Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP, 2020)
2.3
(3.0)
ENVIRONMENT
Total primary energy supply per capita (toe, 2021)
2.9
(3.8)
CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion per capita (tonnes, 2021)
6.2
(7.9)
Renewables (%, 2021)
17.8
(11.6)
Municipal waste per capita (tonnes, 2021, OECD: 2020)
0.5
(0.5)
Exposure to air pollution (more than 10 μg/m³ of PM 2.5, % of population, 2019)
77.5
(61.7)
SOCIETY
Income inequality (Gini coefficient, latest available)
0.296
(0.315)
Education outcomes (PISA score, 2018)
Relative poverty rate (%, 2019)
10.8
(11.4)
Reading
481
(485)
Median disposable household income (thousand USD PPP, 2019)
23.9
(26.6)
Mathematics
488
(487)
Public and private spending (% of GDP)
Science
483
(487)
Health care
9.1
(9.3)
Share of women in parliament (%)
32.6
(32.5)
Pensions (2019)
10.2
(9.5)
Net official development assistance (% of GNI, 2017)
0.3
(0.4)
Education (% of GNI, 2021)
4.6
(4.4)
Note: The year is indicated in parenthesis if it deviates from the year in the main title of this table (2022). Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of latest available data is calculated where data exist for at least 80% of member countries.
Source: Calculations based on data extracted from databases of the following organisations: OECD, International Energy Agency, International Labour Organisation, International Monetary Fund, United Nations, World Bank.
