284-2293, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.09.373.
[66] Armstrong, B. et al. (2016), “Reproductive effects in fathead minnows (Pimphales promelas) following a 21 d exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol”, Chemosphere, Vol. 144, pp. 366-373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.078.
[14] Bach, P. et al. (2016), “Overspending driven by oversized single dose vials of cancer drugs”, BMJ, p. i788, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i788.
[86] Barnett-Itzhaki, Z. et al. (2016), “Household medical waste disposal policy in Israel”, Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, Vol. 5/1, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-016-0108-1.
[22] Behera, S. et al. (2011), “Occurrence and removal of antibiotics, hormones and several other pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants of the largest industrial city of Korea”, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 409/20, pp. 4351-4360, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2011.07.015.
[98] Bekker, C. et al. (2018), “Patient and medication factors associated with preventable medication waste and possibilities for redispensing”, International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, Vol. 40/3, pp. 704-711, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-018-0642-8.
[128] Belgian Pharmacy Association (2016), Breng uw vervallen of ongebruikte geneesmiddelen terug naar de apotheek! | Apotheek.be, https://apotheekwelle.be/breng-vervallen-of-ongebruikte-medicatie-naar-onze-apotheek/ (accessed on 12 October 2020).
[56] Berninger, J. et al. (2011), “Effects of the antihistamine diphenhydramine on selected aquatic organisms”, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 30/9, pp. 2065-2072, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.590.
[112] Bettington, E. et al. (2018), “When is a medicine unwanted, how is it disposed, and how might safe disposal be promoted? Insights from the Australian population”, Australian Health Review, Vol. 42/6, p. 709, https://doi.org/10.1071/ah16296.
[7] BIO Intelligence Service (2013), Study on the environmental risks of medicinal products, Final Report prepared for Executive Agency for Health and Consumers, BIO Intelligence Service, Paris, https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/files/environment/study_environment.pdf.
[80] Bound, J. and N. Voulvoulis (2005), “Household Disposal of Pharmaceuticals as a Pathway for Aquatic Contamination in the United Kingdom”, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 113/12, pp. 1705-1711, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8315.
[44] Brain, R. et al. (2008), “Aquatic plants exposed to pharmaceuticals: effects and risks”, Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, Vol. 192, pp. 67-115, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18020304 (accessed on 27 June 2019).
[91] Braund, R., B. Peake and L. Shieffelbien (2009), “Disposal practices for unused medications in New Zealand”, Environment International, Vol. 35/6, pp. 952-955, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.04.003.
[122] British Columbia (2017), Environmental Management Act - RECYCLING REGULATION, http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/crbc/crbc/449_2004 (accessed on 3 August 2018).
[5] Brodin, T. et al. (2013), “Dilute Concentrations of a Psychiatric Drug Alter Behavior of Fish from Natural Populations”, Science, Vol. 339/6121, pp. 814-815, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226850.
[69] Brodin, T. et al. (2014), “Ecological effects of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems—impacts through behavioural alterations”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 369/1656, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0580.
[25] Bui, X. et al. (2016), “Multicriteria assessment of advanced treatment technologies for micropollutants removal at large-scale applications”, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 563-564, pp. 1050-1067, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.191.
[2] Burns, E. et al. (2018), “Application of prioritization approaches to optimize environmental monitoring and testing of pharmaceuticals”, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, Vol. 21/3, pp. 115-141, https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2018.1465873.
[132] Business Fortune Insights (2019), Global ePharmacy Market Size, Share & Growth Analysis, 2026, https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/epharmacy-market-100238 (accessed on 25 February 2020).
[76] Caldwell, D. et al. (2019), “Environmental risk assessment of metformin and its transformation product guanylurea: II. Occurrence in surface waters of Europe and the United States and derivation of predicted no-effect concentrations”, Chemosphere, Vol. 216, pp. 855-865, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2018.10.038.
