OECD Skills Outlook 2023

Reader’s guide

Calculation of OECD and EU averages

The OECD averages include only OECD countries. Similarly, EU averages include only EU member states and are calculated as unweighted averages. OECD and EU averages are calculated for member countries with available data, and the number of countries which are part of the averages can differ. OECD and EU averages are calculated based on the OECD and EU member countries presented in the respective figure or table, with all data accessible via the OECD’s StatLinks service.

In Chapter 6, “Empowering through health literacy: Skills to navigate health information and make informed decisions”, data from the European Health Literacy Population Survey 2019-2021 (HLS19) are used where 15 OECD countries participated and refer to the OECD average in this chapter as “HLS19 OECD average”.

Methodology and datasets

Detailed explanations of the methodology, analytical approach, and databases used in this report are available in the following working papers:

Chapter 2

Asai, K., F. Borgonovi and S. Wildi (2022), “Understanding how economic conditions and natural disasters shape environmental attitudes: A cross-country comparison to inform policy making”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 281, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/8e880ea2-en.

Borgonovi, F., O. Brussino, H. Seitz, A. Bertoletti, F. Biagi, A. Bitat, Z. Karpinski and M. Montanari (2022), “The environmental sustainability competence toolbox: From leaving a better planet for our children to leaving better children for our planet”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 274, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/27991ec0-en.

Borgonovi, F., O. Brussino, H. Seitz, A. Bertoletti, F. Biagi, A. Bitat, Z. Karpinski and M. Montanari (2022), “Young people’s environmental sustainability competence: Emotional, cognitive, behavioural, and attitudinal dimensions in EU and OECD countries”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 275, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/1097a78c-en.

Chapter 3

Borgonovi. F., E. Lanzi, H. Seitz, R. Bibas, J. Fouré, H. Plisiecki and L. Atarody (2023), “The effects of the EU Fit for 55 package on labour markets and the demand for skills”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 297, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/6c16baac-en.

Chapter 4

Asai, K., F. Borgonovi and S. Wildi (2022), “Understanding how economic conditions and natural disasters shape environmental attitudes: A cross-country comparison to inform policy making”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 280, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/8e880ea2-en.

Borgonovi, F., H. Seitz and I. Vogel (2022), “Swimming skills around the world: Evidence on inequalities in life skills across and within countries”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 281, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/0c2c8862-en.

Horvath, D. and F. Borgonovi (2022), “Global warming, pollution and cognitive developments: The effects of high pollution and temperature levels on cognitive ability throughout the life course”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 269, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/319b9a1f-en.

Chapter 6

Thomas Link, Robert Griebler, Peter Nowak, Christa Straßmayr and Jürgen Pelikan (M-POHL network, for the HLS19 Consortium) provided the analysis for this chapter.

The HLS19 Consortium of the WHO Action Network M-POHL (2021), International Report on the Methodology, Results, and Recommendations of the European Health Literacy Population Survey 2019-2021 (HLS19) of M-POHL, Austrian National Public Health Institute, Vienna, https://m-pohl.net/sites/m-pohl.net/files/inline-files/HLS19%20International%20Report.pdf.

Chapter 7

Borgonovi, F., J. Hervé and H. Seitz (2023), “Not lost in translation: The implications of machine translation technologies for language professionals and for broader society”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 291, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/e1d1d170-en.

Marconi, G., L. Vergolini and F. Borgonovi (2023), “The demand for language skills in the European labour market: Evidence from online job vacancies”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 294, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/e1a5abe0-en.

Chapter 8

Borgonovi, F., F. Calvino, C. Criscuolo, J. Nania, J. Nitschke, L. O’Kane, L. Samek and H. Seitz (2023), “Emerging trends in AI skill demand across 14 OECD countries”, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 2, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/7c691b9a-en.