[74] Campos, B. et al. (2016), “Depressing Antidepressant: Fluoxetine Affects Serotonin Neurons Causing Adverse Reproductive Responses in Daphnia magna”, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 50/11, pp. 6000-6007, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00826.
[45] Česen, M. et al. (2016), “Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, their metabolites/transformation products and their mixtures”, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 210, pp. 192-201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.017.
[30] Clarke, B. et al. (2015), “Investigating landfill leachate as a source of trace organic pollutants”, Chemosphere, Vol. 127, pp. 269-275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.030.
[50] Crago, J. et al. (2016), “Age-dependent effects in fathead minnows from the anti-diabetic drug metformin”, General and Comparative Endocrinology, Vol. 232, pp. 185-190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.030.
[117] CSA (2018), Etude sur le gisement des Médicaments Non Utilisés (MNU, https://www.csa.eu/fr/survey/etude-sur-le-gisement-des-medicaments-non-utilises-mnu (accessed on 16 May 2019).
[82] Cyclamed (2019), Cyclamed - annual report for 2018, https://www.cyclamed.org (accessed on 16 May 2019).
[72] De Castro-Català, N. et al. (2017), “Evidence of low dose effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine and the fungicide prochloraz on the behavior of the keystone freshwater invertebrate Gammarus pulex”, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 231, pp. 406-414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.088.
[62] de Oliveira, L. et al. (2016), “Acute and chronic ecotoxicological effects of four pharmaceuticals drugs on cladoceran Daphnia magna”, Drug and Chemical Toxicology, Vol. 39/1, pp. 13-21, https://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2015.1029048.
[126] DEA (2022), National Take Back Day Results, https://takebackday.dea.gov/ (accessed on 5 May 2021).
[103] DEA (2020), How to properly dispose of your unused medicines, https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-10/Proper%20Disposal%20Flier%20%28October%202018%29.pdf.
[73] Di Poi, C. et al. (2014), “Cryptic and biochemical responses of young cuttlefish Sepia officinalis exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of fluoxetine”, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 151, pp. 36-45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.12.026.
[88] DSI (2019), 환경오염유발의 폐의약품 처리실태와 개선에 관한 기초 연구 (“Basic research on the status and improvement of waste medicines that cause environmental pollution”), https://www.dsi.re.kr/board.es?mid=a10101000000&bid=0001&list_no=18687&act=view (accessed on 8 March 2022).
[133] Dutch Sustainable Pharmacy Coalition (2020), Effecten van een pilot inzamelweek : ongebruikte medicijnen terug naar de apotheek, https://www.vereniginginnovatievegeneesmiddelen.nl/nieuwsberichten/2020/09/website/meeste-nederlanders-houden-medicijnen-over.
[26] Dutch Waste Sector (2018), Amsterdam hospital AMC purifies and re-uses wastewater with Pharmafilter, https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/amsterdam-hospital-amc-purifies-and-re-uses-wastewater-with-pharmafilter (accessed on 7 August 2020).
[48] EC (2016), Fate and effects of cytostatic pharmaceuticals in the environment and the identification of biomarkers for and improved risk assessment on environmental exposure, European Commission, Brussels, https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/96703/brief/en.
[41] Efosa, N. et al. (2017), “Diclofenac can exhibit estrogenic modes of action in male Xenopus laevis, and affects the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and mating vocalizations”, Chemosphere, Vol. 173, pp. 69-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.030.
[107] EU JRC (2019), Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Waste Treatment Industries, https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-01/JRC118637_WI_Bref_2019_published_0.pdf.
[27] EurEau (2019), Treating micropollutants at waste water treatment plants: Experiences and developments from European countries, http://www.eureau.org/resources/briefing-notes/3826-briefing-note-on-treating-micropollutants-at-the-wwtp/file (accessed on 29 September 2020).
[104] European Commission (2004), DIRECTIVE 2004/27/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL, European Commission, Brussels, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32004L0027&from=EN (accessed on 3 August 2021).
[108] European Commission (2000), “Commission Decision 2000/532/EC”, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02000D0532-20150601 (accessed on 12 October 2020).
[83] Eurostat (2020), Municipal waste statistics, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Municipal_waste_statistics (accessed on 12 October 2020).
[137] FASS (2020), FASS Allmänhet - Startsida, https://www.fass.se/LIF/startpage (accessed on 20 February 2020).
[127] FDA (2020), Drug Disposal: Flush Potentially Dangerous Medicine, https://www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-flush-potentially-dangerous-medicine (accessed on 6 August 2020).
[152] Federal Office for the Environment (2021), Entsorgung von medizinischen Abfällen, https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/de/home/themen/abfall/publikationen-studien/publikationen/entsorgung-von-medizinischen-abfaellen.html (accessed on 29 April 2022).
[52] Ferrari, B. et al. (2003), “Ecotoxicological impact of pharmaceuticals found in treated wastewaters: study of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and diclofenac”, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 55/3, pp. 359-370, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0147-6513(02)00082-9.
[8] Ferreira da Silva, M. et al. (2007), “Antimicrobial resistance patterns in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from an urban wastewater treatment plant”, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Vol. 60/1, pp. 166-176, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00268.x.
[78] Finnish Pharmacy Association (2016), Lääkejätettä syntyy jopa 100 miljoonan euron arvosta vuodessa - Suomen Apteekkariliitto, https://www.apteekkariliitto.fi/media/tiedotteet/2016/laakejatetta-syntyy-jopa-100-miljoonan-euron-arvosta-vuodessa.html (accessed on 12 October 2020).
[60] Garric, J. et al. (2007), “Effects of the parasiticide ivermectin on the cladoceran Daphnia magna and the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata”, Chemosphere, Vol. 69/6, pp. 903-910, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.070.
[4] German Environment Agency (2019), The database “Pharmaceuticals in the Environment”-Update and new analysis Final report, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/the-database-pharmaceuticals-in-the-environment (accessed on 21 February 2020).
[61] Giltrow, E. et al. (2009), “Chronic effects assessment and plasma concentrations of the β-blocker propranolol in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)”, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 95/3, pp. 195-202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.09.002.
[97] Götz, K. and F. Keil (2007), “Medikamentenentsorgung in privaten Haushalten: Ein Faktor bei der Gewässerbelastung mit Arzneimittelwirkstoffen?”, Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung, Vol. 19/3, pp. 180-188, https://doi.org/10.1065/uwsf2007.07.201.
[119] Government Manitoba (2010), Household Hazardous Material and Prescribed Material Stewardship Regulation, https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/annual/2010/016.pdf (accessed on 3 August 2020).
[120] Government Ontario (2014), O. Reg. 298/12: COLLECTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS AND SHARPS - RESPONSIBILITIES OF PRODUCERS, https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/120298 (accessed on 3 August 2018).
[43] Guo, J., A. Boxall and K. Selby (2015), “Do pharmaceuticals pose a threat to primary producers?”, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 45/23, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2015.1061873.
[65] Gyllenhammar, I. et al. (2009), “Reproductive toxicity in Xenopus tropicalis after developmental exposure to environmental concentrations of ethynylestradiol”, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 91/2, pp. 171-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.06.019.
[143] Health Care Without Harm (2013), Unused Pharmaceuticals Where Do They End Up? A Snapshot of European Collection Schemes, https://noharm-europe.org/sites/default/files/documents-files/4646/2013-12%20Unused%20pharmaceuticals.pdf.
[148] Helsenorge (n.d.), Retur av medisin - helsenorge.no, https://helsenorge.no/legemidler/oppbevaring-holdbarhet-retur/levere-gamle-medisiner (accessed on 12 March 2020).
[158] Hilton, M. et al. (2019), “Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and the Impact of Online Sales”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 142, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/cde28569-en.
[154] Hocquet, D., A. Muller and X. Bertrand (2016), “What happens in hospitals does not stay in hospitals: antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospital wastewater systems”, Journal of Hospital Infection, Vol. 93/4, pp. 395-402, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.01.010.
[23] Hollender, J. et al. (2009), “Elimination of Organic Micropollutants in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgraded with a Full-Scale Post-Ozonation Followed by Sand Filtration”, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 43/20, pp. 7862-7869, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9014629.
[123] HPSA (2020), Provincial Documents, https://healthsteward.ca/about/provincial-documents/.
[10] Hughes, A. et al. (2016), “Prescription Drug Use and Misuse in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health”, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, http://article.psychiatrist.com/?ContentType=START&ID=10002608.
[136] Janusinfro (2022), Pharmaceuticals and Environment - Classification, https://janusinfo.se/beslutsstod/lakemedelochmiljo/pharmaceuticalsandenvironment/environment/classification.5.7b57ecc216251fae47488423.html (accessed on 28 April 2022).
[58] Jonsson, M. et al. (2014), “Antihistamines and aquatic insects: Bioconcentration and impacts on behavior in damselfly larvae (Zygoptera)”, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 472, pp. 108-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.104.
[70] Kellner, M. et al. (2016), “Waterborne citalopram has anxiolytic effects and increases locomotor activity in the three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)”, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 173, pp. 19-28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.12.026.
[113] Kelly, F. et al. (2018), “‘You don’t throw these things out:’ an exploration of medicines retention and disposal practices in Australian homes”, BMC Public Health, Vol. 18/1, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5753-6.
[79] Kennedy-Hendricks, A. et al. (2016), “Medication Sharing, Storage, and Disposal Practices for Opioid Medications Among US Adults”, JAMA Internal Medicine, Vol. 176/7, p. 1027, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2543.
[63] Kidd, K. et al. (2007), “Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 104/21, pp. 8897-8901, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609568104.
[109] KNMP (2020), KNMP onderzoek - inzameling medicijnafval 2020, https://www.knmp.nl/dossiers/duurzame-zorg/medicijnafval (accessed on 7 August 2020).
[57] Kristofco, L. et al. (2016), “Age matters: Developmental stage of Danio rerio larvae influences photomotor response thresholds to diazinion or diphenhydramine”, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 170, pp. 344-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUATOX.2015.09.011.
[89] Kruopienė, J. and J. Dvarionienė (2010), “Management of Environmental Risks in the Life Cycle of Human Pharmaceuticals in Lithuania”, Vol. 52/2, http://erem.ktu.lt/index.php/erem/article/view/77 (accessed on 6 August 2020).
[16] Kümmerer, K. (2009), “The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment due to human use – present knowledge and future challenges”, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 90/8, pp. 2354-2366, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.023.
[21] Kümmerer, K. and M. Hempel (2010), Green and Sustainable Pharmacy, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05199-9.
[36] Küster, A. and N. Adler (2014), “Pharmaceuticals in the environment: scientific evidence of risks and its regulation”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 369/1656, p. 20130587, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0587.
[64] Kvarnryd, M. et al. (2011), “Early life progestin exposure causes arrested oocyte development, oviductal agenesis and sterility in adult Xenopus tropicalis frogs”, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 103/1-2, pp. 18-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.02.003.
[17] Lapworth, D. et al. (2012), “Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence”, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 163, pp. 287-303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.034.
[156] Larsson, D. (2014), “Pollution from drug manufacturing: review and perspectives”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 369/1656, p. 20130571, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0571.
[20] Larsson, J. and L. Lööf (2016), Medicines in the environment | Läkemedelsboken, https://lakemedelsboken.se/kapitel/lakemedelsanvandning/lakemedel_i_miljon.html (accessed on 21 February 2020).
[13] Law, A. et al. (2015), “Taking stock of medication wastage: Unused medications in US households”, Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Vol. 11/4, pp. 571-578, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2014.10.003.
[75] Lazzara, R. et al. (2012), “Low environmental levels of fluoxetine induce spawning and changes in endogenous estradiol levels in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha”, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 106-107, pp. 123-130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.11.003.
[116] Legifrance (2021), Arrêté du 22 décembre 2021 portant agrément d’un éco-organisme de la filière à responsabilité élargie des producteurs de médicaments, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/download/pdf?id=tuJ-YzZKSB-nAqvlqBHix2WUgvYvfJ3GciREwkWtl3E=.
[115] Legifrance (2007), LOI n° 2007-248 du 26 février 2007 portant diverses dispositions d’adaptation au droit communautaire dans le domaine du médicament | Legifrance, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000613381&dateTexte=&categorieLien=id.
[155] Lübbert, C. et al. (2017), “Environmental pollution with antimicrobial agents from bulk drug manufacturing industries in Hyderabad, South India, is associated with dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing pathogens”, Infection, Vol. 45/4, pp. 479-491, https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-017-1007-2.
[32] Lu, M. et al. (2016), “Occurrence and treatment efficiency of pharmaceuticals in landfill leachates”, Waste Management, Vol. 55, pp. 257-264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.029.
[51] Martinez, C. et al. (2018), “In vivo study of teratogenic and anticonvulsant effects of antiepileptics drugs in zebrafish embryo and larvae”, Neurotoxicology and Teratology, Vol. 66, pp. 17-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2018.01.008.
[33] Masoner, J. et al. (2020), “Landfill leachate contributes per-/poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and pharmaceuticals to municipal wastewater”, Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, Vol. 6/5, pp. 1300-1311, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ew00045k.
[29] Masoner, J. et al. (2015), “Landfill leachate as a mirror of today’s disposable society: Pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern in final leachate from landfills in the conterminous United States”, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 35/4, pp. 906-918, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3219.
[18] Masoner, J. et al. (2014), “Contaminants of emerging concern in fresh leachate from landfills in the conterminous United States”, Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, Vol. 16/10, pp. 2335-2354, https://doi.org/10.1039/c4em00124a.
[38] Mathias, F. et al. (2018), “Effects of low concentrations of ibuprofen on freshwater fish Rhamdia quelen”, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 59, pp. 105-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2018.03.008.
[134] MedsDisposal (2021), About us - Meds Disposal, http://medsdisposal.eu/about-us/ (accessed on 16 March 2021).
[59] Meinertz, J. et al. (2010), “Chronic toxicity of diphenhydramine hydrochloride and erythromycin thiocyanate to Daphnia, Daphnia magna, in a continuous exposure test system”, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 85/5, pp. 447-451, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-010-0117-7.
[24] Melvin, S. and F. Leusch (2016), “Removal of trace organic contaminants from domestic wastewater: A meta-analysis comparison of sewage treatment technologies”, Environment International, Vol. 92-93, pp. 183-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2016.03.031.
[87] Methonen, J. et al. (2020), Good practices for take-back and disposal of unused pharmaceuticals in the Baltic Sea region, Finnish Environment Institute, https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/319009/SYKEre_34_2020_CWPharma.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y.
[40] Mezzelani, M. et al. (2016), “Ecotoxicological potential of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in marine organisms: Bioavailability, biomarkers and natural occurrence in Mytilus galloprovincialis”, Marine Environmental Research, Vol. 121, pp. 31-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.03.005.
[67] Moore, S. et al. (2016), “Endogenous Estrogens, Estrogen Metabolites, and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Chinese Women”, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 108/10, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djw103.
[81] Musson, S. and T. Townsend (2009), “Pharmaceutical compound content of municipal solid waste”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 162/2-3, pp. 730-735, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.089.
[6] Nash, J. et al. (2004), “Long-Term Exposure to Environmental Concentrations of the Pharmaceutical Ethynylestradiol Causes Reproductive Failure in Fish”, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 112/17, pp. 1725-1733, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7209.
[37] Näslund, J. et al. (2017), “Diclofenac affects kidney histology in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) at low Μg/L concentrations”, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 189, pp. 87-96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.017.
[111] NatRUM (2020), National Return and Disposal of Unwanted Medicines Project, https://returnmed.com.au/pharmacists (accessed on 23 July 2020).
[105] NaWaM (2020), Arzneimittel-Entsorgung richtig gemacht, https://arzneimittelentsorgung.de/home/ (accessed on 24 March 2020).
[68] Nelles, J., W. Hu and G. Prins (2011), “Estrogen action and prostate cancer”, Expert Review of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 6/3, pp. 437-451, https://doi.org/10.1586/eem.11.20.
[125] New York Department of Environmental Conservation (2018), The Feasibility of Creating and Implementing a Statewide Pharmaceutical Stewardship Program in New York State, https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/materials_minerals_pdf/pharmastewardshipreport.pdf (accessed on 16 May 2019).
[49] Niemuth, N. et al. (2015), “Metformin exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations causes potential endocrine disruption in adult male fish”, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 34/2, pp. 291-296, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2793.
[1] OECD (2021), Health at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ae3016b9-en.
[3] OECD (2019), Pharmaceutical Residues in Freshwater: Hazards and Policy Responses, OECD Studies on Water, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c936f42d-en.
[28] OECD (2019), “Water: Sewage sludge production and disposal (Edition 2019)”, OECD Environment Statistics (database), https://doi.org/10.1787/1900ef98-en (accessed on 12 April 2022).
[9] OECD (2018), Stemming the Superbug Tide: Just A Few Dollars More, OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264307599-en.
[114] OECD (2016), Extended Producer Responsibility: Updated Guidance for Efficient Waste Management, https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12022.
[138] Oesterreich.gv.at (2022), Problemstoffe, https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/themen/bauen_wohnen_und_umwelt/abfall/Problemstoffe.html (accessed on 29 April 2022).
[150] Official Gazzette of the Republic of Slovenia (2008), Regulation on the management of waste medicines, http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=URED4793# (accessed on 12 March 2020).
[124] PANS (2019), The Medication Disposal Program, https://pans.ns.ca/public/programs/medication-disposal (accessed on 17 February 2020).
[96] Paut Kusturica, M., A. Tomas and A. Sabo (2016), “Disposal of Unused Drugs: Knowledge and Behavior Among People Around the World”, in Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 240, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Springer International Publishing, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2016_3.
[93] Persson, M., E. Sabelström and B. Gunnarsson (2009), “Handling of unused prescription drugs — knowledge, behaviour and attitude among Swedish people”, Environment International, Vol. 35/5, pp. 771-774, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.10.002.
[145] PGEU (2021), Best Practice Paper on Green and Sustainable Pharmacy in Europe, https://www.pgeu.eu/publications/pgeu-best-practice-paper-on-green-and-sustainable-pharmacy-in-europe/ (accessed on 25 April 2022).
[144] Pharmaceutical Society Ireland (2017), Guidelines on the Disposal of Medicinal Products for a Retail Pharmacy Business to Facilitate Compliance with Regulations 4(5) and 6(3) of the Regulation of Retail Pharmacy Businesses Regulations 2008, https://www.thepsi.ie/Libraries/Folder_Pharmacy_Practice_Guidance/01_5_Disposal_of_Medicinal_Products_for_Retail.sflb.ashx (accessed on 12 March 2020).
[99] PharmaSwap (2022), What is PharmaSwap?, https://www.pharmaswap.com/what-is-pharmaswap.html (accessed on 2 March 2022).
[54] Porsbring, T. et al. (2009), “Toxicity of the pharmaceutical clotrimazole to marine microalgal communities”, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 91/3, pp. 203-211, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUATOX.2008.11.003.
[100] Prescription Promise (2020), Prescription Promise - About Us, https://rxpromise.wordpress.com/home/about-us/ (accessed on 7 August 2020).
[121] Prince Edward Island Government (2015), ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT MATERIALS STEWARDSHIP AND RECYCLING REGULATIONS, https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/legislation/environmental-protection-act/materials-stewardship-and-recycling-regulations (accessed on 3 August 2019).
[129] Recyclomed (2019), REPORT on communal pharmaceutical waste collecting 2019, http://www.recyclomed.hu/images/dokumentumok/report2019-EN.pdf (accessed on 11 August 2020).
[90] Reitsma, M. et al. (2013), Een derde van de geneesmiddelengebruikers houdt geneesmiddelen over., https://nivel.nl/sites/default/files/bestanden/Factsheet-medicijnen-over.pdf (accessed on 19 February 2020).
[142] RiSKWa (2016), Home - Arzneimittel-Entsorgung richtig gemacht, https://arzneimittelentsorgung.de/home/ (accessed on 12 March 2020).
[153] Rizzo, L. et al. (2013), “Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: A review”, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 447, pp. 345-360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.032.
[110] Rogowska, J. et al. (2019), “Pharmaceutical Household Waste Practices: Preliminary Findings from a Case Study in Poland”, Environmental Management, Vol. 64/1, pp. 97-106, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01174-7.
[42] Roose-Amsaleg, C. and A. Laverman (2016), “Do antibiotics have environmental side-effects? Impact of synthetic antibiotics on biogeochemical processes”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 23/5, pp. 4000-4012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4943-3.
[77] Ruhoy, I. and C. Daughton (2008), “Beyond the medicine cabinet: An analysis of where and why medications accumulate”, Environment International, Vol. 34/8, pp. 1157-1169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.05.002.
[135] SaferX (2017), DUMP (Disposal of Unwanted Medicines Properly) campaign | SafeRx, http://www.saferx.co.nz/brief-updates/dump-campaign/ (accessed on 16 March 2020).
[12] SAMHSA (2019), “Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health”, HHS Publication No. PEP19-5068, NSDUH Series H-54, Vol. 170, pp. 51-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.042.
[35] Santos, L. et al. (2010), “Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 175/1-3, pp. 45-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.100.
[71] Schultz, M. et al. (2011), “Selective uptake and biological consequences of environmentally relevant antidepressant pharmaceutical exposures on male fathead minnows”, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 104/1-2, pp. 38-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.011.
[151] SIGRE (2018), Sustainability Report, https://www.sigre.es/en/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/SIGRE_Sustainability_Report-2018_Executive_Summary.pdf (accessed on 12 March 2020).
[130] Singrem (2018), Legal framework and SINGREM statistics, https://www.singrem.org.mx/marcoLegal.html (accessed on 11 August 2020).
[101] Sirum (2020), SIRUM – Saving Medicine : Saving Lives, https://www.sirum.org/ (accessed on 7 October 2020).
[139] Stadt Wien (2022), Altmedikamente richtig entsorgen, https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/ma48/beratung/muelltrennung/altmedikamente-richtig-entsorgen.html (accessed on 29 April 2022).
[141] State Institute For Drug Control (2007), Převzetí nepoužitelných léčiv k likvidaci, Státní ústav pro kontrolu léčiv, http://www.sukl.cz/lekarny/prevzeti-nepouzitelnych-leciv-k-likvidaci (accessed on 12 March 2020).
[149] State institute for drug control (2020), “Disposal of unused drugs by private individuals - Guidance document”, https://www.sukl.sk/buxus/docs/Inspekcia/Odpady/MP_105_-_2020_Zneskodnovanie_liekov_nespotrebovanych_fyzickymi_osobami.pdf (accessed on 7 March 2022).
[55] Stoker, T., E. Gibson and L. Zorrilla (2010), “Triclosan exposure modulates estrogen-dependent responses in the female wistar rat”, Toxicological Sciences, Vol. 117/1, pp. 45-53, https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfq180.
[31] Sui, Q. et al. (2017), “Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the leachates from a typical landfill reservoir of municipal solid waste in Shanghai, China: Occurrence and removal by a full-scale membrane bioreactor”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 323, pp. 99-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.047.
[146] SuperDrecksKëscht (2020), Medicine - SDK, https://sdk.lu/en/dictionary/medication-cosmetics-and-medical-waste/ (accessed on 12 March 2020).
[118] Swedish Pharmacy Association (2021), Sveriges Apoteksföreningen - Annual Report 2021, http://sverigesapoteksforening.se/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2021-Annual-Report-1.pdf (accessed on 17 November 2021).
[19] Thomas, K. et al. (2007), “Source to sink tracking of selected human pharmaceuticals from two Oslo city hospitals and a wastewater treatment works”, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 9/12, p. 1410, https://doi.org/10.1039/b709745j.
[95] Tong, A., B. Peake and R. Braund (2011), “Disposal practices for unused medications around the world”, Environment International, Vol. 37/1, pp. 292-298, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.002.
[15] Trueman, P. et al. (2010), Evaluation of the Scale, Causes and Costs of Waste Medicines, https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1350234/1/Evaluation_of_NHS_Medicines_Waste__web_publication_version.pdf (accessed on 13 February 2020).
[11] Trust for America’s Health (2015), The Facts Hurt: A state-by-state injury prevention policy report, https://www.tfah.org/report-details/the-facts-hurt-a-state-by-state-injury-prevention-policy-report/#:~:text=Wyoming-,The%20Facts%20Hurt%3A%20A%20State%2DBy%2DState%20Injury%20Prevention,and%20decreased%20in%20nine%20states. (accessed on 24 July 2019).
[106] UBA (2018), Recommendations for reducing micropollutants in waters, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/180709_uba_pos_mikroverunreinigung_en_bf.pdf (accessed on 30 April 2019).
[157] US Government (2010), An Act To amend the Controlled Substances Act to provide for take-back disposal of controlled substances in certain instances, and for other purposes, https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_disposal/non_registrant/s_3397.pdf (accessed on 25 February 2020).
[131] VALORMED (2020), VALORMED apresenta o Relatório de Actividades 2019, http://www.valormed.pt/article/view/318/valormed-apresenta-o-relatorio-de-actividades-2019 (accessed on 10 August 2020).
[140] Vargas, F. (2018), A dónde van los residuos farmacéuticos en Chile? - El Mostrador, https://www.elmostrador.cl/agenda-pais/2018/10/18/a-donde-van-los-residuos-farmaceuticos-en-chile/ (accessed on 12 March 2020).
[85] Vellinga, A. et al. (2014), “Public practice regarding disposal of unused medicines in Ireland”, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 478, pp. 98-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.085.
[53] Vestel, J. et al. (2016), “Use of acute and chronic ecotoxicity data in environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals”, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 35/5, pp. 1201-1212, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3260.
[92] Winning Scientific Management (2018), Auscultação a utentes e farmácias-Relatório de Resultados.
[34] World Bank (2018), What a Waste 2.0 : A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050, World Bank, Washington, DC: World Bank.
[39] Xia, L., L. Zheng and J. Zhou (2017), “Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac and paracetamol on hatch and motor behavior in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio)”, Chemosphere, Vol. 182, pp. 416-425, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.054.
[102] ZonMw (2020), Feasibility of redispensing novel oral anticancer agents unused by patients: the return study, https://www.zonmw.nl/nl/onderzoek-resultaten/doelmatigheidsonderzoek/programmas/project-detail/goed-gebruik-geneesmiddelen/feasibility-of-redispensing-novel-oral-anticancer-agents-unused-by-patients-the-return-study/verslagen/.
[46] Zounková, R. et al. (2007), “Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of cytostatic pharmaceuticals”, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 26/10, p. 2208, https://doi.org/10.1897/07-137R.1.